Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
The coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (LASER COAGULATION). In the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Retinal diseases refer to a diverse group of vision-threatening disorders that affect the retina's structure and function, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular edema, among others.
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
A specialized transport barrier, in the EYE, formed by the retinal pigment EPITHELIUM, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the RETINA. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.
The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.
Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
Minor hemoglobin components of human erythrocytes designated A1a, A1b, and A1c. Hemoglobin A1c is most important since its sugar moiety is glucose covalently bound to the terminal amino acid of the beta chain. Since normal glycohemoglobin concentrations exclude marked blood glucose fluctuations over the preceding three to four weeks, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is a more reliable index of the blood sugar average over a long period of time.
Unique slender cells with multiple processes extending along the capillary vessel axis and encircling the vascular wall, also called mural cells. Pericytes are imbedded in the BASEMENT MEMBRANE shared with the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessel. Pericytes are important in maintaining vessel integrity, angiogenesis, and vascular remodeling.
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Glucose in blood.
The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.
The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.
Diseases affecting the eye.
A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) retinal pigment epithelial cells. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the fovea centralis. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with retinal holes, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.
Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina.
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the oxidation of an aldose to an alditol. It possesses broad specificity for many aldoses. EC 1.1.1.21.
The minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules.
An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The administration of substances into the VITREOUS BODY of the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
Application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. It is differentiated from VISION TESTS, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population.
Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.
Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
Degenerative changes to the RETINA due to HYPERTENSION.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Products derived from the nonenzymatic reaction of GLUCOSE and PROTEINS in vivo that exhibit a yellow-brown pigmentation and an ability to participate in protein-protein cross-linking. These substances are involved in biological processes relating to protein turnover and it is believed that their excessive accumulation contributes to the chronic complications of DIABETES MELLITUS.
An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined.
Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
The use of photothermal effects of LASERS to coagulate, incise, vaporize, resect, dissect, or resurface tissue.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.
Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).
A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
Substances which lower blood glucose levels.
An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
A family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition, but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. This family includes alpha 1-antitrypsin, angiotensinogen, ovalbumin, antiplasmin, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, thyroxine-binding protein, complement 1 inactivators, antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II, plasminogen inactivators, gene Y protein, placental plasminogen activator inhibitor, and barley Z protein. Some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES, and some serpins occur in plants where their function is not known.
A sultanate on the southeast coast of the Arabian peninsula. Its capital is Masqat. Before the 16th century it was ruled by independent emirs but was captured and controlled by the Portuguese 1508-1648. In 1741 it was recovered by a descendent of Yemen's imam. After its decline in the 19th century, it became virtually a political and economic dependency within the British Government of India, retaining close ties with Great Britain by treaty from 1939 to 1970 when it achieved autonomy. The name was recorded by Pliny in the 1st century A.D. as Omana, said to be derived from the founder of the state, Oman ben Ibrahim al-Khalil. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p890; Oman Embassy, Washington; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p391)
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.
'Eye proteins' are structural or functional proteins, such as crystallins, opsins, and collagens, located in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and aqueous humor, that contribute to maintaining transparency, refractive power, phototransduction, and overall integrity of the visual system.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
The macroglial cells of EPENDYMA. They are characterized by bipolar cell body shape and processes that contact BASAL LAMINA around blood vessels and/or the PIA MATER and the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
whoa, buddy! I'm just a friendly AI and I don't have access to real-time databases or personal data, so I can't provide medical definitions or any other specific information about individuals, places, or things. But I can tell you that I couldn't find any recognized medical definition for "Wisconsin" - it's a state in the United States, not a medical term!
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Persons with loss of vision such that there is an impact on activities of daily living.
A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.
Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. This includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services.
Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.
Alloxan is a chemical compound, specifically an organic compound, that is used in scientific research to induce diabetes in laboratory animals by destroying their insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A naturally occurring product of plants obtained following reduction of GALACTOSE. It appears as a white crystalline powder with a slight sweet taste. It may form in excess in the lens of the eye in GALACTOSEMIAS, a deficiency of GALACTOKINASE.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
A cell-surface ligand involved in leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. Its production is induced by gamma-interferon and it is required for neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.
A family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A. They play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells.
Argon. A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
The finer blood vessels of the vasculature that are generally less than 100 microns in internal diameter.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the MICROVASCULAR NETWORK.
Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring.
An angiopoietin that is closely related to ANGIOPOIETIN-1. It binds to the TIE-2 RECEPTOR without receptor stimulation and antagonizes the effect of ANGIOPOIETIN-1. However its antagonistic effect may be limited to cell receptors that occur within the vasculature. Angiopoietin-2 may therefore play a role in down-regulation of BLOOD VESSEL branching and sprouting.
These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.

An audit of the care of diabetics in a group practice. (1/2382)

The diabetics in a general practice of 20,175 patients were identified during one year and 119 were found-a prevalence of 5.9 per thousand.The age and sex distribution, method of treatment, criteria of diabetic control, complications, and present method of care were analysed from the medical records to examine the process of medical care of a chronic disease in general practice.  (+info)

Increase in the advanced glycation end product pentosidine in Bruch's membrane with age. (2/2382)

PURPOSE: To determine whether there is an age-related increase of pentosidine in human Bruch's membranes and to localize pentosidine and carboxymethyllysine (CML), two well-characterized, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in aged human Bruch's membranes and choroid in vivo. METHODS: Human Bruch's membrane samples were isolated from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid and subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography to determine pentosidine content. A polyclonal anti-pentosidine antibody and a monoclonal antibody specific for carboxymethyllysine were used to localize AGEs in 20-month-old nondiabetic, 82-year-old nondiabetic, and 82-year-old diabetic globes. RESULTS: Human Bruch's membranes (n = 20) showed a linear age-dependent increase in pentosidine that reached approximately 0.17 millimoles pentosidine per mole hydroxyproline in late life (r = 0.896; P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical evaluation showed evidence of pentosidine in Bruch's membrane, choroidal extracellular matrix, and vessel walls in the 82-year-old nondiabetic and diabetic globes. A similar staining pattern was found with the anti-CML antibody. Basal laminar deposits and drusen stained with both antibodies in the elderly nondiabetic eye. In contrast, neither antibody stained the 20-month-old tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We provide biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence for the formation of pentosidine and CML structures in human Bruch's membrane and choroid with age. These changes could promote aging of the RPE-Bruch's membrane-choroid complex.  (+info)

Human diabetic neovascular membranes contain high levels of urokinase and metalloproteinase enzymes. (3/2382)

PURPOSE: Retinal neovascularization is one of the leading causes of blindness. A crucial event in this process is the remodeling and penetration of the capillary basement membrane by migrating endothelial cells. This process requires proteolysis of basement membrane components by a variety of proteinases. The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of proteinases in human retinal tissues showing active neovascularization. METHODS: Epiretinal neovascular membranes surgically removed from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were analyzed by zymography, and the types and amounts of proteinases present in the tissues were determined. Retinas from nondiabetic donor eyes served as control specimens. RESULTS: Both the high- (54 kDa) and low- (33 kDa) molecular-weight forms of urokinase were present at significantly higher levels in neovascular membranes than in normal retinas. The pro forms of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly elevated in the neovascular membranes in comparison with levels in normal retinas. In addition, the active forms of these enzymes were present in the membranes, whereas there was no detectable level of the active forms in normal retinas. CONCLUSIONS: Human diabetic neovascular membranes contain high levels of urokinase and MMP. The increased activity of proteinases in the final common pathway of retinal neovascularization indicates that inhibition of these enzymes may be a useful therapeutic target as an alternative approach in the management of proliferative retinopathies.  (+info)

Skin collagen glycation, glycoxidation, and crosslinking are lower in subjects with long-term intensive versus conventional therapy of type 1 diabetes: relevance of glycated collagen products versus HbA1c as markers of diabetic complications. DCCT Skin Collagen Ancillary Study Group. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. (4/2382)

The relationships between long-term intensive control of glycemia and indicators of skin collagen glycation (furosine), glycoxidation (pentosidine and N(epsilon)-[carboxymethyl]-lysine [CML]), and crosslinking (acid and pepsin solubility) were examined in 216 patients with type 1 diabetes from the primary prevention and secondary intervention cohorts of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. By comparison with conventional treatment, 5 years of intensive treatment was associated with 30-32% lower furosine, 9% lower pentosidine, 9-13% lower CML, 24% higher acid-soluble collagen, and 50% higher pepsin-soluble collagen. All of these differences were statistically significant in the subjects of the primary prevention cohort (P < 0.006-0.001) and also of the secondary intervention cohort (P < 0.015-0.001) with the exception of CML and acid-soluble collagen. Age- and duration-adjusted collagen variables were significantly associated with the HbA1c value nearest the biopsy and with cumulative prior HbA1c values. Multiple logistic regression analyses with six nonredundant collagen parameters as independent variables and various expressions of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy outcomes as dependent variables showed that the complications were significantly associated with the full set of collagen variables. Surprisingly, the percentage of total variance (R2) in complications explained by the collagen variables ranged from 19 to 36% with the intensive treatment and from 14 to 51% with conventional treatment. These associations generally remained significant even after adjustment for HbA1c, and, most unexpectedly, in conventionally treated subjects, glycated collagen was the parameter most consistently associated with diabetic complications. Continued monitoring of these subjects may determine whether glycation products in the skin, and especially the early Amadori product (furosine), have the potential to be predictors of the future risk of developing complications, and perhaps be even better predictors than glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c).  (+info)

What quality measurements miss. (5/2382)

Measurable indices of health care quality are all the rage these days. But physicians know that not everything in health care can be quantified. If reportable numbers become our principal focus, what is in danger of falling through the cracks?  (+info)

Cotherapy with recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I and insulin improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. RhIGF-I in IDDM Study Group. (6/2382)

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of 12 weeks of cotherapy with recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) and insulin on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 223 patients who ranged in age from 11-66 years and were randomized in a double-blind study to receive 12 weeks of treatment with twice-daily subcutaneous injections of placebo (n = 54), or rhIGF-I at a dose (A.M/P.M) of 40/40 micrograms/kg (n = 56), 80/40 micrograms/kg (n = 57), or 80/60 micrograms/kg (n = 56), while continuing to receive standard insulin therapy. Patients were instructed to test blood glucose levels four times daily and adjust insulin doses to optimize blood glucose control. HbAlc, insulin requirements, body weight, and parameters of the IGF-IGF-binding protein axis were assessed before and during treatment. RESULTS: All groups were comparable at baseline with respect to mean age, gender distribution, duration of diabetes, HbAlc, and BMI. Cotherapy with rhIGF-I/insulin produced a mean decrease in HbAlc of 1.2%, compared with a 0.7% decrease in HbAlc for patients receiving intensified insulin therapy alone (P < or = 0.01). Subjects receiving rhIGF-I/insulin cotherapy also decreased their daily insulin usage by 11-19%, compared with a 7% increase in insulin usage reported by the placebo group. Moreover, the incidence of hypoglycemia was similar in subjects treated with rhIGF-I/Insulin cotherapy compared with those treated with insulin alone, despite the better glycemic control of the former group. The 40/40 dose of rhIGF-I was well tolerated. Higher doses of rhIGF-I did not further improve efficacy yet were associated with unacceptable levels of adverse events, including edema, jaw pain, and early worsening of retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that rhIGF/insulin cotherapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes better than optimized insulin management alone; longer-term trials would be required to determine an acceptable benefit-risk profile.  (+info)

Gemfibrozil in a group of diabetics. (7/2382)

A group of 14 diabetic patients was treated with gemfibrozil during a variable length of time ranging from nine to 23 weeks in order to establish if a lowering effect on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels could be achieved, as it had been in the case of another group of non-diabetic patients. The present results showed that: (1) The drug is remarkably well tolerated. (2) With doses ranging between 400 and 800 mg per day the magnitude of the effect of the drug was less than that observed in our previous trial with non-diabetic subjects. The effect upon triglycerides seemed to be reduced more than that upon cholesterol when compared with results in higher-dose studies. (3) In this group of diabetic patients (3 insulin dependent, 11 maturity-onset type) control of the diabetic condition was never impaired and appeared in some cases to be slightly improved by gemfibrozil. (4) There was no evidence of undesirable interaction with any of the anti-diabetic drugs used.  (+info)

Evidence for control of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) activity by TNF receptors in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (8/2382)

TNF-alpha has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). At present there are no studies linking serum levels of soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-R) to the development of diabetic microvascular complications such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), or to the production of TNF-alpha in these patients. We investigated serum levels of sTNF receptors (sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII) in IDDM patients with or without PDR, and related these to the in vitro production of TNF-alpha upon activation of whole blood and isolated mononuclear cells (MNC). We observed higher serum levels of sTNF-RI in IDDM patients with active (range 945-6630 pg/ml; P = 0.029) or quiescent PDR (range 1675-4970 pg/ml; P = 0.00092) than in individuals with IDDM without retinopathy (range 657-2617 pg/ml) or healthy controls (range 710-1819 pg/ml; P = 0.0092 and 0.0023, respectively). Increased serum levels of sTNF-RII were also seen in IDDM patients with active PDR (range 1749-5218 pg/ml; P = 0.034) or quiescent PDR (range 1494-5249 pg/ml; P = 0.0084) when compared with disease controls (range 1259-4210 pg/ml) or healthy subjects (range 1237-4283 pg/ml). Whole blood production of biologically active TNF-alpha was lower in PDR patients than in disease (P = 0.04) and healthy controls (P < 0.005), contrasting with a higher production of TNF-alpha by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated MNC from PDR patients (P = 0.013). Inhibition of TNF-alpha by TNF-R in plasma supernatants of activated blood from PDR patients was demonstrated by increase of TNF-alpha activity in the presence of anti-TNF-RI and anti-TNF-RII antibodies. These observations suggest that abnormalities in TNF-alpha production and control may operate during the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus.  (+info)

Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects the eyes. It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).

At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. Eventually, it can cause blindness. The condition usually affects both eyes.

There are two main stages of diabetic retinopathy:

1. Early diabetic retinopathy. This is when the blood vessels in the eye start to leak fluid or bleed. You might not notice any changes in your vision at this stage, but it's still important to get treatment because it can prevent the condition from getting worse.
2. Advanced diabetic retinopathy. This is when new, abnormal blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These vessels can leak fluid and cause severe vision problems, including blindness.

Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with laser surgery, injections of medication into the eye, or a vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye). It's important to get regular eye exams to detect diabetic retinopathy early and get treatment before it causes serious vision problems.

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially sight-threatening proliferative retinal vascular disorder that primarily affects prematurely born infants, particularly those with low birth weight and/or young gestational age. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and development of retinal blood vessels due to disturbances in the oxygen supply and metabolic demands during critical phases of fetal development.

The condition can be classified into various stages (1-5) based on its severity, with stages 4 and 5 being more severe forms that may lead to retinal detachment and blindness if left untreated. The pathogenesis of ROP involves an initial phase of vessel loss and regression in the central retina, followed by a secondary phase of abnormal neovascularization, which can cause fibrosis, traction, and ultimately, retinal detachment.

ROP is typically managed with a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neonatologists, and pediatricians. Treatment options include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, or even surgical interventions to prevent retinal detachment and preserve vision. Regular screening examinations are crucial for early detection and timely management of ROP in at-risk infants.

