Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.
A placenta that fails to be expelled after BIRTH of the FETUS. A PLACENTA is retained when the UTERUS fails to contract after the delivery of its content, or when the placenta is abnormally attached to the MYOMETRIUM.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric "female"(CHIMERISM).
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.
Artificially induced UTERINE CONTRACTION. Generally, LABOR, OBSTETRIC is induced with the intent to cause delivery of the fetus and termination of pregnancy.
The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants.
The position or orientation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR, determined by its relation to the SPINE of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the NECK.
Measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis. It includes cephalopelvimetry (measurement of fetal head size in relation to maternal pelvic capacity), a prognostic guide to the management of LABOR, OBSTETRIC associated with disproportion.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
Part of the body in humans and primates where the arms connect to the trunk. The shoulder has five joints; ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint, CORACOCLAVICULAR joint, GLENOHUMERAL joint, scapulathoracic joint, and STERNOCLAVICULAR joint.
Allowing a woman to be in LABOR, OBSTETRIC long enough to determine if vaginal birth may be anticipated.
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.
The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
The elimination of PAIN, without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, during OBSTETRIC LABOR; OBSTETRIC DELIVERY; or the POSTPARTUM PERIOD, usually through the administration of ANALGESICS.
A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.
Chemical compounds that induce menstruation either through direct action on the reproductive organs or through indirect action by relieving another condition of which amenorrhea is a secondary result. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.
Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.
Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery.
A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model.
The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The condition of carrying two or more FETUSES simultaneously.
Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.
The bone that forms the frontal aspect of the skull. Its flat part forms the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the NASAL BONE and the CHEEK BONE on each side of the face.
The potential of the FETUS to survive outside the UTERUS after birth, natural or induced. Fetal viability depends largely on the FETAL ORGAN MATURITY, and environmental conditions.
Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.
Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).
A widely used local anesthetic agent.

Effects of twinning on gestation length, retained placenta, and dystocia. (1/169)

Constraints to maximal productivity from twinning in beef cattle include increased incidence of dystocia and retained placenta, longer postpartum interval, and lower conception rate. Incidence and cause(s) of the shorter gestation length and of the increased retained placenta and dystocia associated with twinning were evaluated for 3,370 single and 1,014 twin births produced in a population of cattle selected for natural twin births. Gestation length was shorter for twin than for single pregnancies (275.6 vs. 281.3 d, P<.01) and likely contributed to the higher incidence of retained placenta associated with twin births (27.9 vs. 1.9%; P<.01). Incidence of retained placenta was also higher in the spring (March-April) than in the fall (August-September) calving season (18.3 vs. 11.4%; P<.01). The higher incidence of dystocia with twins than with singles (46.9 vs. 20.6%, P<.01) was primarily due to abnormal presentation (37.0 vs. 4.5%, respectively) of one or both twin calves at parturition. First- (40.5%) and second- (22.7%) parity dams with a single birth had more (P<.01) dystocia than older dams (13.4%), whereas dystocia was not affected (P>.10) by parity with twin births. Because of the shorter gestation length and the increased incidence of retained placenta and(or) dystocia, achievement of increased productivity with twinning in cattle necessitates intensive management of twin-producing dams and their calves during the calving season. Management of the increased dystocia can be facilitated by preparturient diagnosis of twin pregnancies, enabling timely administration of obstetrical assistance to facilitate delivery of twin calves and to increase their neonatal survival.  (+info)

The influence of the obstetrician in the relationship between epidural analgesia and cesarean section for dystocia. (2/169)

