The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The property of dentin that permits passage of light, heat, cold, and chemical substances. It does not include penetration by microorganisms.
Substances which reduce or eliminate dentinal sensitivity or the pain associated with a source of stimulus (such as touch, heat, or cold) at the orifice of exposed dentinal tubules causing the movement of tubular fluid that in turn stimulates tooth nerve receptors.
Dentin sensitivity is a short, sharp pain originating from exposed dentin in response to stimuli, typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, or chemical changes in the oral environment.
Cements that act through infiltration and polymerization within the dentinal matrix and are used for dental restoration. They can be adhesive resins themselves, adhesion-promoting monomers, or polymerization initiators that act in concert with other agents to form a dentin-bonding system.
Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.
An adhesion procedure for orthodontic attachments, such as plastic DENTAL CROWNS. This process usually includes the application of an adhesive material (DENTAL CEMENTS) and letting it harden in-place by light or chemical curing.
An apparently hereditary disorder of dentin formation, marked by a normal appearance of coronal dentin associated with pulpal obliteration, faulty root formation, and a tendency for peripheral lesions without obvious cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.
Odontoblasts are columnar, highly differentiated, dentin-forming cells that originate from the ectodermal neural crest and reside within the pulp cavity of teeth, characterized by their production and secretion of the organic matrix component of dentin during amelogenesis.
Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)
Preparation of TOOTH surfaces and DENTAL MATERIALS with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to roughen the surface to increase adhesion or osteointegration.
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.
Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry.
The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p2001)
The formation of dentin. Dentin first appears in the layer between the ameloblasts and odontoblasts and becomes calcified immediately. Formation progresses from the tip of the papilla over its slope to form a calcified cap becoming thicker by the apposition of new layers pulpward. A layer of uncalcified dentin intervenes between the calcified tissue and the odontoblast and its processes. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The susceptibility of the DENTIN to dissolution.
The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)
The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.
Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES.
A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)
A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.
The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.
A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
An inner coating, as of varnish or other protective substance, to cover the dental cavity wall. It is usually a resinous film-forming agent dissolved in a volatile solvent, or a suspension of calcium hydroxide in a solution of a synthetic resin. The lining seals the dentinal tubules and protects the pulp before a restoration is inserted. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
An operation in which carious material is removed from teeth and biomechanically correct forms are established in the teeth to receive and retain restorations. A constant requirement is provision for prevention of failure of the restoration through recurrence of decay or inadequate resistance to applied stresses. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239-40)
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
The lymph or fluid of dentin. It is a transudate of extracellular fluid, mainly cytoplasm of odontoblastic processes, from the dental pulp via the dentinal tubules. It is also called dental lymph. (From Stedman, 26th ed, p665)
Substances used to bond COMPOSITE RESINS to DENTAL ENAMEL and DENTIN. These bonding or luting agents are used in restorative dentistry, ROOT CANAL THERAPY; PROSTHODONTICS; and ORTHODONTICS.
Therapeutic technique for replacement of minerals in partially decalcified teeth.
Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc.
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.
The mechanical property of material that determines its resistance to force. HARDNESS TESTS measure this property.
The degree of approximation or fit of filling material or dental prosthetic to the tooth surface. A close marginal adaptation and seal at the interface is important for successful dental restorations.
A property of the surface of an object that makes it stick to another surface.
Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.
Removal of minerals from bones during bone examination.
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.
Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex.
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
Glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.
The wearing away of a tooth as a result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. It is chiefly associated with aging. It is differentiated from TOOTH ABRASION (the pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by friction, as brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes) and from TOOTH EROSION (the loss of substance caused by chemical action without bacterial action). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p86)
Poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. Used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. Synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer.
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.
A restoration designed to remain in service for not less than 20 to 30 years, usually made of gold casting, cohesive gold, or amalgam. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).
The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.
The quality or state of being wettable or the degree to which something can be wet. This is also the ability of any solid surface to be wetted when in contact with a liquid whose surface tension is reduced so that the liquid spreads over the surface of the solid.
An autosomal dominant disorder of tooth development characterized by opalescent dentin resulting in discoloration of the teeth. The dentin develops poorly with low mineral content while the pulp canal is obliterated.
The constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. It is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)
The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.
The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)
It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Inability or inadequacy of a dental restoration or prosthesis to perform as expected.
Dentifrices that are formulated into a paste form. They typically contain abrasives, HUMECTANTS; DETERGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; and CARIOSTATIC AGENTS.
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)
Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.
Application of a protective agent to an exposed pulp (direct capping) or the remaining thin layer of dentin over a nearly exposed pulp (indirect capping) in order to allow the pulp to recover and maintain its normal vitality and function.
The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The pathologic wearing away of the tooth substance by brushing, bruxism, clenching, and other mechanical causes. It is differentiated from TOOTH ATTRITION in that this type of wearing away is the result of tooth-to-tooth contact, as in mastication, occurring only on the occlusal, incisal, and proximal surfaces. It differs also from TOOTH EROSION, the progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes not involving bacterial action. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p2)
One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.
Preparation of TOOTH surfaces, and of materials bonded to teeth or DENTAL IMPLANTS, with agents and methods which roughen the surface to facilitate adhesion. Agents include phosphoric or other acids (ACID ETCHING, DENTAL) and methods include LASERS.
A solution used for irrigating the mouth in xerostomia and as a substitute for saliva.
Acrylic resins, also known as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), are a type of synthetic resin formed from polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers, used in various medical applications such as dental restorations, orthopedic implants, and ophthalmic lenses due to their biocompatibility, durability, and transparency.
A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.
The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).
Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.
A polymer obtained by reacting polyacrylic acid with a special anion-leachable glass (alumino-silicate). The resulting cement is more durable and tougher than others in that the materials comprising the polymer backbone do not leach out.
A test to determine the relative hardness of a metal, mineral, or other material according to one of several scales, such as Brinell, Mohs, Rockwell, Vickers, or Shore. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.
Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures.
Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)
The hardening or polymerization of bonding agents (DENTAL CEMENTS) via exposure to light.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.
Polymeric resins derived from OXIRANES and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials.
Cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the ENAMEL ORGAN. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the DENTAL ENAMEL), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.
Mesodermal tissue enclosed in the invaginated portion of the epithelial enamel organ and giving rise to the dentin and pulp.
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
Phosphoproteins are proteins that have been post-translationally modified with the addition of a phosphate group, usually on serine, threonine or tyrosine residues, which can play a role in their regulation, function, interaction with other molecules, and localization within the cell.
Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth.
Loss of the tooth substance by chemical or mechanical processes
The act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay. (From Webster, 3d ed)
The collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the DENTAL SAC; ENAMEL ORGAN; and DENTAL PAPILLA. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Exudate from seeds of the grape plant Vitis vinifera, composed of oils and secondary plant metabolites (BIOFLAVONOIDS and polyphenols) credited with important medicinal properties.
A highly glycosylated and sulfated phosphoprotein that is found almost exclusively in mineralized connective tissues. It is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to hydroxyapatite through polyglutamic acid sequences and mediates cell attachment through an RGD sequence.
Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.
Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)
A prosthesis or restoration placed for a limited period, from several days to several months, which is designed to seal the tooth and maintain its position until a permanent restoration (DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT) will replace it. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons.
Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives.
Incomplete fracture of any part of a tooth, characterized by pain during mastication and sensitivity to heat, cold, sweet or sour tastes, and alcohol; it is often undiagnosed because the tooth is usually X-ray negative and normal to pulp vitality tests.
A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).

The root surface in human teeth: a microradiographic study. (1/1113)

In an attempt to clarify the nature of the human cemento-dentinal junction, ground sections of incompletely formed and fully formed extracted teeth were prepared and their histology compared with their microradiographic appearances. The results showed that incompletely formed teeth possess distinctive surface layers outside the granular layer of Tomes. The evidence indicates that these layers are of dentinal origin; their presence during development supports previous explanations by the author of the hyaline layer of Hopewell-Smith and of so-called intermediate cementum. The results also indicate that the granular layer of Tomes does not represent the outer limit of root dentine. The relationship of these surface layers to the definitive cementum which is present in fully formed teeth was studied in both young and older patients. From the results it was concluded that cementum formation begins in the more apical region of the teeth at a time when root formation is well advanced, and that it spreads towards the crown rather than in the generally accepted reverse direction.  (+info)

Predicting protein decomposition: the case of aspartic-acid racemization kinetics. (2/1113)

The increase in proportion of the non-biological (D-) isomer of aspartic acid (Asp) relative to the L-isomer has been widely used in archaeology and geochemistry as a tool for dating. the method has proved controversial, particularly when used for bones. The non-linear kinetics of Asp racemization have prompted a number of suggestions as to the underlying mechanism(s) and have led to the use of mathematical transformations which linearize the increase in D-Asp with respect to time. Using one example, a suggestion that the initial rapid phase of Asp racemization is due to a contribution from asparagine (Asn), we demonstrate how a simple model of the degradation and racemization of Asn can be used to predict the observed kinetics. A more complex model of peptide bound Asx (Asn + Asp) racemization, which occurs via the formation of a cyclic succinimide (Asu), can be used to correctly predict Asx racemization kinetics in proteins at high temperatures (95-140 degrees C). The model fails to predict racemization kinetics in dentine collagen at 37 degrees C. The reason for this is that Asu formation is highly conformation dependent and is predicted to occur extremely slowly in triple helical collagen. As conformation strongly influences the rate of Asu formation and hence Asx racemization, the use of extrapolation from high temperatures to estimate racemization kinetics of Asx in proteins below their denaturation temperature is called into question. In the case of archaeological bone, we argue that the D:L ratio of Asx reflects the proportion of non-helical to helical collagen, overlain by the effects of leaching of more soluble (and conformationally unconstrained) peptides. Thus, racemization kinetics in bone are potentially unpredictable, and the proposed use of Asx racemization to estimate the extent of DNA depurination in archaeological bones is challenged.  (+info)

Steric effects of N-acyl group in O-methacryloyl-N-acyl tyrosines on the adhesiveness of unetched human dentin. (3/1113)

We have prepared various O-methacryloyl-N-acyl tyrosines (MAATY) to reveal the relationship between molecular structure near carboxylic acid and adhesive strength of MAATY-HEMA type adhesive resin to unetched dentin. In this study, we attempted to change the steric hindrance effect without changing the HLB value, i.e., introducing an iso-acyl group instead of n-acyl group into MAATY. O-methacryloyl-N-ethylbutyryl tyrosine (MIHTY) showed significantly lower adhesive strength when compared with O-methacryloyl-N-hexanoyl tyrosine even though both MAATY have the same HLB value. The possible explanation of the significantly different adhesive strength was that the 2-ethylbutyryl group in MIHTY was bulky, resulting in inhibition of the hydrogen bonding of the carboxylic group. The HLB value is independent of the steric effect of molecular structure, and thus the steric factor should be taken into consideration for the explanation of different adhesive strengths within the adhesive monomers having the same HLB value but different molecular structures.  (+info)

Dentinal tubule occlusion with lanthanum fluoride and powdered apatite glass ceramics in vitro. (4/1113)

To simulate hypersensitive dentin, the smear layer and dentinal plugs of bovine root dentin specimens were removed by immersion in 10% phosphoric acid, polishing with hydroxyapatite particles, and ultrasonic cleansing. The fluoride-tannic acid-lanthanum-apatite (FTLA) group was treated with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) containing tannic acid followed by rubbing with a paste of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) and powdered apatite glass ceramics. The treated specimens were immersed in a remineralizing solution that mimics saliva for 6 weeks. The SEM observations revealed that the treated surfaces of the FTLA group were completely covered with fine spherical compounds and the dentinal tubules were occluded with plugs to a depth of about 3 microns. Fluoride and lanthanum were detected to a depth of over 20 microns by EPMA observation. After the remineralization, the surface of FTLA-treated specimen did not have any opened tubules and showed a remarkable increase in the number of fine spherical deposits in the dentinal tubules. These results suggest that the reaction products produced by sequential treatment with acidic fluoride and LaCl3 and powdered apatite glass ceramics are able to effectively occlude dentinal tubules.  (+info)

Osteoclast differentiation factor acts as a multifunctional regulator in murine osteoclast differentiation and function. (5/1113)

Osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), a novel member of the TNF ligand family, is expressed as a membrane-associated protein by osteoblasts/stromal cells. The soluble form of ODF (sODF) induces the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF. Here, the effects of sODF on the survival, multinucleation, and pit-forming activity of murine osteoclasts were examined in comparison with those of M-CSF and IL-1. Osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) formed in cocultures of murine osteoblasts and bone marrow cells expressed mRNA of RANK (receptor activator of NF-kappaB), a receptor of ODF. The survival of OCLs was enhanced by the addition of each of sODF, M-CSF, and IL-1. sODF, as well as IL-1, activated NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in OCLs. Like M-CSF and IL-1, sODF stimulated the survival and multinucleation of prefusion osteoclasts (pOCs) isolated from the coculture. When pOCs were cultured on dentine slices, resorption pits were formed on the slices in the presence of either sODF or IL-1 but not in that of M-CSF. A soluble form of RANK as well as osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, a decoy receptor of ODF, blocked OCL formation and prevented the survival, multinucleation, and pit-forming activity of pOCs induced by sODF. These results suggest that ODF regulates not only osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast function in mice through the receptor RANK.  (+info)

Deficiency of SHP-1 protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity results in heightened osteoclast function and decreased bone density. (6/1113)

Mice homozygous for the motheaten (Hcphme) or viable motheaten (Hcphme-v) mutations are deficient in functional SHP-1 protein-tyrosine phosphatase and show severe defects in hematopoiesis. Comparison of femurs from mev/mev mice revealed significant decreases in bone mineral density (0.33 +/- 0.03 mg/mm3 for mev/mevversus 0.41 +/- 0.01 mg/mm3 for controls) and mineral content (1.97 +/- 0.36 mg for mev/mevversus 10.64 +/- 0.67 for controls) compared with littermate controls. Viable motheaten mice also showed reduced amounts of trabecular bone and decreased cortical thickness. These bone abnormalities were associated with a 14% increase in numbers of multinucleated osteoclasts and an increase in osteoclast resorption activity. In co-cultures of normal osteoblasts with mutant or control bone marrow cells, numbers of osteoclasts developing from mutant mice were increased compared with littermate control mice. Although mev/mev osteoclasts develop in the absence of colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, nevertheless cultured osteoclasts show increased size in the presence of CSF-1. CSF-1-deficient osteopetrosis (op/op) mutant mice develop severe osteosclerosis. However, doubly homozygous mev/mevop/op mice show an expansion of bone marrow cavities and reduced trabecular bone mass compared with op/op mice. Western blot analysis showed that several proteins that were markedly hyperphosphorylated on tyrosine residues were detected in the motheaten osteoclasts, including a novel 126-kd phosphotyrosine protein. The marked hyperphosphorylation of a 126-kd protein in motheaten osteoclasts suggests that this protein depends on SHP-1 for dephosphorylation. These findings demonstrate that the decreased SHP-1 catalytic activity in me/me and mev/mev mice results in an increased population of activated osteoclasts and consequent reduction in bone density.  (+info)

Intermittent inhibition of dentin mineralization of rat incisors under continual infusion of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) using a subcutaneous mini osmotic pump. (7/1113)

The inhibitory effect of the continual administration of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (HEBP) (8 mgP/kg/day) through a mini osmotic pump on dentin mineralization was examined in relation to the diurnal rhythm of the rat and compared with that of daily injections of same amounts of HEBP known to inhibit dentin mineralization. After daily injections of HEBP, a series of alternating rows of mineralized and non-mineralized dentin islands appeared in the newly formed portion of the crown-analogue of rat incisors. A similar phenomenon occurred under the continual administration of HEBP in rats raised either under regular environmental photofraction or constant lighting conditions. The average distance between the adjacent mineralized dentin islands was 521.0 +/- 51.3 microns in the injected rats. After continual HEBP administration, this was 426.0 +/- 13.2 microns and 416.5 +/- 19.4 microns under ordinary photofraction and constant light, respectively. Although the pattern of individual mineralized dentin islands tended to become irregular in nocturnal rats, no statistical difference was noted between the two values. Rows of mineralized and non-mineralized dentin islands also appeared in the root analogue dentin. No sign of the intermittent inhibition of mineralization was recognized in mesodermal hard tissues other than dentin in the HEBP-affected animals. These data implicate the presence of intrinsic cycles in dentin mineralization at the growing end of rat incisors independent of environmental photofraction as well as the ameloblast function.  (+info)

Interaction between vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and microfilaments during osteoclast activation. (8/1113)

Vacuolar H(+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) are multisubunit enzymes that acidify compartments of the vacuolar system of all eukaryotic cells. In osteoclasts, the cells that degrade bone, V-ATPases, are recruited from intracellular membrane compartments to the ruffled membrane, a specialized domain of the plasma membrane, where they are maintained at high densities, serving to acidify the resorption bay at the osteoclast attachment site on bone (Blair, H. C., Teitelbaum, S. L., Ghiselli, R., and Gluck, S. L. (1989) Science 249, 855-857). Here, we describe a new mechanism involved in controlling the activity of the bone-resorptive cell. V-ATPase in osteoclasts cultured in vitro was found to form a detergent-insoluble complex with actin and myosin II through direct binding of V-ATPase to actin filaments. Plating bone marrow cells onto dentine slices, a physiologic stimulus that activates osteoclast resorption, produced a profound change in the association of the V-ATPase with actin, assayed by coimmunoprecipitation and immunocytochemical colocalization of actin filaments and V-ATPase in osteoclasts. Mouse marrow and bovine kidney V-ATPase bound rabbit muscle F-actin directly with a maximum stoichiometry of 1 mol of V-ATPase per 8 mol of F-actin and an apparent affinity of 0.05 microM. Electron microscopy of negatively stained samples confirmed the binding interaction. These findings link transport of V-ATPase to reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during osteoclast activation.  (+info)

Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and cementum of a tooth. It forms the majority of the tooth's structure and is composed primarily of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite), collagenous proteins, and water. Dentin has a tubular structure, with microscopic channels called dentinal tubules that radiate outward from the pulp chamber (the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and nerve endings that are responsible for the tooth's sensitivity to various stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure, or decay. Dentin plays a crucial role in protecting the dental pulp while also providing support and structure to the overlying enamel and cementum.

