Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).
DYSENTERY caused by intestinal amebic infection, chiefly with ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the LIVER and other distant sites.
A species of anaerobic, spiral bacteria that was formerly classified as Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Treponema hyodysenteriae (and for a short while, Serpula hyodysenteriae). This organism is the agent of swine dysentery.
Infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA.
Infections with bacteria of the order SPIROCHAETALES.
A bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium.
An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).
A genus of microorganisms of the order SPIROCHAETALES, many of which are pathogenic and parasitic for man and animals.
A genus of flexible, spiral rods found in hydrogen sulfide-containing mud, sewage, and polluted water. None of the species properly referred to in this genus are pathogenic.
A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death.
A species of parasitic protozoa causing ENTAMOEBIASIS and amebic dysentery (DYSENTERY, AMEBIC). Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded.
A republic in eastern Africa bounded on the north by RWANDA and on the south by TANZANIA. Its capital is Bujumbura.
A family of spiral bacteria of the order SPIROCHAETALES.
Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.
An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)
An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Created as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918. Yugoslavia became the official name in 1929. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; CROATIA; and SLOVENIA formed independent countries 7 April 1992. Macedonia became independent 8 February 1994 as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (MACEDONIA REPUBLIC).
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) caused by species of SHIGELLA.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
A genus of spiral bacteria of the family Brachyspiraceae.
Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.
A segment of the LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the CECUM; the COLON; and the RECTUM.
Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.
Schools for children usually under five years of age.
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. It shares borders with India, Myanmar (Burma), and Bay of Bengal. The population is primarily Bengali, and the official language is Bangla (Bengali). The capital city is Dhaka. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, feel free to ask!
Infection with amoebae of the genus ENTAMOEBA. Infection with E. histolytica causes DYSENTERY, AMEBIC and LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC.
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.
Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.
Single or multiple areas of PUS due to infection by any ameboid protozoa (AMEBIASIS). A common form is caused by the ingestion of ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is a source of SPARTEINE, lupanine and other lupin alkaloids.
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.
A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with ROTAVIRUS.
Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI that produce or contain at least one member of either heat-labile or heat-stable ENTEROTOXINS. The organisms colonize the mucosal surface of the small intestine and elaborate their enterotoxins causing DIARRHEA. They are mainly associated with tropical and developing countries and affect susceptible travelers to those places.
An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Florida" is a geographical location and not a medical term or condition with a specific definition. It is the 27th largest state by area in the United States, located in the southeastern region of the country and known for its diverse wildlife, beautiful beaches, and theme parks. If you have any medical questions or terms that need clarification, please feel free to ask!
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
Activities involved in ensuring the safety of FOOD including avoidance of bacterial and other contamination.
Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by Shigella dysenteriae. (1/739)

Neurologic manifestations, mainly convulsions, are the most frequent extraintestinal complications of shigellosis. We used an animal model to study the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in Shigella-related seizures. Administration of Shigella dysenteriae 60R sonicate enhanced the sensitivity of mice to the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) within 7 h. This was indicated by a significantly higher mean convulsion score and an increased number of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures in the Shigella-pretreated group. Preinjection of mice with anti-murine TNF-alpha (anti-mTNF-alpha) or anti-murine IL-1beta (anti-mIL-1beta) 30 min prior to administration of Shigella sonicate abolished their enhanced response to PTZ at 7 h. Mean convulsion scores were reduced by anti-mTNF-alpha from 1.2 to 0.8 (P = 0.017) and by anti-mIL-1beta from 1.3 to 0.7 (P = 0.008). Preinjection of anti-mTNF-alpha also reduced the percentage of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures, from 48 to 29% (P = 0.002), and preinjection of anti-mIL-1beta reduced it from 53 to 21% (P = 0. 012). Neutralization of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta did not protect the mice from death due to S. dysenteriae 60R. These findings indicate that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta play a role in the very early sensitization of the central nervous system to convulsive activity after S. dysenteriae administration. Similar mechanisms may trigger neurologic disturbances in other infectious diseases.  (+info)

Interleukin-8 controls bacterial transepithelial translocation at the cost of epithelial destruction in experimental shigellosis. (2/739)

In shigellosis, the network of cellular interactions mediated by a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines is clearly tipped toward acute destructive inflammation of intestinal tissues by the bacterial invader. This work has addressed the role played by interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a rabbit model of intestinal invasion by Shigella flexneri. IL-8, which is largely produced by the epithelial cells themselves, appears to be a major mediator of the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to the subepithelial area and transmigration of these cells through the epithelial lining. Neutralization of IL-8 function by monoclonal antibody WS-4 caused a decrease in the amount of PMNs streaming through the lamina propria and the epithelium, thus significantly attenuating the severity of epithelial lesions in areas of bacterial invasion. These findings are in agreement with our previous work (31). In contrast to the PMNs, the bacteria displayed increased transepithelial translocation, as well as overgrowth in the lamina propria and increased passage into the mesenteric blood. By mediating eradication of bacteria at their epithelial entry site, although at the cost of severe epithelial destruction, IL-8 therefore appears to be a key chemokine in the control of bacterial translocation.  (+info)

Adaptive immune response to Shigella flexneri 2a cydC in immunocompetent mice and mice lacking immunoglobulin A. (3/739)

Shigella flexneri cydC, which is deficient in cytochrome bd, was rapidly cleared from the lungs of intranasally inoculated mice and was Sereny negative, yet it induced 93% protection against challenge with wild-type S. flexneri. Mice that lack immunoglobulin A (IgA) were fully protected, suggesting that IgA may not be required for adaptive immunity in this model system.  (+info)

Rupture of the intestinal epithelial barrier and mucosal invasion by Shigella flexneri. (4/739)

Invasion of the intestinal barrier by Shigella flexneri involves complex interactions with epithelial and phagocytic cells. Major perturbation of the signals that maintain epithelial integrity permits mucosal invasion, leading to tissue destruction. Expression of this invasive phenotype depends on the secretion of Ipa proteins (invasins), which can trigger entry of the pathogen into epithelial cells by causing massive rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton and cause macrophage apoptotic death by direct interaction of IpaB with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-converting enzyme. This results in the killing of defense cells and in the release of IL-1beta. In vivo, bacteria translocate through the epithelial barrier, essentially via M cells of the follicle-associated epithelium in the colonic and rectal mucosa. Apoptotic death of macrophages in subepithelial tissues allows bacterial survival and triggers inflammation, which destabilizes epithelial structures and facilitates further bacterial entry. Once they are intracellular, bacteria multiply within the cytoplasm and move from cell to cell by an actin-dependent process.  (+info)

Protein conjugates of synthetic saccharides elicit higher levels of serum IgG lipopolysaccharide antibodies in mice than do those of the O-specific polysaccharide from Shigella dysenteriae type 1. (5/739)