BACKGROUND: The association between epidural analgesia for labor and the risk of cesarean section for dystocia remains controversial The authors hypothesized that if epidural analgesia were an important factor in determining cesarean section rates, then obstetricians with higher rates of utilization of epidural analgesia for labor would have higher rates of cesarean section for dystocia. METHODS: The frequency of use of epidural analgesia and frequency of occurrence of various patient risk factors for cesarean section were calculated for 110 obstetricians caring for > or = 50 low-risk parturients. These frequencies were compared by linear regression to obstetricians' rates of cesarean section for dystocia. Stepwise regression was used to attempt to predict obstetricians' cesarean rates from the incidence of various patient and provider risk factors. RESULTS: There was no relationship between frequency of epidural analgesia and rate of cesarean section for dystocia across practitioners (R2 = 0.019; P = 0.156). Weighting each obstetrician's data for the number of patients cared for during the study period did not change this result. Stepwise linear regression only modestly predicted obstetricians' cesarean section rates for dystocia, yielding a model containing 12 variables not including epidural analgesia (gestational age, induction of labor, maternal age, provider volume, nulliparity, and seven interactions; adjusted R2 = 0.312; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of use of epidural analgesia does not predict obstetricians' rates of cesarean section for dystocia. After accounting for a number of known patient risk factors, obstetrical practice style appears to be a major determinant of rates of cesarean section.  (+info)

Threshold-linear versus linear-linear analysis of birth weight and calving ease using an animal model: I. Variance component estimation. (3/169)

Birth weight and calving difficulty were analyzed with Bayesian methodology using univariate linear models, a bivariate linear model, a threshold model for calving difficulty, and a joint threshold-linear model using a probit approach. Field data included 26,006 records of Gelbvieh cattle. Simulated populations were generated using parameters estimated from the field data. The Gibbs sampler was used to obtain estimates of the marginal posterior mean and standard deviation of the (co)variance components, heritabilities, and correlations. In the univariate analyses, the posterior mean of direct heritability for calving difficulty was .23 with the threshold model and .18 with the linear model. Maternal heritabilities were .10 and .08, respectively. In the bivariate analysis, posterior means of direct heritability for calving difficulty were .21 and .18 for the bivariate linear-threshold and linear-linear model, respectively. Maternal heritabilities were .09 and .06, respectively. Direct heritability for birth weight was .25 for the univariate model and .26 for bivariate models. Maternal heritability was .05 for the linear-threshold model and the univariate model and .06 for the bivariate linear model. Genetic correlation between direct genetic effects in both traits was .81 for the linear-threshold model and .79 for the bivariate linear. Residual correlation was .35 for the bivariate linear model and .50 for the bivariate linear-threshold. A simulation study confirmed that the posterior mean of the marginal distribution was suitable as a point estimate for univariate threshold and bivariate linear-threshold models.  (+info)

Threshold-linear versus linear-linear analysis of birth weight and calving ease using an animal model: II. Comparison of models. (4/169)

Several models were evaluated in terms of predictive ability for calving difficulty. Data included birth weight and calving difficulty scores provided by the American Gelbvieh Association from 26,006 calves born to first-parity cows and five simulated populations of 6,200 animals each. Included in the model were fixed age of dam x sex interaction effects, random herd-year-season effects, and random animal direct and maternal effects. Bivariate linear-threshold and linear-linear models for birth weight/calving ease and univariate threshold and linear models for calving ease were applied to the data sets. For each data set and model, one-half of calving ease records were randomly discarded. Predictive ability of the different models was defined with the mean square error (MSE) for the difference between a deleted calving ease score and its prediction obtained from the remaining data. In terms of correlation between simulated and predicted breeding values, the threshold models had a 1% advantage for direct genetic effects and 3% for maternal genetic effects. In simulation, the average MSE was .29 for linear-threshold, .32 for linear-linear, .37 for threshold, and .39 for linear model. For the field data set, the MSE was .31, .33, .39, and .40, respectively. Although the bivariate models for calving ease/birth weight were more accurate than univariate models, the threshold models showed a greater advantage under the bivariate model. For the purpose of genetic evaluation for calving difficulty in beef cattle, the use of the linear-threshold model seems justified. In dairy cattle, the evaluation for calving ease can benefit from recording birth weight.  (+info)