Retinal vessels refer to the blood vessels that are located in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. The retina contains two types of blood vessels: arteries and veins.

The central retinal artery supplies oxygenated blood to the inner layers of the retina, while the central retinal vein drains deoxygenated blood from the retina. These vessels can be visualized during a routine eye examination using an ophthalmoscope, which allows healthcare professionals to assess their health and any potential abnormalities.

Retinal vessels are essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, and any damage or changes to these vessels can affect vision and lead to various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and hypertensive retinopathy.

Retinal neovascularization is a medical condition characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the surface of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition typically occurs in response to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the retina, often due to damage or disease, such as diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion.

The new blood vessels that form during neovascularization are fragile and prone to leakage, which can cause fluid and protein to accumulate in the retina, leading to distorted vision, hemorrhages, and potentially blindness if left untreated. Retinal neovascularization is a serious eye condition that requires prompt medical attention and management to prevent further vision loss.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

I couldn't find a medical definition specifically for "Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental." However, I can provide you with information about experimental diabetes research and its relevance to understanding the disease.

Experimental diabetes models are used in biomedical research to study the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and to test potential therapies or treatments. These models can be broadly categorized into two types: chemically-induced and genetically modified.

1. Chemically-induced diabetes models: These involve administering chemicals, such as alloxan or streptozotocin, to animals (commonly mice or rats) to destroy their pancreatic β-cells, which produce insulin. This results in hyperglycemia and symptoms similar to those seen in type 1 diabetes in humans.
2. Genetically modified diabetes models: These involve altering the genes of animals (commonly mice) to create a diabetes phenotype. Examples include non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which develop an autoimmune form of diabetes similar to human type 1 diabetes, and various strains of obese mice with insulin resistance, such as ob/ob or db/db mice, which model aspects of type 2 diabetes.

These experimental models help researchers better understand the mechanisms behind diabetes development and progression, identify new therapeutic targets, and test potential treatments before moving on to human clinical trials. However, it's essential to recognize that these models may not fully replicate all aspects of human diabetes, so findings from animal studies should be interpreted with caution.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "photography" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Photography refers to the art, application, or process of creating images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

If you're looking for a medical term related to imaging, there are several terms that might be relevant, such as:

1. Radiography: This is a technique using X-rays to visualize the internal structures of the body.
2. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a diagnostic imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body.
3. Computed Tomography (CT): A type of imaging that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
5. Nuclear Medicine: This is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and treat diseases.

If you have any questions related to medical definitions or topics, feel free to ask!

"Light coagulation," also known as "laser coagulation," is a medical term that refers to the use of laser technology to cauterize (seal or close) tissue. This procedure uses heat generated by a laser to cut, coagulate, or destroy tissue. In light coagulation, the laser beam is focused on the blood vessels in question, causing the blood within them to clot and the vessels to seal. This can be used for various medical purposes, such as stopping bleeding during surgery, destroying abnormal tissues (like tumors), or treating eye conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.

It's important to note that this is a general definition, and the specific use of light coagulation may vary depending on the medical specialty and the individual patient's needs. As always, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for more detailed information about any medical procedure or treatment.

Retinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinal diseases can cause vision loss or even blindness, depending on their severity and location in the retina.

Some common retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive disease that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurred or distorted vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss.
3. Retinal detachment: A serious condition where the retina becomes separated from its underlying tissue, requiring immediate medical attention.
4. Macular edema: Swelling or thickening of the macula due to fluid accumulation, which can cause blurred vision.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited eye disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light, causing progressive vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small break in the macula that can cause distorted or blurry vision.
7. Retinal vein occlusion: Blockage of the retinal veins that can lead to bleeding, swelling, and potential vision loss.

Treatment for retinal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Some treatments include medication, laser therapy, surgery, or a combination of these options. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of retinal diseases.

Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease that occurs as a complication of diabetes. It is also known as diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This condition affects the ability of the kidneys to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood, leading to their accumulation in the body.

Diabetic nephropathy is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys, which can occur over time due to high levels of glucose in the blood. This damage can lead to scarring and thickening of the kidney's filtering membranes, reducing their ability to function properly.

Symptoms of diabetic nephropathy may include proteinuria (the presence of protein in the urine), edema (swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet due to fluid retention), and hypertension (high blood pressure). Over time, if left untreated, diabetic nephropathy can progress to end-stage kidney disease, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Preventing or delaying the onset of diabetic nephropathy involves maintaining good control of blood sugar levels, keeping blood pressure under control, and making lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and getting regular exercise. Regular monitoring of kidney function through urine tests and blood tests is also important for early detection and treatment of this condition.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose (or sugar) levels resulting from the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin or effectively use the insulin it produces. This form of diabetes usually develops gradually over several years and is often associated with older age, obesity, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnicities.

In Type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, meaning they don't respond properly to the hormone. As a result, the pancreas produces more insulin to help glucose enter the cells. Over time, the pancreas can't keep up with the increased demand, leading to high blood glucose levels and diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is managed through lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and a healthy diet. Medications, including insulin therapy, may also be necessary to control blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications associated with the disease, such as heart disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, and vision loss.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is a specialized physiological barrier in the eye that helps regulate the movement of molecules between the retina and the bloodstream. It is made up of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of retinal blood vessels and between the pigment epithelium cells of the retina, which restrict the paracellular diffusion of solutes.

The BRB plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the retina by preventing harmful substances from entering the retina while allowing essential nutrients and oxygen to reach the retinal tissues. Disruption of the BRB has been implicated in various retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vein occlusion.

Laser coagulation, also known as laser photocoagulation, is a medical procedure that uses a laser to seal or destroy abnormal blood vessels or tissue. The laser produces a concentrated beam of light that can be precisely focused on the target area. When the laser energy is absorbed by the tissue, it causes the temperature to rise, which leads to coagulation (the formation of a clot) or destruction of the tissue.

In ophthalmology, laser coagulation is commonly used to treat conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal tears or holes. The procedure can help to seal leaking blood vessels, reduce fluid leakage, and prevent further vision loss. It is usually performed as an outpatient procedure and may be repeated if necessary.

In other medical specialties, laser coagulation may be used to control bleeding, destroy tumors, or remove unwanted tissue. The specific technique and parameters of the laser treatment will depend on the individual patient's needs and the condition being treated.

Leukostasis is not a formal medical diagnosis, but rather a complication that can occur in certain medical conditions. It's often used in the context of leukemia, where there is a rapid accumulation of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the small blood vessels, leading to impaired circulation, particularly in the lungs and brain. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, headache, altered mental status, or even stroke. It's a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment, often involving leukopheresis (a procedure to remove white blood cells from the blood) and chemotherapy.

Macular edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula, a small area in the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. This buildup of fluid causes the macula to thicken and swell, which can distort central vision and lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. Macular edema is often a complication of other eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, or uveitis. It's important to note that while macular edema can affect anyone, it is more common in people with certain medical conditions like diabetes.

A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of some or all of the vitreous humor, which is the clear gel-like substance filling the center of the eye. This surgery is often performed to treat various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular hole, and vitreous hemorrhage.

During a vitrectomy, the ophthalmologist makes small incisions in the sclera (the white part of the eye) to access the vitreous cavity. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to remove the cloudy or damaged vitreous and may also repair any damage to the retina or surrounding tissues. Afterward, a clear saline solution is injected into the eye to maintain its shape and help facilitate healing.

In some cases, a gas bubble or silicone oil may be placed in the eye after the vitrectomy to help hold the retina in place while it heals. These substances will gradually be absorbed or removed during follow-up appointments. The body naturally produces a new, clear vitreous to replace the removed material over time.

Vitrectomy is typically performed under local anesthesia and may require hospitalization or outpatient care depending on the individual case. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and increased eye pressure. However, with proper care and follow-up, most patients experience improved vision after a successful vitrectomy procedure.

Diabetic angiopathies refer to a group of vascular complications that occur due to diabetes mellitus. Prolonged exposure to high blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels, leading to various types of angiopathies such as:

1. Diabetic retinopathy: This is a condition where the small blood vessels in the retina get damaged due to diabetes, leading to vision loss or blindness if left untreated.
2. Diabetic nephropathy: In this condition, the kidneys' glomeruli (the filtering units) become damaged due to diabetes, leading to protein leakage and eventually kidney failure if not managed properly.
3. Diabetic neuropathy: This is a type of nerve damage caused by diabetes that can affect various parts of the body, including the legs, feet, and hands, causing numbness, tingling, or pain.
4. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: This is a condition where the heart muscle becomes damaged due to diabetes, leading to heart failure.
5. Diabetic peripheral arterial disease (PAD): In this condition, the blood vessels that supply the legs and feet become narrowed or blocked due to diabetes, leading to pain, cramping, or even gangrene in severe cases.

Overall, diabetic angiopathies are serious complications of diabetes that can significantly impact a person's quality of life and overall health. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals with diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels effectively and undergo regular check-ups to detect any early signs of these complications.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

A retinal hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs in the blood vessels of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can result from various underlying causes, including diabetes, high blood pressure, age-related macular degeneration, or trauma to the eye. Retinal hemorrhages can be categorized into different types based on their location and appearance, such as dot and blot hemorrhages, flame-shaped hemorrhages, or subhyaloid hemorrhages. Depending on the severity and cause of the hemorrhage, treatment options may vary from monitoring to laser therapy, medication, or even surgery. It is essential to consult an ophthalmologist for a proper evaluation and management plan if you suspect a retinal hemorrhage.

A Vitreous Hemorrhage is a medical condition where there is bleeding into the vitreous cavity of the eye. The vitreous cavity is the space in the eye that is filled with a clear, gel-like substance called the vitreous humor. This substance helps to maintain the shape of the eye and transmit light to the retina.

When a vitreous hemorrhage occurs, blood cells from the bleeding mix with the vitreous humor, causing it to become cloudy or hazy. As a result, vision can become significantly impaired, ranging from mildly blurry to complete loss of vision depending on the severity of the bleed.

Vitreous hemorrhages can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, retinal tears or detachments, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and other eye conditions that affect the blood vessels in the eye. Treatment for vitreous hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, laser surgery, or vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous humor and stop the bleeding).

Ophthalmoscopy is a medical examination technique used by healthcare professionals to observe the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor. This procedure typically involves using an ophthalmoscope, a handheld device that consists of a light and magnifying lenses. The healthcare provider looks through the ophthalmoscope and directly observes the internal structures of the eye by illuminating them.

There are several types of ophthalmoscopy, including direct ophthalmoscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they may be used in different situations depending on the specific clinical situation and the information needed.

Ophthalmoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring a wide range of eye conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and other retinal disorders. It can also provide valuable information about the overall health of the individual, as changes in the appearance of the retina or optic nerve may indicate the presence of systemic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes.

Glycosylated Hemoglobin A, also known as Hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c, is a form of hemoglobin that is bound to glucose. It is formed in a non-enzymatic glycation reaction with glucose in the blood. The amount of this hemoglobin present in the blood is proportional to the average plasma glucose concentration over the previous 8-12 weeks, making it a useful indicator for monitoring long-term blood glucose control in people with diabetes mellitus.

In other words, HbA1c reflects the integrated effects of glucose regulation over time and is an important clinical marker for assessing glycemic control and risk of diabetic complications. The normal range for HbA1c in individuals without diabetes is typically less than 5.7%, while a value greater than 6.5% is indicative of diabetes.

Pericytes are specialized cells that surround the endothelial cells which line the blood capillaries. They play an important role in the regulation of capillary diameter, blood flow, and the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Pericytes also contribute to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, immune surveillance, and the clearance of waste products from the brain. They are often referred to as "mural cells" or "rouleaux cells" and can be found in various tissues throughout the body.

Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a specific isoform of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. It is a well-characterized signaling protein that plays a crucial role in angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels. VEGFA stimulates the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, thereby contributing to the growth and development of new vasculature. This protein is essential for physiological processes such as embryonic development and wound healing, but it has also been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The regulation of VEGFA expression and activity is critical to maintaining proper vascular function and homeostasis.

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

Optometry is a healthcare profession that involves examining, diagnosing, and treating disorders related to vision. Optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners who specialize in prescribing and fitting eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia. They also diagnose and manage various eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration. Optometrists may provide low vision care services to individuals with visual impairments and can offer pre- and post-operative care for patients undergoing eye surgery.

Optometry is a regulated profession that requires extensive education and training, including the completion of a Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) degree program and passing national and state licensing exams. In some jurisdictions, optometrists may also prescribe certain medications to treat eye conditions and diseases.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) due to absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. There are two main types: Type 1 diabetes, which results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, and Type 2 diabetes, which is associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or young adulthood, while Type 2 diabetes tends to occur later in life, often in association with obesity and physical inactivity. Both types of diabetes can lead to long-term complications such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system if left untreated or not well controlled.

The diagnosis of diabetes is usually made based on fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, along with medications to lower blood glucose levels and manage associated conditions.

'Pregnancy in Diabetics' refers to the condition where an individual with pre-existing diabetes mellitus becomes pregnant. This can be further categorized into two types:

1. Pre-gestational diabetes: This is when a woman is diagnosed with diabetes before she becomes pregnant. It includes both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Proper control of blood sugar levels prior to conception and during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

2. Gestational diabetes: This is when a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. While it usually resolves after delivery, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management of gestational diabetes is essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

An epiretinal membrane, also known as a macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy, is a thin and transparent layer of tissue that forms over the macula (the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision) in the eye. This membrane can contract and wrinkle the macula, distorting central vision.

Epiretinal membranes are typically caused by the migration and proliferation of glial cells or other cell types onto the surface of the retina following retinal injury, inflammation, or aging. In some cases, they may be associated with other eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, or age-related macular degeneration.

Mild epiretinal membranes may not require treatment, but if the distortion of vision is significant, a vitrectomy surgery may be recommended to remove the membrane and improve visual acuity.

The term "diabetic foot" refers to a condition that affects the feet of people with diabetes, particularly when the disease is not well-controlled. It is characterized by a combination of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation (peripheral artery disease) in the feet and lower legs.

Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet, making it difficult for people with diabetes to feel injuries, cuts, blisters, or other foot problems. Poor circulation makes it harder for wounds to heal and increases the risk of infection.

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy and can lead to serious infections, hospitalization, and even amputation if not treated promptly and effectively. Preventive care, including regular foot exams, proper footwear, and good blood glucose control, is essential for people with diabetes to prevent or manage diabetic foot problems.

Diabetes complications refer to a range of health issues that can develop as a result of poorly managed diabetes over time. These complications can affect various parts of the body and can be classified into two main categories: macrovascular and microvascular.

Macrovascular complications include:

* Cardiovascular disease (CVD): People with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing CVD, including coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.
* Peripheral arterial disease (PAD): This condition affects the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the limbs, particularly the legs. PAD can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs and may increase the risk of amputation.

Microvascular complications include:

* Diabetic neuropathy: This is a type of nerve damage that can occur due to prolonged high blood sugar levels. It commonly affects the feet and legs, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or pain.
* Diabetic retinopathy: This condition affects the blood vessels in the eye and can cause vision loss or blindness if left untreated.
* Diabetic nephropathy: This is a type of kidney damage that can occur due to diabetes. It can lead to kidney failure if not managed properly.