Dentin permeability refers to the ability of various substances to penetrate or diffuse through the dentin, which is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and forms the bulk of a tooth. Dentin is composed of microscopic tubules that run from the pulp chamber (which contains the dental pulp) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and are lined with odontoblastic processes, which are extensions of the cells that form dentin.

When the dentin is exposed due to tooth decay, wear, or other factors, various substances can penetrate through these tubules and cause sensitivity, discomfort, or pain. The permeability of dentin can be influenced by several factors, including the diameter and number of tubules, the thickness and composition of the dentinal tissue, and the presence of dental sealants or other protective coatings.

In general, a higher dentin permeability is associated with increased susceptibility to tooth decay, sensitivity, and other dental problems. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence dentin permeability and developing strategies to reduce it is an important area of research in dental medicine.

Dentin desensitizing agents are chemical substances or materials applied to the teeth to reduce sensitivity in the dental tissues, specifically in the dentin. Dentin is a calcified tissue that lies beneath the tooth's enamel and cementum. It has numerous microscopic tubules that, when exposed due to various factors like gum recession, tooth wear, or dental procedures, can lead to hypersensitivity.

Dentin desensitizing agents work by occluding these dentinal tubules, thus preventing the stimuli (like cold, heat, or touch) from reaching the nerve endings inside the pulp chamber. These agents may contain various active ingredients like fluorides, strontium salts, calcium sodium phosphosilicate, potassium nitrate, arginine, and oxalates. They can be found in different forms, such as toothpaste, gels, varnishes, or bonding agents, and are often used in dental treatments and at-home oral care to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity.

Dentin sensitivity is a common dental condition characterized by the short, sharp pain or discomfort in response to external stimuli, such as cold air, hot or cold foods and drinks, sweet or sour substances, and physical touch. This pain is typically caused by the exposure of dentin, the hard tissue beneath the tooth's enamel, due to receding gums, tooth decay, or other factors that wear down or damage the protective enamel layer.

When the dentin is exposed, the microscopic tubules within it become sensitive to temperature and pressure changes, allowing external stimuli to reach the nerve endings inside the tooth. This results in the characteristic pain or discomfort associated with dentin sensitivity. Dentin sensitivity can be managed through various treatments, including desensitizing toothpaste, fluoride applications, and dental restorations, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Dentin-bonding agents are substances used in dentistry to create a strong and durable bond between the dental restoration material (such as composite resin, glass ionomer cement, or crowns) and the dentin surface of a tooth. Dentin is the hard tissue that lies beneath the enamel and consists of microscopic tubules filled with fluid.

The primary function of dentin-bonding agents is to improve the adhesion of restorative materials to the tooth structure, enhancing the retention and durability of dental fillings, crowns, veneers, and other types of restorations. These agents typically contain one or more types of bonding resins, such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META), and/or phosphoric acid ester monomers.

The application process for dentin-bonding agents usually involves several steps, including:

1. Etching the dentin surface with a mild acid to remove the smear layer and expose the collagen network within the dentin tubules.
2. Applying a primer that penetrates into the etched dentin and promotes the infiltration of bonding resins into the dentinal tubules.
3. Applying an adhesive, which is typically a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers, to form a stable bond between the tooth structure and the restoration material.
4. Light-curing the adhesive to polymerize the resin and create a strong mechanical bond with the dentin surface.

Dentin-bonding agents have significantly improved the clinical success of various dental restorations by enhancing their retention, reducing microleakage, and minimizing postoperative sensitivity. However, they may still be susceptible to degradation over time due to factors such as moisture contamination, enzymatic degradation, or hydrolysis, which can lead to the failure of dental restorations. Therefore, continuous advancements in dentin-bonding technology are essential for improving the long-term success and durability of dental restorations.

Secondary dentin is a type of dentin that is formed after the initial development of the tooth. It is produced in response to stimuli such as tooth wear or injury and continues to form throughout an individual's life. Unlike primary dentin, which is laid down during tooth development and has a more uniform structure, secondary dentin is often deposited in a less organized manner and can vary in thickness. The formation of secondary dentin can help to protect the pulp tissue within the tooth from further damage or infection.

Dental bonding is a cosmetic dental procedure in which a tooth-colored resin material (a type of plastic) is applied and hardened with a special light, which ultimately "bonds" the material to the tooth to improve its appearance. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), dental bonding can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Repairing chipped or cracked teeth
2. Improving the appearance of discolored teeth
3. Closing spaces between teeth
4. Protecting a portion of the tooth's root that has been exposed due to gum recession
5. Changing the shape and size of teeth

Dental bonding is generally a quick and painless procedure, often requiring little to no anesthesia. The surface of the tooth is roughened and conditioned to help the resin adhere properly. Then, the resin material is applied, molded, and smoothed to the desired shape. A special light is used to harden the material, which typically takes only a few minutes. Finally, the bonded material is trimmed, shaped, and polished to match the surrounding teeth.

While dental bonding can be an effective solution for minor cosmetic concerns, it may not be as durable or long-lasting as other dental restoration options like veneers or crowns. The lifespan of a dental bonding procedure typically ranges from 3 to 10 years, depending on factors such as oral habits, location of the bonded tooth, and proper care. Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices can help extend the life of dental bonding.

Dentin dysplasia is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development and formation of dentin, which is the hard tissue beneath the tooth's enamel. There are two types of dentin dysplasia: type I and type II.

Type I dentin dysplasia is also known as "radicular dentin dysplasia" and primarily affects the roots of the teeth. The roots may be short, thin, or even absent, which can make the teeth appear darkened or discolored. Despite the abnormal root structure, the teeth are often resistant to decay.

Type II dentin dysplasia is also known as "coronal dentin dysplasia" and primarily affects the crowns of the teeth. The teeth may appear normal in size and shape, but they can be prone to fractures and abscesses due to the thinness or absence of dentin beneath the tooth's enamel.

Both types of dentin dysplasia are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, which means that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder if one parent is affected. Treatment for dentin dysplasia typically involves restorative dental procedures to address any tooth decay or fractures, and regular dental checkups to monitor the health of the teeth and gums.

Methacrylates are a group of chemical compounds that contain the methacrylate functional group, which is a vinyl group (CH2=CH-) with a carbonyl group (C=O) at the β-position. This structure gives them unique chemical and physical properties, such as low viscosity, high reactivity, and resistance to heat and chemicals.

In medical terms, methacrylates are used in various biomedical applications, such as dental restorative materials, bone cements, and drug delivery systems. For example, methacrylate-based resins are commonly used in dentistry for fillings, crowns, and bridges due to their excellent mechanical properties and adhesion to tooth structures.

However, there have been concerns about the potential toxicity of methacrylates, particularly their ability to release monomers that can cause allergic reactions, irritation, or even mutagenic effects in some individuals. Therefore, it is essential to use these materials with caution and follow proper handling and safety protocols.

Odontoblasts are defined as columnar-shaped cells that are located in the pulp tissue of teeth, specifically within the predentin region. They are responsible for the formation of dentin, one of the main components of a tooth, by synthesizing and depositing collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, as well as the mineral hydroxyapatite.

Odontoblasts have a single process that extends into the dentinal tubules, which are microscopic channels within the dentin matrix. These cells play a crucial role in sensing external stimuli, such as heat, cold, or pressure, and transmitting signals to the nerves located in the pulp tissue, thereby contributing to the tooth's sensitivity.

In summary, odontoblasts are specialized dental cells that produce dentin, provide structural support for teeth, and contribute to their sensory functions.

Resin cements are dental materials used to bond or cement restorations, such as crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances, to natural teeth or implants. They are called "resin" cements because they are made of a type of synthetic resin material that can be cured or hardened through the use of a chemical reaction or exposure to light.

Resin cements typically consist of three components: a base, a catalyst, and a filler. The base and catalyst are mixed together to create a putty-like consistency, which is then applied to the restoration or tooth surface. Once the cement is in place, it is exposed to light or allowed to chemically cure, which causes it to harden and form a strong bond between the restoration and the tooth.

Resin cements are known for their excellent adhesive properties, as well as their ability to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. They can also be color-matched to natural teeth, making them an aesthetically pleasing option for dental restorations. However, they may not be suitable for all patients or situations, and it is important for dental professionals to carefully consider the specific needs and conditions of each patient when choosing a cement material.

Acid etching in dental terminology refers to a surface treatment technique used in dentistry, particularly for bonding procedures. This process involves the application of a mild acid (usually phosphoric or maleic acid) onto the enamel or dentin surface of a tooth. The acid etches the surface by selectively removing the minerals and creating microscopic irregularities or porosities.

This etched surface provides an increased surface area and better mechanical retention for bonding agents, resin composites, or dental cements. As a result, the bond between the tooth and the restorative material becomes stronger and more durable. Acid etching is widely used in various dental procedures such as direct and indirect tooth-colored restorations, veneers, crowns, bridges, and orthodontic attachments.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

A smear layer is a thin, amorphous layer of debris that forms on the dentin surface when it comes into contact with instruments or solutions during dental procedures such as cavity preparation, root canal treatment, or biopsies. This layer is composed of organic and inorganic components, including dentinal cuttings, pulp tissue, bacteria, and materials from the irrigating solution. The smear layer can occlude the dentinal tubules, affecting the adhesion of filling materials and sealing ability of obturation points. Therefore, it is often removed during root canal preparation using various methods such as chemical dissolution, ultrasonic agitation, or laser ablation to ensure proper disinfection and seal of the root canal system.

Composite resins, also known as dental composites or filling materials, are a type of restorative material used in dentistry to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of missing tooth structure. They are called composite resins because they are composed of a combination of materials, including a resin matrix (usually made of bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate or urethane dimethacrylate) and filler particles (commonly made of silica, quartz, or glass).

The composite resins are widely used in modern dentistry due to their excellent esthetic properties, ease of handling, and ability to bond directly to tooth structure. They can be used for a variety of restorative procedures, including direct and indirect fillings, veneers, inlays, onlays, and crowns.

Composite resins are available in various shades and opacities, allowing dentists to match the color and translucency of natural teeth closely. They also have good wear resistance, strength, and durability, making them a popular choice for both anterior and posterior restorations. However, composite resins may be prone to staining over time and may require more frequent replacement compared to other types of restorative materials.

Tensile strength is a material property that measures the maximum amount of tensile (pulling) stress that a material can withstand before failure, such as breaking or fracturing. It is usually measured in units of force per unit area, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or pascals (Pa). In the context of medical devices or biomaterials, tensile strength may be used to describe the mechanical properties of materials used in implants, surgical tools, or other medical equipment. High tensile strength is often desirable in these applications to ensure that the material can withstand the stresses and forces it will encounter during use.

Dentinogenesis is the process of dentin formation, which is one of the main components of teeth. Dentin is a hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the tooth's enamel and cementum layers, providing structural support and protection to the pulp tissue containing nerves and blood vessels. The process of dentinogenesis involves the differentiation and activation of odontoblasts, which are specialized cells that synthesize and secrete the organic and inorganic components of dentin matrix. These components include collagenous proteins and hydroxyapatite crystals, which form a highly mineralized tissue that is both strong and flexible. Dentinogenesis continues throughout life as new layers of dentin are formed in response to various stimuli such as tooth wear, dental caries, or injury.

Dentin solubility refers to the degree or extent to which dentin, a hard tissue that makes up the majority of a tooth's structure, can be dissolved or eroded by acidic substances. Dentin is primarily made up of mineral content (hydroxyapatite), organic material, and water. When exposed to acidic environments, such as those caused by bacterial acids produced during dental caries (tooth decay), the hydroxyapatite in dentin can dissolve, leading to loss of tooth structure and potential weakening of the tooth. Understanding dentin solubility is important for developing strategies to prevent or treat dental caries and other conditions that affect the integrity of teeth.

Tooth calcification, also known as dental calculus or tartar formation, refers to the hardening of plaque on the surface of teeth. This process occurs when minerals from saliva combine with bacterial deposits and dental plaque, resulting in a hard, calcified substance that adheres to the tooth surface. Calcification can occur both above and below the gum line, and if not removed through professional dental cleanings, it can lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay, and other oral health issues.

Dental stress analysis is a method used in dentistry to evaluate the amount and distribution of forces that act upon teeth and surrounding structures during biting, chewing, or other functional movements. This analysis helps dental professionals identify areas of excessive stress or strain that may lead to dental problems such as tooth fracture, mobility, or periodontal (gum) disease. By identifying these areas, dentists can develop treatment plans to reduce the risk of dental issues and improve overall oral health.

Dental stress analysis typically involves the use of specialized equipment, such as strain gauges, T-scan occlusal analysis systems, or finite element analysis software, to measure and analyze the forces that act upon teeth during various functional movements. The results of the analysis can help dentists determine the best course of treatment, which may include adjusting the bite, restoring damaged teeth with crowns or fillings, or fabricating custom-made oral appliances to redistribute the forces evenly across the dental arch.

Overall, dental stress analysis is an important tool in modern dentistry that helps dental professionals diagnose and treat dental problems related to occlusal (bite) forces, ensuring optimal oral health and function for their patients.

Phosphoric acids are a group of mineral acids known chemically as orthophosphoric acid and its salts or esters. The chemical formula for orthophosphoric acid is H3PO4. It is a weak acid that partially dissociates in solution to release hydrogen ions (H+), making it acidic. Phosphoric acid has many uses in various industries, including food additives, fertilizers, and detergents.

In the context of medical definitions, phosphoric acids are not typically referred to directly. However, they can be relevant in certain medical contexts, such as:

* In dentistry, phosphoric acid is used as an etching agent to prepare tooth enamel for bonding with dental materials.
* In nutrition, phosphorus is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including energy metabolism, bone and teeth formation, and nerve function. Phosphoric acid is one form of phosphorus found in some foods and beverages.
* In medical research, phosphoric acids can be used as buffers to maintain a stable pH in laboratory experiments or as reagents in various analytical techniques.