Relationship of maternal plasma progesterone and estrone sulfate to dystocia in Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows. (5/169)

Thirteen primiparous and 41 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cattle were used to study the relationship between maternal plasma progesterone (P4) and estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations and the prevalence of dystocia. The calvings in 4 heifers and 30 cows were normal (eutocia), while the calvings in 9 heifers and 11 cows were difficult (dystocia). Neither the concentrations of P4 nor E1S were different between the groups with eutocia and dystocia from days 90 to 270 of pregnancy. However, a few days prior to parturition, eutocial cows and heifers showed a sharp decline of plasma P4, while dystocial cattle did not show such a remarkable decline of P4 concentration. Plasma P4 levels in dystocial cows a few days antepartum were significantly higher than in eutocial animals (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Prepartum E1S concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.05) in dystocial than eutocial cattle during the prepartum period from days 6 to 1 in heifers and from days 3 to 1 in cows. These results suggest that insufficient production of E1S and delayed regression of the corpora lutea are possible causes of dystocia in cattle.  (+info)

No mutations found in candidate genes for dystocia. (6/169)

Dystocia is a disorder characterized by prolonged or dysfunctional labour. Delivery that starts late or not at all, leads to an increased risk for Caesarean section, infant morbidity and mortality. Familial aggregations of dystocia suggest a polygenic background. We have studied three candidate genes for dystocia, i.e. the genes for testosterone 5-alpha reductase type 1, prostaglandin F2alpha receptor and endothelin 1 and performed mutational screening in 23 women with dystocia, of which 12 have affected relatives. No mutations were found, making it unlikely that any of these genes represent a major cause of dystocia in man.  (+info)

Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. (7/169)

BACKGROUND: Infants delivered by vacuum extraction or other operative techniques may be more likely to sustain major injuries than those delivered spontaneously, but the extent of the risk is unknown. METHODS: From a California data base, we identified 583,340 live-born singleton infants born to nulliparous women between 1992 and 1994 and weighing between 2500 and 4000 g. One third of the infants were delivered by operative techniques. We evaluated the relation between the mode of delivery and morbidity in the infants. RESULTS: Intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 1 of 860 infants delivered by vacuum extraction, 1 of 664 delivered with the use of forceps, 1 of 907 delivered by cesarean section during labor, 1 of 2750 delivered by cesarean section with no labor, and 1 of 1900 delivered spontaneously. As compared with the infants delivered spontaneously, those delivered by vacuum extraction had a significantly higher rate of subdural or cerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio, 2.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 3.9), as did the infants delivered with the use of forceps (odds ratio, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 5.9) or cesarean section during labor (odds ratio, 2.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 3.4), but the rate of subdural or cerebral hemorrhage associated with vacuum extraction did not differ significantly from that associated with forceps use (odds ratio for the comparison with vacuum extraction, 1.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 2.2) or cesarean section during labor (odds ratio, 0.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.4). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of intracranial hemorrhage is higher among infants delivered by vacuum extraction, forceps, or cesarean section during labor than among infants delivered spontaneously, but the rate among infants delivered by cesarean section before labor is not higher, suggesting that the common risk factor for hemorrhage is abnormal labor.  (+info)

Nutrition and obstructed labor. (8/169)

Obstructed labor is one of the most common preventable causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Among the common causes are cephalopelvic disproportion, malpresentation, and malposition. Recognizing the causes of obstructed labor is important if the complications are to be prevented. Adequate prevention, however, can be achieved only through a multidisciplinary approach aimed in the short term at identifying high-risk cases and in the long term at improving nutrition. Early motherhood should be discouraged, and efforts are needed to improve nutrition during infancy, childhood, early adulthood, and pregnancy. Improving the access to and promoting the use of reproductive and contraceptive services will help reduce the prevalence of this complication.  (+info)

Dystocia is a medical term used to describe difficult or abnormal labor or delivery in animals, including humans. It refers to a situation where the natural process of childbirth is hindered or obstructed, making it difficult for the fetus to pass through the birth canal. This condition can be caused by various factors such as the size and position of the fetus, maternal pelvic size or shape, hormonal imbalances, or other medical conditions that affect the mother's ability to give birth.