Our development of vaccines to prevent shigellosis is based on the hypothesis that a critical (protective) level of serum IgG to the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) domain of Shigella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) confers immunity. The O-SP is a hapten and must be conjugated to a protein to induce serum antibodies. The O-SP of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (approximately 27 tetrasaccharide repeat units), prepared by acid hydrolysis of the LPS, was bound to human serum albumin (HSA) by multiple point attachment (O-SP-HSA): The molar ratio of HSA to O-SP was 1.0. Synthetic saccharides, composed of one or multiples of the O-SP tetrasaccharide, equipped with a spacer at their reducing end, were bound to HSA by a single point attachment: The average molar ratios of the saccharides to HSA ranged from 4 to 24. Serum IgG anti-LPS, elicited in mice by O-SP-HSA or synthetic tetra-, octa-, dodeca-, and hexadecasaccharide fragments, was measured by ELISA. Outbred 6-week-old female mice were injected s.c. three times at biweekly intervals with 2.5 micrograms of saccharide as a conjugate and were bled 7 days after the second and third injections. Excepting the tetramer, conjugates of the octamer, dodecamer and hexadecamer elicited IgG LPS antibodies after the second injection, a statistically significant rise (booster) after the third injection, and higher levels than those vaccinated with O-SP-HSA (P = 0.0001). The highest geometric mean levels of IgG anti-LPS were elicited by the hexadecamer with 9 chains or 9 moles of saccharide/HSA (15.5 ELISA units) followed by the octamer with 20 chains (11.1 ELISA units) and the dodecamer with 10 chains (9.52 ELISA units). Clinical evaluation of these synthetic saccharides bound to a medically useful carrier is planned.  (+info)

Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley--United States and Canada, July-August 1998. (6/739)

In August 1998, the Minnesota Department of Health reported to CDC two restaurant-associated outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections. Isolates from both outbreaks had two closely related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns that differed only by a single band. Epidemiologic investigations implicated chopped, uncooked, curly parsley as the common vehicle for these outbreaks. Through inquiries to health departments and public health laboratories, six similar outbreaks were identified during July-August (in California [two], Massachusetts, and Florida in the United States and in Ontario and Alberta in Canada). Isolates from five of these outbreaks had the same PFGE pattern identified in the two outbreaks in Minnesota. This report describes the epidemiologic, traceback, environmental, and laboratory investigations, which implicated parsley imported from a farm in Mexico as the source of these outbreaks.  (+info)

Safety and immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide conjugates in children. (7/739)

O-specific polysaccharide conjugates of shigellae were safe and immunogenic in young adults, and a Shigella sonnei conjugate conferred protection [1-3]. Shigellosis is primarily a disease of children; therefore, the safety and immunogenicity of S. sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a conjugates were studied in 4- to 7-year-old children. Local and systemic reactions were minimal. The first injection of both conjugates elicited significant rises in geometric mean levels of serum IgG only to the homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (S. sonnei, 0.32-8.25 ELISA units [EU]; S. flexneri 2a, 1.15-20.5 EU; P<.0001). Revaccination at 6 weeks induced a booster response to S. flexneri 2a LPS (20.5-30.5 EU, P=.003). Six months later, the geometric mean levels of IgG anti-LPS for both groups were higher than the prevaccination levels (P<.0001). Similar, but lesser, rises were observed for IgM and IgA anti-LPS. The investigational Shigella conjugates were safe and immunogenic in children and merit evaluation of their efficacy.  (+info)

A functional role for ezrin during Shigella flexneri entry into epithelial cells. (8/739)

Shigella flexneri is an enteroinvasive bacterium responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. Bacterial entry into epithelial cells is a crucial step for the establishment of the infection. It is characterized by a transient reorganization of the host cell cytoskeleton at the site of bacterial interaction with the cell membrane, which leads to bacterial engulfment by a macropinocytic process. We show in this study that the membrane-cytoskeleton linker, ezrin, a member of the ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) family, plays an active role in the process of Shigella uptake. Ezrin is highly enriched in cellular protrusions induced by the bacterium and is found in close association with the plasma membrane. In addition, Shigella entry is significantly reduced in cells transfected with a dominant negative allele of ezrin with entry foci showing much shorter cellular protrusions. These results indicate that ezrin not only acts as a membrane-cytoskeleton linker, but may also mediate extension of cellular projections in the presence of signals such as those elicited by invading microorganisms.  (+info)

Dysentery is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the intestine, particularly the colon, leading to severe diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and/or pus. It is typically caused by infectious agents such as bacteria (like Shigella, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli) or parasites (such as Entamoeba histolytica). The infection can be acquired through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms may also include abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential complications.

Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the bacterium Shigella. It is characterized by the inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, resulting in diarrhea that may contain blood and mucus. The infection is typically spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms usually appear within 1-4 days after exposure and can include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, bacillary dysentery can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.

Amebic dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It is characterized by severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus, abdominal pain, and cramping. The infection is typically acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Once inside the body, the parasites invade the intestinal lining, causing damage and leading to the symptoms of dysentery. In severe cases, the parasites can spread to other organs such as the liver, lungs, or brain, causing more serious infections. Amebic dysentery is treated with medications that kill the parasites, such as metronidazole or tinidazole. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene and sanitation, including proper handwashing and safe food handling practices.

'Brachyspira hyodysenteriae' is a species of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is a primary cause of swine dysentery, a severe enteric disease in pigs. The bacteria colonize the large intestine and produce toxins that cause inflammation and diarrhea, often with mucus and blood in the feces. Infection can lead to weight loss, dehydration, and death in young pigs, resulting in significant economic losses for pig farmers.

The bacteria are difficult to control due to their ability to survive outside the host for extended periods and their resistance to many antibiotics. Good biosecurity practices, including strict sanitation measures and the use of vaccines, can help prevent the spread of swine dysentery in pig herds.

Treponemal infections are a group of diseases caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This includes syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta. These infections can affect various organ systems in the body and can have serious consequences if left untreated.

1. Syphilis: A sexually transmitted infection that can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. It is characterized by sores (chancres) on the genitals, anus, or mouth, followed by a rash and flu-like symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and nervous system.
2. Yaws: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects children in rural areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. The initial symptom is a painless bump on the skin that eventually ulcerates and heals, leaving a scar. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of bone and cartilage.
3. Bejel: Also known as endemic syphilis, this infection is spread through direct contact with infected saliva or mucous membranes. It primarily affects children in dry and arid regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The initial symptom is a painless sore on the mouth or skin, followed by a rash and other symptoms similar to syphilis.
4. Pinta: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects people in rural areas of Central and South America. The initial symptom is a red or brown spot on the skin, which eventually turns into a scaly rash. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of pigmentation in the skin.

Treponemal infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as penicillin, which can cure the infection if caught early enough. However, untreated treponemal infections can lead to serious health complications and even death.

Spirochaetales is an order of bacteria that includes several species known to cause infections in humans. The term "Spirochaetales infections" generally refers to diseases caused by these spirochete bacteria. The most well-known Spirochaetales infections include:

1. Syphilis - Caused by Treponema pallidum, syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It progresses through several stages, with symptoms ranging from painless sores to rashes, and may eventually affect the heart, brain, and other organs.