Dental enamel is the hard, white, outermost layer of a tooth. It is a highly mineralized and avascular tissue, meaning it contains no living cells or blood vessels. Enamel is primarily composed of calcium and phosphate minerals and serves as the protective covering for the crown of a tooth, which is the portion visible above the gum line.

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, and its primary function is to provide structural support and protection to the underlying dentin and pulp tissues of the tooth. It also plays a crucial role in chewing and biting by helping to distribute forces evenly across the tooth surface during these activities.

Despite its hardness, dental enamel can still be susceptible to damage from factors such as tooth decay, erosion, and abrasion. Once damaged or lost, enamel cannot regenerate or repair itself, making it essential to maintain good oral hygiene practices and seek regular dental checkups to prevent enamel damage and protect overall oral health.

Tooth demineralization is a process that involves the loss of minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, from the hard tissues of the teeth. This process can lead to the development of dental caries or tooth decay. Demineralization occurs when acids produced by bacteria in the mouth attack the enamel of the tooth, dissolving its mineral content. Over time, these attacks can create holes or cavities in the teeth. Fluoride, found in many toothpastes and public water supplies, can help to remineralize teeth and prevent decay. Good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, can also help to prevent demineralization by removing plaque and bacteria from the mouth.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (BPAGM) is a type of chemical compound that belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycidyl methacrylates. It is created by the reaction between bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate.

BPAGM is used in various industrial applications, including the production of coatings, adhesives, and resins. In the medical field, it has been used as a component in some dental materials, such as bonding agents and composite resins. However, due to concerns about its potential health effects, including its possible estrogenic activity and potential to cause reproductive toxicity, its use in dental materials has become more restricted in recent years.

It is important to note that exposure to BPAGM should be limited as much as possible, and appropriate safety measures should be taken when handling this chemical compound.

Dental pulp is the soft tissue located in the center of a tooth, surrounded by the dentin. It contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, and plays a vital role in the development and health of the tooth. The dental pulp helps to form dentin during tooth development and continues to provide nourishment to the tooth throughout its life. It also serves as a sensory organ, allowing the tooth to detect hot and cold temperatures and transmit pain signals to the brain. Injury or infection of the dental pulp can lead to serious dental problems, such as tooth decay or abscesses, and may require root canal treatment to remove the damaged tissue and save the tooth.

A dental cavity lining, also known as a dental restoration or filling, refers to the material used to fill and seal a tooth after decay has been removed. The purpose of the lining is to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of the tooth, while preventing further decay and infection. Common materials used for dental cavity linings include:

1. Amalgam: A mixture of metals, such as silver, tin, copper, and mercury, amalgam fillings are strong, durable, and resistant to wear. They are often used for posterior teeth that undergo heavy chewing forces. However, due to their dark color, they may be less aesthetically pleasing compared to other materials.
2. Composite resin: A tooth-colored material made of a mixture of plastic and glass particles, composite resins provide a more natural appearance and are often used for anterior teeth or cosmetic restorations. They bond directly to the tooth structure, which can help reinforce the remaining tooth structure. However, they may be less durable than amalgam fillings and may wear down or discolor over time.
3. Glass ionomer: A tooth-colored material made of acrylic and a type of glass, glass ionomers release fluoride, which can help protect the tooth from further decay. They are often used for fillings near the gum line, for cementing crowns or orthodontic appliances, or as a base layer under other restorative materials. Glass ionomers are less durable than composite resins and amalgam fillings and may not withstand heavy chewing forces as well.
4. Gold: A precious metal used for dental restorations, gold is highly durable, non-reactive, and resistant to corrosion. It can be used for inlays, onlays, or crowns and provides excellent longevity. However, due to its high cost and less desirable aesthetics, it is not as commonly used as other materials.
5. Porcelain: A ceramic material that can be matched to the color of natural teeth, porcelain is often used for inlays, onlays, crowns, or veneers. It provides excellent aesthetics and durability but may be more brittle than other materials and requires a skilled dental technician for fabrication.

Ultimately, the choice of restorative material depends on several factors, including the location and extent of the decay, the patient's oral health status, aesthetic preferences, and budget. Dentists will consider these factors when recommending the most appropriate material for a specific situation.

A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.

In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.

Dental cavity preparation is the process of removing decayed and damaged tissue from a tooth and shaping the remaining healthy structure in order to prepare it for the placement of a filling or a crown. The goal of cavity preparation is to remove all traces of decay and create a clean, stable surface for the restoration to bond with, while also maintaining as much of the natural tooth structure as possible.

The process typically involves the use of dental drills and other tools to remove the decayed tissue and shape the tooth. The size and depth of the preparation will depend on the extent of the decay and the type of restoration that will be used. After the preparation is complete, the dentist will place the filling or crown, restoring the function and integrity of the tooth.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.

Dentinal fluid refers to the fluid present within the dentinal tubules, which are tiny microscopic channels that run through the dentin layer of a tooth. Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the tooth's enamel and cementum layers and forms the majority of the tooth's structure.

The dentinal fluid is primarily made up of water and various organic components, including proteins and other molecules. It flows through the dentinal tubules in response to changes in pressure or temperature, which can stimulate nerve endings within the dentin and cause a sensation of pain or discomfort. This phenomenon is known as dentinal hypersensitivity.

The movement of dentinal fluid also plays a role in the transmission of sensory information from the tooth to the nervous system, allowing us to perceive different sensations such as hot, cold, or pressure. Understanding the properties and behavior of dentinal fluid is important for developing effective treatments for dental conditions such as tooth sensitivity and decay.

Dental cements are materials used in dentistry to bond or seal restorative dental materials, such as crowns, fillings, and orthodontic appliances, to natural tooth structures. They can be made from various materials including glass ionomers, resin-modified glass ionomers, zinc oxide eugenol, polycarboxylate, and composite resins. The choice of cement depends on the specific clinical situation and the properties required, such as strength, durability, biocompatibility, and esthetics.

Tooth remineralization is a natural process by which minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, are redeposited into the microscopic pores (hydroxyapatite crystals) in the enamel of a tooth. This process can help to repair early decay and strengthen the teeth. It occurs when the mouth's pH is neutral or slightly alkaline, which allows the minerals in our saliva, fluoride from toothpaste or other sources, and calcium and phosphate ions from foods to be absorbed into the enamel. Remineralization can be promoted through good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, flossing, and eating a balanced diet that includes foods rich in calcium and phosphate.

Dental materials are substances that are used in restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, endodontics, orthodontics, and preventive dentistry to restore or replace missing tooth structure, improve the function and esthetics of teeth, and protect the oral tissues from decay and disease. These materials can be classified into various categories based on their physical and chemical properties, including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, cements, and alloys.

Some examples of dental materials include:

1. Amalgam: a metal alloy used for dental fillings that contains silver, tin, copper, and mercury. It is strong, durable, and resistant to wear but has been controversial due to concerns about the toxicity of mercury.
2. Composite: a tooth-colored restorative material made of a mixture of glass or ceramic particles and a bonding agent. It is used for fillings, veneers, and other esthetic dental treatments.
3. Glass ionomer cement: a type of cement used for dental restorations that releases fluoride ions and helps prevent tooth decay. It is often used for fillings in children's teeth or as a base under crowns and bridges.
4. Porcelain: a ceramic material used for dental crowns, veneers, and other esthetic restorations. It is strong, durable, and resistant to staining but can be brittle and prone to fracture.
5. Gold alloy: a metal alloy used for dental restorations that contains gold, copper, and other metals. It is highly biocompatible, corrosion-resistant, and malleable but can be expensive and less esthetic than other materials.
6. Acrylic resin: a type of polymer used for dental appliances such as dentures, night guards, and orthodontic retainers. It is lightweight, flexible, and easy to modify but can be less durable than other materials.

The choice of dental material depends on various factors, including the location and extent of the restoration, the patient's oral health status, their esthetic preferences, and their budget. Dental professionals must consider these factors carefully when selecting the appropriate dental material for each individual case.

Dental leakage, also known as "microleakage" in dental terminology, refers to the seepage or penetration of fluids, bacteria, or other substances between the walls of a dental restoration (such as a filling, crown, or bridge) and the prepared tooth structure. This occurs due to the presence of microscopic gaps or spaces at the interface of the restoration and the tooth.

Dental leakage can lead to several problems, including:

1. Recurrent decay: The seepage of fluids, bacteria, and sugars from the oral environment can cause secondary tooth decay around the margins of the restoration.
2. Sensitivity: Microleakage may result in temperature sensitivity or pain when consuming hot or cold foods and beverages due to fluid movement within the gap.
3. Discoloration: Over time, dental leakage might lead to staining of the tooth structure around the restoration, resulting in an unaesthetic appearance.
4. Failed restorations: Persistent dental leakage can weaken the bond between the restoration and the tooth, increasing the risk of restoration failure and the need for replacement.

To prevent dental leakage, dentists employ various techniques during restoration placement, such as using appropriate adhesives, following meticulous preparation protocols, and ensuring a tight seal around the margins of the restoration. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential to monitor the condition of existing restorations and address any issues before they become more severe.

In the context of medical terminology, "hardness" is not a term that has a specific or standardized definition. It may be used in various ways to describe the firmness or consistency of a tissue, such as the hardness of an artery or tumor, but it does not have a single authoritative medical definition.

In some cases, healthcare professionals may use subjective terms like "hard," "firm," or "soft" to describe their tactile perception during a physical examination. For example, they might describe the hardness of an enlarged liver or spleen by comparing it to the feel of their knuckles when gently pressed against the abdomen.

However, in other contexts, healthcare professionals may use more objective measures of tissue stiffness or elasticity, such as palpation durometry or shear wave elastography, which provide quantitative assessments of tissue hardness. These techniques can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the mechanical properties of tissues, such as liver fibrosis or cancer.

Therefore, while "hardness" may be a term used in medical contexts to describe certain physical characteristics of tissues, it does not have a single, universally accepted definition.

Dental marginal adaptation refers to the way in which a dental restoration, such as a filling or crown, fits precisely and accurately along the margin or edge where it meets the tooth structure. The term "marginal" describes the border between the restoration and the tooth. Ideally, this junction should be tight and smooth, without any gaps or spaces that could allow for the accumulation of bacteria, food debris, or dental plaque.

Achieving good marginal adaptation is crucial to ensure the longevity and success of a dental restoration. When the margin is well-adapted, it helps prevent microleakage, secondary tooth decay, and sensitivity. It also contributes to the overall seal and integrity of the restoration, minimizing the risk of recurrent caries or other complications.

The process of achieving optimal marginal adaptation involves careful preparation of the tooth structure, precise impression-taking techniques, and meticulous fabrication of the dental restoration. The use of high-quality materials and modern technologies, such as digital impressions and CAD/CAM systems, can further enhance the accuracy and predictability of the marginal adaptation.

'Adhesiveness' is a term used in medicine and biology to describe the ability of two surfaces to stick or adhere to each other. In medical terms, it often refers to the property of tissues or cells to adhere to one another, as in the case of scar tissue formation where healing tissue adheres to adjacent structures.

In the context of microbiology, adhesiveness can refer to the ability of bacteria or other microorganisms to attach themselves to surfaces, such as medical devices or human tissues, which can lead to infection and other health problems. Adhesives used in medical devices, such as bandages or wound dressings, also have adhesiveness properties that allow them to stick to the skin or other surfaces.

Overall, adhesiveness is an important property in many areas of medicine and biology, with implications for wound healing, infection control, and the design and function of medical devices.

Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.

In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.

Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.

I'm not able to provide a specific medical definition for the term "Decalcification Technique" as it is not a standard term in medical or scientific literature. However, decalcification is a process that is commonly used in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) to prepare calcium-containing tissue samples for sectioning and staining.

Decalcification involves removing the calcium salts from the tissue using a weak acid solution, such as formic acid or acetic acid. This process makes it possible to cut thin sections of the tissue with a microtome (a tool used to cut thin slices of tissue for examination under a microscope).

The decalcification technique may refer to the specific method or protocol used to decalcify tissue samples, including the type and concentration of acid used, the duration of decalcification, and the temperature at which the process is carried out. The choice of decalcification technique will depend on the type and size of the tissue sample being prepared, as well as the specific research or diagnostic questions being addressed.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.

The process of dental caries development involves several stages:

1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.

Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.

Adhesives are substances that are used to bind two surfaces together. They can be composed of a variety of materials, including natural substances like tree sap or animal glue, or synthetic substances like cyanoacrylates (super glues) or epoxies. Adhesives can be classified based on their chemical composition, how they cure (set), and their properties such as strength, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors. In a medical context, adhesives may be used in a variety of applications, such as wound closure, securing medical devices, or attaching bandages or dressings. It's important to choose the right type of adhesive for each application to ensure proper adhesion, safety, and effectiveness.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

Sialglycoproteins are a type of glycoprotein that have sialic acid as the terminal sugar in their oligosaccharide chains. These complex molecules are abundant on the surface of many cell types and play important roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, and protection against proteolytic degradation.

The presence of sialic acid on the outermost part of these glycoproteins makes them negatively charged, which can affect their interaction with other molecules such as lectins, antibodies, and enzymes. Sialglycoproteins are also involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, including blood coagulation, inflammation, and immune response.

Abnormalities in sialglycoprotein expression or structure have been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, understanding the biology of sialoglycoproteins is important for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Tooth attrition is a type of wear on the teeth that results from normal dental occlusal forces during biting, chewing, and grinding of food. It involves the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces and is typically seen as a flattening or reduction in the vertical height of the crowns of teeth.

Attrition differs from other types of tooth wear such as abrasion (which is caused by external factors like toothbrush bristles, toothpaste, or habitual pen/pencil biting), erosion (which is caused by chemical dissolution of tooth structure due to acid exposure), and abfraction (which is caused by flexural forces leading to cervical lesions).

While some degree of attrition is considered a normal part of the aging process, excessive attrition can lead to dental sensitivity, aesthetic concerns, and even affect the functionality of the teeth and overall oral health. Dental professionals may recommend various treatments such as fillings, crowns, or even orthodontic interventions to manage the consequences of severe tooth attrition.

Polymethacrylic acids are not typically referred to as a medical term, but rather as a chemical one. They are a type of synthetic polymer made up of repeating units of methacrylic acid (MAA). These polymers have various applications in different industries, including the medical field.

In medicine, polymethacrylates are often used in the formulation of controlled-release drug delivery systems, such as beads or microspheres, due to their ability to swell and shrink in response to changes in pH or temperature. This property allows for the gradual release of drugs encapsulated within these polymers over an extended period.

Polymethacrylates are also used in dental applications, such as in the production of artificial teeth and dentures, due to their durability and resistance to wear. Additionally, they can be found in some surgical sealants and adhesives.

While polymethacrylic acids themselves may not have a specific medical definition, their various forms and applications in medical devices and drug delivery systems contribute significantly to the field of medicine.

A deciduous tooth, also known as a baby tooth or primary tooth, is a type of temporary tooth that humans and some other mammals develop during childhood. They are called "deciduous" because they are eventually shed and replaced by permanent teeth, much like how leaves on a deciduous tree fall off and are replaced by new growth.

Deciduous teeth begin to form in the womb and start to erupt through the gums when a child is around six months old. By the time a child reaches age three, they typically have a full set of 20 deciduous teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars. These teeth are smaller and less durable than permanent teeth, but they serve important functions such as helping children chew food properly, speak clearly, and maintain space in the jaw for the permanent teeth to grow into.

Deciduous teeth usually begin to fall out around age six or seven, starting with the lower central incisors. This process continues until all of the deciduous teeth have been shed, typically by age 12 or 13. At this point, the permanent teeth will have grown in and taken their place, with the exception of the wisdom teeth, which may not erupt until later in adolescence or early adulthood.

Shear strength is a property of a material that describes its ability to withstand forces that cause internal friction and sliding of one portion of the material relative to another. In the context of human tissues, shear strength is an important factor in understanding how tissues respond to various stresses and strains, such as those experienced during physical activities or injuries.

For example, in the case of bones, shear strength is a critical factor in determining their ability to resist fractures under different types of loading conditions. Similarly, in soft tissues like ligaments and tendons, shear strength plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of these structures during movement and preventing excessive deformation or injury.