Dystocia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the fetus if not treated promptly and appropriately. Prolonged labor can result in fetal distress, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), or even death. In addition, maternal injuries such as uterine rupture, cervical trauma, or infection can occur during a difficult delivery.

The treatment for dystocia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, manual assistance or manipulation of the fetus may be sufficient to facilitate delivery. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as cesarean section (C-section) may be necessary to ensure the safety of both the mother and the fetus.

It is important for pregnant individuals to receive regular prenatal care from a qualified healthcare provider to monitor their pregnancy and identify any potential risk factors for dystocia or other complications. Prompt medical attention should be sought if any signs of difficult labor or delivery are observed.

Retained placenta is a medical condition that occurs when all or part of the placenta remains in the uterus after delivery, instead of being expelled naturally. Normally, the placenta separates from the uterine wall and is delivered within 30 minutes of childbirth. However, if the placenta is not completely delivered, it can lead to complications such as infection, heavy bleeding, and in rare cases, infertility or even death.

Retained placenta can be caused by various factors, including a weakened uterine muscle tone, an abnormally attached placenta, or a retained portion of the membranes. Treatment for retained placenta typically involves manual removal of the remaining tissue by a healthcare professional, often under anesthesia. In some cases, medication may be used to help promote contraction of the uterus and expulsion of the placenta.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if a retained placenta is suspected, as timely treatment can help prevent potentially serious complications.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

Freemartinism is a condition seen in female cattle that have been twin to a male fetus. It is a form of pseudohermaphroditism where the female develops some masculine characteristics due to exposure to male hormones from her twin brother while in the womb. These females may have underdeveloped reproductive systems and are usually sterile, unable to reproduce. The term "freemartin" is used specifically for this condition in cattle, but similar conditions can occur in other species including sheep and goats.

Uterine inertia is a medical condition that occurs during childbirth, specifically during the second stage of labor. It is defined as the failure of the uterus to contract efficiently and effectively during this stage, leading to prolonged or arrested labor. This can result in complications for both the mother and the baby, such as fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, and infection. Uterine inertia can be caused by various factors, including exhaustion of the uterus, drugs that interfere with muscle contractions, or abnormalities in the uterus itself. Treatment typically involves administering oxytocin to stimulate stronger contractions, assisted delivery methods such as forceps or vacuum extraction, or in some cases, cesarean section.

Induced labor refers to the initiation of labor before it begins spontaneously, which is usually achieved through medical intervention. This process is initiated when there is a medically indicated reason to deliver the baby, such as maternal or fetal compromise, prolonged pregnancy, or reduced fetal movement. The most common methods used to induce labor include membrane stripping, prostaglandin administration, and oxytocin infusion. It's important to note that induced labor carries certain risks, including a higher chance of uterine hyperstimulation, infection, and the need for assisted vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Therefore, it should only be performed under the close supervision of a healthcare provider in a clinical setting.

In medical terms, "breeding" is not a term that is commonly used. It is more frequently used in the context of animal husbandry to refer to the process of mating animals in order to produce offspring with specific desired traits or characteristics. In human medicine, the term is not typically applied to people and instead, related concepts such as reproduction, conception, or pregnancy are used.

'Labor presentation' is a term used in obstetrics to describe the part of the fetus that enters the mother's pelvis first during labor. This positioning determines the route the baby will take through the birth canal. The most common and uncomplicated presentation is vertex or cephalic presentation, where the baby's head is the presenting part. Other possible presentations include breech (buttocks or feet first), face, brow, and shoulder presentations, which can potentially lead to complications during delivery if not managed appropriately.