Other complications of diabetes include:

* Increased risk of infections, particularly skin and urinary tract infections.
* Slow healing of wounds, which can increase the risk of infection and amputation.
* Gum disease and other oral health problems.
* Hearing impairment.
* Sexual dysfunction.

Preventing or managing diabetes complications involves maintaining good blood sugar control, regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, following a healthy lifestyle, and receiving routine medical care.

A retinal artery is a small branch of the ophthalmic artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the inner layers of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. There are two main retinal arteries - the central retinal artery and the cilioretinal artery. The central retinal artery enters the eye through the optic nerve and divides into smaller branches to supply blood to the entire retina, while the cilioretinal artery is a smaller artery that supplies blood to a small portion of the retina near the optic nerve. Any damage or blockage to these arteries can lead to serious vision problems, such as retinal artery occlusion or retinal artery embolism.

Hyperglycemia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally high level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Fasting hyperglycemia is defined as a fasting blood glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) on two separate occasions. Alternatively, a random blood glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL in combination with symptoms of hyperglycemia (such as increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, and fatigue) can also indicate hyperglycemia.

Hyperglycemia is often associated with diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production. However, hyperglycemia can also occur in other conditions such as stress, surgery, infection, certain medications, and hormonal imbalances.

Prolonged or untreated hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), and long-term damage to various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. Therefore, it is essential to monitor blood glucose levels regularly and maintain them within normal ranges through proper diet, exercise, medication, and lifestyle modifications.

Diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology refer to the various methods and tests used by eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to examine, evaluate, and diagnose conditions related to the eyes and visual system. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Visual Acuity Testing: This is a basic test to measure the sharpness of a person's vision. It typically involves reading letters or numbers from an eye chart at a specific distance.
2. Refraction Test: This test helps determine the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by measuring how light is bent as it passes through the cornea and lens.
3. Slit Lamp Examination: A slit lamp is a microscope that allows an ophthalmologist to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, in great detail.
4. Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure) to detect conditions like glaucoma. Common methods include applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry.
5. Retinal Imaging: Several techniques are used to capture images of the retina, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tests help diagnose conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments.
6. Color Vision Testing: This test evaluates a person's ability to distinguish between different colors, which can help detect color vision deficiencies or neurological disorders affecting the visual pathway.
7. Visual Field Testing: This test measures a person's peripheral (or side) vision and can help diagnose conditions like glaucoma, optic nerve damage, or brain injuries.
8. Pupillary Reactions Tests: These tests evaluate how the pupils respond to light and near objects, which can provide information about the condition of the eye's internal structures and the nervous system.
9. Ocular Motility Testing: This test assesses eye movements and alignment, helping diagnose conditions like strabismus (crossed eyes) or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
10. Corneal Topography: This non-invasive imaging technique maps the curvature of the cornea, which can help detect irregularities, assess the fit of contact lenses, and plan refractive surgery procedures.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Aldehyde reductase is an enzyme that belongs to the family of alcohol dehydrogenases. Its primary function is to catalyze the reduction of a wide variety of aldehydes into their corresponding alcohols, using NADPH as a cofactor. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the detoxification of aldehydes generated from various metabolic processes, such as lipid peroxidation and alcohol metabolism. It is widely distributed in different tissues, including the liver, kidney, and brain. In addition to its detoxifying function, aldehyde reductase has been implicated in several physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as neuroprotection, cancer, and diabetes.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, with diameters that range from 5 to 10 micrometers. They form a network of tiny tubes that connect the arterioles (small branches of arteries) and venules (small branches of veins), allowing for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

Capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that surround a hollow lumen through which blood flows. The walls of capillaries are extremely thin, allowing for easy diffusion of molecules between the blood and the surrounding tissue. This is essential for maintaining the health and function of all body tissues.

Capillaries can be classified into three types based on their structure and function: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal. Continuous capillaries have a continuous layer of endothelial cells with tight junctions that restrict the passage of large molecules. Fenestrated capillaries have small pores or "fenestrae" in the endothelial cell walls that allow for the passage of larger molecules, such as proteins and lipids. Sinusoidal capillaries are found in organs with high metabolic activity, such as the liver and spleen, and have large, irregular spaces between the endothelial cells that allow for the exchange of even larger molecules.

Overall, capillaries play a critical role in maintaining the health and function of all body tissues by allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

Streptozocin is an antibiotic and antineoplastic agent, which is primarily used in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic islet cell carcinoma (a type of pancreatic cancer). It is a naturally occurring compound produced by the bacterium Streptomyces achromogenes.

Medically, streptozocin is classified as an alkylating agent due to its ability to interact with DNA and RNA, disrupting the growth and multiplication of malignant cells. However, it can also have adverse effects on non-cancerous cells, particularly in the kidneys and pancreas, leading to potential side effects such as nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

It is essential that streptozocin be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional, who can monitor its effectiveness and potential side effects. The drug is typically given through intravenous infusion, with the dosage and duration tailored to individual patient needs and treatment responses.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a sight-threatening complication that can occur after open-globe eye injuries or retinal reattachment surgery. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and contraction of fibrous tissue on the surface of the retina and/or inside the vitreous cavity, which can cause distortion or detachment of the retina. This process can lead to visual impairment or even blindness if left untreated.

The term "proliferative" refers to the abnormal growth of cells (specifically, fibrous and inflammatory cells) on the retinal surface and within the vitreous cavity. These cells form membranes that can contract and cause traction on the retina, leading to distortion or detachment.

PVR is classified into three stages (A, B, and C) based on the extent of fibrous tissue formation and retinal changes. Stage A is characterized by the presence of cellular proliferation without any visible membranes or retinal changes. In stage B, fibrous membranes are present, but there is no retinal detachment. Finally, stage C involves the development of tractional retinal detachment due to the contraction of fibrous membranes.

Treatment for PVR typically involves additional surgical intervention to remove or release the fibrous tissue and reattach the retina. The prognosis for visual recovery depends on the severity and extent of the PVR, as well as the timing and success of treatment.

The macula lutea, often simply referred to as the macula or fovea centralis, is a part of the eye that is responsible for central vision and color perception. It's located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The macula contains a high concentration of pigments called xanthophylls, which give it a yellowish color and protect the photoreceptor cells in this area from damage by blue light.

The central part of the macula is called the fovea, which is a small depression that contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea and the perifovea, which contain both cones and rods, the photoreceptor cells responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

Damage to the macula can result in a loss of central vision and color perception, a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Other conditions that can affect the macula include macular edema, macular holes, and macular pucker.

An intravitreal injection is a medical procedure in which medication is delivered directly into the vitreous cavity of the eye, which is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. This type of injection is typically used to treat various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. The medication administered in intravitreal injections can help to reduce inflammation, inhibit the growth of new blood vessels, or prevent the formation of abnormal blood vessels in the eye.

Intravitreal injections are usually performed in an outpatient setting, and the procedure typically takes only a few minutes. Before the injection, the eye is numbed with anesthetic drops to minimize discomfort. The medication is then injected into the vitreous cavity using a small needle. After the injection, patients may experience some mild discomfort or a scratchy sensation in the eye, but this usually resolves within a few hours.

While intravitreal injections are generally safe, there are some potential risks and complications associated with the procedure, including infection, bleeding, retinal detachment, and increased intraocular pressure. Patients who undergo intravitreal injections should be closely monitored by their eye care provider to ensure that any complications are promptly identified and treated.

Vision screening is a quick and cost-effective method used to identify individuals who are at risk of vision problems or eye diseases. It is not a comprehensive eye examination, but rather an initial evaluation that helps to determine if a further, more in-depth examination by an eye care professional is needed. Vision screenings typically involve tests for visual acuity, distance and near vision, color perception, depth perception, and alignment of the eyes. The goal of vision screening is to detect potential vision issues early on, so that they can be treated promptly and effectively, thereby preventing or minimizing any negative impact on a person's overall vision and quality of life.

Retinal neurons are the specialized nerve cells located in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. The retina converts incoming light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain and interpreted as visual images. There are several types of retinal neurons, including:

1. Photoreceptors (rods and cones): These are the primary sensory cells that convert light into electrical signals. Rods are responsible for low-light vision, while cones are responsible for color vision and fine detail.
2. Bipolar cells: These neurons receive input from photoreceptors and transmit signals to ganglion cells. They can be either ON or OFF bipolar cells, depending on whether they respond to an increase or decrease in light intensity.
3. Ganglion cells: These are the output neurons of the retina that send visual information to the brain via the optic nerve. There are several types of ganglion cells, including parasol, midget, and small bistratified cells, which have different functions in processing visual information.
4. Horizontal cells: These interneurons connect photoreceptors to each other and help regulate the sensitivity of the retina to light.
5. Amacrine cells: These interneurons connect bipolar cells to ganglion cells and play a role in modulating the signals that are transmitted to the brain.

Overall, retinal neurons work together to process visual information and transmit it to the brain for further analysis and interpretation.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a medical test used to evaluate the functioning of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The test measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation.

During the procedure, a special contact lens or electrode is placed on the surface of the eye to record the electrical activity generated by the retina's light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and other cells in the retina. The test typically involves presenting different levels of flashes of light to the eye while the electrical responses are recorded.

The resulting ERG waveform provides information about the overall health and function of the retina, including the condition of the photoreceptors, the integrity of the inner retinal layers, and the health of the retinal ganglion cells. This test is often used to diagnose and monitor various retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye responsible for processing light and sending visual signals to the brain, pulls away from its normal position. This can lead to significant vision loss or even blindness if not promptly treated. Retinal detachment can be caused by various factors such as aging, trauma, eye disease, or an inflammatory condition. Symptoms of retinal detachment may include sudden flashes of light, floaters, a shadow in the peripheral vision, or a curtain-like covering over part of the visual field. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

Albuminuria is a medical condition that refers to the presence of albumin in the urine. Albumin is a type of protein normally found in the blood, but not in the urine. When the kidneys are functioning properly, they prevent large proteins like albumin from passing through into the urine. However, when the kidneys are damaged or not working correctly, such as in nephrotic syndrome or other kidney diseases, small amounts of albumin can leak into the urine.

The amount of albumin in the urine is often measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or in a spot urine sample, as the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). A small amount of albumin in the urine is called microalbuminuria, while a larger amount is called macroalbuminuria or proteinuria. The presence of albuminuria can indicate kidney damage and may be a sign of underlying medical conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure. It is important to monitor and manage albuminuria to prevent further kidney damage and potential complications.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Hypertensive retinopathy is a term used to describe changes in the blood vessels and other structures in the retina that are caused by high blood pressure (hypertension). These changes can include narrowing of the blood vessels, thickening of their walls, and the formation of small bulges (microaneurysms) or bleeding. In severe cases, there may be swelling of the optic nerve and cotton wool spots, which are fluffy white patches that indicate areas where the blood supply to the retina has been disrupted.

Hypertensive retinopathy is usually asymptomatic in its early stages, but if it becomes advanced, it can lead to vision loss or even blindness. It is typically diagnosed by a doctor or eye care professional during an examination of the retina using specialized equipment such as an ophthalmoscope or a retinal camera. Treatment for hypertensive retinopathy usually involves controlling the underlying high blood pressure, which can help to prevent further damage to the retina and other structures in the eye.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) are formed through the non-enzymatic glycation and oxidative modification of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This process occurs when a sugar molecule, such as glucose, binds to a protein or lipid without the regulation of an enzyme, leading to the formation of a Schiff base. This then rearranges to form a more stable ketoamine, known as an Amadori product. Over time, these Amadori products can undergo further reactions, including oxidation, fragmentation, and cross-linking, resulting in the formation of AGEs.

AGEs can alter the structure and function of proteins and lipids, leading to damage in tissues and organs. They have been implicated in the development and progression of several age-related diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease. AGEs can also contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can further exacerbate tissue damage.

In summary, Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) are the result of non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to structural and functional changes in tissues and organs, and contributing to the development and progression of several age-related diseases.

Retinoscopy is a diagnostic technique used in optometry and ophthalmology to estimate the refractive error of the eye, or in other words, to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses. This procedure involves shining a light into the patient's pupil and observing the reflection off the retina while introducing different lenses in front of the patient's eye. The examiner then uses specific movements and observations to determine the amount and type of refractive error, such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia. Retinoscopy is a fundamental skill for eye care professionals and helps ensure that patients receive accurate prescriptions for corrective lenses.

A Retinal Vein is a vessel that carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the retina, a light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The retinal veins originate from a network of smaller vessels called venules and ultimately merge to form the central retinal vein, which exits the eye through the optic nerve.

Retinal veins are crucial for maintaining the health and function of the retina, as they facilitate the removal of waste products and help regulate the ocular environment. However, they can also be susceptible to various pathological conditions such as retinal vein occlusions, which can lead to vision loss or damage to the eye.

Vision tests are a series of procedures used to assess various aspects of the visual system, including visual acuity, accommodation, convergence, divergence, stereopsis, color vision, and peripheral vision. These tests help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage vision disorders, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, amblyopia, strabismus, and eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Common vision tests include:

1. Visual acuity test (Snellen chart or letter chart): Measures the sharpness of a person's vision at different distances.
2. Refraction test: Determines the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by assessing how light is bent as it passes through the eye.
3. Color vision test: Evaluates the ability to distinguish between different colors and color combinations, often using pseudoisochromatic plates or Ishihara tests.
4. Stereopsis test: Assesses depth perception and binocular vision by presenting separate images to each eye that, when combined, create a three-dimensional effect.
5. Cover test: Examines eye alignment and the presence of strabismus (crossed eyes or turned eyes) by covering and uncovering each eye while observing eye movements.
6. Ocular motility test: Assesses the ability to move the eyes in various directions and coordinate both eyes during tracking and convergence/divergence movements.
7. Accommodation test: Evaluates the ability to focus on objects at different distances by using lenses, prisms, or dynamic retinoscopy.
8. Pupillary response test: Examines the size and reaction of the pupils to light and near objects.
9. Visual field test: Measures the peripheral (side) vision using automated perimetry or manual confrontation techniques.
10. Slit-lamp examination: Inspects the structures of the front part of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber, using a specialized microscope.

These tests are typically performed by optometrists, ophthalmologists, or other vision care professionals during routine eye examinations or when visual symptoms are present.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Triamcinolone Acetonide is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of corticosteroids. It is used in the form of topical creams, ointments, and sprays to reduce skin inflammation, itching, and allergies. It can also be administered through injection for the treatment of various conditions such as arthritis, bursitis, and tendonitis. Triamcinolone Acetonide works by suppressing the immune system's response, reducing inflammation, and blocking the production of substances that cause allergies.

It is important to note that prolonged use or overuse of triamcinolone acetonide can lead to side effects such as thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

Capillary permeability refers to the ability of substances to pass through the walls of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. These tiny vessels connect the arterioles and venules, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The capillary wall is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that are held together by tight junctions. The permeability of these walls varies depending on the size and charge of the molecules attempting to pass through. Small, uncharged molecules such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse through the capillary wall, while larger or charged molecules such as proteins and large ions have more difficulty passing through.