It's worth noting that measuring the shear strength of human tissues can be challenging due to their complex structure and anisotropic properties. As such, researchers often use specialized techniques and equipment to quantify these properties under controlled conditions in the lab.

A dental restoration, permanent, is a type of dental treatment that involves the use of materials such as gold, silver amalgam, porcelain, or composite resin to repair and restore the function, form, and aesthetics of a damaged or decayed tooth. Unlike temporary restorations, which are meant to be replaced with a permanent solution, permanent restorations are designed to last for many years, if not a lifetime.

Examples of permanent dental restorations include:

1. Dental fillings: These are used to fill cavities caused by tooth decay. The decayed portion of the tooth is removed, and the resulting space is filled with a material such as amalgam, composite resin, or gold.
2. Inlays and onlays: These are similar to dental fillings but are made in a laboratory and then bonded to the tooth. They are used when there is not enough tooth structure left to support a filling.
3. Dental crowns: Also known as caps, these are used to cover and protect a tooth that has been damaged or weakened by decay, injury, or wear. The crown fits over the entire tooth, restoring its shape, size, and strength.
4. Dental bridges: These are used to replace one or more missing teeth. A bridge consists of one or more artificial teeth (pontics) that are held in place by crowns on either side.
5. Dental implants: These are used to replace missing teeth. An implant is a small titanium post that is surgically placed in the jawbone, where it functions as an anchor for a replacement tooth or bridge.

Permanent dental restorations are custom-made for each patient and require careful planning and preparation. They are designed to blend in with the surrounding teeth and provide a natural-looking appearance. With proper care and maintenance, these restorations can last for many years and help preserve the health and function of the teeth and mouth.

Microradiography is a radiographic technique that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of small specimens, such as microscopic slides or individual cells. In this process, the specimen is placed in close contact with a high-resolution photographic emulsion, and then exposed to X-rays. The resulting image shows the distribution of radiopaque materials within the specimen, providing information about its internal structure and composition at a microscopic level.

Microradiography can be used for various applications in medical research and diagnosis, including the study of bone and tooth microstructure, the analysis of tissue pathology, and the examination of mineralized tissues such as calcifications or osteogenic lesions. The technique offers high resolution and contrast, making it a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians seeking to understand the complex structures and processes that occur at the microscopic level in living organisms.

The dental pulp cavity, also known as the pulp chamber, is the innermost part of a tooth that contains the dental pulp. It is located in the crown portion of the tooth and is shaped like an upside-down pyramid with the narrow end point towards the root of the tooth.

The dental pulp is a soft tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the tooth, including providing nutrients to the dentin and producing reparative dentin.

The dental pulp cavity can become infected or inflamed due to tooth decay, trauma, or other factors, leading to symptoms such as pain, sensitivity, and swelling. In such cases, treatment options may include root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected or inflamed pulp tissue from the dental pulp cavity and sealing the space to prevent further infection.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are a group of structural and functional molecules that provide support, organization, and regulation to the cells in tissues and organs. The ECM is composed of a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that are secreted by the cells and deposited outside of them.

ECM proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, including:

1. Collagens: These are the most abundant ECM proteins and provide strength and stability to tissues. They form fibrils that can withstand high tensile forces.
2. Proteoglycans: These are complex molecules made up of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The GAG chains attract water, making proteoglycans important for maintaining tissue hydration and resilience.
3. Elastin: This is an elastic protein that allows tissues to stretch and recoil, such as in the lungs and blood vessels.
4. Fibronectins: These are large glycoproteins that bind to cells and ECM components, providing adhesion, migration, and signaling functions.
5. Laminins: These are large proteins found in basement membranes, which provide structural support for epithelial and endothelial cells.
6. Tenascins: These are large glycoproteins that modulate cell adhesion and migration, and regulate ECM assembly and remodeling.

Together, these ECM proteins create a microenvironment that influences cell behavior, differentiation, and function. Dysregulation of ECM proteins has been implicated in various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative disorders.

Dental pulp exposure is a condition in which the soft, living tissue inside a tooth (the dental pulp) becomes exposed due to damage or injury to the tooth. This can occur as a result of tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, trauma or fracture that exposes the pulp, or recession of the gums due to periodontal disease.

Exposure of the dental pulp can lead to infection, inflammation, and severe pain. If left untreated, it may result in the need for a root canal procedure or even extraction of the tooth. Therefore, prompt dental treatment is necessary to prevent further complications and preserve the tooth.

"Wettability" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a term that is more commonly used in the fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science to describe how well a liquid spreads on a solid surface. In other words, it refers to the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface, which can have implications for various medical applications such as the design of medical devices or the study of biological surfaces. However, it is not a term that would typically be used in a clinical medical context.

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI) is a genetic disorder that affects the development and formation of dentin, which is the hard tissue beneath the enamel of teeth. This condition results in teeth that are discolored, translucent, and sensitive to temperature changes. The teeth may also wear down easily and be prone to fractures.

There are two main types of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta: type I and type II. Type I is associated with a genetic disorder called osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which affects the development of bones as well as teeth. Type II, on the other hand, is not associated with OI and only affects the teeth.

The inheritance pattern for Dentinogenesis Imperfecta is autosomal dominant, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition if one parent has it. However, some cases may be due to new mutations in the gene and not inherited from a parent. Treatment for DI typically involves dental restorations such as crowns or veneers to improve the appearance and function of the teeth.

The term "tooth cervix" is not commonly used in medical dentistry with a specific technical definition. However, if you are referring to the "cervical region of a tooth," it generally refers to the area where the crown (the visible part of the tooth) meets the root (the portion of the tooth that is below the gum line). This region is also sometimes referred to as the "cementoenamel junction" (CEJ), where the enamel covering of the crown meets the cementum covering of the root. Dental issues such as tooth decay, receding gums, or abrasion can affect this area and may require professional dental treatment.

A third molar is the most posterior of the three molars present in an adult human dental arch. They are also commonly known as wisdom teeth, due to their late eruption period which usually occurs between the ages of 17-25, a time traditionally associated with gaining maturity and wisdom.

Anatomically, third molars have four cusps, making them the largest of all the teeth. However, not everyone develops third molars; some people may have one, two, three or no third molars at all. In many cases, third molars do not have enough space to fully erupt and align properly with the rest of the teeth, leading to impaction, infection, or other dental health issues. As a result, third molars are often extracted if they cause problems or if there is a risk they will cause problems in the future.

A tooth crown is a type of dental restoration that covers the entire visible portion of a tooth, restoring its shape, size, and strength. It is typically made of materials like porcelain, ceramic, or metal alloys and is custom-made to fit over the prepared tooth. The tooth crown is cemented in place and becomes the new outer surface of the tooth, protecting it from further damage or decay.

The process of getting a tooth crown usually involves two dental appointments. During the first appointment, the dentist prepares the tooth by removing any decay or damaged tissue and shaping the tooth to accommodate the crown. An impression is then taken of the prepared tooth and sent to a dental laboratory where the crown is fabricated. In the meantime, a temporary crown is placed over the prepared tooth to protect it until the permanent crown is ready. At the second appointment, the temporary crown is removed, and the permanent crown is cemented in place.

Tooth crowns are often recommended for several reasons, including:

* To restore a broken or fractured tooth
* To protect a weakened tooth from further damage or decay
* To support a large filling when there isn't enough natural tooth structure left
* To cover a dental implant
* To improve the appearance of a discolored or misshapen tooth

Overall, a tooth crown is an effective and long-lasting solution for restoring damaged or decayed teeth and improving oral health.

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl. It is a pale greenish-yellow liquid that is highly reactive and unstable in its pure form. However, it is commonly available as a dilute aqueous solution known as bleach, which has the characteristic smell of chlorine.

In medical terms, sodium hypochlorite is widely used for its disinfectant and antiseptic properties. It is effective against a broad range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Sodium hypochlorite solution is commonly used to disinfect surfaces, medical instruments, and wounds.

When applied to wounds or skin infections, sodium hypochlorite can help reduce bacterial load, promote healing, and prevent infection. It is also a component of some mouthwashes and toothpastes, where it helps to kill bacteria and freshen breath. However, it can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, so it should be used with caution and at appropriate concentrations.

Dental restoration failure refers to the breakdown or loss of functionality of a dental restoration, which is a procedure performed to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of a tooth that has been damaged due to decay, trauma, or wear. The restoration can include fillings, crowns, veneers, bridges, and implants. Failure of dental restorations can occur due to various reasons such as recurrent decay, fracture, poor fit, or material failure, leading to further damage or loss of the tooth.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "toothpastes" is the plural form of "toothpaste," which is not a medical condition or procedure that requires a definition. However, I can provide you with some information about toothpaste.

Toothpaste is a dental hygiene product used to clean and maintain the health of teeth and gums. It generally contains mild abrasives, flavoring, and fluoride to help remove plaque, prevent tooth decay, and freshen breath. There are various types of toothpastes available on the market, including those formulated for sensitive teeth, whitening, gum health, and tartar control. It is essential to choose a toothpaste that meets your specific dental needs and has the American Dental Association (ADA) Seal of Acceptance, ensuring its safety and effectiveness.

Tooth erosion is defined as the progressive, irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, primarily caused by chemical dissolution from acids, rather than mechanical forces such as abrasion or attrition. These acids can originate from extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages, or intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting. The erosion process leads to a reduction in tooth structure, altering the shape and function of teeth, and potentially causing sensitivity, pain, and aesthetical concerns. Early detection and management of tooth erosion are crucial to prevent further progression and preserve dental health.

Root canal irrigants are substances used during root canal treatment to clean, disinfect and rinse the root canal system. The main goal is to remove tissue remnants, dentinal debris, and microorganisms from the root canal space, thus reducing the risk of reinfection and promoting healing. Commonly used irrigants include sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which is a potent antimicrobial agent, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which is used to remove the smear layer and improve the penetration of other irrigants and root canal sealers. The choice of irrigant, concentration, and application technique may vary depending on the specific case and clinician's preference.

Dental pulp capping is a dental procedure that involves the application of a small amount of medication or dressing to a small exposed area of the dental pulp, with the aim of promoting the formation of reparative dentin and preserving the vitality of the pulp. The dental pulp is the soft tissue located inside the tooth, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues that provide nutrients and sensory functions to the tooth.

Pulp capping may be recommended when the dental pulp is exposed due to tooth decay or trauma, but the pulp is still vital and has the potential to heal. The procedure typically involves cleaning and removing any infected or damaged tissue from the exposure site, followed by the application of a medicated dressing or cement to promote healing and protect the pulp from further injury or infection.

There are two types of pulp capping: direct and indirect. Direct pulp capping involves applying the medication directly to the exposed pulp, while indirect pulp capping involves placing the medication over a thin layer of dentin that has been created to protect the pulp. The success of pulp capping depends on various factors, including the size and depth of the exposure, the patient's age and overall health, and the skill and experience of the dental professional performing the procedure.

Dental cementum is a type of hard connective tissue that covers the root of a tooth. It is primarily composed of calcium salts and collagen fibers, and it serves to attach the periodontal ligaments (the fibers that help secure the tooth in its socket) to the tooth's root. Cementum also helps protect the root of the tooth and contributes to the maintenance of tooth stability. It continues to grow and deposit new layers throughout an individual's life, which can be seen as incremental lines called "cementum annulations."

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Tooth abrasion is defined as the wearing away of tooth structure due to mechanical forces from activities such as tooth brushing, chewing, or habits like nail biting or pen chewing. It typically occurs at the gum line and can result in sensitive teeth, notches in the teeth near the gums, and even tooth loss if left untreated. The use of hard-bristled toothbrushes, excessive force while brushing, and abrasive toothpastes can all contribute to tooth abrasion.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Glutaral" does not seem to be a recognized medical term or abbreviation in healthcare and biomedical sciences. It is possible that you may be looking for information on "glutaraldehyde," which is a disinfectant and sterilizing agent used in medical settings.

Glutaraldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula C5H8O2, and it's often used as a 2% solution. It's an effective agent against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it useful for sterilizing medical equipment. However, glutaraldehyde can cause respiratory issues and skin irritation in some individuals, so proper handling and use are essential to minimize exposure.

If you meant to ask about a different term or if this answer does not address your question, please provide more context or clarify your request, and I will be happy to help further.

Dental etching is a dental procedure that involves the use of a chemical agent, such as phosphoric or maleic acid, to create microscopic roughness on the surface of teeth. This process is typically used to prepare the tooth enamel for the application of bonding agents, such as dental adhesives and composite resins, which are used in various restorative and cosmetic dental procedures, such as fillings, veneers, and crowns.

During dental etching, the chemical agent is applied to the tooth surface for a specific amount of time, usually between 15-60 seconds, depending on the strength of the acid and the desired level of etching. The acid dissolves the minerals in the enamel, creating small pores or irregularities that increase the surface area and improve the bonding of the restorative material to the tooth. After etching, the tooth is rinsed with water and dried, and the bonding agent is applied and cured to create a strong and durable bond between the restoration and the tooth.

Dental etching is a safe and effective procedure when performed by a trained dental professional. However, over-etching or improper use of the acid can weaken the tooth structure and lead to sensitivity or other complications. Therefore, it is important to follow proper techniques and guidelines for dental etching to ensure optimal outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Artificial saliva is a synthetic solution that mimics the chemical composition and properties of natural saliva. It is often used for patients with dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, radiation therapy, or certain medications that reduce saliva production. Artificial saliva may contain ingredients like carboxymethylcellulose, mucin, and electrolytes to provide lubrication, moisture, and pH buffering capacity similar to natural saliva. It can help alleviate symptoms associated with dry mouth, such as difficulty speaking, swallowing, and chewing, as well as protect oral tissues from irritation and infection.

Acrylic resins are a type of synthetic polymer made from methacrylate monomers. They are widely used in various industrial, commercial, and medical applications due to their unique properties such as transparency, durability, resistance to breakage, and ease of coloring or molding. In the medical field, acrylic resins are often used to make dental restorations like false teeth and fillings, medical devices like intraocular lenses, and surgical instruments. They can also be found in orthopedic implants, bone cement, and other medical-grade plastics. Acrylic resins are biocompatible, meaning they do not typically cause adverse reactions when in contact with living tissue. However, they may release small amounts of potentially toxic chemicals over time, so their long-term safety in certain applications is still a subject of ongoing research.

Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent used for its broad-spectrum germicidal properties. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is commonly used as a surgical scrub, hand sanitizer, and healthcare disinfectant. Chlorhexidine is available in various forms, including solutions, gels, and sprays. It works by disrupting the microbial cell membrane, leading to the death of the organism. It is also used in mouthwashes and skin cleansers for its antimicrobial effects.

Odontogenesis is the process of tooth development that involves the formation and calcification of teeth. It is a complex process that requires the interaction of several types of cells, including epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and odontoblasts. The process begins during embryonic development with the formation of dental lamina, which gives rise to the tooth bud. As the tooth bud grows and differentiates, it forms the various structures of the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. Odontogenesis is completed when the tooth erupts into the oral cavity. Abnormalities in odontogenesis can result in developmental dental anomalies such as tooth agenesis, microdontia, or odontomas.

Erbium is a chemical element with the symbol "Er" and atomic number 68. It is a rare earth element that belongs to the lanthanide series in the periodic table. Erbium is not naturally found in its pure form, but it is typically extracted from minerals such as xenotime and bastnasite.

In medical terms, erbium is used in the form of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers for various surgical procedures. These lasers emit light at a wavelength of 2940 nanometers, which is highly absorbed by water and therefore ideal for cutting and coagulating tissue with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tissues. Erbium lasers are commonly used in dermatology and ophthalmology for procedures such as skin resurfacing, removal of tattoos and birthmarks, and cataract surgery.

Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) are a type of dental restorative material that have the ability to chemically bond to tooth structure. They are composed of a mixture of silicate glass powder and an organic acid, such as polyacrylic acid. GICs have several clinical applications in dentistry, including as a filling material for small to moderate sized cavities, as a liner or base under other restorative materials, and as a cement for securing crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances.