Pelvimetry is a medical measurement and evaluation of the size and shape of the pelvis, which can be performed in several ways:

1. Clinical pelvimetry: This involves physical examination to assess the dimensions of the pelvis by palpation and measurement of the distance between bony landmarks.
2. Radiological pelvimetry: This uses X-ray or CT imaging to obtain more accurate measurements of the pelvic diameters, including the anteroposterior, transverse, and oblique dimensions.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pelvimetry: This method is considered the most accurate for assessing the size and shape of the pelvis, as it provides detailed images without radiation exposure.

Pelvimetry is often used in obstetrics to evaluate whether a woman's pelvis can accommodate a fetus during childbirth (known as "obstetric pelvimetry"). It helps healthcare providers determine if a vaginal delivery is possible or if a cesarean section may be necessary. However, the use of pelvimetry in modern obstetrics has become less common due to its limited predictive value and the increasing focus on individualized birth management.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

In anatomical terms, the shoulder refers to the complex joint of the human body that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is formed by the union of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (upper arm bone). The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint, allowing for a wide range of movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.

The shoulder complex includes not only the glenohumeral joint but also other structures that contribute to its movement and stability, including:

1. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint: where the clavicle meets the acromion process of the scapula.
2. The coracoclavicular (CC) ligament: connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, providing additional stability to the AC joint.
3. The rotator cuff: a group of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that surround and reinforce the shoulder joint, contributing to its stability and range of motion.
4. The biceps tendon: originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and passes through the shoulder joint, helping with flexion, supination, and stability.
5. Various ligaments and capsular structures that provide additional support and limit excessive movement in the shoulder joint.

The shoulder is a remarkable joint due to its wide range of motion, but this also makes it susceptible to injuries and disorders such as dislocations, subluxations, sprains, strains, tendinitis, bursitis, and degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis. Proper care, exercise, and maintenance are essential for maintaining shoulder health and function throughout one's life.

A "trial of labor" (ToL) is a medical term used to describe the attempt to deliver a baby vaginally, without the use of a cesarean section (C-section), after a previous C-section delivery. It's also sometimes referred to as "VBAC" (vaginal birth after cesarean). The decision to undergo a trial of labor is made after considering several factors, including the reason for the prior C-section, the woman's overall health and pregnancy complications, if any.

During a trial of labor, the healthcare provider will monitor both the mother and the baby closely for signs of distress or other complications that might require an emergency C-section. The success rate of a trial of labor varies depending on several factors, including the number of previous C-sections, the reason for those C-sections, and whether there are any additional risk factors present in the current pregnancy.

It's important to note that while a trial of labor can be successful and result in a vaginal delivery, it also carries some risks, such as the possibility of uterine rupture, which is a serious complication that requires immediate medical attention. Therefore, the decision to undergo a trial of labor should be made carefully and discussed thoroughly with a healthcare provider.

Fetal distress is a term used to describe situations where a fetus is experiencing problems during labor or delivery that are causing significant physiological changes. These changes may include an abnormal heart rate, decreased oxygen levels, or the presence of meconium (the baby's first stool) in the amniotic fluid. Fetal distress can be caused by a variety of factors, such as problems with the umbilical cord, placental abruption, maternal high blood pressure, or prolonged labor. It is important to monitor fetal well-being during labor and delivery to detect and address any signs of fetal distress promptly. Treatment may include changing the mother's position, administering oxygen, giving intravenous fluids, or performing an emergency cesarean section.

Breech presentation is a term used in obstetrics to describe a situation where the fetus's buttocks or feet are positioned to come out first during childbirth, instead of the head. There are several types of breech presentations, including:

1. Frank breech: The fetus's hips are flexed and its knees are extended, so that the buttocks are the leading part of the body.
2. Complete breech: The fetus's hips and knees are flexed, and both thighs and legs are close to its chest, so that the buttocks are the leading part of the body.
3. Footling breech: One or both feet are presenting first, with the heels down.