2. Lyme disease - Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted through tick bites, Lyme disease is an inflammatory illness that can cause a variety of symptoms, such as rash, fever, fatigue, and joint pain. In later stages, it may lead to neurological and cardiac complications if not treated promptly.

3. Leptospirosis - Caused by Leptospira spp., leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that humans usually acquire through exposure to infected animal urine or contaminated water. Symptoms can range from mild flu-like illness to severe complications, such as kidney and liver failure, meningitis, and respiratory distress.

4. Relapsing fever - Caused by Borrelia recurrentis and transmitted through the bite of lice, relapsing fever is characterized by recurring episodes of high fever, chills, headache, and muscle aches. The disease can be severe and may lead to complications such as myocarditis, hepatitis, and neurological issues.

5. Pinta - Caused by Treponema carateum, pinta is a tropical skin infection that primarily affects the outer layers of the skin, causing lesions and discoloration. While not typically life-threatening, it can lead to significant disfigurement if left untreated.

Treatment for Spirochaetales infections generally involves antibiotics, such as penicillin or doxycycline, depending on the specific infection and its severity. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, using insect repellent to prevent insect bites, avoiding contact with potentially infected animals, and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms develop after potential exposure.

Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is one of the four species of the genus Shigella, which are the causative agents of shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery.

Shigella flexneri is responsible for causing a significant proportion of shigellosis cases worldwide, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The bacteria can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the urgent need to defecate).

The infection can lead to inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the intestines, resulting in the destruction of the epithelial cells and the formation of ulcers. In severe cases, Shigella flexneri can invade the bloodstream and cause systemic infections, which can be life-threatening for young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

The diagnosis of Shigella flexneri infection typically involves the detection of the bacteria in stool samples using culture methods or molecular techniques such as PCR. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, although resistance to multiple drugs has been reported in some strains. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, safe food handling, and access to clean water.

"Shigella dysenteriae" is a specific species of bacteria that can cause severe forms of dysentery, a type of diarrheal disease. The infection caused by this bacterium is known as shigellosis. Shigella dysenteriae is highly infectious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated food or water.

The bacteria produce toxins that can cause inflammation and damage to the lining of the intestine, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea (often containing blood and mucus), abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the urgent need to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, shigellosis can lead to complications such as dehydration, seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a serious condition that can cause kidney failure.

Shigella dysenteriae is a public health concern, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, safe food handling practices, and access to clean water. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, fluids, and electrolyte replacement to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Arsanilic acid is a type of arsenical compound that was once used in medicine, particularly as a veterinary medication, for the treatment and prevention of certain parasitic diseases. It is an organic compound containing arsenic, with the chemical formula As(C6H5O3)2.

Arsanilic acid has been largely replaced by other medications due to its potential toxicity and the availability of safer alternatives. Prolonged exposure or ingestion of high doses of arsanilic acid can lead to arsenic poisoning, which may cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, neurological damage, liver and kidney failure, and even death.

It is important to note that the use of arsanilic acid in human medicine is now highly restricted and its handling should be done with caution due to its potential health hazards.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are primarily responsible for causing shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery. These pathogens are highly infectious and can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.

There are four main species of Shigella: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. Each species has distinct serotypes that differ in their epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The severity of shigellosis can range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery with abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to defecate). In some cases, Shigella infections may lead to complications such as bacteremia, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Preventive measures include maintaining good personal hygiene, proper food handling and preparation, access to clean water, and adequate sanitation facilities. Antibiotic treatment is generally recommended for severe cases of shigellosis, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has become a growing concern in recent years.

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria, also known as spirochetes. These bacteria are gram-negative and have unique motility provided by endoflagella, which are located in the periplasmic space, running lengthwise between the cell's outer membrane and inner membrane.

Treponema species are responsible for several important diseases in humans, including syphilis (Treponema pallidum), yaws (Treponema pertenue), pinta (Treponema carateum), and endemic syphilis or bejel (Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum). These diseases are collectively known as treponematoses.

It is important to note that while these bacteria share some common characteristics, they differ in their clinical manifestations and geographical distributions. Proper diagnosis and treatment of treponemal infections require medical expertise and laboratory confirmation.

"Spirochaeta" is a genus of spirochete bacteria, characterized by their long, spiral-shaped bodies. These bacteria are gram-negative, meaning they do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining method, and are typically motile, moving by means of endoflagella located within their outer membrane. Members of this genus are found in various environments, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats. Some species are free-living, while others are parasitic or symbiotic with animals. It is important to note that the medical significance of "Spirochaeta" species is limited compared to other spirochete genera like "Treponema," which includes the bacterium causing syphilis.

"Shigella sonnei" is a medically recognized term that refers to a specific species of bacteria that can cause human illness. It's one of the four main species in the genus Shigella, and it's responsible for a significant portion of shigellosis cases worldwide.

Shigella sonnei is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium that can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. Once ingested, it can invade and infect the epithelial cells of the colon, leading to inflammation and diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe.

The infection caused by Shigella sonnei is known as shigellosis, and its symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and watery or bloody diarrhea. In some cases, it can lead to more serious complications such as dehydration, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a type of kidney failure.

It's worth noting that Shigella sonnei is particularly concerning because it has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, making treatment more challenging in some cases. Proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, are crucial in preventing the spread of this bacterium.

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a species of coronavirus that infects cattle and other animals such as yaks, deer, and occasionally humans. It is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae.

BCoV primarily causes respiratory and enteric diseases in cattle, resulting in symptoms such as pneumonia, coughing, diarrhea, and decreased appetite. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their feces, contaminated food, water, or fomites.

In humans, BCoV infection is rare but has been associated with respiratory illnesses in people working closely with cattle, such as farmers, abattoir workers, and veterinarians. The symptoms of human BCoV infection are similar to those caused by other coronaviruses, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath.

Prevention measures for BCoV include good hygiene practices, wearing personal protective equipment when working with cattle, and vaccination of animals against the virus. There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for human BCoV infection.

'Entamoeba histolytica' is a species of microscopic, single-celled protozoan parasites that can cause a range of human health problems, primarily in the form of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The medical definition of 'Entamoeba histolytica' is as follows:

Entamoeba histolytica: A species of pathogenic protozoan parasites belonging to the family Entamoebidae, order Amoebida, and phylum Sarcomastigophora. These microorganisms are typically found in the form of cysts or trophozoites and can infect humans through the ingestion of contaminated food, water, or feces.

Once inside the human body, 'Entamoeba histolytica' parasites can colonize the large intestine, where they may cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery, depending on the individual's immune response and the location of the infection. In some cases, these parasites can also invade other organs, such as the liver, lungs, or brain, leading to more serious health complications.

The life cycle of 'Entamoeba histolytica' involves two main stages: the cyst stage and the trophozoite stage. The cysts are the infective form, which can be transmitted from person to person through fecal-oral contact or by ingesting contaminated food or water. Once inside the human body, these cysts excyst in the small intestine, releasing the motile and feeding trophozoites.