GICs are known for their biocompatibility, caries inhibition, and adhesion to tooth structure. They also have the ability to release fluoride ions, which can help protect against future decay. However, they are not as strong or wear-resistant as some other dental restorative materials, such as amalgam or composite resin, so they may not be suitable for use in high-load bearing restorations.

GICs can be classified into two main types: conventional and resin-modified. Conventional GICs have a longer setting time and are more prone to moisture sensitivity during placement, while resin-modified GICs contain additional methacrylate monomers that improve their handling properties and shorten their setting time. However, the addition of these monomers may also reduce their fluoride release capacity.

Overall, glass ionomer cements are a valuable dental restorative material due to their unique combination of adhesion, biocompatibility, and caries inhibition properties.

A hardness test is a quantitative measure of a material's resistance to deformation, typically defined as the penetration of an indenter with a specific shape and load into the surface of the material being tested. There are several types of hardness tests, including Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop, each with their own specific methods and applications. The resulting hardness value is used to evaluate the material's properties, such as wear resistance, durability, and suitability for various industrial or manufacturing processes. Hardness tests are widely used in materials science, engineering, and quality control to ensure the consistency and reliability of materials and components.

A tooth fracture is a dental health condition characterized by a break or crack in the tooth structure. It can occur in different parts of the tooth, including the crown (the visible part), root, or filling. Tooth fractures can result from various factors such as trauma, biting or chewing on hard objects, grinding or clenching teeth, and having large, old amalgam fillings that weaken the tooth structure over time. Depending on the severity and location of the fracture, it may cause pain, sensitivity, or affect the tooth's functionality and appearance. Treatment options for tooth fractures vary from simple bonding to root canal treatment or even extraction in severe cases. Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and management of tooth fractures.

Tooth preparation is a term used in dentistry to refer to the process of altering the tooth structure to receive a dental restoration, such as a filling, crown, or veneer. This procedure involves removing decayed or damaged portions of the tooth and shaping the remaining tooth structure to provide a stable foundation for the restoration. The preparation may also include reducing the size of the tooth to make room for the restoration and creating a smooth, uniform surface to ensure a proper fit and seal. The ultimate goal of tooth preparation is to restore the function, health, and aesthetics of the damaged tooth while preserving as much of the natural tooth structure as possible.

Root canal preparation is a procedure in endodontics, which is the branch of dentistry dealing with the dental pulp and tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The goal of root canal preparation is to thoroughly clean, shape, and disinfect the root canal system of an infected or damaged tooth, in order to prepare it for a filling material that will seal and protect the tooth from further infection or damage.

The procedure involves the use of specialized dental instruments, such as files and reamers, to remove the infected or necrotic pulp tissue and debris from within the root canal. The root canal is then shaped using progressively larger files to create a tapering preparation that facilitates the placement of the filling material. Irrigation solutions are used to help flush out any remaining debris and disinfect the canal.

The success of root canal preparation depends on several factors, including the thoroughness of cleaning and shaping, the effectiveness of disinfection, and the sealing ability of the filling material. Properly performed, root canal preparation can alleviate pain, save a tooth from extraction, and restore function and aesthetics to the mouth.

Light-curing of dental adhesives refers to the process of using a special type of light to polymerize and harden the adhesive material used in dentistry. The light is typically a blue spectrum light, with a wavelength of approximately 460-490 nanometers, which activates a photoinitiator within the adhesive. This initiates a polymerization reaction that causes the adhesive to solidify and form a strong bond between the tooth surface and the dental restoration material, such as a filling or a crown.

The light-curing process is an important step in many dental procedures as it helps ensure the durability and longevity of the restoration. The intensity and duration of the light exposure are critical factors that can affect the degree of cure and overall strength of the bond. Therefore, it is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully when using dental adhesives and light-curing equipment.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

Cariostatic agents are substances or medications that are used to prevent or inhibit the development and progression of dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities. These agents work by reducing the ability of bacteria in the mouth to produce acid, which can erode the enamel and dentin of the teeth and lead to cavities.

There are several types of cariostatic agents that are commonly used in dental care, including:

1. Fluorides: These are the most widely used and well-studied cariostatic agents. They work by promoting the remineralization of tooth enamel and making it more resistant to acid attacks. Fluoride can be found in toothpaste, mouthwashes, gels, varnishes, and fluoridated water supplies.
2. Antimicrobial agents: These substances work by reducing the population of bacteria in the mouth that contribute to tooth decay. Examples include chlorhexidine, triclosan, and xylitol.
3. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP): This is a complex protein that has been shown to help remineralize tooth enamel and reduce the risk of dental caries. It can be found in some toothpastes and mouthwashes.
4. Silver diamine fluoride: This is a topical fluoride compound that contains silver ions, which have antimicrobial properties. It has been shown to be effective in preventing and arresting dental caries, particularly in high-risk populations such as young children and older adults with dry mouth.

It's important to note that while cariostatic agents can help reduce the risk of tooth decay, they are not a substitute for good oral hygiene practices such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and visiting the dentist regularly.

Pulpitis is a dental term that refers to the inflammation of the pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the center of a tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The pulp helps to form the dentin, the hard layer beneath the enamel. Pulpitis can result from tooth decay, dental trauma, or other factors that cause damage to the tooth's protective enamel and dentin layers, exposing the pulp to irritants and bacteria.

There are two types of pulpitis: reversible and irreversible. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by mild inflammation that can be treated and potentially reversed with dental intervention, such as a filling or root canal treatment. Irreversible pulpitis, on the other hand, involves severe inflammation that cannot be reversed, and typically requires a root canal procedure to remove the infected pulp tissue and prevent further infection or damage to the tooth.

Symptoms of pulpitis may include tooth sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures, pain or discomfort when biting down or applying pressure to the tooth, and in some cases, spontaneous or radiating pain. If left untreated, pulpitis can lead to more serious dental issues, such as abscesses or bone loss around the affected tooth.

Epoxy resins are a type of synthetic polymer that are created through the reaction of an epoxide compound with a hardening agent or curing agent. These materials are known for their strong adhesive properties, chemical resistance, and durability. They are commonly used in coatings, adhesives, and composite materials for various industrial, commercial, and consumer applications.

In medical contexts, epoxy resins may be used to create durable and reliable components for medical devices or equipment. For example, they might be used to make housings for medical instruments, or to bond together different parts of a medical device. However, it's worth noting that epoxy resins are not typically used in direct contact with the body or as part of medical treatments.

It's important to note that while epoxy resins have many useful properties, they can also release potentially harmful chemicals during their production and disposal. As such, appropriate safety precautions should be taken when working with these materials.

Ameloblasts are the specialized epithelial cells that are responsible for the formation of enamel, which is the hard, outermost layer of a tooth. These cells are a part of the dental lamina and are present in the developing tooth's crown region. They align themselves along the surface of the developing tooth and secrete enamel proteins and minerals to form the enamel rods and interrod enamel. Once the enamel formation is complete, ameloblasts undergo programmed cell death, leaving behind the hard, mineralized enamel matrix. Any damage or abnormality in the functioning of ameloblasts can lead to developmental defects in the enamel, such as hypoplasia or hypocalcification, which may affect the tooth's structure and function.

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, primarily consisting of fluorapatite, chlorapatite, and hydroxylapatite. They are important constituents of rocks and bones, and they have a wide range of applications in various industries. In the context of medicine, apatites are most notable for their presence in human teeth and bones.

Hydroxylapatite is the primary mineral component of tooth enamel, making up about 97% of its weight. It provides strength and hardness to the enamel, enabling it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. Fluorapatite, a related mineral that contains fluoride ions instead of hydroxyl ions, is also present in tooth enamel and helps to protect it from acid erosion caused by bacteria and dietary acids.

Chlorapatite has limited medical relevance but can be found in some pathological calcifications in the body.

In addition to their natural occurrence in teeth and bones, apatites have been synthesized for various medical applications, such as bone graft substitutes, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering scaffolds. These synthetic apatites are biocompatible and can promote bone growth and regeneration, making them useful in dental and orthopedic procedures.

The post and core technique is a dental restorative procedure that involves the use of a post made of metal or other materials, which is placed inside the root canal of a severely damaged tooth, to provide support and retention for a dental core. The dental core is then built up using various materials such as composite resin, glass ionomer cement, or amalgam, to restore the missing portion of the tooth structure. This technique is often used as a foundation for a dental crown in cases where there is not enough remaining tooth structure to support the crown on its own. The post and core restoration helps to reinforce the tooth, prevent fractures, and improve the overall functionality and esthetics of the restored tooth.

The dental papilla is a type of tissue found in the developing tooth within the jawbone. It is composed of cells that will eventually differentiate into odontoblasts, which are the cells responsible for producing dentin, one of the main hard tissues that make up the tooth. The dental papilla is located in the center of the tooth germ and is surrounded by the dental follicle, another type of tissue that helps to form the tooth. As the tooth develops, the dental papilla becomes smaller and eventually forms the pulp chamber, which contains the blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that support and nourish the tooth.

Physiologic calcification is the normal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues and organs. It is a natural process that occurs as part of the growth and development of the human body, as well as during the repair and remodeling of tissues.

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting. In order to maintain proper levels of calcium in the body, excess calcium that is not needed for these functions may be deposited in various tissues as a normal part of the aging process.

Physiologic calcification typically occurs in areas such as the walls of blood vessels, the lungs, and the heart valves. While these calcifications are generally harmless, they can sometimes lead to complications, particularly if they occur in large amounts or in sensitive areas. For example, calcification of the coronary arteries can increase the risk of heart disease, while calcification of the lung tissue can cause respiratory symptoms.

It is important to note that pathologic calcification, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues and organs, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and certain infections. Pathologic calcification is not a normal process and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Phosphoproteins are proteins that have been post-translationally modified by the addition of a phosphate group (-PO3H2) onto specific amino acid residues, most commonly serine, threonine, or tyrosine. This process is known as phosphorylation and is mediated by enzymes called kinases. Phosphoproteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, metabolism, and gene expression. The addition or removal of a phosphate group can activate or inhibit the function of a protein, thereby serving as a switch to control its activity. Phosphoproteins can be detected and quantified using techniques such as Western blotting, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence.

Root caries is a type of dental decay that occurs on the root surface of teeth, which is typically exposed due to gingival recession or periodontal disease. These caries lesions often progress rapidly because the root surface lacks the protective enamel layer and has more porous cementum that is susceptible to acid dissolution. Root caries are most commonly found in older adults, but can also occur in younger individuals with poor oral hygiene or who have orthodontic appliances or crowns that expose root surfaces. If left untreated, root caries can lead to tooth sensitivity, pain, infection, and even tooth loss.

Tooth wear is the progressive loss of tooth structure that can occur as a result of various factors. According to the medical definition, it refers to the wearing down, rubbing away, or grinding off of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel and dentin) due to mechanical forces or chemical processes.

There are three primary types of tooth wear:

1. Abrasion: This is the loss of tooth structure caused by friction from external sources, such as incorrect brushing techniques, bite appliances, or habits like nail-biting and pipe smoking.
2. Attrition: This type of tooth wear results from the natural wearing down of teeth due to occlusal forces during biting, chewing, and grinding. However, excessive attrition can occur due to bruxism (teeth grinding) or clenching.
3. Erosion: Chemical processes, such as acid attacks from dietary sources (e.g., citrus fruits, sodas, and sports drinks) or gastric reflux, cause the loss of tooth structure in this type of tooth wear. The enamel dissolves when exposed to low pH levels, leaving the dentin underneath vulnerable to further damage.

Professional dental examination and treatment may be necessary to address significant tooth wear and prevent further progression, which can lead to sensitivity, pain, and functional or aesthetic issues.

Toothbrushing is the act of cleaning teeth and gums using a toothbrush to remove plaque, food debris, and dental calculus (tartar) from the surfaces of the teeth and gums. It is typically performed using a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste, with gentle circular or back-and-forth motions along the gumline and on all surfaces of the teeth. Toothbrushing should be done at least twice a day, preferably after every meal and before bedtime, for two minutes each time, to maintain good oral hygiene and prevent dental diseases such as tooth decay and gum disease. It is also recommended to brush the tongue to remove bacteria and freshen breath.

A tooth germ is a small cluster of cells that eventually develop into a tooth. It contains the dental papilla, which will become the dentin and pulp of the tooth, and the dental follicle, which will form the periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. The tooth germ starts as an epithelial thickening called the dental lamina, which then forms a bud, cap, and bell stage before calcification occurs and the tooth begins to erupt through the gums. It is during the bell stage that the enamel organ, which will form the enamel of the tooth, is formed.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Grape seed extract is not a medical term, but I can provide you with a general description and uses based on scientific and medical understanding.

Grape seed extract (GSE) is a dietary supplement derived from the ground-up seeds of grapes. It contains several bioactive compounds, including proanthocyanidins, which are potent antioxidants. GSE has been studied for its potential health benefits, such as:

1. Anti-inflammatory effects: GSE may help reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of certain inflammatory molecules.
2. Cardiovascular health: Some research suggests that GSE could improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, increasing blood flow, and preventing platelet aggregation.
3. Antioxidant properties: The high antioxidant content in GSE helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
4. Skin health: Topical application of GSE has been shown to improve skin hydration, elasticity, and reduce the appearance of wrinkles.
5. Neuroprotection: Preclinical studies indicate that GSE may have neuroprotective effects, potentially helping protect against age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.

However, it is essential to note that while some research shows promising results, more high-quality clinical trials are needed to confirm these potential health benefits and establish appropriate dosages. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP) is a non-collagenous protein found in bones and teeth. It is also known as bone sialoprotein II or acidic glycoprotein 34. IBSP plays a role in the regulation of biomineralization, which is the process by which minerals are deposited in biological tissues.

IBSP contains several functional domains that allow it to interact with other proteins and molecules. One such domain is an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif, which can bind to integrin receptors on the surface of cells. This interaction helps regulate the attachment and behavior of cells in bone tissue.

IBSP also contains a large number of sialic acid residues, which give it its name and contribute to its negative charge. These residues may play a role in protecting the protein from degradation and helping it interact with other molecules in the extracellular matrix.

Overall, IBSP is an important component of bone tissue and plays a key role in regulating the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth.

Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.

Root canal filling materials are substances used to fill and seal the root canal system inside a tooth following root canal treatment. The main goal of using these materials is to prevent reinfection, provide structural support to the weakened tooth, and restore its functionality.

Commonly used root canal filling materials include:

1. Gutta-percha: A rubber-like material derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree. It is widely used as the primary filling material due to its biocompatibility, malleability, and ability to be compacted into the root canal space. Gutta-percha points or cones are typically used in conjunction with a sealer for optimal adaptation and seal.

2. Sealers: These are adhesive materials that help bond gutta-percha to dentin walls and improve the seal between the filling material and root canal walls. Some commonly used sealers include zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide-based sealers, and resin-based sealers.

3. Silver points: These are silver cones with a sharp tip that can be inserted into the root canal space as an alternative to gutta-percha. However, their use has declined due to concerns about corrosion and potential tooth discoloration.

4. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): A biocompatible cement composed primarily of Portland cement, bismuth oxide, and other additives. MTA is used for various applications in endodontics, including root-end filling, perforation repair, and apexification. It has excellent sealing ability, antibacterial properties, and promotes hard tissue formation.

5. Bioceramics: These are advanced materials with similar properties to MTA but with improved handling characteristics and setting times. They include materials like Bioaggregate, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and iRoot SP.

6. Thermoplasticized gutta-percha: This technique involves heating and softening gutta-percha using a specialized device called a thermomechanical compactor or an oven. The softened gutta-percha is then injected into the root canal space, providing better adaptation to the root canal walls and creating a more uniform seal.

The choice of materials depends on various factors, including the clinical situation, patient's needs, and practitioner's preference.

A dental restoration, temporary, is a type of dental restorative material or device that is used for a short period of time to restore the function, shape, and aesthetics of a damaged or decayed tooth. It serves as a placeholder until a permanent restoration can be created and placed.