Increased capillary permeability can occur in response to inflammation, infection, or injury, allowing larger molecules and immune cells to enter the surrounding tissues. This can lead to swelling (edema) and tissue damage if not controlled. Decreased capillary permeability, on the other hand, can lead to impaired nutrient exchange and tissue hypoxia.

Overall, the permeability of capillaries is a critical factor in maintaining the health and function of tissues throughout the body.

Laser therapy, also known as phototherapy or laser photobiomodulation, is a medical treatment that uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and decrease inflammation. It works by promoting the increase of cellular metabolism, blood flow, and tissue regeneration through the process of photobiomodulation.

The therapy can be used on patients suffering from a variety of acute and chronic conditions, including musculoskeletal injuries, arthritis, neuropathic pain, and wound healing complications. The wavelength and intensity of the laser light are precisely controlled to ensure a safe and effective treatment.

During the procedure, the laser or LED device is placed directly on the skin over the area of injury or discomfort. The non-ionizing light penetrates the tissue without causing heat or damage, interacting with chromophores in the cells to initiate a series of photochemical reactions. This results in increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and activation of transcription factors that lead to improved cellular function and reduced pain.

In summary, laser therapy is a non-invasive, drug-free treatment option for various medical conditions, providing patients with an alternative or complementary approach to traditional therapies.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a medical condition that affects the central part of the retina, called the macula. The macula is responsible for sharp, detailed vision, which is necessary for activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces.

In AMD, there is a breakdown or deterioration of the macula, leading to gradual loss of central vision. There are two main types of AMD: dry (atrophic) and wet (exudative). Dry AMD is more common and progresses more slowly, while wet AMD is less common but can cause rapid and severe vision loss if left untreated.

The exact causes of AMD are not fully understood, but risk factors include age, smoking, family history, high blood pressure, obesity, and exposure to sunlight. While there is no cure for AMD, treatments such as vitamin supplements, laser therapy, and medication injections can help slow its progression and reduce the risk of vision loss.

Low vision is a term used to describe significant visual impairment that cannot be corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses, medication or surgery. It is typically defined as visual acuity of less than 20/70 in the better-seeing eye after best correction, or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in the better-seeing eye.

People with low vision may have difficulty performing everyday tasks such as reading, recognizing faces, watching television, driving, or simply navigating their environment. They may also experience symptoms such as sensitivity to light, glare, or contrast, and may benefit from the use of visual aids, assistive devices, and rehabilitation services to help them maximize their remaining vision and maintain their independence.

Low vision can result from a variety of causes, including eye diseases such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or cataracts, as well as congenital or inherited conditions, brain injuries, or aging. It is important for individuals with low vision to receive regular eye examinations and consult with a low vision specialist to determine the best course of treatment and management.

Neovascular glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that is characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the iris (the colored part of the eye) and/or over the drainage channels (trabecular meshwork) in the corner of the eye. These new blood vessels can interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, leading to an increase in eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP). This elevated IOP can cause damage to the optic nerve and result in permanent vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively.

Neovascular glaucoma is often associated with other underlying conditions that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, or ocular ischemic syndrome. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, as well as controlling the IOP with medications, laser treatment, or surgery to prevent further vision loss.

Hypoglycemic agents are a class of medications that are used to lower blood glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. These medications work by increasing insulin sensitivity, stimulating insulin release from the pancreas, or inhibiting glucose production in the liver. Examples of hypoglycemic agents include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. It's important to note that the term "hypoglycemic" refers to a condition of abnormally low blood glucose levels, but in this context, the term is used to describe agents that are used to treat high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) associated with diabetes.

The fovea centralis, also known as the macula lutea, is a small pit or depression located in the center of the retina, an light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It is responsible for sharp, detailed vision (central vision) and color perception. The fovea contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. It has a higher concentration of cones than any other area in the retina, allowing it to provide the greatest detail and color discrimination. The center of the fovea is called the foveola, which contains the highest density of cones and is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels to avoid interfering with the light passing through to the photoreceptor cells.

The endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. The vascular endothelium, specifically, refers to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, inflammation, and permeability of the vessel wall. They also contribute to the growth and repair of the vascular system and are involved in various pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.

Galactosemia is a rare metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to metabolize the simple sugar galactose, which is found in milk and other dairy products. It is caused by deficiency or complete absence of one of the three enzymes needed to convert galactose into glucose:

1. Galactokinase (GALK) deficiency - also known as Galactokinase galactosemia, is a milder form of the disorder.
2. Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) deficiency - the most common and severe form of classic galactosemia.
3. Galactose epimerase (GALE) deficiency - also known as Epimerase deficiency galactosemia, is a rare and milder form of the disorder.

The most severe form of the disorder, GALT deficiency, can lead to serious health problems such as cataracts, liver damage, mental retardation, and sepsis if left untreated. Treatment typically involves removing galactose from the diet, which requires avoiding all milk and dairy products. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in individuals with galactosemia.

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.

In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.

Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

SERPINs are an acronym for "serine protease inhibitors." They are a group of proteins that inhibit serine proteases, which are enzymes that cut other proteins. SERPINs are found in various tissues and body fluids, including blood, and play important roles in regulating biological processes such as inflammation, blood clotting, and cell death. They do this by forming covalent complexes with their target proteases, thereby preventing them from carrying out their proteolytic activities. Mutations in SERPIN genes have been associated with several genetic disorders, including emphysema, cirrhosis, and dementia.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oman" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country, which is located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Endothelial cells are the type of cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. They play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by controlling vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, and inflammation. Endothelial cells also regulate the transport of molecules between the blood and surrounding tissues, and contribute to the maintenance of the structural integrity of the vasculature. They are flat, elongated cells with a unique morphology that allows them to form a continuous, nonthrombogenic lining inside the vessels. Endothelial cells can be isolated from various tissues and cultured in vitro for research purposes.

Eye proteins, also known as ocular proteins, are specific proteins that are found within the eye and play crucial roles in maintaining proper eye function and health. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and other structures. They perform a wide range of functions, such as:

1. Structural support: Proteins like collagen and elastin provide strength and flexibility to the eye's tissues, enabling them to maintain their shape and withstand mechanical stress.
2. Light absorption and transmission: Proteins like opsins and crystallins are involved in capturing and transmitting light signals within the eye, which is essential for vision.
3. Protection against damage: Some eye proteins, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, help protect the eye from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and other environmental factors that can cause damage.
4. Regulation of eye growth and development: Various growth factors and signaling molecules, which are protein-based, contribute to the proper growth, differentiation, and maintenance of eye tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
5. Immune defense: Proteins involved in the immune response, such as complement components and immunoglobulins, help protect the eye from infection and inflammation.
6. Maintenance of transparency: Crystallin proteins in the lens maintain its transparency, allowing light to pass through unobstructed for clear vision.
7. Neuroprotection: Certain eye proteins, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), support the survival and function of neurons within the retina, helping to preserve vision.

Dysfunction or damage to these eye proteins can contribute to various eye disorders and diseases, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and others.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

The choroid is a layer of the eye that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. It lies between the sclera (the white, protective coat of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). The choroid is essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, particularly the photoreceptor cells that detect light and transmit visual signals to the brain. Damage to the choroid can lead to vision loss or impairment.

Ependymoglial cells are a type of neuroglial cell that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They are called ependymal cells and have hair-like projections called cilia that help to circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the ventricles.

Ependymoglial cells also include a subpopulation known as tanycytes, which are specialized ependymal cells found in specific areas of the brain such as the third ventricle and the hypothalamus. Tanycytes have long processes that extend into the CSF and the adjacent brain tissue, allowing them to act as sensors for various chemical signals present in the CSF.

In addition to their role in maintaining CSF flow, ependymoglial cells also provide structural support to the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier. They have been shown to play important roles in CNS development, injury response, and disease processes such as tumor formation and neurodegeneration.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Wisconsin" is a U.S. state located in the Midwest and is not a medical term or condition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with those!

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Medical definitions for visual impairment often vary, but according to the World Health Organization (WHO), visually impaired persons are those who have a best-corrected visual acuity of less than 0.3 (6/12) in their better eye or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in their better eye. This includes people who are blind, as well as those with partial sight.

Visual impairment can range from mild to severe and may result from a variety of causes, including genetic disorders, diseases, trauma, or aging. It is important to note that visual impairment does not necessarily mean total blindness; many visually impaired individuals have some remaining vision and can benefit from low vision services and assistive devices.

Pathologic neovascularization is the abnormal growth of new blood vessels in previously avascular tissue or excessive growth within existing vasculature, which occurs as a result of hypoxia, inflammation, or angiogenic stimuli. These newly formed vessels are often disorganized, fragile, and lack proper vessel hierarchy, leading to impaired blood flow and increased vascular permeability. Pathologic neovascularization can be observed in various diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and chronic inflammation. This process contributes to disease progression by promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and edema formation, ultimately leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

Angiogenesis inhibitors are a class of drugs that block the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). They work by targeting specific molecules involved in the process of angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. By blocking these molecules, angiogenesis inhibitors can prevent the development of new blood vessels that feed tumors, thereby slowing or stopping their growth.

Angiogenesis inhibitors are used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colon, lung, breast, kidney, and ovarian cancer. They may be given alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Some examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include bevacizumab (Avastin), sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), and pazopanib (Votrient).

It's important to note that while angiogenesis inhibitors can be effective in treating cancer, they can also have serious side effects, such as high blood pressure, bleeding, and damage to the heart or kidneys. Therefore, it's essential that patients receive careful monitoring and management of these potential side effects while undergoing treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors.

Diabetic neuropathies refer to a group of nerve disorders that are caused by diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathies most commonly affect the nerves in the legs and feet.

There are four main types of diabetic neuropathies:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. It affects the nerves in the legs and feet, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain.
2. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects the autonomic nerves, which control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function. Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty regulating body temperature.
3. Proximal neuropathy: Also known as diabetic amyotrophy, this type of neuropathy affects the nerves in the hips, thighs, or buttocks, causing weakness, pain, and difficulty walking.
4. Focal neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects a single nerve or group of nerves, causing symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or pain in the affected area. Focal neuropathies can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the head, torso, and legs.

The risk of developing diabetic neuropathies increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Other factors that may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathies include genetics, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and the body's ability to detoxify them or repair the damage they cause. This imbalance can lead to cellular damage, oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, disruption of cellular functions, and activation of inflammatory responses. Prolonged or excessive oxidative stress has been linked to various health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging-related diseases.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Sorbitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener in food and drinks, with about half the calories of table sugar. In a medical context, sorbitol is often used as a laxative to treat constipation, or as a sugar substitute for people with diabetes. It's also used as a bulk sweetener and humectant (a substance that helps retain moisture) in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

When consumed in large amounts, sorbitol can have a laxative effect because it's not fully absorbed by the body and draws water into the intestines, which can lead to diarrhea. It's important for people with certain digestive disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome or fructose intolerance, to avoid sorbitol and other sugar alcohols, as they can cause gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Telemedicine is the use of digital information and communication technologies, such as computers and mobile devices, to provide healthcare services remotely. It can include a wide range of activities, such as providing patient consultations via video conferencing, monitoring a patient's health and vital signs using remote monitoring tools, or providing continuing medical education to healthcare professionals using online platforms.

Telemedicine allows patients to receive medical care from the comfort of their own homes, and it enables healthcare providers to reach patients who may not have easy access to care due to geographical distance or mobility issues. It can also help to reduce the cost of healthcare by decreasing the need for in-person visits and reducing the demand on hospital resources.

Telemedicine is an important tool for improving access to healthcare, particularly in rural areas where there may be a shortage of healthcare providers. It can also be used to provide specialty care to patients who may not have easy access to specialists in their local area. Overall, telemedicine has the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare while making it more convenient and accessible for patients.

Mydriatics are medications that cause mydriasis, which is the dilation of the pupil. These drugs work by blocking the action of the muscarinic receptors in the iris, leading to relaxation of the circular muscle and constriction of the radial muscle, resulting in pupil dilation. Mydriatics are often used in eye examinations to facilitate examination of the interior structures of the eye. Commonly used mydriatic agents include tropicamide, phenylephrine, and cyclopentolate. It is important to note that mydriatics can have side effects such as blurred vision, photophobia, and accommodation difficulties, so patients should be advised accordingly.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a specific type of heart disease that occurs in people with diabetes. It is characterized by structural and functional changes in the heart muscle (myocardium), which can lead to impaired heart function and, ultimately, heart failure.

The exact mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of metabolic abnormalities, inflammation, oxidative stress, and microvascular dysfunction that occur in diabetes. These factors can lead to changes in the heart muscle cells, including increased stiffness, altered contractility, and cell death, as well as interstitial fibrosis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is often asymptomatic in its early stages but can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, fluid retention, and irregular heart rhythms as it progresses. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, and other imaging tests, as well as laboratory tests to assess cardiac function and metabolic status.

Treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy typically involves managing underlying diabetes and associated risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and diuretics may also be used to improve heart function and reduce symptoms. Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, smoking cessation, and a healthy diet are also important components of management.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

A retinal perforation is a full-thickness break or hole in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. This condition can lead to a serious complication called retinal detachment, where the retina separates from the underlying tissue, potentially resulting in vision loss if not promptly treated. Retinal perforations may be caused by trauma, certain eye conditions, or invasive eye procedures. Immediate medical attention is required for retinal perforations to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

Western blotting is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to detect and quantify specific proteins in a mixture of many different proteins. This technique is commonly used to confirm the expression of a protein of interest, determine its size, and investigate its post-translational modifications. The name "Western" blotting distinguishes this technique from Southern blotting (for DNA) and Northern blotting (for RNA).

The Western blotting procedure involves several steps:

1. Protein extraction: The sample containing the proteins of interest is first extracted, often by breaking open cells or tissues and using a buffer to extract the proteins.
2. Separation of proteins by electrophoresis: The extracted proteins are then separated based on their size by loading them onto a polyacrylamide gel and running an electric current through the gel (a process called sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or SDS-PAGE). This separates the proteins according to their molecular weight, with smaller proteins migrating faster than larger ones.
3. Transfer of proteins to a membrane: After separation, the proteins are transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using an electric current in a process called blotting. This creates a replica of the protein pattern on the gel but now immobilized on the membrane for further analysis.
4. Blocking: The membrane is then blocked with a blocking agent, such as non-fat dry milk or bovine serum albumin (BSA), to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies in subsequent steps.
5. Primary antibody incubation: A primary antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest is added and allowed to bind to its target protein on the membrane. This step may be performed at room temperature or 4°C overnight, depending on the antibody's properties.
6. Washing: The membrane is washed with a buffer to remove unbound primary antibodies.
7. Secondary antibody incubation: A secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody (often coupled to an enzyme or fluorophore) is added and allowed to bind to the primary antibody. This step may involve using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated or alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated secondary antibody, depending on the detection method used later.
8. Washing: The membrane is washed again to remove unbound secondary antibodies.
9. Detection: A detection reagent is added to visualize the protein of interest by detecting the signal generated from the enzyme-conjugated or fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody. This can be done using chemiluminescent, colorimetric, or fluorescent methods.
10. Analysis: The resulting image is analyzed to determine the presence and quantity of the protein of interest in the sample.