The trophozoites then migrate to the large intestine, where they can multiply by binary fission and cause tissue damage through their ability to phagocytize host cells and release cytotoxic substances. Some of these trophozoites may transform back into cysts, which are excreted in feces and can then infect other individuals.

Diagnosis of 'Entamoeba histolytica' infection typically involves the examination of stool samples for the presence of cysts or trophozoites, as well as serological tests to detect antibodies against the parasite. Treatment usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs such as metronidazole or tinidazole, which can kill the trophozoites and help to control the infection. However, it is important to note that these drugs do not affect the cysts, so proper sanitation and hygiene measures are crucial to prevent the spread of the parasite.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Burundi" does not have a medical definition. Burundi is a country located in East Africa, bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It's known for its warm, friendly people, beautiful landscapes, and rich cultural heritage. If you have any questions about Burundi's geography, history, or culture, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!

Spirochaetaceae is a family of spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacteria known as spirochetes. These bacteria are characterized by their unique morphology, which includes a flexible helical shape and the presence of endoflagella, which are located inside the cell wall and run lengthwise along the entire length of the organism. This arrangement of flagella allows the spirochete to move in a corkscrew-like motion.

Spirochaetaceae includes several genera of medically important bacteria, such as:

* Treponema: This genus includes the bacterium that causes syphilis (Treponema pallidum) and other treponemal diseases like yaws and pinta.
* Borrelia: This genus includes the spirochetes responsible for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis).
* Leptospira: This genus contains the bacteria that cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted through the urine of infected animals.

Spirochetes are often found in aquatic environments and can be part of the normal microbiota of some animals, including humans. However, certain species can cause significant diseases in humans and animals, making them important pathogens. Proper identification and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing spirochetal infections.

Ronidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, including certain types of diarrhea, bacterial vaginosis, and amebiasis. Ronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of the microorganisms, which leads to their death.

The medical definition of Ronidazole is: "A nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent used in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, including Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and certain anaerobic bacteria."

It is important to note that Ronidazole has potential side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, headache, and a metallic taste in the mouth. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects, including peripheral neuropathy and seizures. It should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Carbadox is a veterinary drug that belongs to the class of medications called antimicrobials. It is specifically an antimicrobial agent with both antibacterial and coccidiostat properties. Carbadox is used in the treatment and prevention of certain bacterial infections in swine (pigs). It works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and killing coccidia, a type of parasite that can cause infection in pigs.

Carbadox is available as a feed additive and is typically administered to pigs through their food. It is important to note that carbadox is not approved for use in animals destined for human consumption in many countries, including the European Union, due to concerns about potential carcinogenicity and other safety issues.

It's worth mentioning that the use of carbadox in food-producing animals has been a topic of controversy and debate in recent years, with some experts calling for stricter regulations or a complete ban on its use due to concerns about antibiotic resistance and human health.

Lincomycin is defined as an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis. It is primarily bacteriostatic, inhibiting protein synthesis in sensitive bacteria by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Lincomycin is used clinically to treat a variety of infections caused by susceptible gram-positive organisms, including some anaerobes. It has activity against many strains of streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci, but not enterococci. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Yugoslavia" is not a medical term. It refers to a country in southeastern Europe that existed from 1929 to 2006. The country was originally named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but it was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, it became a socialist federal republic. The country dissolved in the 1990s amidst political turmoil and ethnic conflict, leading to the formation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. I hope this clarifies things! If you have any other questions, please let me know.

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

Shigella vaccines are immunizations that are developed to protect against Shigella infection, which is caused by the bacterium Shigella spp. These vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response (the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells) that will provide protection against future Shigella infections.

There are currently no licensed Shigella vaccines available for use, although several candidate vaccines are in various stages of development and clinical trials. These vaccines typically contain inactivated or attenuated (weakened) forms of the bacteria, or specific components of the bacteria that can stimulate an immune response.

Shigella infection can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as dehydration, seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is a serious condition that can cause kidney failure. Shigella infection is most commonly transmitted through contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

'Brachyspira' is a genus of bacteria that are commonly found in the intestinal tracts of animals, including pigs, birds, and humans. These bacteria are gram-negative, anaerobic or microaerophilic, and spiral-shaped, which gives them their name ('brachys' meaning short and 'spira' meaning coil).

Some species of Brachyspira are known to cause intestinal diseases in animals, such as swine dysentery in pigs and hemorrhagic bowel disease in birds. In humans, Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira suanatina have been associated with cases of intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. However, the role of Brachyspira species in human health and disease is not well understood and requires further research.

It's worth noting that while Brachyspira bacteria can be pathogenic, they are also a normal part of the intestinal microbiota in many animals, and their presence alone does not necessarily indicate disease.

Trichuriasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm. This infection primarily affects the large intestine (cecum and colon). The main symptoms of trichuriasis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. In heavy infections, there can be severe complications such as anemia, growth retardation, and rectal prolapse. Trichuriasis is typically transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated soil containing Trichuris trichiura eggs, often through poor hygiene practices or exposure to contaminated food and water.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the cecum, where it joins the small intestine, to the anus. It is called "large" because it has a larger diameter compared to the small intestine and is responsible for several important functions in the digestive process.

The large intestine measures about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long in adults and consists of four main regions: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food materials, compact the remaining waste into feces, and store it until it is eliminated through defecation.

The large intestine also contains a diverse population of bacteria that aid in digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates, producing vitamins like vitamin K and some B vitamins, and competing with harmful microorganisms to maintain a healthy balance within the gut. Additionally, the large intestine plays a role in immune function and helps protect the body from pathogens through the production of mucus, antimicrobial substances, and the activation of immune cells.

A germ-free life refers to an existence in which an individual is not exposed to or colonized by any harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This condition is also known as "sterile" or "aseptic." In a medical context, achieving a germ-free state is often the goal in certain controlled environments, such as operating rooms, laboratories, and intensive care units, where the risk of infection must be minimized. However, it is not possible to maintain a completely germ-free life outside of these settings, as microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and are an essential part of the human microbiome. Instead, maintaining good hygiene practices and a healthy immune system is crucial for preventing illness and promoting overall health.

I believe there may be a slight confusion in your question. "Schools" and "Nurseries" are institutions or facilities where children receive education and care, they are not medical terms or conditions. However, I can provide you with a brief explanation of each:

1. Schools: These are educational institutions designed to provide learning environments and teach academic and social skills to children (and sometimes adults) of various age groups. Schools may focus on different areas of education, such as elementary, secondary, or higher education. They typically follow a structured curriculum and have certified teachers who guide students in their studies.

2. Nurseries: A nursery is an early childhood education facility that provides care for children, usually between the ages of 6 weeks and 5 years old. Also known as preschools or daycare centers, they offer a safe and nurturing environment where young children can learn, play, and socialize under the supervision of trained professionals. Nurseries often follow an educational program that promotes early childhood development through various activities, such as storytime, arts and crafts, and games.

I hope this clarifies any confusion regarding your question. If you have any other questions or need further information, please don't hesitate to ask!

Gram-negative bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye during the Gram staining procedure used in microbiology. This characteristic is due to the structure of their cell walls, which contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteins, and phospholipids.