Temporary dental restorations are typically made of materials such as cotton, plastic, or metal alloys that are easy to manipulate and remove. They may be used in various situations, including:

1. To protect the tooth pulp from further damage or infection after a deep cavity preparation or root canal treatment.
2. To restore the shape and function of a fractured or chipped tooth while waiting for a permanent restoration to be fabricated.
3. As a provisional restoration during the period of healing following oral surgery, such as extraction or implant placement.
4. In some cases, temporary dental restorations may also serve as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the patient's comfort and function before proceeding with a permanent restoration.

It is important to note that temporary dental restorations are not intended for long-term use and should be replaced with a permanent restoration as soon as possible to ensure optimal oral health and functionality.

Carbon inorganic compounds are chemical substances that contain carbon combined with one or more elements other than hydrogen. These compounds include oxides of carbon such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), metal carbides like calcium carbide (CaC2) and silicon carbide (SiC), and carbonates like calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).

Unlike organic compounds, which are based on carbon-hydrogen bonds, inorganic carbon compounds do not contain hydrocarbon structures. Instead, they feature carbon bonded to elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or halogens. Inorganic carbon compounds have diverse physical and chemical properties and play important roles in various industrial applications, as well as in biological systems.

Calcium compounds are chemical substances that contain calcium ions (Ca2+) bonded to various anions. Calcium is an essential mineral for human health, and calcium compounds have numerous biological and industrial applications. Here are some examples of calcium compounds with their medical definitions:

1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A common mineral found in rocks and sediments, calcium carbonate is also a major component of shells, pearls, and bones. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency and as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Calcium citrate (C6H8CaO7): A calcium salt of citric acid, calcium citrate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is more soluble in water and gastric juice than calcium carbonate, making it easier to absorb, especially for people with low stomach acid.
3. Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14): A calcium salt of gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is used as a medication to treat or prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). It can be given intravenously, orally, or topically.
4. Calcium chloride (CaCl2): A white, deliquescent salt, calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, a food additive, and a desiccant. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or hyperkalemia, or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
5. Calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6): A calcium salt of lactic acid, calcium lactate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is less commonly used than calcium carbonate or calcium citrate but may be better tolerated by some people.
6. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): A mineral found in rocks and bones, calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It can also be used as a food additive or a pharmaceutical excipient.
7. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): A white, insoluble powder, calcium sulfate is used as a desiccant, a plaster, and a fertilizer. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
8. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2): A white, alkaline powder, calcium hydroxide is used as a disinfectant, a flocculant, and a building material. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hyperkalemia or as an antidote for aluminum overdose.
9. Calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2): A white, crystalline powder, calcium acetate is used as a food additive and a medication. It can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia (high blood phosphate levels) in patients with kidney disease.
10. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A white, chalky powder, calcium carbonate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, and a pharmaceutical excipient. It can also be used as a building material and a mineral supplement.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "silicates" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Silicates are a broad class of minerals that are composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in various arrangements. They are abundant in Earth's crust and are commonly found in sand, quartz, and many types of rocks.

While not directly related to human health, some silicate-based materials can have medical applications. For example, certain forms of magnesium silicate (talc) have been used as a component in some medications for their ability to absorb moisture and help reduce the risk of skin irritation. However, exposure to certain types of silica dust (like crystalline silica) has been linked to lung diseases such as silicosis, bronchitis, and lung cancer, especially in occupational settings like construction, sandblasting, and mining.

If you have any concerns about silicates or their potential impact on your health, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on your specific situation.

The tooth apex is the tip or the narrowed end of the root of a tooth. It is the portion that is located deepest within the jawbone and it contains dental pulp tissue, which includes nerves and blood vessels. The apex plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of a tooth, as well as in the process of root canal treatment, where instruments and materials are introduced through it to clean and fill the root canals. It is also a crucial landmark in endodontic surgery and dental imaging.

Dentifrices are substances used in dental care for cleaning and polishing the teeth, and often include toothpastes, tooth powders, and gels. They typically contain a variety of ingredients such as abrasives, fluorides, humectants, detergents, flavorings, and sometimes medicaments like antimicrobial agents or desensitizing compounds. The primary purpose of dentifrices is to help remove dental plaque, food debris, and stains from the teeth, promoting oral hygiene and preventing dental diseases such as caries (cavities) and periodontal disease.

Cracked Tooth Syndrome, also known as cracked cusp syndrome or fractured cusp syndrome, is a dental condition characterized by an incomplete crack that extends from the crown (the visible part) of a tooth to the root. It mainly affects molars and premolars as they are subjected to heavy chewing forces.

The symptoms can vary widely, but often include intermittent pain or discomfort when biting down on food, releasing pressure, or exposing the affected tooth to temperature changes such as cold or hot foods/drinks. The pain may be sharp and sudden or dull and lingering. Sometimes, it is hard to pinpoint which tooth is causing the problem because the symptoms can come and go.

The diagnosis of Cracked Tooth Syndrome can be challenging and requires a thorough clinical examination, including the use of a dental explorer, special dyes, fiber-optic transillumination, or high-resolution dental imaging like CBCT scans.

Treatment typically involves placing a crown or a dental restoration over the damaged tooth to protect it from further cracking and to restore its functionality. In some severe cases, endodontic treatment (root canal) may be necessary before placing the crown. If the crack reaches the gum line or below, the tooth might not be salvageable and may need extraction.

Edetic acid, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound with various applications in medicine. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid that acts as a chelating agent, which means it can bind to metallic ions and form stable complexes.

In medicine, EDTA is primarily used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury toxicity. It works by binding to the toxic metal ions in the body, forming a stable compound that can be excreted through urine. This helps reduce the levels of harmful metals in the body and alleviate their toxic effects.

EDTA is also used in some diagnostic tests, such as the determination of calcium levels in blood. Additionally, it has been explored as a potential therapy for conditions like atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, although its efficacy in these areas remains controversial and unproven.

It is important to note that EDTA should only be administered under medical supervision due to its potential side effects and the need for careful monitoring of its use.

In the context of nutrition and health, minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions, such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and bone structure. They are required in small amounts compared to macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and are obtained from food and water.

Some of the major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while trace minerals or microminerals are required in even smaller amounts and include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, and fluoride.

It's worth noting that the term "minerals" can also refer to geological substances found in the earth, but in medical terminology, it specifically refers to the essential inorganic elements required for human health.

Polymerization is not exclusively a medical term, but it is widely used in the field of medical sciences, particularly in areas such as biochemistry and materials science. In a broad sense, polymerization refers to the process by which small molecules, known as monomers, chemically react and join together to form larger, more complex structures called polymers.

In the context of medical definitions:

Polymerization is the chemical reaction where multiple repeating monomer units bind together covalently (through strong chemical bonds) to create a long, chain-like molecule known as a polymer. This process can occur naturally or be induced artificially through various methods, depending on the type of monomers and desired polymer properties.

In biochemistry, polymerization plays an essential role in forming important biological macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. These natural polymers are built from specific monomer units—nucleotides for nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), amino acids for proteins, and sugars for polysaccharides—that polymerize in a highly regulated manner to create the final functional structures.

In materials science, synthetic polymers are often created through polymerization for various medical applications, such as biocompatible materials, drug delivery systems, and medical devices. These synthetic polymers can be tailored to have specific properties, such as degradation rates, mechanical strength, or hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, depending on the desired application.