Western blotting is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying specific proteins within complex mixtures. It can be used to study protein expression, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and more. However, it requires careful optimization and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single layer of cells located between the photoreceptor cells of the retina and the choroid, which is a part of the eye containing blood vessels. The RPE plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the photoreceptors by providing them with nutrients, removing waste products, and helping to regulate the light-sensitive visual pigments within the photoreceptors.

The RPE cells contain pigment granules that absorb excess light to prevent scattering within the eye and improve visual acuity. They also help to form the blood-retina barrier, which restricts the movement of certain molecules between the retina and the choroid, providing an important protective function for the retina.

Damage to the RPE can lead to a variety of eye conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Ischemia is the medical term used to describe a lack of blood flow to a part of the body, often due to blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues, which can cause them to become damaged or die. Ischemia can affect many different parts of the body, including the heart, brain, legs, and intestines. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the location and severity of the blockage, but they may include pain, cramping, numbness, weakness, or coldness in the affected area. In severe cases, ischemia can lead to tissue death (gangrene) or organ failure. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blocked blood flow, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Retinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, or genetic conditions.

The inflammation associated with retinitis can affect any part of the retina, but it typically involves the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). Depending on the severity and location of the inflammation, retinitis can cause a range of visual symptoms, such as blurry vision, floaters, loss of peripheral vision, or night blindness.

Retinitis is often distinguished from another condition called retinopathy, which refers to damage to the retina caused by diabetes or other systemic diseases. While both conditions can affect the retina and cause visual symptoms, retinitis is characterized by inflammation, while retinopathy is characterized by damage due to circulatory problems.

It's important to note that retinitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. Treatment options for retinitis depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive medications.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

An aneurysm is a localized, balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel. It occurs when the pressure inside the vessel causes a weakened area to swell and become enlarged. Aneurysms can develop in any blood vessel, but they are most common in arteries at the base of the brain (cerebral aneurysm) and the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body (aortic aneurysm).

Aneurysms can be classified as saccular or fusiform, depending on their shape. A saccular aneurysm is a round or oval bulge that projects from the side of a blood vessel, while a fusiform aneurysm is a dilated segment of a blood vessel that is uniform in width and involves all three layers of the arterial wall.

The size and location of an aneurysm can affect its risk of rupture. Generally, larger aneurysms are more likely to rupture than smaller ones. Aneurysms located in areas with high blood pressure or where the vessel branches are also at higher risk of rupture.

Ruptured aneurysms can cause life-threatening bleeding and require immediate medical attention. Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden severe headache, neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, or loss of consciousness. Unruptured aneurysms may not cause any symptoms and are often discovered during routine imaging tests for other conditions.

Treatment options for aneurysms depend on their size, location, and risk of rupture. Small, unruptured aneurysms may be monitored with regular imaging tests to check for growth or changes. Larger or symptomatic aneurysms may require surgical intervention, such as clipping or coiling, to prevent rupture and reduce the risk of complications.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Hyperoxia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally high concentration of oxygen in the body or in a specific organ or tissue. It is often defined as the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood being greater than 100 mmHg.

This condition can occur due to various reasons such as exposure to high concentrations of oxygen during medical treatments, like mechanical ventilation, or due to certain diseases and conditions that cause the body to produce too much oxygen.

While oxygen is essential for human life, excessive levels can be harmful and lead to oxidative stress, which can damage cells and tissues. Hyperoxia has been linked to various complications, including lung injury, retinopathy of prematurity, and impaired wound healing.

Alloxan is a chemical compound that is primarily used in laboratory research. Its medical definition is:

A toxic, crystalline substance, C6H4O6, derived from uric acid, and used experimentally to produce diabetes in animals by destroying their insulin-producing cells (beta cells) in the pancreas. Alloxan monohydrate is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. It is used as a reagent in analytical chemistry and in photography.

In scientific research, alloxan is often used to induce diabetes in laboratory animals (like rats and mice) in order to study the disease and potential treatments. The compound is toxic to the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a decrease in insulin production and an increase in blood glucose levels, similar to what occurs in type 1 diabetes in humans. However, it's important to note that alloxan-induced diabetes does not perfectly mimic the human form of the disease, and results from such studies may not always translate directly to human treatments.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Retinal vasculitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can cause damage to the retina and may lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. The inflammation can affect both the small and large blood vessels in the retina and can occur as a result of various systemic diseases or infections, including autoimmune disorders, tuberculosis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis. In some cases, retinal vasculitis may also be associated with uveitis, which is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the retina.

A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.

In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.

It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.

Galactitol is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used in biochemistry and medicine. Galactitol, also known as dulcitol, is a sugar alcohol that is formed in the body when an enzyme called galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) is missing or not functioning properly.

This enzyme deficiency can lead to a genetic disorder called galactosemia, which affects the body's ability to metabolize the sugar galactose, found in milk and other dairy products. When an individual with galactosemia consumes foods containing galactose, the galactose cannot be properly broken down and converted into glucose for energy. Instead, it gets converted into galactitol, which can accumulate in various tissues of the body, including the eyes, kidneys, and nervous system.

The accumulation of galactitol can cause a range of symptoms, such as cataracts, developmental delays, speech problems, and mental impairment. Therefore, individuals with galactosemia must follow a strict diet that avoids foods containing galactose to prevent the buildup of galactitol and its associated health complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is a type of intermediate filament protein that is primarily found in astrocytes, which are a type of star-shaped glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). These proteins play an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of astrocytes. They also participate in various cellular processes such as responding to injury, providing support to neurons, and regulating the extracellular environment.

GFAP is often used as a marker for astrocytic activation or reactivity, which can occur in response to CNS injuries, neuroinflammation, or neurodegenerative diseases. Elevated GFAP levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood can indicate astrocyte damage or dysfunction and are associated with several neurological conditions, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Alexander's disease.

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), also known as CD54, is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of various cell types including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. ICAM-1 plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response and the immune system by mediating the adhesion of leukocytes (white blood cells) to the endothelium, allowing them to migrate into surrounding tissues during an immune response or inflammation.

ICAM-1 contains five immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region and binds to several integrins present on leukocytes, such as LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1) and Mac-1 (macrophage-1 antigen). This interaction facilitates the firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium, which is a critical step in the extravasation process.

In addition to its role in inflammation and immunity, ICAM-1 has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Increased expression of ICAM-1 on endothelial cells is associated with the recruitment of immune cells to sites of injury or infection, making it an important target for therapeutic interventions in various inflammatory disorders.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Calcium dobesilate is a medication that is used to treat chronic venous insufficiency, which is a condition in which the veins in the legs have difficulty returning blood back to the heart. It works by improving the tone of the veins and reducing fluid leakage from the capillaries.

Chemically, calcium dobesilate is a compound of calcium ions and dobesilate ions. The dobesilate ion is thought to be the active component of the drug, and it is believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Calcium dobesilate is available in oral capsule or tablet form, and it is typically taken two to three times a day. Common side effects of the medication include stomach upset, diarrhea, and skin rash. It should be used with caution in people with kidney disease, as it can increase the risk of kidney damage.

It's important to note that Calcium dobesilate is not FDA approved in the USA but it is available in some other countries. As always, any medication should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider and following their instructions.

Neuroglia, also known as glial cells or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers, and provide structural support. They also play a role in the immune response of the central nervous system. Some types of neuroglia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

Eye pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensations in the eye. It can be sharp, throbbing, stabbing, burning, or aching. The pain may occur in one or both eyes and can range from mild to severe. Eye pain can result from various causes, including infection, inflammation, injury, or irritation of the structures of the eye, such as the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, or uvea. Other possible causes include migraines, optic neuritis, and glaucoma. It is essential to seek medical attention if experiencing sudden, severe, or persistent eye pain, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires prompt treatment.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a family of signaling proteins that stimulate the growth and development of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. They play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological conditions, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and tumor growth. Specifically, VEGFs bind to specific receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels, triggering a cascade of intracellular signaling events that promote cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Dysregulation of VEGF signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

Argon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonreactive noble gas that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere. It is chemically inert and is extracted from air by fractional distillation. Argon is used in various applications such as illumination, welding, and as a shielding gas in manufacturing processes.

In medical terms, argon is not commonly used as a therapeutic agent or medication. However, it has been used in some medical procedures such as argon laser therapy for the treatment of certain eye conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. In these procedures, an argon laser is used to seal off leaking blood vessels or destroy abnormal tissue in the eye.

Overall, while argon has important uses in medical procedures, it is not a medication or therapeutic agent that is commonly administered directly to patients.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

Retinal degeneration is a broad term that refers to the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, which are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. This process can lead to vision loss or blindness. There are many different types of retinal degeneration, including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt's disease, among others. These conditions can have varying causes, such as genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type and progression of the condition.

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located in the innermost layer of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) via intermediate cells called bipolar cells. RGCs then send this visual information through their long axons to form the optic nerve, which transmits the signals to the brain for processing and interpretation as vision.

There are several types of RGCs, each with distinct morphological and functional characteristics. Some RGCs are specialized in detecting specific features of the visual scene, such as motion, contrast, color, or brightness. The diversity of RGCs allows for a rich and complex representation of the visual world in the brain.

Damage to RGCs can lead to various visual impairments, including loss of vision, reduced visual acuity, and altered visual fields. Conditions associated with RGC damage or degeneration include glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and some inherited retinal diseases.

Microvessels are the smallest blood vessels in the body, including capillaries, venules, and arterioles. They form a crucial part of the circulatory system, responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs while removing waste products. Capillaries, the tiniest microvessels, facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells through their thin walls. Overall, microvessels play a vital role in maintaining proper organ function and overall health.

Microcirculation is the circulation of blood in the smallest blood vessels, including arterioles, venules, and capillaries. It's responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. The microcirculation plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and is regulated by various physiological mechanisms such as autonomic nervous system activity, local metabolic factors, and hormones.

Impairment of microcirculation can lead to tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and organ dysfunction, which are common features in several diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of the microcirculation is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

Imidazolidines are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a four-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. The nitrogen atoms are adjacent to each other in the ring structure. These compounds have various applications, including as building blocks for pharmaceuticals and other organic materials. However, I couldn't find a specific medical definition related to disease or pathology for "imidazolidines." If you have any further questions or need information about a specific imidazolidine derivative with medicinal properties, please let me know!

Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is a protein that is involved in the regulation of blood vessel formation and maintenance. It is a member of the angiopoietin family, which includes Ang-1, Ang-2, Ang-3, and Ang-4. These proteins bind to the Tie receptor tyrosine kinases (Tie1 and Tie2) on the surface of endothelial cells, which line the interior of blood vessels.

Ang-2 is primarily produced by endothelial cells and has context-dependent roles in angiogenesis, which is the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. In general, Ang-2 is thought to act as an antagonist of Ang-1, which promotes vessel stability and maturation.

Ang-2 can destabilize existing blood vessels by binding to Tie2 receptors and blocking the stabilizing effects of Ang-1. This can lead to increased vascular permeability and inflammation. However, in the presence of pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), Ang-2 can also promote the formation of new blood vessels by stimulating endothelial cell migration and proliferation.

Abnormal regulation of Ang-2 has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. In these conditions, increased levels of Ang-2 can contribute to the development of abnormal blood vessels, which can lead to tissue damage and loss of function.

Endothelial growth factors (ECGFs or EGFs) are a group of signaling proteins that stimulate the growth, proliferation, and survival of endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels. These growth factors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), wound healing, and vascular development during embryogenesis.

One of the most well-studied EGFs is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, which consists of several members like VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, and placental growth factor (PlGF). These factors bind to specific receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, leading to a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately result in cell proliferation, migration, and survival.

Other EGFs include fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Dysregulation of endothelial growth factors has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, understanding the functions and regulation of EGFs is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders.