The LPS component of the outer membrane is responsible for the endotoxic properties of Gram-negative bacteria, which can lead to severe inflammatory responses in the host. Common Gram-negative bacterial pathogens include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Proteus mirabilis, among others.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, meningitis, and soft tissue infections. The severity of these infections can vary from mild to life-threatening, depending on the patient's immune status, the site of infection, and the virulence of the bacterial strain.

Effective antibiotic therapy is crucial for treating Gram-negative bacterial infections, but the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains has become a significant global health concern. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial stewardship are essential to ensure optimal patient outcomes and prevent further spread of resistance.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, rather than a medical term or condition. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, with the Bay of Bengal to the south. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you!

Entamoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. It can affect various organs, but the most common site of infection is the large intestine (colon), leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and cramping. In severe cases, it may cause invasive disease, including amoebic dysentery or extraintestinal infections like liver abscesses.

The life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica involves two stages: the infective cyst stage and the proliferative trophozoite stage. Transmission occurs through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or hands containing cysts. Once inside the human body, these cysts excyst in the small intestine, releasing trophozoites that colonize the large intestine and cause disease.

Entamoebiasis is more prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Preventive measures include proper handwashing, safe food handling, and access to clean water. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications such as metronidazole or tinidazole.

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.

The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.

The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.

The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, located at the junction of the small and large intestines. It is a pouch-like structure that connects to the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the ascending colon (the first part of the large intestine). The cecum is where the appendix is attached. Its function is to absorb water and electrolytes, and it also serves as a site for the fermentation of certain types of dietary fiber by gut bacteria. However, the exact functions of the cecum are not fully understood.

Amoxicillin pivoxil is not a commonly used medical term, but I believe you are referring to Amoxicillin, which is an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections. Pivoxil is a form of esterification that is used to improve the absorption and bioavailability of Amoxicillin when administered orally.

Amoxicillin pivoxil is a prodrug, which means it is converted into its active form (Amoxicillin) in the body after ingestion. The pivoxil ester is rapidly hydrolyzed in the intestinal mucosa and liver to release Amoxicillin, making it easier to absorb and more effective at treating bacterial infections.

The medical definition of Amoxicillin is:

A semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from Penicillin, used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and dental infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, leading to bacterial death. Amoxicillin is available in various formulations, including tablets, capsules, chewable tablets, and oral suspensions.

Therefore, Amoxicillin pivoxil can be considered a specific formulation of Amoxicillin that has been modified to improve its absorption and bioavailability.

Amebic liver abscess is a medical condition characterized by the presence of a pus-filled cavity (abscess) in the liver caused by the infection of the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite typically enters the body through contaminated food or water and makes its way to the liver, where it can cause tissue damage and abscess formation. The abscess is usually solitary and contains necrotic debris and inflammatory cells, primarily composed of neutrophils. Symptoms may include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and tender hepatomegaly (enlarged liver). If left untreated, amebic liver abscess can lead to serious complications such as perforation of the liver, bacterial superinfection, or spread of the infection to other organs.

"Lupinus" is not a medical term. It is the genus name for the group of plants commonly known as lupines or bluebonnets. Some people may use "lupinus" in a medical context to refer to an allergy or sensitivity to lupine beans or other parts of the lupine plant, which can cause symptoms such as rash, itching, and digestive issues. However, this is not a widely recognized medical condition and reactions to lupines are relatively rare. If you have any concerns about a potential allergy or sensitivity to lupines, it is best to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. The main symptoms of cholera are profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances, shock, and even death if left untreated. Cholera remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. The disease is preventable through proper food handling, safe water supplies, and improved sanitation, as well as vaccination for those at high risk.

Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the Reoviridae family, which is a leading cause of severe diarrhea and gastroenteritis in young children and infants worldwide. The virus infects and damages the cells lining the small intestine, resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Rotavirus is highly contagious and can be spread through contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, food, or water. The virus is typically transmitted via the fecal-oral route, meaning that it enters the body through the mouth after coming into contact with contaminated hands, objects, or food.

Rotavirus infections are often self-limiting and resolve within a few days to a week, but severe cases can lead to dehydration, hospitalization, and even death, particularly in developing countries where access to medical care and rehydration therapy may be limited. Fortunately, there are effective vaccines available that can prevent rotavirus infection and reduce the severity of symptoms in those who do become infected.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children under 5 years of age. It is responsible for around 215,000 deaths among children in this age group each year.

Rotavirus infection causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines, resulting in symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, and fever. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated hands, food, or water. It can also be spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Rotavirus infections are highly contagious and can spread rapidly in communities, particularly in settings where children are in close contact with each other, such as child care centers and schools. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within a few days, but severe cases can lead to dehydration and require hospitalization.

Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as handwashing with soap and water, safe disposal of feces, and rotavirus vaccination. The WHO recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccines in national immunization programs to reduce the burden of severe diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection.

Rotavirus vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration among infants and young children worldwide. These vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the rotavirus, a pathogen that infects and causes symptoms by multiplying inside cells lining the small intestine.

The weakened or inactivated virus in the vaccine stimulates an immune response in the body, enabling it to recognize and fight off future rotavirus infections more effectively. The vaccines are usually administered orally, as a liquid droplet or on a sugar cube, to mimic natural infection through the gastrointestinal tract.

There are currently two licensed rotavirus vaccines available globally:

1. Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline): This vaccine contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of human rotavirus and is given in a two-dose series, typically at 2 and 4 months of age.
2. RotaTeq (Merck): This vaccine contains five reassortant viruses, combining human and animal strains to provide broader protection. It is administered in a three-dose series, usually at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and related hospitalizations among infants and young children. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs, particularly in countries with high child mortality rates due to diarrheal diseases.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a type of diarrheagenic E. coli that causes traveler's diarrhea and diarrheal diseases in infants in developing countries. It produces one or two enterotoxins, known as heat-labile toxin (LT) and heat-stable toxin (ST), which cause the intestinal lining to secrete large amounts of water and electrolytes, resulting in watery diarrhea. ETEC is often transmitted through contaminated food or water and is a common cause of traveler's diarrhea in people traveling to areas with poor sanitation. It can also cause outbreaks in refugee camps, nursing homes, and other institutional settings. Prevention measures include avoiding consumption of untreated water and raw or undercooked foods, as well as practicing good personal hygiene.

Cholera toxin is a protein toxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which causes the infectious disease cholera. The toxin is composed of two subunits, A and B, and its primary mechanism of action is to alter the normal function of cells in the small intestine.

The B subunit of the toxin binds to ganglioside receptors on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, allowing the A subunit to enter the cell. Once inside, the A subunit activates a signaling pathway that results in the excessive secretion of chloride ions and water into the intestinal lumen, leading to profuse, watery diarrhea, dehydration, and other symptoms associated with cholera.

Cholera toxin is also used as a research tool in molecular biology and immunology due to its ability to modulate cell signaling pathways. It has been used to study the mechanisms of signal transduction, protein trafficking, and immune responses.