Secondary dentin is a layer of dentin formed after the tooth's root has fully formed. Tertiary dentin develops as a result of a ... Thus, interglobular dentin is slightly less mineralized than globular dentin. Interglobular dentin is especially evident in ... Below it lies the circumpulpal dentin, more mineralized dentin which makes up most of the dentin layer and is secreted after ... The outer layer closest to enamel is known as mantle dentin. This layer is unique to the rest of primary dentin. Mantle dentin ...
... (DH, DHS) is dental pain which is sharp in character and of short duration, arising from exposed dentin ... Over time, the dentin-pulp complex may adapt to the decreased insulation by laying down tertiary dentin, thereby increasing the ... Therefore, although the terms dentin sensitivity and sensitive dentin are used interchangeably to refer to dental ... dentin hypersensitivity is not a true form of allodynia or hyperalgesia. To contradict this view, not all exposed dentin ...
... is a protein found in teeth. It is one of the two proteins produced by the segmentation of dentin ... Dentin sialoprotein can be found in the dentin immediately subjacent to cellular cementum, but not subjacent to acellular ...
... (including reparative dentin or sclerotic dentin) forms as a reaction to stimulation, including caries, wear ... Hominins have a much lower rate of tertiary dentin formation, with around 15% of teeth that have dentin exposed through wear ... Tertiary dentin is therefore a mechanism for a tooth to 'heal', with new material formation protecting the pulp chamber and ... Frequency of tertiary dentin in different species of primate suggests teeth 'heal' at different rates in different species. ...
The preproprotein is secreted by odontoblasts and cleaved into dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein. Dentin ... 1997). "Dentin phosphoprotein and dentin sialoprotein are cleavage products expressed from a single transcript coded by a gene ... "Entrez Gene: DSPP dentin sialophosphoprotein". Butler WT (1998). "Dentin matrix proteins". Eur. J. Oral Sci. 106 Suppl 1: 204- ... 2005). "Dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein overexpression during amelogenesis". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (36): 31991-8. ...
... (DD) is a rare genetic developmental disorder affecting dentine production of the teeth, commonly exhibiting ... DI-2, DI-3 and DD-2 share the same genetic mutation of dentin sialophosphoprotein, that is located on chromosome 4. They are ... "Dentin Dysplasia Type I - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). ... "Dentin Dysplasia Type II - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). ...
... , or phosphophoryn, is one of three proteins formed from dentin sialophosphoprotein and is important in ... Being highly negative, dentin phosphoprotein is able to attract large amounts of calcium. In vitro studies also indicate ... the regulation of mineralization of dentin. Phosphophoryn is the most acidic protein ever discovered and has an isoelectric ...
Dentin". "The horse, its taming, training and general management: With anecdotes, &c., relating to horses and horsemen / By ...
DentinDentin dysplasia • Dentine bonding agents • Dentine hypersensitivity • Dentinogenesis • Dentinogenesis imperfecta • ... Radioactive dentin abrasion • Ragas Dental College • Raman Bedi • Randy Starr • Ranula • Receding gums • Reduced enamel ...
Sterrett, J. D.; Bankey, T.; Murphy, H. J. (1993). "Dentin demineralization. The effects of citric acid concentration and ...
2003). "The Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Silica Dentifrice in the Surface of Dentin". Japanese Journal of Conservative ... R. Orchardson & D. G. Gillam (2006). "Managing dentin hypersensitivity" (PDF). Journal of the American Dental Association. 137 ...
Thotakura SR, Mah T, Srinivasan R, Takagi Y, Veis A, George A (March 2000). "The non-collagenous dentin matrix proteins are ... de La Dure-Molla M, Philippe Fournier B, Berdal A (April 2015). "Isolated dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia: ... Witkop CJ (January 1975). "Hereditary defects of dentin". Dental Clinics of North America. 19 (1): 25-45. doi:10.1016/S0011- ... Also called hereditary opalescent dentin. Brandywine isolate. This type is rare with occurrences only in the secluded ...
ATN1 Dentin dysplasia, type II; 125420; DSPP Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Shields type II; 125490; DSPP Dentinogenesis imperfecta ...
"Toothpastes, Relative Dentin Abrasivity (RDA)". www.ada.org. Retrieved 13 January 2021. "Toothpaste Abrasiveness Ranked by RDA ... Dentists consider the extra abrasion of dentin from brushing multiple times per day to be insignificant, since modern ... Relative Dentin Abrasion) Value" (PDF). 16 July 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2021. Donly, K. J.; Vargas, M.; Meckes, M.; Sharma, ... caused more damage to enamel and dentin compared to waiting 30 minutes. Flushing the acid away with water or dissolved baking ...
About I, Bottero MJ, de Denato P, Camps J, Franquin JC, Mitsiadis TA (2000). "Human dentin production in vitro". Experimental ...
Twenty dentin disks were cut from human extracted third molars. The dentin surface of the disks was etched with 6% citric acid ... 1991) assessed the influence of a smear layer on the adhesion of sealer cements to dentin. A total of 120 teeth was tested, 40 ... In vitro the penetration of bacteria into tubules of intact dentin exposed by fracture was compared in pairs of teeth, one of ... However this barrier seemed to be removed after a few days which allowed bacterial growth into intact dentin. Olgart came to a ...
The pulp of the tooth remains normal and healthy in dentin hypersensitivity.: 510 Many topical treatments for dentin ... or because new layers of dentin (tertiary dentin) have been produced inside the pulp chamber, insulating against the stimulus. ... the pulp usually adapts by producing new layers of dentin inside the pulp chamber called tertiary dentin, increasing the ... Due to the close relationship between dentin and pulp, they are frequently considered together as the dentin-pulp complex.: 118 ...
Enamel-Dentin-Pulp fractures extend through the enamel and dentin and into the pulp. If the pulp is vital, a focal spot of ... Enamel-Dentin crown fractures typically present as a tooth fracture confined to enamel and dentin with loss of tooth structure ... enamel-dentin fractures, and fractures that extend through the enamel and dentin into the pulp which are defined below. Crown ... "Enamel-dentin fracture - Dental Trauma Guide". dentaltraumaguide.org. Retrieved 2018-11-15. Services, Department of Health & ...
Lines of Retzius (think age bands like tree growth rings) - Stria (A) artifacts in enamel (not found in dentin) created by ... these lines appear near the dentin. They bend obliquely near the cervical region. They curve occlusally near the cuspal regions ... incremental steps of ameloblasts comparable to the contour "lines of Owen" in dentin have increased organic content and show ...
Like many oxalates, ferric oxalate has been investigated as a short-term treatment for dentin hypersensitivity. It is used in ... Cunha-Cruz, J.; Stout, J. R.; Heaton, L. J.; Wataha, J. C. (29 December 2010). "Dentin Hypersensitivity and Oxalates: a ...
Odontoblasts (dentin-producing cells) of the teeth. Around the optic vesicle and the developing eye and contributes to many eye ... "In vitro odontoblast-like cell differentiation of cranial neural crest cells induced by fibroblast growth factor 8 and dentin ...
Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DMP1 gene. Dentin matrix acidic ... 2004). "Dentin matrix protein 1 is expressed in human lung cancer". J. Bone Miner. Res. 18 (8): 1506-12. doi:10.1359/jbmr. ... "Entrez Gene: DMP1 dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein". Cell Cycle-Dependent Nuclear Localization of DMP1 J.O. MANCERA1, T. ... 2005). "Dentin matrix protein 1 gene cis-regulation: use in osteocytes to characterize local responses to mechanical loading in ...
There is tentative evidence for dentin hypersensitivity. It does not appear to be useful for orthodontic pain LLLT might be ... Sgolastra, F.; Petrucci, A.; Severino, M.; Gatto, R.; Monaco, A. (2013-06-01). "Lasers for the treatment of dentin ...
Secondary dentin is darker and more opaque than primary dentin. This gives the dentin an overall darker appearance. At the same ... The underlying dentin layer is darker than enamel, yellow-brown in color, and less transparent. Dentin forms the bulk of the ... The pulp is pink/red due to its vascularity, but is rarely visible through the overlying enamel and dentin unless the thickness ... Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a defect of dentin formation, and the teeth may be discolored yellow-brown, deep amber or blue- ...
Petersson, LG (Mar 2013). "The role of fluoride in the preventive management of dentin hypersensitivity and root caries". Clin ... Petersson, Lars G. (28 December 2012). "The role of fluoride in the preventive management of dentin hypersensitivity and root ... Dental caries Fluoride therapy Xerostomia Dental fluorosis Dentin hypersensitivity Dental restoration Dental surgery Weintraub ... "Treating cervical dentin hypersensitivity with fluoride varnish". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 137 (7): 1013 ...
Dentin Ganoine Schultze, Hans-Peter (2016-01-01). "Scales, Enamel, Cosmine, Ganoine, and Early Osteichthyans". Comptes Rendus ...
"Antimicrobial substantivity of alexidine and chlorhexidine in dentin". J Endod. 39 (11): 1413-5. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2013.07.038 ...
Internal resorption is defined by the loss of intraradicular dentin and tubular dentin from within the middle and apical thirds ... Resorption of the root of the tooth, or root resorption, is the progressive loss of dentin and cementum by the action of ... Osteoclasts in close proximity to the root surface will resorb the root surface cementum and underlying root dentin. This can ... The root is protected internally (endodontium) by pre-dentin and externally on the root surface by cementum and the periodontal ...
Stroud, J L; Buschang, P H; Goaz, P W (August 1994). "Sexual dimorphism in mesiodistal dentin and enamel thickness". ...
In only 5-10% of teeth, there is a space between the enamel and the cementum at which the underlying dentin is exposed. In the ... The sheath is irregularly fragmented in time and space as it promotes cementum deposition on the newly formed dentin. After ... Gap between cementum and enamel exposing the dentin. The shape and location of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) on each tooth ... Fragmentation of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath and exposure of dentin covered by a thin layer of intermediate cementum are ...
Secondary dentin is a layer of dentin formed after the tooths root has fully formed. Tertiary dentin develops as a result of a ... Thus, interglobular dentin is slightly less mineralized than globular dentin. Interglobular dentin is especially evident in ... Below it lies the circumpulpal dentin, more mineralized dentin which makes up most of the dentin layer and is secreted after ... The outer layer closest to enamel is known as mantle dentin. This layer is unique to the rest of primary dentin. Mantle dentin ...
The meaning of SECONDARY DENTIN is dentin formed following the loss (as by erosion, abrasion, or disease) of original dentin. ... dentin formed following the loss (as by erosion, abrasion, or disease) of original dentin ... "Secondary dentin." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/secondary% ...
NaOCl, however, can alter the composition of dentin and hence its interaction with the adhesive resins used to bond the ... This review therefore covers in depth the action of NaOCl on dentin-adhesive resin bond strength including both enhancement and ... reduction, then mechanisms proposed for such action, and finally how the adverse action of NaOCl on dentin can be reversed. ... 4. Reversing the Adverse Action of Sodium Hypochlorite on Dentin Bond Strength. The negative action of NaOCl on dentin bond ...
Apply to all dentin surfaces, including cavity, crown and inlay preparations and cervical areas. ...
Three dentin slabs were obtained from each tooth, and the slabs were randomly divided into three groups: Group A, control; ... One dentin slab per group was used to evaluate the dentinal morphology and surface roughness values using SEM and profilometer ... Mineral content in the dentin slabs were calculated by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The ... The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mineral content of sound dentin in primary teeth prepared using an Er:YAG ...
The Gene Ontology (GO) project is a collaborative effort to address the need for consistent descriptions of gene products across databases. You can use this browser to view terms, definitions, and term relationships in a hierarchical display. Links to summary annotated gene data at MGI are provided in Term Detail reports.
Gingival recession is a strong risk factor for dentin hypersensitivity, which can in turn worsen gingival inflammation. Heres ... Exposure of dentin in and of itself will not lead to dentin sensitivity. The dentin tubules that lead to the pulpal chamber are ... Dentin hypersensitivity is "pain derived from exposed dentin in response to chemical, thermal, tactile or osmotic stimuli, ... Dietary acids are a key factor in the onset and progression of dentin hypersensitivity, and they can trigger episodes of dentin ...
The CeraBur K1SM works on soft, carious dentin with minimized reduction of sound tooth structure. Operators will note its ... It stands out better against the brownish shade of the carious dentin than a tungsten carbide instrument. ... provides operators with minimally invasive excavation and helps them to preserve healthy dentin. ...
Multifunctional Role of Dentin Matrix Protein 1 in Vertebrate Mineralization. Author(s): Amsaveni Ramachandran and Anne George ... Keywords: Dentin matrix protein 1, SIBLINGs, transcriptional factor, hypophosphatemic rickets, biomineralization, ... Multifunctional Role of Dentin Matrix Protein 1 in Vertebrate Mineralization, Frontiers Between Science and Clinic in ... hydroxyapatite, calcium, signaling, collagen, bone, dentin, noncollagenous proteins, scaffold, extracellular matrix, ...
DENTAL PULP AND DENTIN DEPOSITION IN MATURING TEETH OF DOGS World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress ... have much higher ability to continue dentin deposition despite chronic pulp inflammation. By comparison, teeth in the second ... significantly different results in pulp vitality resulting in dentin production compared with second group. In the first group ... year of life consist of more then 60% hard tissue, have a lower ability to survive, and significantly decreased dentin ...
The goal was to determine the optimal technique for minimizing gaps at the sealer-dentin interface. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Thirty ... in sealing dentin to recently introduced root canal bioceramic sealer in 30 extracted mandibular second premolars. ... CWT obturation with CeraSeal root canal sealer produces fewer marginal gaps at the sealer-dentin interface. ... A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study Comparing 3 Obturation Techniques to Seal Dentin to Root Canal Bioceramic Sealer in 30 ...
... phosphoric acid gel used for etching enamel and dentin to prepare the tooth surface prior to the application of a bonding agent ... Etching Gel for Enamel and Dentin. Etching Gel is a 37% phosphoric acid gel used for etching enamel and dentin to prepare the ...
The effect of deproteinization of dentin surface on the micro-shear bond strength to dentin. Med J Cairo Univ 2014 Jun;82(2):31 ... The effect of combined application of new dentin desensitizing agent and deproteinization on dentin permeability of different ... which removes organic components in dentin and changes its chemical composition. Therefore, the surface energy of the dentin is ... and effect of different concentrations of these enzymes on deep dentin compared to superficial dentin; hence, further tests and ...
Dentin Bonds. The dentin shear bond strengths for the recommended and extended treatment times are shown in Tables 7 and 8. The ... Adhesive Bond Strengths to Enamel and Dentin Using Recommended and Extended Treatment Times N. S. Kimmes; N. S. Kimmes * ... dentin bonding became possible with the introduction of the total-etch technique. As materials and techniques for dentin ... dentin is heterogeneous, consisting of hydroxyapatite and collagen. The degree of mineral content in dentin is quite variable, ...
Academy of Dental Materials guidance on in vitro testing of dental composite bonding effectiveness to dentin/enamel using micro ... Download PDF Academy of Dental Materials guidance on in vitro testing of dental composite bonding effectiveness to dentin/ ... Academy of Dental Materials guidance on in vitro testing of dental composite bonding effectiveness to dentin/enamel using micro ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate microleakage and interfacial micromorphology of amalgam restorations lined with dentin ... Ghavam-Nasiri M, Malek-Nejad F, Rohani A, Akbari M. An evaluation on microleakage and gap width of different dentin bonding ... An evaluation on microleakage and gap width of different dentin bonding agents in high copper amalgam restorations ... Cavities were lined with different dentin bonding systems (Syntac, One Coat Bond and Excite) according to the manufacturers ...
Methods: Healthy human third molars were prepared in such a way that the flat occlusal surfaces of the dentin were exposed and ... The tooth sections were joined, and a single operator performed dentin removal using a steel bur, a hand instrument, or a ... Effectiveness of different removal methods of artificially demineralized dentin. Autor(es): Ferraz, Camila. Thé, Patrícia Lima ... By contrast, the steel bur and hand instrument showed a similar effectiveness in the removal of dentin, according to the ...
CONCLUSION: Rapidly progressing dentin caries, while present in only 38.5 percent of lesions, was related to the lesions ... Dentin Caries Activity in Early Occlusal Lesions Selected to Receive Operative Treatment: Findings from the Practitioners ... CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: On the basis of the low level of rapidly progressing dentin caries in this study population and the fact ... RESULTS: P-Is found rapidly progressing dentin caries in 38.5 percent (258 of 671) of lesions and slowly progressing (and ...
... on alleviating dentin hypersensitivity. Twelve subjects entered the study and ten completed the protocol. Each subject had two ... on alleviating dentin hypersensitivity. Twelve subjects entered the study and ten completed the protocol. Each subject had two ...
2015-2022 PULPDENT™ Corporation. All rights reserved ...
Efficiently desensitizes dentin and is formulated to provide maximum patient comfort. Features and Benefits of MARK3 Dentin ... MARK3 Dentin Desensitizer 10ml Premium desensitizer that can be placed underneath dental cements and temporary, provisional or ... It can also be utilized at the preliminary appointment for desensitization of dentin during temporization. It works to reduce ... It serves to kill bacteria, modify nerve responses, and penetrate bonding primers in etched dentin. This product contains ...
Here is more information on how both types of this hereditary anomaly affect dentin and oral health: ... is rare genetic disorder that affects the dentin and pulp. ... HOW COMMON IS DENTIN DYSPLASIA? Dentin Dysplasia is a rare ... What Is Dentin Dysplasia?. June 19, 2018. By Shakara Robinson Our teeth are composed of 4 dental tissues-enamel, dentin, ... Dentin dysplasia (DD) is rare genetic disorder that affects the dentin and pulp. ...
Open this link to Download Dentin INBDE Latest Edition PDF ... Dentin INBDE Free Download PDF. #Dentin Book NBDE Part 1 PDF ... Download INBDE Dentin PDF. In this post you are going to Download INBDE Dentin PDF Book. ... DENTINs new high-yield INBDE study guide has over 2,100+ INBDE exam questions covering all the material tested on the INBDE as ... DENTINs INBDE study guide is an AMAZING high-yield study (266 pages) to fully prepare you for the newly integrated 500 ...
ROSA, Wellington Luiz de Oliveira da et al. Technological monitoring of dentin desensitizing agents. RFO UPF [online]. 2014, ... Keywords : Dentin desensitizing agents.; Patent indicators.; Dental materials.. · abstract in Portuguese · text in Portuguese ... Conclusion: It was possible to obtain an overview of the dentin desensitizing agents sector, which shows a low technological ... Objective: To perform a technological monitoring of dentin desensitizing agents in order to obtain an overview that allows ...
IPS InLine Deep Dentin. Metalokeramika s jednoduchým vrstvením a vysoce estetickým výsledkem. ...
About GC Dentin Conditioner. GC Dentin Conditioner. Cavity Cleaning Agent. The 10% polyacrylic acid solution cleans tooth ...
Host DNA content within dentin is variable (mean 13.70 ± 18.62%, range 0.003-70.14%), and for a subset of dentin samples (15.21 ... Overall, we find DNA from dental calculus is consistently more abundant and less contaminated than DNA from dentin. The ... Differential preservation of endogenous human and microbial DNA in dental calculus and dentin. Overview of attention for ... In this study, shotgun-sequenced data from paired dental calculus and dentin samples from 48 globally distributed individuals ...
  • The aim of this double-blind, controlled, split-mouth designed clinical trial was to assess the effect of a single application of Gluma Desensitizer® on alleviating dentin hypersensitivity. (ufrgs.br)
  • MARK3 Dentin Desensitizer 10ml. (miamidentalsupplies.com)
  • MARK3 Dentin Desensitizer is a superior desensitizer that can be placed under dental cements or other restorative materials, temporary, provisional or final. (chasedentalsupply.com)
  • The application of MARK3 Desensitizer reliably reduces post-op sensitivity by supporting the collagen framework for easier penetration of the adhesive, thus enhancing the dentin bond. (chasedentalsupply.com)
  • Because the mineral contents of enamel and dentin in primary teeth are different from those of permanent teeth, the effect of laser on the mineral content of primary teeth may be different from that of permanent teeth as well. (hindawi.com)
  • Etching Gel is a 37% phosphoric acid gel used for etching enamel and dentin to prepare the tooth surface prior to the application of a bonding agent. (pentron.com)
  • This study examined the effect of different enamel and dentin conditioning times on the shear bond strength of a resin composite using etchand-rinse and self-etch adhesive systems. (allenpress.com)
  • Composite (Z100) to enamel and dentin bond strengths (24 hours) were determined using Ultradent fixtures and debonded with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. (allenpress.com)
  • Dentin (/ˈdɛntɪn/) (American English) or dentine (/ˈdɛnˌtiːn/ or /ˌdɛnˈtiːn/) (British English) (Latin: substantia eburnea) is a calcified tissue of the body and, along with enamel, cementum, and pulp, is one of the four major components of teeth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dentin consists of microscopic channels, called dentinal tubules, which radiate outward through the dentin from the pulp to the exterior cementum or enamel border. (wikipedia.org)
  • If cementum loss does occur, the dentin beneath will then be exposed. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • Dentin is the hard, mineralized tissue beneath the enamel and cementum that surrounds and protects the pulp (soft tissue with blood vessels and nerves). (deltadentalnjblog.com)
  • It occurs when the top protective layers of the tooth, enamel Trusted Source and cementum, wear away and expose dentin. (floridadentalsupply.com)
  • Defined as a change in the mineralization of the dental hard tissues (enamel, dentin, and cementum) caused by long-term ingestion (eating and drinking) of fluoride during the period of tooth development prior to eruption into the mouth (first 8 years of life for most permanent teeth excluding third molars). (cdc.gov)
  • NBDE PArt 1 Lymphbloodarteriesveins Dentin Nbde Part 1 Pdf Free Download, Hole.io How To Download Iton Pc, Hp Envy 4500 Driver Download, Game Of Thrones Book Series Pdf Free Download. (web.app)