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"Diabetic retinopathy - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2019-08-30. "Diabetic Foot". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved ... Diabetic retinopathy. Chronic or prolonged type I and type II diabetes can lead to damage in the blood vessels of the retina ... "Diabetic neuropathy - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2019-08-30. Lim, Andy KH (2014-10-15). "Diabetic nephropathy ... Diabetic nephropathy. Excessive amounts of certain solutes passing through the kidneys for prolonged periods of time can lead ...
Diabetic retinopathy Ioannides A, Georgakarakos ND, Elaroud I, Andreou P (2011). "Isolated cotton-wool spots of unknown ... Cotton wool spots have become one of the hallmarks of pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a condition caused by damaged ... "Diabetic Retinopathy". Primary Care. 42 (3): 451-464. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.005. PMID 26319349. McLeod D (February 2005). " ... most common of which is diabetic retinopathy. The irregularly shaped white patches are a result of ischemia, or reduced blood ...
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness. Helen Keller International helps prepare health care systems to identify ... "Diabetic Retinopathy". "Millions fed: Proven successes in agricultural development" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on ... access to sight-saving diabetic retinopathy treatment regardless of their ability to pay. This programme aims to reduce ... and treat diabetic retinopathy. In collaboration with Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex and the Diabetes ...
"Diabetic Retinopathy". www.visionaustralia.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2015. " ... Females were more likely than men to suffer from diabetes, with 10% claiming to be diabetic, in comparison to 7% of males. ... Aboriginal people are three times as likely to become diabetic in comparison to non-Aboriginal people. In contrast with type 1 ... Genetic predisposition is commonly found in early-onset diabetic patients. Diabetes is not a single gene disease, and rare gene ...
"Diabetic Retinopathy" (PDF). CDC.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Verseon Nominates VE-4840 as Primary Drug ... In August 2021 the company announced that its oral prophylactic treatments for vision loss related to diabetic retinopathy, a ... This program explores viable alternatives to regular injections into the eyes of diabetic patients. Its three oncology programs ... "Verseon presents oral drug candidate for diabetic eye disease that could replace eye injections". Drug Discovery Today. 2019-05 ...
Macular edema is a common complication associated with diabetic retinopathy. See also: Diabetic retinopathy; retina. Maturity- ... Diabetic angiopathy See: Angiopathy. Diabetic coma see coma Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) see acidosis Diabetic myelopathy Spinal ... This is also called "kidney threshold," "spilling point," and "leak point." Retina Retinopathy See also: Diabetic retinopathy. ... Diabetic nephropathy See: Nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy See: Neuropathy Diabetic osteopathy Bone disease secondary to chronic ...
Retinopathy refers to damage from this process in the retina, the part of the eye that senses light. Diabetic retinopathy is ... which may help to propagate the effects of diabetic retinopathy. Several avenues to epigenetic treatment of diabetic ... LSD1 may play a major role in diabetic retinopathy through the downregulation of Sod2 in retinal vascular tissue, leading to ... It is believed that much of the retinal vascular degeneration characteristic of diabetic retinopathy is due to impaired ...
Cove, D. H.; Woods, K. L.; Chapel, H. M.; Hall, C. L. (1978-11-11). "Immune complexes in diabetic retinopathy". Lancet. 2 (8098 ...
Bloodworth JM Jr: Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1962; 11: 1-22. Engerman R, Bloodworth JM Jr, Nelson S: Relationship of ... In particular, his studies of diabetic retinopathy, in collaboration with ophthalmological colleagues at UWMS, defined the ... Bloodworth JM Jr, Engerman RL, Anderson PJ: Microangiopathy in the experimentally-diabetic animal. Adv Metab Disord 1973; 2 ( ... His experimental studies in dogs showed that meticulous control of glucose metabolism could effectively prevent diabetic ...
... retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Arthritis and associated rheumatological degenerative diseases are the focus of ...
The other eleven of these teleophthalmology programs primarily screen for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients who have ... In 2011, the Health Service Executive announced the development of a diabetic retinopathy screening programme. The Diabetic ... such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, strabismus and adnexal eye diseases. Less ... "The slow birth of Diabetic Retinopathy Screening". 2013-06-28. "Transcript of "Get your next eye exam on a smartphone"". 30 ...
... , the free medical dictionary Brunner, Simon; Binder, Susanne (2013). "Surgery for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy ...
The Centre treats the most complex retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and macular ... Retinal degeneration and diabetic retinopathy; Corneal disease The Centre has the largest ophthalmology residency-training ...
L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management. Mosby. p. 118. ISBN ... Cantani treated his diabetic patients by eliminating carbohydrates and prescribing a meat diet. He believed that stopping ... observed that atrophy and fatty changes were more frequently found in the pancreas of diabetic patients than of non-diabetics. ...
Norton, EW; Gutman, F (1965). "Diabetic retinopathy studied by fluorescein angiography". Transactions of the American ... diabetic retinopathy, infectious diseases of the eye, and severe ocular trauma. In 1989, in a successful effort to restore the ...
In January 2018 the results of its pivotal clinical trial for an AI-based autonomous system to detect diabetic retinopathy in ... 2013). "Automated analysis of retinal images for detection of referable diabetic retinopathy". JAMA Ophthalmol. 131 (3): 351- ... "A Breakthrough in Diagnosing Diabetic Retinopathy - JDRF". JDRF. 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2018-03-08. "The Association for ... Lynch, Stephanie K.; Abràmoff, Michael D. (2017). "Diabetic retinopathy is a neurodegenerative disorder". Vision Research. 139 ...
In 2006, Varma published a paper in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, discussing diabetic retinopathy. Varma's primary ... Varma, Rohit (2014-02-28). "Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in adult Latinos". Ophthalmology. 111 (7): 1298-1306. doi: ... Varma, Rohit (March 2006). "Diabetic Retinopathy: Challenges and Future Directions". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 141 (3 ...
Diabetic retinopathy - may damage sight by either a non-proliferative or proliferative retinopathy. The proliferative type is ... Often diabetic retinopathy is treated in early stages with a laser in the physician's office to prevent these problems. When ... which can be seen in patients with diabetic retinopathy), laser treatment can be used. In such cases, the laser is used to seal ... "Vitrectomy surgery of diabetic retinopathy complications". Rom J Ophthalmol. 60 (1): 31-6. PMC 5712917. PMID 27220230. "macular ...
ISBN 0-87663-332-7 L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management. ... In the 1870s, Italian physician Arnaldo Cantani prescribed his diabetic patients an exclusive animal-based diet. In the 1880s, ...
The two most common causes of retinopathy include diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. Diabetic retinopathy ... retinopathy of prematurity, radiation retinopathy, solar retinopathy, sickle cell retinopathy, and anemic retinopathy ( ... Diabetes is the most common cause of retinopathy in the U.S. as of 2008. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness ... "Valsalva Retinopathy - EyeWiki". eyewiki.aao.org. Retrieved 2022-04-24. "Diabetic retinopathy: Screening". www.uptodate.com. ...
doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1946.tb02148.x. L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical ... Naunyn proposed a strict low-carbohydrate diet for diabetic patients. He was one of the few German researchers influenced by ...
"Cassatt's visual disorders: Cataracts & diabetic retinopathy". Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2007-12-16. ...
ISBN 978-3-318-06733-0 L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and ... In 1797, John Rollo reported on the results of treating two diabetic Army officers with a low-carbohydrate diet and medications ... Arnaldo Cantani isolated his diabetic patients in locked rooms and prescribed them an exclusive animal-based diet. In the early ... Diabetic Medicine (Review). 36 (3): 326-334. doi:10.1111/dme.13845. PMID 30362180. S2CID 53102654. Low‐carbohydrate diets are ...
Diabetic Retinopathy Screening service for Surrey. The service was established in 2007 and now provides diabetic retinopathy ... He is founding member and also the Clinical Director of the Diabetic Retinopathy Screening service for Surrey. Meyer-Bothling ... M J Saldanha and U Meyer-Bothling: Outcome of implementing the national services framework guidelines for diabetic retinopathy ... In 2008 Meyer-Bothling was appointed Clinical Director of the Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service in Surrey. Meyer-Bothling ...
Diabetic retinopathy - poor blood sugar control due to diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina. The auditory ... "NIHSeniorHealth: Diabetic Retinopathy - Causes and Risk Factors". nihseniorhealth.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-01-14 ...
"Association between alcohol consumption and diabetic retinopathy and visual acuity-the AdRem Study" (PDF). Diabetic Medicine. ... Types of retinopathy caused by drug abuse include maculopathy, Saturday night retinopathy, and talc retinopathy. Common ... Cai X, Chen Y, Yang W, Gao X, Han X, Ji L (November 2018). "The association of smoking and risk of diabetic retinopathy in ... Gillow JT, Gibson JM, Dodson PM (September 1999). "Hypertension and diabetic retinopathy--what's the story?". The British ...
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group". ... The procedure is used mostly to close blood vessels in the eye, in certain kinds of diabetic retinopathy; it is no longer used ... While there is evidence that anti-VEGF drugs is useful for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, laser coagulation across the ... Results of using laser coagulation to treat diabetic retinopathy were first published in 1954. Conventional macular focal and ...
Ciulla TA, Amador AG, Zinman B (September 2003). "Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, ... Hemangiopericytoma Mesoangioblast Diabetic retinopathy caused by death of pericytes List of human cell types derived from the ... Similar to the inhibition of the PDGF pathway, angiopoietin 2 reduces levels of pericytes, leading to diabetic retinopathy. ... This causes endothelial hyperplasia, abnormal junctions, and diabetic retinopathy. A lack of pericytes also causes an ...
This may occur in: a) The vitreomacular traction syndrome; b) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy with vitreoretinal traction; c ... Faulborn, J; Ardjomand, N (January 2000). "Tractional retinoschisis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a histopathological ...
... namely the Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study, Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study, Diabetic Retinopathy Study, ... of those with diabetes experiencing proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 7% diabetic macular edema. Diabetic retinopathy is ... the higher his or her chances of developing diabetic retinopathy. Each year in the United States, diabetic retinopathy accounts ... of those with type 1 diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy, while 2% have proliferative diabetic retinopathy. By 15 ...
The severity of diabetic retinopathy is more likely to improve and progression to proliferative disease is less likely to ... happen when diabetic macular edema is treated with monthly ranibizumab. ... change in the severity of diabetic retinopathy at month 24, and the effect of treatment on worsening diabetic retinopathy at ... The severity of diabetic retinopathy is more likely to improve and progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy is less ...
Diabetes can cause eye problems such as Diabetic Retinopathy, which damages blood vessels in your retina. Know what symptoms to ... Diabetic Retinopathy (National Eye Institute) * Diabetic Retinopathy: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment (American Academy of ... Diabetic retinopathy, which is the leading cause of blindness in American adults. It affects blood vessels in the retina (the ... Article: Autonomous artificial intelligence increases screening and follow-up for diabetic retinopathy in... ...
... severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (a precursor of proliferative diabetic retinopathy), or any proliferative diabetic ... encoded search term (Diabetic Retinopathy) and Diabetic Retinopathy What to Read Next on Medscape ... Diabetic Retinopathy. Browning DJ. Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy. Springer, New York.: 2010. ... Baker CW, Jiang Y, Stone T. Recent advancements in diabetic retinopathy treatment from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical ...
Patients taking glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists were more likely to progress from nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy to ... proliferative disease or diabetic macular edema than those who took sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. ... the researchers looked for conversion of diabetic eye disease to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or DME. Secondary ... appears to hasten the progression of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME). ...
Advanced diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy can progress to this more severe type, known as proliferative diabetic ... Diabetic retinopathy. In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. Tiny ... There are two types of diabetic retinopathy:. * Early diabetic retinopathy. In this more common form - called nonproliferative ... Diabetic retinopathy. Mayo Clinic, 2020.. *Fraser CE, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: Classification and clinical features. https ...
Diabetic retinopathy is a condition caused by diabetic changes in the retina over time. The disease affects the tiny blood ...
Diabetic retinopathy. In development [GID-NG10256]. Expected publication date: 02 February 2024. ...
Regular eye exams can prevent or delay the damage of diabetic retinopathy. ... Diabetic retinopathy can lead to vision changes or blindness. ... "diabetic retinopathy". Diabetic retinopathy can lead to vision ... All people with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) are at risk for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy develops over time ... Diabetic retinopathy can worsen in pregnancy, so if you have diabetes you should have a diabetic eye exam before getting ...
Diabetic retinopathy. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/diabetic-retinopathy. Accessed ... Diabetic retinopathy is damage to blood vessels in the retina. The retina is tissue in the back of the eye. ... There are two types of diabetic retinopathy:. *Non-proliferative (early stage)-blood vessels in the retina weaken and may leak ... Diabetic Retinopathy. How to Say It: Di-uh-bet-ik Ret-in-aw-pa-thee ...
Laser treatments are used to slow and stop the progression of diabetic retinopathy. These procedures arent painful but do ... diabetic retinopathy. . While theres no cure for diabetic retinopathy, many treatments can slow the spread and even stop the ... Someone with Diabetic Retinopathy. Changes will happen in your retina when you develop diabetic retinopathy. This may include ... What Is Background Diabetic Retinopathy?. You may not notice any vision changes with background diabetic retinopathy. Treatment ...
... A complication of diabetes mellitis is diabetic retinopathy (DR). Diabetic retinopathy ... The number and severity of affected vessels determines the grade or retinopathy. There are basically 2 forms, non proliferative ...
Many young people, even after diagnoses, are not being examined for diabetes retinopathy. ... Laser treatments or intravitreal injections could be a thing of the past when it comes to treating proliferative diabetic ... retinopathy (PDR) if findings from new research into retinal neovascularization are any indication. ... Home / News / Clinical Eye Care / Diseases and Conditions / New therapeutic target could reduce diabetic retinopathy ...
... is a more advanced stage of damage to the eye than ... Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy is a more advanced stage of damage to the eye than the early signs found in BDR. Once ... Visit the U.S. N.I.D.D.K. Site on Diabetic Eye Disease or the National Eye Institute for more information. ...
Diabetic retinopathy has four stages, ranging from mild nonproliferative DR to advanced proliferative DR. ... Home Conditions Diabetic Retinopathy » Types and stages Diabetic retinopathy: Types and stages By Anna Barden; reviewed by ... Can diabetic retinopathy be reversed?. Surgery, injections and other treatments for diabetic retinopathy may help patients cope ... Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the final, most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy. During this stage of DR, new ...
Among patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, treatment with an injection in the eye of the drug ranibizumab resulted ... A Vitamin A Analog May Help Treat Diabetic Retinopathy. June 11, 2020 Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes ... Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR; a more advanced form of the disease) is a leading cause of vision loss in patients ... Injection instead of laser may be viable treatment option for diabetic retinopathy. Date:. November 14, 2015. Source:. The JAMA ...
encoded search term (Diabetic Retinopathy) and Diabetic Retinopathy What to Read Next on Medscape ... Diabetic Retinopathy. Browning DJ. Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy. Springer, New York.: 2010. ... Baker CW, Jiang Y, Stone T. Recent advancements in diabetic retinopathy treatment from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical ... Approval for treatment of diabetic retinopathy without DME followed an evaluation of the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research ...
... diabetic retinopathy - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... Tags 2012-2013 National Health Interview Survey, diabetes diagnosis, diabetic retinopathy, eye examination, ophthalmologist ... The effectiveness of treatment is well established, warranting screening for diabetic retinopathy and Read More , ...
Editorʼs note: This is a summary of a nursing care-related systematic review from the Cochrane Library.
Jose Martinez, MD: In patients with severe diabetic retinopathy, which could mean severe diabetic macular edema, typically if ... Follow-up for patients with mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy is about 6 to 12 months, depending on the severity of the ... Robert Wong, MD: For patients with mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy, they may not have any vision problems, so close ... For patients, however, who have proliferative diabetic retinopathy, if its mild, we can often watch them closely, although ...
This National Diabetes Month, there is some good news for people with eye complications from diabetes. Earlier this month, a network of researchers ...
Learning that you have diabetic retinopathy can be nerve-wracking. Here are some of the most common answers and advice that ... How does diabetic retinopathy damage the eye?. Diabetic retinopathy can harm your eyes in different ways, depending on how ... How effective are treatments for diabetic retinopathy?. Todays treatments for diabetic retinopathy are more effective than ... How will my life change if I lose vision due to diabetic retinopathy?. Even if you lose some vision because of diabetic ...
So you develop or dont develop retinopathy that may indicate theres a risk of developing DME or PDR [proliferative diabetic ... Fewer than 1% of patients in the tarcocimab group had ≥2-step worsening of diabetic retinopathy, reported Charles Wykoff, MD, ... VEGF-Targeted Antibody Conjugate Gets a Win in Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. - Some degree of improvement in disease ... Results showed that 41.1% of patients randomized to tarcocimab tedromer had ≥2-step improvement in the Diabetic Retinopathy ...
We divided 98 DME patients into those with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( ... status of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). ,i,Methods,/i,. ... i,Purpose,/i,. To determine the associations between aqueous humor cytokine levels and the severity of diabetic retinopathy and ... We divided 98 DME patients into those with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( ...
Korhonen A, Gucciardo E, Lehti K, Loukovaara S. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy transcriptomes reveal angiogenesis, anti- ... impact in proliferative diabetic retinopathy? Acta Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov 8. ...
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is a major cause of new blindness in the working- ... Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is a major cause of new blindness in the working- ... The role of lipids and protein kinase Cs in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004 Jan-Feb;20(1 ... Considerable evidence implicates the PKCbeta isoform in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but other isoforms may also ...