I'm not aware of any medical definition for the term "Florida." It is primarily used to refer to a state in the United States located in the southeastern region. If you have any specific medical context in which this term was used, please let me know and I will do my best to provide a relevant answer.

Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is not a medical organization or entity, so it does not provide medical definitions. However, I can give you some information about what the USDA is and what it does.

The USDA is a federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food. It was established in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln and is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who is a member of the President's cabinet.

The USDA has several key missions, including:

* Promoting agricultural trade and production
* Ensuring the safety of the food supply
* Providing nutrition assistance to vulnerable populations
* Protecting natural resources and the environment
* Promoting rural development and economic stability

In terms of food and nutrition, the USDA plays an important role in setting dietary guidelines for Americans, establishing standards for school meals and other federal food programs, and regulating the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. The agency also conducts research on agricultural and food-related topics and provides education and outreach to farmers, ranchers, and consumers.

Food safety is the scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. Food safety often involves keeping food at low temperatures to prevent bacterial growth and toxin production. It can also include practices such as washing hands and surfaces well and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods. Additionally, proper cooking and pasteurization can kill bacteria that may be present in food.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines food safety as "the assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared or eaten according to its intended use." Food safety is important for everyone, but particularly for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

In summary, food safety refers to the proper handling, preparation, and storage of food in order to prevent foodborne illness and ensure that it is safe for consumption.