  • It works to reduce post-op sensitivity by assisting the collagen structure, allowing informal penetration of the adhesive, thus improving the dentin bond. (miamidentalsupplies.com)
  • From the outer surface of the dentin to the area nearest the pulp, these tubules follow an S-shaped path. (wikipedia.org)
  • 152 Tapering from the inner to the outermost surface, they have a diameter of 2.5 μm near the pulp, 1.2 μm in the middle of the dentin, and 0.9 μm at the dentino-enamel junction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell bodies of the odontoblasts are aligned along the inner aspect of dentin against a layer of predentin where they also form the peripheral boundary of the dental pulp Because of dentinal tubules, dentin has a degree of permeability, which can increase the sensation of pain and the rate of tooth decay. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first group including 3 dogs 11 months old in which we fractured all third incisors, canines, fourth premolars and third upper molars (84 teeth together), showed by the F-test, significantly different results in pulp vitality resulting in dentin production compared with second group. (vin.com)
  • Fractured teeth in the early stages of maturation, consisting of 40-50% hard tissue, have much higher ability to continue dentin deposition despite chronic pulp inflammation. (vin.com)
  • Dentin dysplasia (DD) is rare genetic disorder that affects the dentin and pulp. (deltadentalnjblog.com)
  • Dentin is a yellowish, somewhat elastic but mineralized avascular tissue that supports the enamel and encloses the pulp chamber. (web.app)
  • Ellis III: These fractures involve the enamel, dentin, and pulp layers. (medscape.com)
  • The dentin of the tooth is very porous and is an ineffective seal over the pulp. (medscape.com)
  • In Ellis II and III fractures in which the dentin or pulp is exposed, the clinician caring for the tooth fracture in the acute setting must create a seal over these injured teeth to protect the pulp from intraoral flora and potential infection. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mineral content of sound dentin in primary teeth prepared using an Er:YAG laser at two different power settings. (hindawi.com)
  • 12 ] reported cracks and microfissures in the dentin surface of primary teeth prepared using a high-powered Er:YAG laser. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, However, the effect of Er:YAG laser on the mineral content of sound dentin in primary teeth has not been studied yet. (hindawi.com)
  • By comparison, teeth in the second year of life consist of more then 60% hard tissue, have a lower ability to survive, and significantly decreased dentin production. (vin.com)
  • Dentin Dysplasia is a rare hereditary disturbance, seen in 1 in 100,000 people, characterized by irregular development of dentin in a person's teeth. (deltadentalnjblog.com)
  • Dentin is one of the main components of your teeth. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • Over time, grinding can wear down the protective enamel of the teeth, thereby exposing the dentin underneath. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • The teeth consist of four different dental tissues, one of which is dentin. (floridadentalsupply.com)
  • Dentin predominantly helps with the structure of teeth, and it also helps transmit sensations from the teeth. (floridadentalsupply.com)
  • The specimens were assigned into six groups of five teeth each according to luting procedure and dentin pretreatment. (docksci.com)
  • Methods: Eighty 2-mm-thick dentin discs were obtained from transversal sections of human teeth roots. (unicamp.br)
  • However, dentin dysplasia type II affects the primary teeth much more than the permanent teeth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Teeth with defective dentin are discolored, weak, and more likely to decay and break. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cylindrical root dentin samples of 3.5mm outer diameter, 1.5mm internal canal diameter and 6-10mm long were prepared from freshly extracted teeth . (bvsalud.org)
  • The dentinal tubules contain the cytoplasmic extensions of odontoblasts that once formed the dentin and maintain it. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dentin tubules that lead to the pulpal chamber are occluded by "plugs" and the dentinal surface is covered with an organic smear layer. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • This prevents movement of fluid within the tubules, thus preventing the painful stimulation associated with dentin hypersensitivity. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • To help transmit these sensations, dentin contains tubules made up of nerve fibers. (floridadentalsupply.com)
  • Exposure of dentin and dentin tubules causes DH to occur. (floridadentalsupply.com)
  • NaOCl, however, can alter the composition of dentin and hence its interaction with the adhesive resins used to bond the restorative materials to treated dentin. (hindawi.com)
  • Chemicals used during the preparation of root canals, however, can alter the composition and hence the interaction of dentin surface with the restorative materials. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition, Ari and Erdemir [ 19 ] reported that the adhesion of dental restorative materials to hard tissue was affected by changes in the mineral content of dentin. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, change in the mineral content of dentin is important to restorative practice, bonding mechanism, and microleakage. (hindawi.com)
  • It can be used in all restorative procedures where work in done in dentin. (chasedentalsupply.com)
  • Time dependent properties of dentin should be taken into account in restorative dentistry . (bvsalud.org)
  • What Is Dentin Dysplasia? (deltadentalnjblog.com)
  • Some researchers believe that dentinogenesis imperfecta type II and type III, along with a condition called dentin dysplasia type II, are actually forms of a single disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The signs and symptoms of dentin dysplasia type II are very similar to those of dentinogenesis imperfecta. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in this gene are also responsible for dentin dysplasia type II. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Phenotypic variation in dentinogenesis imperfecta/dentin dysplasia linked to 4q21. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dentin hypersensitivity and gingival recession: Breaking the cycle. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • Gingival recession is a strong risk factor for dentin hypersensitivity. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • While gingival recession does not cause dentin hypersensitivity, the loss of gingival tissue predisposes a patient to hypersensitivity and often occurs alongside it . (colgateprofessional.com)
  • However, dentin exposure leaves these plugs and the smear layer vulnerable to removal, at which point the patient may start to experience dentin hypersensitivity. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • Inadequate biofilm control can in turn cause the advancement of periodontal disease and gingival tissue loss, which can then increase the risk or severity of dentin hypersensitivity. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • In order to reduce the burden of both gingival recession and dentin hypersensitivity, dental professionals must implement prevention and management strategies in five key areas. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • The prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity is estimated to be as high as up to 85%, but the number of patients actually reporting symptoms to you will no doubt be significantly lower. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • Despite the negative impact on their wellbeing and quality of life, many patients view dentin hypersensitivity as an unavoidable fact of life, rather than a treatable condition. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • For those reasons, it is important that dental professionals proactively incorporate dentin hypersensitivity screening into their routine oral health care. (colgateprofessional.com)
  • observed that the treatment of dentin with 10% NaOCl after etching with 40% phosphoric acid enhanced the tensile strength of adhesive to dentin. (hindawi.com)
  • As materials and techniques for dentin bonding evolved, a 15-second phosphoric acid treatment time also yielded good bond values to this substrate. (allenpress.com)
  • Exposure of dentin in and of itself will not lead to dentin sensitivity . (colgateprofessional.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Members of the practice-based research network Practitioners Engaged in Applied Research and Learning (PEARL) Network investigated the dentin caries activity in early occlusal lesions and its relationship to patient age, preoperative tooth sensitivity and radiographic appearance, as well as its influence on preparation depth and volume. (emmes.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Rapidly progressing dentin caries, while present in only 38.5 percent of lesions, was related to the lesion's radiographic appearance but not to the participant's age or the study tooth's pre-operative sensitivity. (emmes.com)
  • When the dentin is exposed, it can cause sensitivity or pain when it comes into contact with substances that are hot, cold, sugary or acidic. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • The best way to prevent sensitivity caused by exposed dentin is to protect your enamel and gums. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • If you're experiencing sensitivity or pain due to exposed dentin, talk to your dentist. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • The CeraBur K1SM works on soft, carious dentin with minimized reduction of sound tooth structure. (dentistryiq.com)
  • The tooth sections were joined, and a single operator performed dentin removal using a steel bur, a hand instrument, or a polymer bur. (ufc.br)
  • Tooth enamel can fall out prematurely when the dentin layer under the enamel crown is too weak to support it. (deltadentalnjblog.com)
  • When you don't brush and floss properly or often enough, plaque can settle beneath the gums, causing it to recede from the tooth and exposing the dentin. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • This will help to prevent gum disease and tooth decay that can lead to exposed dentin. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • Dentin has a role in supporting the structure of the tooth, and it also helps relay sensations to the brain. (floridadentalsupply.com)
  • These proteins are involved in the formation of dentin, which is a bone-like substance that makes up the protective middle layer of each tooth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • findings were inconsistent across biomarkers of Mn (hair, cord blood, tooth enamel, maternal or child blood and dentin). (cdc.gov)
  • This phenomenon is explained by the collapse of acid-etched dentin matrix that interferes with resin infiltration. (sciepub.com)
  • EDC treatment caused increases in the stiffness in fully demineralized samples and in acid-etched demineralized dentin surfaces in situ. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It is made up, by weight, of 70-72% inorganic materials (mainly hydroxylapatite and some non-crystalline amorphous calcium phosphate), 20% organic materials (90% of which is collagen type 1 and the remaining 10% ground substance, which includes dentin-specific proteins), and 8-10% water (which is adsorbed on the surface of the minerals or between the crystals). (wikipedia.org)
  • It could increase the resin infiltration into the demineralized collagen network, but it poses two major challenges: the excessive dehydration of the dentin collagen and the depth of demineralization beyond the resin-infiltration level resulting in poor hybridization. (thejcdp.com)
  • Approximately 60% of the dentin is inorganic apatite, while the remaining 40% is a fibrillar protein collagen all arranged It's a great simulation of the real computer based NBDE part 1. (web.app)
  • Resin bonding to dentin requires the use of self-etching primers or acid etching to decalcify the surface and expose a layer of collagen fibrils of the dentin matrix. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Several publications show that crosslinking agents like gluteraladehyde, carbodiimide or grape seed extract can stiffen collagen and improve resin-dentin bond strength. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Objective The objective was to assess a new approach for evaluating the changes in stiffness of decalcified dentin by polar solvents and a collagen cross-linker. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In fact, this is due to the fact that dentin bonding collagen matrix as the scaffold for resin infiltration, to relies on organic components which are not remarkable in produce a hybrid layer that couples the adhesives, the resin enamel bonding4,5,6,8. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: Healthy human third molars were prepared in such a way that the flat occlusal surfaces of the dentin were exposed and longitudinally sectioned in a vestibular-lingual direction. (ufc.br)
  • Dong J, Gu T, Jeffords L, MacDougall M. Dentin phosphoprotein compound mutation in dentin sialophosphoprotein causes dentinogenesis imperfecta type III. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Methods Fully demineralized dentin beams and sections of etched coronal dentin were subjected to indentation loading using a cylindrical flat indenter in water, and after treatment with ethanol or ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). (elsevierpure.com)
  • The purpose of the present study is to evaluate nanoleakage and microtensile bond strength of different resin composite materials bonded to dentin. (sciepub.com)
  • Typically, the exam will involve identifying a site of dentin exposure and performing a stimulation test to determine whether a person has DH or a differential diagnosis. (floridadentalsupply.com)
  • It serves to kill bacteria, modify nerve responses, and penetrate bonding primers in etched dentin. (miamidentalsupplies.com)
  • It helps kill bacteria, alter nerve responses and aids bonding primers in penetrating etched dentin. (chasedentalsupply.com)
  • The aim of this study was to compare different dentin treatments and adhesive systems on shear bond strength (SBS) of composite to superficial dentin. (thejcdp.com)
  • Then, a plastic mold was placed on dentin and filled with resin composite. (thejcdp.com)
  • Additionally, the application of bromelain enzyme as dentin treatment before two adhesive systems and papain before total etch adhesive system had no effect on the SBS of composite to superficial dentin. (thejcdp.com)
  • Apply to all dentin surfaces, including cavity, crown and inlay preparations and cervical areas. (pulpdent.com)
  • The measurements of microhardness of the deepest surfaces of the cavities prepared in demineralized dentin indicated that the steel bur and hand instrument presented similar values, while those values produced by polymer burs proved to be lower. (ufc.br)
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycine pretreatment on the shear bond strength between dentin and a CAD/CAM resin nano cerami. (docksci.com)
  • In this in vitro experimental study, 60 extracted human upper premolars were cut 0.5 mm deep under occlusal DEJ and were randomly divided into six groups ( n = 10) based on the method of dentin treatment and adhesive system: (A) two steps self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil SE bond) and (B) two steps of total etch bonding system (Adper single bond 2). (thejcdp.com)
  • 1 , 2 The dentin bonding agents such as total etch and self-etch, which are employed may not completely penetrate into the demineralized dentin. (thejcdp.com)
  • 2-5 Steady advancement in adhesive systems continued and, by the late 1980s, dentin bonding became possible with the introduction of the total-etch technique. (allenpress.com)
  • Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different mechanical methods for the removal of demineralized dentin. (ufc.br)
  • Conclusion: The effectiveness of the removal of demineralized dentin varied among the three methods used in this study. (ufc.br)
  • The discrepancy between depth of dentin demineralization after the acid-etching and depth of resin infiltration can provide a pathway for hydrolytic degradation. (thejcdp.com)
  • Acid-etching reduces the stiffness of demineralized dentin from approximately 19 GPa-1 MPa, requiring that it floats in water to prevent it from collapsing during bonding procedures. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This approach can be used for quantifying the effects of bonding treatments on the properties of decalcified dentin after acid etching, as well as to follow the loss of stiffness over time due to enzymatic degradation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • to evaluate the bond strength (BS) to dentin pre-treated with ethanol in single application for 20 s after etching and before application of a two- step etch-and-rinse adhesive and to analyze the morphological features at the resin-dentin interface. (bvsalud.org)
  • Unlike enamel bonding, which is achieved with relative ease, bonding to dentin has continued to be a challenge. (allenpress.com)
  • Cavities were lined with different dentin bonding systems (Syntac, One Coat Bond and Excite) according to the manufacturer's instructions and restored with Oralloy and Cinalloy, non gamma 2 spherical amalgams and Aristaloy a non gamma 2 Admixed alloy. (ac.ir)
  • Most dentin bonding materials such as: All Bond 2, Optibond, Scothbond, etc. will benefit from the application of Lapiss. (chasedentalsupply.com)
  • Dentin bonding. (bvsalud.org)
  • A Resin-dentin bonds are less durable than resin/enamel Resin-dentin bonding uses a partially demineralized dentin bonds1,2,3. (bvsalud.org)
  • Current scientific data shows that any toothpaste with a relative dentin abrasion of 250 or below is safe to use for daily brushing with appropriate techniques. (todaysrdh.com)
  • Results: The steel bur produced the deepest cavities in mineralized and demineralized dentin. (ufc.br)
  • The polymer bur generated the shallowest cavities in demineralized dentin. (ufc.br)
  • Extending the treatment time of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives does not appear to result in relevant increases in the bond strength of resin composites to enamel or dentin. (allenpress.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate microleakage and interfacial micromorphology of amalgam restorations lined with dentin adhesives, namely One Coat Bond, Syntac, Excite and Copalite,as liners. (ac.ir)
  • Recently, developed resin adhesives contain more acidic hydrophilic monomers, and higher amounts of water to improve monomer impregnation into wet dentin substrate, resulting in lower degrees of polymerization of adhesive resin. (sciepub.com)
  • The current status of dentin adhesives. (tau.ac.il)
  • The longevity of restorations and their bond strength depends on the extent of polymerized resin infiltrating into the demineralized dentin. (thejcdp.com)
  • I always thought the relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) was a key factor when choosing toothpaste for our patients, hoping that the amount of recession as well as the overall wear on enamel would be reduced. (todaysrdh.com)
  • This review therefore covers in depth the action of NaOCl on dentin-adhesive resin bond strength including both enhancement and reduction, then mechanisms proposed for such action, and finally how the adverse action of NaOCl on dentin can be reversed. (hindawi.com)
  • In literatures, there are conflicting results on how the treatment of dentin with NaOCl affects the subsequent bond strength. (hindawi.com)
  • Even after thermocycling (10,000 cycles at 4-60°C), the bond strength was 1.5 times higher than that recorded for etched dentin [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Application of adhesive systems and dentin treatment can influence the bond strength. (thejcdp.com)
  • For instance, resin-dentin specimens were prepared and immersed in silver nitrate that penetrated into nanoleakage. (sciepub.com)
  • Dentin is a bone-like matrix that is porous and yellow-hued material. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multifunctional Role of Dentin Matrix Protein 1 in Vertebrate Mineralization, Frontiers Between Science and Clinic in Odontology Volume Title: Phosphorylated Extracellular Matrix Proteins of Bone and Dentin (2012) 2: 231. (benthamscience.com)
  • Phosphorylated Extracellular Matrix Proteins of Bone and Dentin is the second volume of the e-book series Frontiers between Science and Clinic in Odontology. (benthambooks.com)
  • X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets are the result of mutations in PHEX (a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) and dentin matrix protein 1 ( DMP1 ), respectively. (medscape.com)
  • Toothbrushes with bristles that are too hard, abrasive whitening toothpastes and brushing too forcefully can all damage the enamel and eventually expose the dentin. (heritagedentaledmonton.ca)
  • By contrast, the steel bur and hand instrument showed a similar effectiveness in the removal of dentin, according to the microhardness of the remaining dentin, even though they produced different cavity depths. (ufc.br)
  • By volume, 45% of dentin consists of the mineral hydroxyapatite, 33% is organic material, and 22% is water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, the surface energy of the dentin is improved owing to higher hydroxyapatite content and diffusion enhancement of adhesive monomers through dentin. (thejcdp.com)
  • Regardless of its significant effect on the organic component of dentin, NaOCl has no effect on dentin's inorganic part [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • 4 The feasible solution to eliminate or minimize this problem would be the use of a proteolytic agent, known as deproteinization, which removes organic components in dentin and changes its chemical composition. (thejcdp.com)
  • Conclusion: It was possible to obtain an overview of the dentin desensitizing agents sector, which shows a low technological appropriation of this dental industry by Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • DSPP gene mutations alter the proteins made from the gene, leading to the production of abnormally soft dentin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Unlike enamel, dentin may be demineralized and stained for histological study. (wikipedia.org)
  • CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: On the basis of the low level of rapidly progressing dentin caries in this study population and the fact that slowly progressing caries can be inactive or remineralizing, the authors advise sealing versus operative treatment of early or shallow occlusal lesions. (emmes.com)
  • In this study, shotgun-sequenced data from paired dental calculus and dentin samples from 48 globally distributed individuals are compared using a metagenomic approach. (altmetric.com)
  • DENTIN NBDE Part 1 comprehensive study guide is the top resource for dental students to pass the NBDE I. The NBDE I consists of 400 multiple choice questions on Anatomical Sciences, Biochemistry-Physiology, Microbiology-Pathology, and Dental Anatomy and Occlusion. (web.app)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the creep, stress relaxation and strain rate behavior of human root dentin under compressive loading. (bvsalud.org)
  • ROCK HILL, South Carolina--The CeraBur K1SM, the newest addition to KOMET USA's CeraLine of ceramic instruments, provides operators with minimally invasive excavation and helps them to preserve healthy dentin. (dentistryiq.com)
  • The strategic use of scientific and technological information related to dentin desensitizing agents may allow opportunities for scientific and technological projects in accordance with public policies to stimulate innovation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objective: To perform a technological monitoring of dentin desensitizing agents in order to obtain an overview that allows analyzing the current context, and to obtain opportunities for technological prospecting. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dentin desensitizing agents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results At a strain of 0.25% the elastic modulus of the fully demineralized dentin was approximately 0.20 MPa. (elsevierpure.com)