There is a statistically significant link between diabetic retinopathy and vitamin D deficiency, according to a new review. ... They were assessed for both vitamin D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy, and those suffering from diabetic retinopathy were ... there are currently no English-language reports on the effect of vitamin D supplementation on diabetic retinopathy in diabetics ... Diabetic retinopathy may be linked to vitamin D deficiency, a meta-analysis has found. ©iStock. Related tags Diabetes mellitus ...
Understanding Diabetic Retinopathy. Have you been told youre suffering with diabetic retinopathy? Or perhaps you are ... Its always best to see your doctor or medical practitioner if you have vision issues but this piece on diabetic retinopathy ...
If you have any concerns about diabetic retinopathy and its treatment read this webpage.. ... Diabetic Retinopathy Defined What is diabetic eye disease? What is diabetic retinopathy? What are the stages of diabetic ... Diabetic retinopathy usually affects both eyes. What are the stages of diabetic retinopathy?. Diabetic retinopathy has four ... What is diabetic retinopathy?. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and a leading cause of blindness in ...
Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007 Aug 22;298(8):902-16.. Frank RN. Diabetic retinopathy. N ... Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight threatening complication of systemic diabetes mellitus that results ... Prevention of retinopathy should be distinguished from prevention of diabetic blindness. Diabetic blindness can be reduced or ... Advances in the medical treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2009 Aug;32(8):1556-62.. Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetic ...
  • Around half of people with diabetic retinopathy develop swelling of the macula, called macular edema, which can begin at any time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Macular edema is the most common cause of vision loss in people with diabetic retinopathy. (wikipedia.org)
  • TORONTO, Ontario - The severity of diabetic retinopathy is more likely to improve and progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy is less likely to occur when diabetic macular edema is treated with monthly ranibizumab, new research shows. (medscape.com)
  • In the phase 3 RISE and RIDE trials, patients with diabetic macular edema were randomly assigned to ranibizumab - either 0.3 mg or 0.5 mg monthly - or sham injections. (medscape.com)
  • Ranibizumab improved vision in diabetic macular edema patients through 36 months," Dr. Clark observed. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetic macular edema (DME) , which happens when blood vessels in the retina leak fluid into the macula (a part of the retina needed for sharp, central vision). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Two studies presented at the 2023 annual meeting of the American Society of Retina Specialists have found that use of injectable agonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP‑1) appears to hasten the progression of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME). (medscape.com)
  • Each stage of diabetic retinopathy can contribute to the risk of further vision problems and conditions, including diabetic macular edema (DME), glaucoma and even blindness. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Two-year results from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research network (DRCR.net) Randomized Trial Evaluating Ranibizumab Plus Prompt or Deferred Laser or Triamcinolone Plus Prompt Laser for Diabetic Macular Edema, known as the Laser-Ranibizumab-Triamcinolone for DME Study, demonstrated that ranibizumab paired with prompt or deferred focal/grid laser treatment achieved superior visual acuity and optical coherence tomography (OCT) outcomes compared with focal/grid laser treatment alone. (medscape.com)
  • In a DRCR.net clinical trial comparing Eylea (aflibercept), Lucentis (ranibizumab), and Avastin (bevacizumab) for diabetic macular edema (DME), aflibercept provided greater visual improvement, on average, than did the other 2 drugs for vision of 20/50 or worse at the start of the trial. (medscape.com)
  • For patients who present to us with diabetic macular edema that's very mild, and their visual acuity is 20/20, studies have shown those patients do well if they're observed, if they're treated with laser, or if they're treated with anti-VEGF injections in the eye. (ajmc.com)
  • Recent studies are showing that the earlier we intervene in these patients, even before they get any proliferative diabetic retinopathy or before they get any macular edema, we can reverse the degree of diabetic retinopathy to really keep patients from ever reaching that threshold of possible vision loss. (ajmc.com)
  • In patients with severe diabetic retinopathy, which could mean severe diabetic macular edema, typically if it involves the center of their vision and their vision is worse, we will initiate anti-VEGF therapy, which is a class of drugs that have been shown to be beneficial over the last 5 to 10 years through multiple studies with multiple drugs that reduce the amount of leakage in the back of the eye. (ajmc.com)
  • That controls the diabetic macular edema, and it's the standard treatment nowadays for managing these patients. (ajmc.com)
  • At the American Society of Retina Specialists meeting in July, Wykoff reported findings from two negative studies of tarcocimab in diabetic macular edema (DME). (medpagetoday.com)
  • To determine the associations between aqueous humor cytokine levels and the severity of diabetic retinopathy and the prior panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) status of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). (hindawi.com)
  • Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the most significant causes of visual disturbance in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • About half of the people with proliferative retinopathy also have macular edema. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Eye diseases that can affect people with diabetes include diabetic retinopathy, macular edema (which usually develops along with diabetic retinopathy), cataracts, and glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
  • About half of people with diabetic retinopathy will develop macular edema. (cdc.gov)
  • A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy XXIII: the twenty-five-year incidence of macular edema in persons with type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease), is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes mellitus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nearly all people with diabetes develop some degree of retina damage ("retinopathy") over several decades with the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The next three categories: mild, moderate, and severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) describe increasing levels of damage to the retina. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluorescein angiography is used by retina specialists to further assess diabetic retinopathy severity and to determine sites of macular damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • When you have nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, the walls of the blood vessels in your retina weaken. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy involves the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the retina. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is a condition caused by diabetic changes in the retina over time. (ferris.edu)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is damage to blood vessels in the retina. (epnet.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy can start damaging your retina even before you notice changes in vision, which is why you need to see an eye doctor regularly. (aao.org)
  • In the most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy, abnormal blood vessels can cause scar tissue to develop, which can pull your retina away from the back of your eye ( detached retina ). (aao.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight threatening complication of systemic diabetes mellitus that results from damage to the blood vessels of the retina. (institut-vision.org)
  • Specifically, we curate two publicly available datasets of high-resolution human retina images exhibiting varying degrees of diabetic retinopathy, a medical condition that can lead to blindness, and use them to design a suite of automated diagnosis tasks that require reliable predictive uncertainty quantification. (nips.cc)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retina (the transparent, light-sensitive structure at the back of the eye) as a result of diabetes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with diabetes who also have high blood pressure are at much higher risk of developing diabetic retinopathy because both conditions tend to damage the retina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, small blood vessels in the retina leak fluid or blood and may develop small bulges. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Proliferative retinopathy-This indicates severe ischaemia of the retina leading to new vessel formation in the optic disc or in the periphery of the retina or iris. (ukessays.com)
  • Even patients with well-controlled diabetes can develop diabetic changes in the retina after years. (randeye.com)
  • When diabetes affects the retina, it is called diabetic retinopathy. (randeye.com)
  • The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy is made following a detailed examination of the retina. (randeye.com)
  • A diabetic person's progressingly poor vision usually translates to the presence of liquid accumulating in the central part of the retina (macular oedema). (barraquer.com)
  • Any diabetic must include regular check-ups on their eye health-preferably by a ophthalmologist specialising in retina pathologies-as part of the care of their disease, since diabetic retinopathy is the most common ophthalmic manifestation caused by the complications appearing in the microcirculation of our blood. (barraquer.com)
  • Depending upon the areas of the retina that have been damaged, some people don't have vision loss even when diabetic retinopathy is severe. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is caused when high blood sugar damages blood vessels in the retina (a light-sensitive layer of cells in the back of the eye). (cdc.gov)
  • Reattachment of the retina (for retinal detachment, a complication of diabetic retinopathy). (cdc.gov)
  • In this more common form - called nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) - new blood vessels aren't growing (proliferating). (mayoclinic.org)
  • We divided 98 DME patients into those with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and PRP patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Proliferative diabetic retinopathy results in greater loss of vision than does nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In patients with dyslipidemia, retinopathy progression may be slowed by the addition of fenofibrate, particularly with very mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) at baseline. (medscape.com)
  • Laser photocoagulation therapy reduces the risk of vision loss in patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and, in some cases, severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • PDR, the most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy , occurs with retinal neovascularization that can result in serious vision loss or blindness. (aoa.org)
  • The earliest stage of diabetic retinopathy is the mild nonproliferative stage. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the final, most advanced stage of diabetic retinopathy. (allaboutvision.com)
  • It can occur at any stage of diabetic retinopathy, although it is more likely to occur as the disease progresses. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Between 40 to 45 percent of Americans diagnosed with diabetes have some stage of diabetic retinopathy. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Due to the lack of symptoms, most people with diabetic retinopathy are unaware that they have the condition until they visit an eye doctor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early treatment can prevent severe vision loss in 90% of people with diabetic retinopathy. (aao.org)
  • In some people with diabetic retinopathy, blood vessels may swell and leak fluid. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is typically diagnosed by retinal exam observations using ophthalmoscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first category, "no apparent retinopathy", describes those with a healthy retinal exam. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laser treatments or intravitreal injections could be a thing of the past when it comes to treating proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) if findings from new research into retinal neovascularization are any indication. (aoa.org)
  • Published online in the journal Diabetes , the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary study identifies a particular transcription factor commonly found in abnormal retinal blood vessels that can be inhibited to achieve a 50% reduction in retinopathy. (aoa.org)
  • In summary, this important study by the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research [DRCR].net investigators represents a major step forward for patients with PDR by providing the ophthalmologists who manage their retinal disease with new options," writes Timothy W. Olsen, M.D., of Emory University, Atlanta, in an accompanying editorial. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Looking forward, we now have three successful phase III tarcocimab trials in RVO [retinal vein occlusion], wet AMD, and now diabetic retinopathy. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The foveal photopic threshold for Landolt ring discrimination and the paramacular scotopic threshold has been monocularly measured in 27 diabetic patients, 30 to 50 years old, without funduscopic retinal alterations, and compared with similar thresholds collected from 17 healthy age matched subjects. (nih.gov)
  • The National Retinal Screening Programme is aimed to help achieve this goal by prompt identification and effective treatment if necessary of sight threatening diabetic retinopathy, at the appropriate stage during the disease process. (ukessays.com)
  • Background Retinopathy - This is common even at diagnosis and includes microaneurysms, dot retinal haemorrhages and hard exudates without visual deterioration. (ukessays.com)
  • Preproliferative retinopathy-This may include cotton wool spots, (areas of retinal ischaemia /infarction), venous abnormalities. (ukessays.com)
  • 2 Their analysis used 3 companies to analyze retinal images from subjects not known to have diabetes using their commercial software and returned data on the absence or presence of features of any diabetic retinopathy on a per-eye basis. (consultantlive.com)
  • Ophthalmic retinal images from a total of 11,449 patients not known to have diabetes from the Qatar Biobank were assessed for features of diabetic retinopathy. (consultantlive.com)
  • In severe cases, patients with diabetic retinopathy may be referred to a retinal specialist. (randeye.com)
  • A few years ago, a Google research team began studying whether machine learning could be used to screen for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Today, in the Journal of the American Medical Association, we've published our results: a deep learning algorithm capable of interpreting signs of DR in retinal photographs, potentially helping doctors screen more patients, especially in underserved communities with limited resources", says Lily Peng MD PhD, Product Manager, Google. (betanews.com)
  • The DLS for referable diabetic retinopathy was developed and trained using retinal images of patients with diabetes who participated in the Singapore National Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program (SIDRP) between 2010 and 2013, which had screened half of Singapore's diabetes population by 2015. (medscape.com)
  • Training of the DLS entailed exposure of a total 76,370 retinal images (with and without each of the three conditions: diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and AMD) to the neural networks, which then adapted to differentiate between normal and abnormal and between conditions. (medscape.com)
  • If any level of diabetic retinopathy is present, subsequent dilated retinal examinations for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes should be repeated at least annually by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. (medscape.com)
  • While retinal photography may serve as a screening tool for retinopathy, it is not a substitute for a comprehensive eye exam, which should be performed at least initially and at intervals thereafter as recommended by an eye care professional. (medscape.com)
  • In at least 90% of new cases, progression to more aggressive forms of sight threatening retinopathy and maculopathy could be reduced with proper treatment and monitoring of the eyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the size and duration of RISE and RIDE, we had a unique opportunity to understand risk factors for diabetic retinopathy progression," Dr. Clark explained. (medscape.com)
  • Rahimy presented results of a retrospective study of retinopathy progression in patients taking either GLP-1 agonists or sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, also known as gliflozins. (medscape.com)
  • Laser treatments are used to slow and stop the progression of diabetic retinopathy. (healthline.com)
  • While there's no cure for diabetic retinopathy, many treatments can slow the spread and even stop the progression of the disease. (healthline.com)
  • If the levels are maintained, then the progression of diabetic retinopathy is reduced substantially, according to The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. (medscape.com)
  • The Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study found that 650 mg of aspirin daily did not offer any benefit in preventing the progression of diabetes mellitus retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • If you have diabetic retinopathy, your doctor can recommend treatment to help prevent its progression. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Among the most consistent risk factors, duration of diabetes is probably the strongest predictor for development and progression of the retinopathy. (institut-vision.org)
  • Careful management of both hyperglycemia and blood pressure can reduce the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (Mohamed, 2007). (ukessays.com)
  • Each year in the United States, diabetic retinopathy accounts for 12% of all new cases of blindness. (wikipedia.org)
  • This can lead to serious diabetic eye problems which can harm your vision and sometimes cause blindness . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diabetic retinopathy , which is the leading cause of blindness in American adults. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diabetic retinopathy can lead to vision changes or blindness. (diabetes.ca)
  • Nonetheless, if a 50% reduction in retinopathy were to translate in humans, "that could stamp out much of blindness due to diabetes," she says. (aoa.org)
  • Patients with diabetic retinopathy who attend regular check-ups and report changes in vision to their doctor as soon as possible are likely to get prompt treatment, which can prevent blindness. (aao.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is a major cause of new blindness in the working-age population of developed countries. (nih.gov)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and a leading cause of blindness in American adults. (your-diabetes.com)
  • So, when we set out to design a clinical trial to explore a different approach, we were really setting out to potentially shift the paradigm of the disease: we hypothesized that earlier and consistent treatment could make an impact and prevent some diabetic-related blindness. (regeneron.com)
  • Although laser treatments have been available for past 30 years, unfortunately diabetic retinopathy remains a leading cause of blindness amongst the working age population (Kohner, 2007). (ukessays.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is the most prominent complication of diabetes and the leading cause of blindness in working age individuals. (fightaging.org)
  • We rank eighth highest in the nation for diabetes prevalence, and diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults. (uky.edu)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is an eye disease that can cause multiple eye issues, including vision loss or blindness, as a complication of diabetes. (uky.edu)
  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among working age people ( 1 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy doesn't usually cause symptoms at first, but over time it can lead to irreversible eye damage, including vision loss and blindness. (americasbest.com)
  • Treating diabetic retinopathy can repair damage to the eye and even prevent blindness in most people. (cdc.gov)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and a preventable cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide. (who.int)
  • Among patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, treatment with an injection in the eye of the drug ranibizumab resulted in visual acuity that was not worse than panretinal photocoagulation at two years, according to a study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. (bmj.com)
  • Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the United States, 2005-2008. (medscape.com)
  • A comparison of 3 artificial intelligence platforms showed differing prevalence of diabetic retinopathy , suggesting inconsistencies when applying these platforms to detect retinopathy in patients not known to have diabetes . (consultantlive.com)
  • According to studies, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy ranges from 6.3% to 26.1% in Spain. (barraquer.com)