"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

Dysentery,+Bacillary at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "bacillary dysentery" at ... It is sometimes listed as an explicit differential diagnosis of bacillary dysentery, as opposed to a cause. Bacillary dysentery ... Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery, and is a severe form of shigellosis. It is associated with species of bacteria from ... One characteristic of bacillary dysentery is blood in stool, which is the result of invasion of the mucosa by the pathogen. ...
"Bacillary Dysentery". The British Medical Journal. 2 (3061): 283-284. 1 January 1919. JSTOR 20338559. "A contribution to the ... During World War I, Mackinnon worked in military hospitals in Britain, researching and helping to diagnose amoebic dysentery. ... where she used her knowledge of protozoology to help diagnose amoebic dysentery and other infections for the War Office. In ... focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of dysentery. The pair focused on two forms of Shigella dysenteriae which had been ...
Hood, Alexander (1931). On bacillary dysentery. hdl:1842/32436. JPB (2009). "Sir Alexander Hood". Retrieved 19 October 2015. ... graduating in 1910 and achieving his MD in 1931 for his research on dysentery. In 1918, Hood married Evelyn Dulcia Ellwood, ...
"Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)". Merck Manual Professional Version. Retrieved 16 March 2018. Bowen, Anna (31 May 2017). " ... Signs and symptoms may range from mild abdominal discomfort to full-blown dysentery characterized by cramps, diarrhea, with ... and sharp declines in age-specific diarrhea/dysentery attack rates for this pathogen indicate that natural immunity does ... "Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (8): CD006784. doi:10.1002/ ...
Shigella species can cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Shigellae are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively ... causes minor dysentery because of its Shiga toxin, but other species may also be dysentery agents. S. dysenteriae releases an ... The most commonly observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include colitis, malnutrition, rectal prolapse, tenesmus, ...
"Experimental Basis of Sulfonamide Therapy in Bacillary Dysentery" (1946, with Frederick J. Moore, John F. Kessel, and D. G. ... "Experimental Basis of Sulfonamide Therapy in Bacillary Dysentery". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 78 (1): 25-31. doi: ...
... is poorly absorbed from the gut which makes it suitable for the treatment of bacillary dysentery and other ... Smyth CJ, Finkelstein MB, Gould SE, Koppa TM, Leeder FS (April 1943). "Acute Bacillary Dysentery (Flexner): Treatment with ... and introduced for the treatment of bacillary dysentery on the basis of its poor absorption from the gut. Its orally ...
Hone, F. R.; Keogh, E. V.; Andrew, Roderick (6 June 1942). "Bacillary Dysentery in an Australian Hospital in the Middle East". ... An early problem that confronted the AIF's medical system was the prevalence of dysentery. Keogh, Andrew and Ray Hone ... In these roles he directed the Australian Army's struggle against dysentery, typhoid and malaria, and he oversaw the production ...
Dysentery, both bacillary and amebic, also complicated many patients' nutritional status. Lice and scabies were endemic. Most ...
... the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery". Nucleic Acids Research. 33 (19): 6445-58. doi:10.1093/nar/gki954. PMC 1278947. ... Hence, Shigella cells may cause dysentery. In rare cases, young children may have seizures. Symptoms can take as long as a week ... In 1897, Shiga focused his efforts on what the Japanese referred to as a sekiri (dysentery) outbreak. Such epidemics were ... The Shigella genus is named after Japanese physician Kiyoshi Shiga, who researched the cause of dysentery. Shiga entered the ...
He made observations on convalescent carriers in bacillary dysentery and also blackwater fever. In 1918 he was appointed a ... He noted variants as R and S (rough and smooth) in bacilli of the dysentery and enteric group. In 1922 he went with Bacot to ...
An epidemic of bacillary dysentery was headed off by Fairley's decision to rush all available supplies of sulphaguanadine to ... Fairley also studied, and later published papers on typhus, malaria, and bacillary dysentery. Fairley married Staff Nurse ... Fairley tackled an outbreak of bacilliary dysentery among the troops in Egypt. In most cases the patients recovered of their ... Of the 21,015 Australian soldiers who contracted bacilliary dysentery during the Second World War, only 21 died. Malaria again ...
2005). "Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery". Nucleic Acids Res. 33 ...
2005). "Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery". Nucleic Acids Research ... Like other members of the genus, S. boydii is a nonmotile, nonsporeforming, rod-shaped bacterium which can cause dysentery in ...
Acute bacillary dysentery has a shorter duration than typhoid fever but both cause bloody flux. These two diseases are deadly ...
Late in August, bacillary dysentery broke out among the crew and soon reached epidemic proportions. The ship was quarantined on ...
Consequently, that brings diseases such as cholera, bacillary dysentery, coli infections, viral hepatitis A and typhoid. The ...
Serbia was devastated by epidemics of typhus and bacillary dysentery. In 1915 Hirszfeld applied for duty there. He remained ...
Diseases which may be transmitted by contact with feces include: bacterial diseases including shigellosis (bacillary dysentery ...
2014). "Bacillary dysentery from World War 1 and NCTC1, the first bacterial isolate in the National Collection". Lancet. 384 ( ... a causative agent of bacillary dysentery, cultured in 1915 from a man believed to have been a British soldier in the First ...
Just before his exams, he fell ill with bacillary dysentery, which affected his preparation for the examination. The following ...
While there, she became the first psychiatrist to identify bacillary dysentery among mental health patients in the facility. ...
During his travel and study he became very ill, at one point suffering from both bacillary and amoebic dysentery. After leaving ...
For those prone to serious infections, such as bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, and cholera, TD can occasionally be life ... bacterial or amoebic dysentery, Giardia, helminths, or cholera. Antimotility drugs such as loperamide and diphenoxylate reduce ...
Malnourishment led to epidemics of typhoid in late 1915-early 1916, bacillary dysentery, increased deaths from tuberculosis and ...
Meanwhile, her pathologist and laboratory technicians worked to control an epidemic of bacillary dysentery that had broken out ...
The bacterial genus Shigella is the cause of bacillary dysentery, a potentially-severe infection that kills over a million ... E. coli itself can also cause serious dysentery, but differences in genetic makeup between E. coli and Shigella cause different ...
He was forced to abandon the island upon an outbreak of bacillary dysentery among his troops, losing 700 men to the outbreak. ...
It is particularly useful for the isolation of organisms that cause bacillary dysentery, salmonella strains that cause food ...
A memo to his colleagues on the different treatments for amoebic and bacillary dysentery was widely circulated by the army ... dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid, nutrition and vitamin deficiencies, proteins, and myxomatosis as a means of controlling ...
Dysentery,+Bacillary at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "bacillary dysentery" at ... It is sometimes listed as an explicit differential diagnosis of bacillary dysentery, as opposed to a cause. Bacillary dysentery ... Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery, and is a severe form of shigellosis. It is associated with species of bacteria from ... One characteristic of bacillary dysentery is blood in stool, which is the result of invasion of the mucosa by the pathogen. ...
... 01/08/2012 Samy Medicines 0 ... 2- Bacillary dysentery. 3- Diarrnea caused by other intestinal infections and associated with intestinal colic. ...
Text; Format: print Publication details: Geneva : World Health Organization, 2005Title translated: Directives pour la lutte contre la shigellose, y compris lors dépidémies dues à Shigella dysenteriae type 1..Online access: Click here to access online Availability: Items available for loan: WHO HQ (2)Call number: WC 282 2005WO, ... ...
33.2 Shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery). The word dysentery refers to diarrhoea containing blood and mucus. There are two ... The one that we are going to describe here is bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis. The other type is amoebic dysentery, which ... 33.2 Shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery)*33.2.1 Infectious agents and occurrence of shigellosis ... However, in this section we will mention some of the main differences between the two types of dysentery, to help you diagnose ...
Dysentery, bacillary. 7322 Ectropion. 6020 Embolism, brain. 8007 Emphysema, pulmonary. 6603 Encephalitis, epidemic, chronic. ...
Shigella species (Bacillary dysentery). Standard. n/a. Use Contact Precautions for diapered or incontinent persons for the ...
Shigellosis or Bacillary dysentery. 4-7 days. Abdominal cramps, fever, and diarrhea. Stools may contain blood and mucus.. 24-48 ...
Dysentery, Bacillary / drug therapy* * Dysentery, Bacillary / epidemiology * Dysentery, Bacillary / microbiology * England / ...
Shigella species (bacillary dysentery). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious ...
Reflections on my studies of the effects of sulphonamide drugs in bacillary dysentery in Egypt, 1943-1944. JLL Bulletin: ... Comparative effects of sulphonamide drugs in mild bacillary dysentery. Lancet 1:784-786.. View. ...
Shigella organisms cause bacillary dysentery, a disease that has been described since early recorded history. . ... Shigella organisms cause bacillary dysentery, [8, 9, 10] a disease that has been described since early recorded history. ... Ciprofloxacin and loperamide in the treatment of bacillary dysentery. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Apr 15. 118(8):582-6. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Symptoms develop 1-2 weeks following symptoms of dysentery, regardless of whether or not the dysentery was treated with ...
Disease referred to as shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. Diarrhea (watery or bloody) , fever, abdominal cramps; 1 to 2 days ...
Bacillary dysentery; Icteric hepatitis; Courage wets tinea inflammation; Acute urinary tract infection; Red eye, swell pain ... only dysentery, anti-inflammatory, step-down, lipopenicillinase, the effect kept fit.Can be used for treatment liver-yang ... dysentery, skin eczema sore furuncle.Function cures mainly clearing heat and detoxicating; Removing nebula; Killing parasites ...
... is a significant cause of illness and death in young children. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, and treatment ... Dysentery, infectious intestinal disease characterized by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea with ... The motile form causes an acute dysentery, the symptoms of which resemble those of bacillary dysentery. The cyst form produces ... There are two major types: bacillary dysentery, caused by bacteria, and amebic dysentery, caused by amoebas. ...
Categories: Dysentery, Bacillary Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Bacillary Dysentery. 7. 2. 2. 8. 2. 7. 4. 12. 6. 6. 8. 3. 67. ...