  • The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is thought to be around 55% in people with type 1 diabetes and 30% in people with type 2 diabetes , on average. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • [ 34 ] The ADA recommends that all patients with diabetes (type 2 and type 1) strive to maintain glycated hemoglobin levels of less than 7% (reflecting long-term glucose levels) to prevent or at least minimize the long-term complications of diabetes mellitus, including retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is one of the sequelae of hyperglycaemia and it is thought to play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to PKCs, it is evident that novel diacyglycerol-activated non-kinase receptors could also play a role in the development of diabetic complications. (nih.gov)
  • Therapeutic agents have been developed to inhibit specific PKC isoforms and PKCbeta antagonists are currently undergoing clinical trials to test their toxicity and efficacy in suppressing diabetic complications. (nih.gov)
  • This is a real problem because when severe diabetic retinopathy complications set in, it's unfortunately too late in many cases. (regeneron.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is the most severe of the several ocular complications of diabetes (Frank, 2004). (ukessays.com)
  • Diabetics can also greatly reduce the possibilities of eye complications by scheduling regular examinations with an ophthalmologist. (randeye.com)
  • For this reason, looking for the presence or history of retinopathy or other vascular complications of diabetes may help health care professionals identify patients at high risk of severe COVID-19," added Dr. Karalliedde, of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • The most common and potentially most blinding of these complications, however, is diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • The American Academy of Ophthalmology divides diabetic retinopathy into five categories of progressive severity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fewer than 1% of patients in the tarcocimab group had ≥2-step worsening of diabetic retinopathy, reported Charles Wykoff, MD, PhD, of the Blanton Eye Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, at the American Academy of Ophthalmology meeting. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy affects up to 80 percent of those who have had both type 1 and type 2 diabetes for 20 years or more. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye condition that can affect people with both Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes, causing increased eye pressure and blood glucose levels in the blood vessels of the eye. (allaboutvision.com)
  • The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), which involved newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, revealed that the risk of retinopathy was reduced through both improved glycemic control and improved blood pressure control. (medscape.com)
  • It went on to state that 20 years after the onset of diabetes, almost all type 1 diabetes patients and over 60% of type 2 diabetes patients are found to have diabetic retinopathy. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Nearly all patients with type 1 diabetes (younger-onset patients) and more than 60% of patients with type 2 diabetes (older-onset patients) develop retinopathy during the first two decades of disease, and approximately 4% and 2% of these patients respectively, become legally blind (defined as visual acuity of 1/20). (institut-vision.org)
  • Retinopathy is already present at the time of diagnosis in 20% of patients with type 2 diabetes. (institut-vision.org)
  • Because diagnosis of type 2 diabetes may not occur for years, retinopathy may be present by the time people receive the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Butler and colleagues determined a glycemic threshold of 6.5% for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), based on the prevalence of moderate retinopathy. (consultantlive.com)
  • Introduction: Glycaemic variability is possibly linked to the development of diabetic retinopathy, and newer second-line glucose-lowering treatments in type 2 diabetes might reduce glycaemic variability. (aau.dk)
  • Aim: This study aimed to investigate whether newer second-line glucose-lowering treatments are associated with an alternative risk of developing diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes. (aau.dk)
  • Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate that basal insulin and GLP-1-RA are suboptimal second- line choices for people with type 2 diabetes at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. (aau.dk)
  • Treatment with metformin + sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i, HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.28-2.11) was associated with the numerically lowest risk of diabetic retinopathy compared with all regimens investigated.Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate that basal insulin and GLP-1-RA are suboptimal second- line choices for people with type 2 diabetes at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. (aau.dk)
  • You should be checked for diabetic retinopathy immediately if you're diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • Eye examinations should occur before pregnancy or in the first trimester in patients with preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and then these patients should be monitored every trimester and for 1 yr postpartum as indicated by the degree of retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • This usually develops in people who already have other signs of diabetic retinopathy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If your optometrist spots any signs of diabetic retinopathy, they'll typically send a report to your doctor. (americasbest.com)
  • 2. What are the noticeable signs of diabetic retinopathy? (americasbest.com)
  • Both the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) recommend regular eye exams for those with diabetes to screen for diabetic retinopathy (except those with gestational diabetes). (wikipedia.org)
  • What are the symptoms of diabetic eye problems? (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the early stages, diabetic eye problems usually don't have any symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At first, diabetic retinopathy might cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. (mayoclinic.org)
  • You might not have symptoms in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Early diabetic retinopathy may not cause any symptoms. (epnet.com)
  • Some common symptoms of diabetic retinopathy are listed below. (randeye.com)
  • At 36-month follow-up, vision and the severity of diabetic retinopathy were significantly more likely to have improved in patients treated with monthly ranibizumab than in those treated with a sham injection. (medscape.com)
  • The primary end points of the trial were change in best-corrected visual acuity, change in the severity of diabetic retinopathy at month 24, and the effect of treatment on worsening diabetic retinopathy at month 24. (medscape.com)
  • The severity of diabetic retinopathy was also significantly more likely to improve with either dose of ranibizumab than with sham injection. (medscape.com)
  • The severity of diabetic retinopathy was also significantly less likely to worsen in patients treated with ranibizumab than in those treated with sham injections, he added. (medscape.com)
  • The number of spots will vary depending on the severity of retinopathy you have. (healthline.com)
  • The number and severity of affected vessels determines the grade or retinopathy. (optos.com)
  • Follow-up for patients with mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy is about 6 to 12 months, depending on the severity of the disease. (ajmc.com)
  • Results showed that 41.1% of patients randomized to tarcocimab tedromer had ≥2-step improvement in the Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale (DRSS) after 48 weeks compared with 1.4% of patients randomized to sham injections. (medpagetoday.com)
  • To control diabetic retinopathy, we need not only to detect it promptly, but also to manage common systemic comorbid conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and smoking-all of which tend to accelerate its course and increase its severity. (ccjm.org)
  • Oftentimes, patients come back with better-looking retinopathy and better glycemic control. (ajmc.com)
  • Pregnancy in patients with type 1 diabetes may aggravate retinopathy and threaten vision, especially when glycemic control is poor at the time of conception. (medscape.com)
  • Proliferative Retinopathy. (your-diabetes.com)
  • This condition is called proliferative retinopathy. (your-diabetes.com)
  • This is proliferative retinopathy and is the fourth and most advanced stage of the disease. (your-diabetes.com)
  • These changes are highly predictive of the development of the proliferative retinopathy within 2 years. (ukessays.com)
  • Anyone with diabetes can develop diabetic eye disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anyone who has diabetes can develop diabetic retinopathy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Intensive training of the algorithm is needed before artificial intelligence can be utilized for the early diagnosis of mild retinopathy," the investigative team wrote. (consultantlive.com)
  • Microaneurysms are the earliest clinical sign of diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • What can happen during the moderate nonproliferative retinopathy stage of DR? (allaboutvision.com)
  • What can happen in the severe nonproliferative retinopathy stage of DR? (allaboutvision.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy (die-uh-BET-ik ret-ih-NOP-uh-thee) is a diabetes complication that affects eyes. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes that can affect anyone with the disease. (healthline.com)
  • A complication of diabetes mellitis is diabetic retinopathy (DR). Diabetic retinopathy presents by affecting small blood vessels in the eye due to blockage or leakage. (optos.com)
  • Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a complication of diabetes. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus which compromses the retina's function. (barraquer.com)
  • However, Dr. Clark noted, many of the eyes that worsened in the third year had developed proliferative disease by month 24, and they remained classified as proliferative diabetic retinopathy at the end of the trial. (medscape.com)
  • Using a repository of data from more than 13,500 people taking either of the two kinds of medication, the researchers looked for conversion of diabetic eye disease to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or DME. (medscape.com)
  • Visit the U.S. N.I.D.D.K. Site on Diabetic Eye Disease or the National Eye Institute for more information. (diabetesnet.com)
  • Since diabetes is a life-long disease, it is crucial that it is treated with proper diet, exercise, medicine and other medical needs - including vision care, as diabetic retinopathy is only one type of potential diabetic eye problem . (allaboutvision.com)
  • Diabetic eye disease: What's your risk? (allaboutvision.com)
  • Knowing as much as possible about diabetic eye disease gives us the armour we need to protect ourselves. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Robert (Bob) Vitti and Alyson Berliner sit down to discuss their motivations for studying diabetic retinopathy (DR) and how their job was to shift the mindset around the disease. (regeneron.com)
  • The earliest phase of the disease is known as background diabetic retinopathy. (randeye.com)
  • The effect of diabetic retinopathy on vision varies widely, depending on the stage of the disease. (randeye.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy is treated depending on the stage of the disease and the specific problem that requires attention. (randeye.com)
  • Anyone with diabetes is at risk of having diabetic eye disease, but the condition is preventable with the proper treatment. (uky.edu)
  • Learning that you have a diabetic eye disease can feel scary. (americasbest.com)
  • Diabetic eye disease is caused by retinopathy. (betanews.com)
  • Considerable evidence implicates the PKCbeta isoform in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but other isoforms may also be of relevance. (nih.gov)
  • What are the treatments for diabetic eye problems? (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have diabetic retinopathy, very effective treatments are available. (diabetes.ca)
  • Surgery, injections and other treatments for diabetic retinopathy may help patients cope with various stages of the condition, but there is currently no cure. (allaboutvision.com)
  • How effective are treatments for diabetic retinopathy? (aao.org)
  • Today's treatments for diabetic retinopathy are more effective than ever. (aao.org)
  • Catching diabetic retinopathy early enough is critical to preserving vision, but this study hints at going beyond early detection-the possibility of using self-administered topical eye drops or systemic drugs to hedge against neovascularization in the first place. (aoa.org)
  • Shiba T, Takahashi M, Hori Y, Saishin Y, Sato Y, Maeno T. Relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and iris and/or angle neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy cases. (medscape.com)
  • At 36 months, 33.9% of eyes originally assigned to sham injections developed proliferative diabetic retinopathy, despite crossing over to monthly ranibizumab at month 24. (medscape.com)
  • When used as treatment of DME, intravitreous (in the vitreous, the fluid behind the lens in the eye) anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents reduce the risk of diabetic retinopathy worsening and increase the chance of improvement, making these agents a potentially viable PDR treatment. (sciencedaily.com)
  • More than 70% of subjects in these studies had diabetes, and the most frequent etiology of the vitreous hemorrhage was proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Vitrectomy surgery may be needed for diabetic patients who suffer a vitreous hemorrhage (bleeding in the gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye). (randeye.com)
  • They then looked at whether the presence of retinopathy was associated with a more severe manifestation of COVID-19 as defined by the need for tracheal intubation. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Diabetic retinopathy usually affects both eyes. (your-diabetes.com)
  • COVID-19 affects the blood vessels all over the body," he said, so they wondered whether having preexisting retinopathy "would predispose to a severe manifestation of COVID-19. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • But the findings are very encouraging, in that they show that when used in combination with conventional modalities, [anti-VEGF] treatment can improve diabetic retinopathy in these patients," he added. (medscape.com)
  • At month 24, mean change in best-corrected visual acuity, based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale, was 11.7 to 12.0 letters for the 2 ranibizumab groups, and was 2.5 letters for the sham injection group. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment for diabetic eye problems depends on the problem and how serious it is. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with diabetes who receive laser treatment for retinopathy typically see a series of flashes of light. (healthline.com)
  • What is laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy? (healthline.com)
  • Regular eye exams , as well as specialized diabetic eye exams , can help catch the condition early so adequate treatment can begin as soon as possible. (allaboutvision.com)
  • SAN FRANCISCO -- Treatment with a novel antibody biopolymer conjugate (ABC) targeting VEGF led to favorable outcomes for patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a large randomized trial. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The likely impact of these drugs in the treatment of diabetic patients is considered. (nih.gov)
  • Our screening program is designed to screen and refer patients to providers local to them so they can get the care and treatment they need," said Eric B. Higgins, M.D., founder of the diabetic eye screening program and associate professor of ophthalmology at the University of Kentucky. (uky.edu)
  • I am honored to help these underserved communities, and to continue advocating for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. (uky.edu)
  • Results: Treatment regimens of metformin + basal insulin (HR: 3.15, 95% CI: 2.42-4.10) and metformin + glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA, HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.09-1.96) were associated with an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy compared with metformin + dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i). (aau.dk)
  • Treatment with metformin + sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i, HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.28-2.11) was associated with the numerically lowest risk of diabetic retinopathy compared with all regimens investigated. (aau.dk)
  • Without treatment, diabetic retinopathy gets worse the longer you have diabetes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The sooner you're treated for diabetic retinopathy, the better that treatment will work. (cdc.gov)
  • This is usually used in more advanced stages of retinopathy related to diabetes. (healthline.com)
  • What are the stages of diabetic retinopathy? (your-diabetes.com)
  • The following classification highlights the recognized progressive stages of retinopathy. (ukessays.com)
  • Surprisingly, even in advanced stages, diabetic retinopathy does not always cause eye discomfort. (barraquer.com)
  • However, it is important to remember that diabetic retinopathy may be present, even in very advanced stages, without there being any sings of visual discomfort. (barraquer.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy can worsen in pregnancy, so if you have diabetes you should have a diabetic eye exam before getting pregnant and while pregnant. (diabetes.ca)
  • During pregnancy, diabetic retinopathy may be a problem for women with diabetes. (your-diabetes.com)
  • Pregnancy can cause diabetic retinopathy to worsen. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pregnancy can also make diabetic retinopathy worse. (msdmanuals.com)
  • So you develop or don't develop retinopathy that may indicate there's a risk of developing DME or PDR [proliferative diabetic retinopathy], in which case I'll treat you for that. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Diabetic retinopathy was reported in 67 (36%) patients, of whom 80% had background retinopathy and 20% had more advanced retinopathy. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • For patients, however, who have proliferative diabetic retinopathy, if it's mild, we can often watch them closely, although there's been a trend. (ajmc.com)
  • For patients with mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy, they may not have any vision problems, so close observation is often recommended. (ajmc.com)
  • Whilst artificial intelligence performs well in diagnosing moderate retinopathy, its ability to diagnose mild retinopathy is unreliable," wrote the investigative team, led by Alexandra E. Butler, MBBS, PhD, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. (consultantlive.com)
  • Management of diabetic retinopathy. (epnet.com)
  • Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/management/management-of-diabetic-retinopathy. (epnet.com)
  • Systemic management of diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetic patients need to be under the close observation of an internist or an endocrinologist as well as by an ophthalmologist. (randeye.com)
  • In the sham group, at month 24, more severe diabetic retinopathy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.24) and the presence of subretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography at baseline (HR, 0.52) were strongly and significantly related to the risk of developing proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Developing diabetes when pregnant (gestational diabetes) or having diabetes before becoming pregnant can increase your risk of diabetic retinopathy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • All people with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) are at risk for diabetic retinopathy. (diabetes.ca)
  • Who is at risk for diabetic retinopathy? (your-diabetes.com)
  • Waltham, MA-Interleukin Genetics Inc. has received a U.S. patent for a method that uses specific genetic markers to identify people with diabetes who are at an increased risk of retinopathy. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure is important for people who have diabetic retinopathy or who are at risk of developing it. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Early screening and intervention can reduce the risk of severe diabetic-related vision loss up to 90%, which is huge," Carvalho said. (uky.edu)
  • Risk of intubation for COVID-19 in very sick hospitalized patients was increased over fivefold in those with diabetic retinopathy , compared with those without, in a small single-center study from the United Kingdom. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Dr. Karalliedde and colleagues note that this is "the first description of diabetic retinopathy as a potential risk factor for poor COVID-19 outcomes. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • In other research reported at the meeting, a meta-analysis of data collected in 93 randomized clinical trials of the seven currently available GLP-1 agonists found only albiglutide was associated with diabetic retinopathy to a statistically significant degree. (medscape.com)
  • There is a statistically significant link between diabetic retinopathy and vitamin D deficiency, according to a new review. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The review conceded that there is a "significant association" ​between diabetic retinopathy and a lack of vitamin D, as well as a "statistically significant difference" ​ in the mean serum vitamin D levels of sufferers and non-sufferers of diabetic retinopathy. (nutraingredients.com)