To date, however, the therapeutic basis of P. oleracea treating on bacillary dysentery remains unknown. We determined the ... oleracea in cases of bacillary dysentery to some extent. ... has been used to treat bacillary dysentery for thousands of ... oleracea) has been used to treat bacillary dysentery for thousands of years in China. Pharmacology studies on P. oleracea have ... oleracea in cases of bacillary dysentery to some extent. To date, however, the therapeutic basis of P. oleracea treating on ...
Dysentery, Bacillary. How long have you been taking it?. Choose one *Less than a week ...
Regulation 3 of The National Health Service (Charges to Overseas Visitors) Regulations 1989, as amended, provides that no charges can be made for: treatment given in an accident and emergency department or in a national health service walk-in centre providing services similar to those of an accident and emergency department;. treatment for certain infectious diseases listed in Schedule 1 of the Regulations;. treatment provided at, or following referral from, a special clinic for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections, except for HIV/AIDs where it is only the initial diagnostic testing and associated counselling that are exempt from charges;. compulsory psychiatric treatment;. family planning services.. ...
... studies suggest that it is valuable against bacillary dysentery. When injected, extracts of the herb induce powerful ... It is reported to be used in the Peruvian Amazon for a number of ailments including angina, dysentery, and worms. It is also ... It was frequently administered to relieve pain and calm excitement, and was also used in bad cases of diarrhea and dysentery. ... The plant s mucilaginous properties also make it a soothing remedy for gastrointestinal problems such as dysentery and diarrhea ...
Shigella infection, a type of food poisoning, may also be called bacillary dysentery. Dysentery is a word for diarrhea that ...
Amoebic and bacillary dysentery and hepatitis E may occur. Hepatitis B is highly endemic. Japanese encephalitis may occur, ...
Mel DM, Arsic BL, Nikolic BD, Radovanic ML: Studies on vaccination against bacillary dysentery. Bull WHO. 1968, 39: 375-380. ... Mel D, Gangarosa EJ, Radovanovic ML, Arsic BL, Litvinjenko S: Studies on vaccination against bacillary dysentery. 6. Protection ... Terzin AL, Vuksic CL: Studies on Vaccination against Bacillary Dysentery. Bull Wld Hlth Org. 1965, 32: 637-645. ... and 165 million cases of dysentery annually were estimated to occur due to shigella [3], while more recent estimates place the ...
Shigellosis is characterized in humans by sudden and severe diarrhea (gastroenteritis or bacillary dysentery), which is often ...
1952; Epidemiology of human case of bacillary dysentery due to infection by Sh. flexneri 103Z; 1952 Carpenter K. P., Sandiford ... Outbreak of dysentery due to contact with a pet monkey; 1965 Robinson D. T., Armstrong E. C., Carpenter K. P. Brit. Med. J i: ...
Shigellosis, a severe form of bacillary dysentery, is primarily caused by the gram negative pathogen, Shigella flexneri. In ...
A dysenteric presentation with passage of blood, simulating bacillary dysentery or ulcerative colitis, occurs particularly in ... These include tuberculosis, pneumonia, severe amoebic or bacillary dysentery, gastroenteritis, herpes zoster and chickenpox. ... Clinical features:  Intestinal amoebiasis-amoebic dysentery:  Most amoebic infections are asymptomatic.  The incubation ...
This dysentery, called bacillary, affects the same body locations with the same modes of contamination as amoebiasis. Both ... Another variety of dysentery due to bacilli (Shigella), just as fearsome, rages in the tropics. The number of motions is even ... Used for a long time against dysentery in India, the bark of a Holarrhena is studied by the British and Indians in the 1930s. ... A good argument in favour of this theory is the fact that amoebic dysentery has not spread in France in spite of the continuous ...
  • Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery, and is a severe form of shigellosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical presentation of shigellosis during the 1984 epidemic of bacillary dysentery in West Bengal. (nih.gov)
  • Shigellosis occurs when Shigella species invade the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and bacillary dysentery that ranges from mild to severe disease. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis, management and epidemiology of shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). (www.gov.uk)
  • In addition to endemic shigellosis, some countries (such as the Republic of Yemen) have reported in recent years large epidemics of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), which is characterized by a particularly high case fatality rate, extreme debility in survivors and an increasing number of multiple drug-resistant strains. (who.int)
  • Men are affected much more commonly than women, who tend to develop the disease after intestinal disorders, including bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery and shigellosis. (geometry.net)
  • Bacillary dysentery is an acute intestinal disease caused by Shigellosis infection. (fairview.life)
  • Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. (nih.gov)
  • Three species are associated with bacillary dysentery: Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae. (wikipedia.org)
  • A local epidemic of dysentery caused by Shigella sonnei]. (nih.gov)
  • An epidemic of bacillary dysentery at Raipur. (nih.gov)
  • Bacillary dysentery caused by the intestinal bacteria Shigella is a major health problem in tropical regions and developing countries. (pasteur.fr)
  • Diseases that often occur in summer, in addition to insect-borne diseases caused by mosquito breeding, also have intestinal infectious diseases caused by bacteria, such as bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, bacterial gastroenteritis, enterovirus, etc. (fairview.life)
  • How we can differentiate between amoebic and bacillary dysentery? (mdpathyqa.com)
  • Difference between amoebic & bacillary dysentery are: 1. (mdpathyqa.com)
  • Causative organisms- Amoebic dysentery- Entamoeba Histolytica Bacilliary dysentery- Shigella species, Enterohaemorragic E. Coli, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Campylobacter jejuni. (mdpathyqa.com)
  • Amoebic dysentery- Necrotic due to proteolytic ferment. (mdpathyqa.com)
  • Amoebic dysentery- Ragged & undermined. (mdpathyqa.com)
  • In amoebic dysentery there is no definite incubation period. (aboutnelson.co.uk)
  • Bacillary dysentery should not be confused with diarrhea caused by other bacterial infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are several Shigella vaccine candidates in various stages of development that could reduce the incidence of dysentery in endemic countries, as well as in travelers with traveler's diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • It results in watery diarrhea or dysentery (the frequent and often painful passage of small amounts of stool that contain blood, pus, and mucus). (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, one- Shigella dysenteriae -is more likely to cause severe diarrhea, dysentery, and complications. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Severe infections may cause low-grade or moderate fever and watery diarrhea that progresses to dysentery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Dysentery is caused when the bacteria escape the epithelial cell phagolysosome, multiply within the cytoplasm, and destroy host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shigella bacteria are a common cause of dysentery in the United States and throughout the world. (msdmanuals.com)
  • DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria ( ENTEROBACTERIACEAE ), most often by the genus SHIGELLA . (nih.gov)
  • Senna leaf extract has an inhibitory effect on a variety of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Proteus, dysentery bacillus, Streptococcus A, as well as Candida albicans and certain pathogenic skin fungi. (realclearbio.com)
  • PURPOSE: In the developing world, bacillary dysentery is one of the most common communicable diarrheal infections. (koreamed.org)
  • Bacillary dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease caused by bacterial infection . (mdpathyqa.com)
  • bacillary d. infection with Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, or other organisms. (theodora.com)
  • Dysentery infection often occurs in crowded places or places where excrement may come into contact, such as prisons, nurseries, nursing homes, etc. (fairview.life)
  • One of the SHIGELLA species that produces bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY). (harvard.edu)
  • Shigella cause greater than one hundred and fifty million cases of dysentery and enteric fever occurs in greater than twenty-seven million people annually. (fda.gov)
  • Hitherto this disease has always been regarded as dysentery .But at this time the germ theory of disease was undeveloped, and every affection which was associated with persistent diarrhoea was called dysentery .On considering the available data in the light of modem knowledge, I think this disease was most certainly typhoid fever. (aboutnelson.co.uk)
  • Het eerste is een ernstig tot zeer ernstig systemisch ziektebeeld ('enteric fever', 'typhoid'), dat wordt veroorzaakt door de pathogenen S. Typhi (humaan) en S. Paratyphi A, B en C (B ook bij pluimvee). (richtlijnendatabase.nl)
  • Children and students had the highest incidence rates of scarlet fever, pertussis, meningococcal meningitis, and bacillary dysentery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Simposio sobre Disenter'ia Shiga en Centroamérica, Ciudad de Guatemala, 27 y 28 de julio de 1971. (who.int)
  • In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, dysentery is recognized as one of the major causes of persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition. (who.int)
  • Bacillary dysentery is becoming one of the leading causes of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. (who.int)
  • In some settings, up to 50% of all diarrhoea deaths can be attributed to bacillary dysentery. (who.int)
  • One characteristic of bacillary dysentery is blood in stool, which is the result of invasion of the mucosa by the pathogen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dysentery,+Bacillary at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "bacillary dysentery" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Yang F, Yang J, Zhang X, et al. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bacillary dysentery and enteric fevers continue to be important causes of morbidity in both developed and developing nations. (fda.gov)
  • Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica (serovar Typhimurium) has also been described as a cause of bacillary dysentery,[citation needed] though this definition is less common. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is sometimes listed as an explicit differential diagnosis of bacillary dysentery, as opposed to a cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hoewel er geen data beschikbaar zijn die gebruik van antibiotica ondersteunen bij immuungecompromitteerden en/of bij patiënten met endovasculair kunstmateriaal in situ, lijkt in die omstandigheden behandeling met een bactericide middel met intracellulaire activiteit, zoals een fluorochinolon, raadzaam. (richtlijnendatabase.nl)
  • His biological study spans a wide range of topics, including Shigella dysenteriae, Serotype and Bacillary dysentery. (research.com)