Breech presentation occurs in about 3-4% of all pregnancies at term. While some breech babies can be safely delivered vaginally, most obstetricians recommend a cesarean delivery for breech presentation due to the increased risk of complications such as cord prolapse, head entrapment, and fetal distress. However, there are some techniques that may be used to attempt a vaginal breech delivery in certain situations, such as external cephalic version (ECV), which is a procedure where a healthcare provider manually turns the fetus from a breech position to a head-down position while it is still in the uterus.

'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.

Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Obstetrical analgesia refers to the use of medications or techniques to relieve pain during childbirth. The goal of obstetrical analgesia is to provide comfort and relaxation for the mother during labor and delivery while minimizing risks to both the mother and the baby. There are several methods of obstetrical analgesia, including:

1. Systemic opioids: These medications, such as morphine or fentanyl, can be given intravenously to help reduce the pain of contractions. However, they can cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression in the mother and may also affect the baby's breathing and alertness at birth.
2. Regional anesthesia: This involves numbing a specific area of the body using local anesthetics. The two most common types of regional anesthesia used during childbirth are epidural and spinal anesthesia.

a. Epidural anesthesia: A catheter is inserted into the lower back, near the spinal cord, to deliver a continuous infusion of local anesthetic and sometimes opioids. This numbs the lower half of the body, reducing the pain of contractions and allowing for a more comfortable delivery. Epidural anesthesia can also be used for cesarean sections.

b. Spinal anesthesia: A single injection of local anesthetic is given into the spinal fluid, numbing the lower half of the body. This type of anesthesia is often used for cesarean sections and can also be used for vaginal deliveries in some cases.

3. Nitrous oxide: Also known as laughing gas, this colorless, odorless gas can be inhaled through a mask to help reduce anxiety and provide some pain relief during labor. It is not commonly used in the United States but is more popular in other countries.

When choosing an obstetrical analgesia method, it's essential to consider the potential benefits and risks for both the mother and the baby. Factors such as the mother's health, the progression of labor, and personal preferences should all be taken into account when making this decision. It is crucial to discuss these options with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate choice for each individual situation.

Fetal macrosomia is a medical condition where the fetus in the womb is significantly larger than normal. While there is no consensus on an exact weight that defines macrosomia, it is generally defined as a fetus with an estimated weight of 4,000 grams (8 pounds 13 ounces) or more at birth.

Fetal macrosomia can be caused by several factors, including maternal diabetes, post-term pregnancy, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and prior history of macrosomic infants. Macrosomic infants are at an increased risk for complications during labor and delivery, such as shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, and hypoglycemia.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor fetal growth carefully during pregnancy, particularly in women who have risk factors for macrosomia. Regular prenatal care, including ultrasound measurements of the fetus, can help identify cases of fetal macrosomia and allow for appropriate management and delivery planning.

Menstruation-inducing agents, also known as menstrual induction agents or abortifacients, are medications or substances that stimulate or induce menstruation and can potentially lead to the termination of an early pregnancy. These agents work by causing the uterus to contract and expel its lining (endometrium), which is shed during menstruation.

Common menstruation-inducing agents include:

1. Hormonal medications: Combination oral contraceptives, containing both estrogen and progestin, can be used to induce menstruation by causing the uterus to shed its lining after a planned break from taking the medication. This is often used in birth control methods like the "birth control pill pack."
2. Prostaglandins: These are naturally occurring hormone-like substances that can cause the uterus to contract. Synthetic prostaglandin analogs, such as misoprostol (Cytotec), can be used to induce menstruation or early pregnancy termination.
3. Mifepristone: This is a synthetic steroid hormone that blocks progesterone receptors in the body. When used in combination with prostaglandins, it can cause the uterus to contract and expel its lining, leading to an abortion or inducing menstruation.

It's important to note that using menstruation-inducing agents without medical supervision or for purposes other than their intended use may pose health risks and should be avoided. Always consult a healthcare professional before using any medication for this purpose.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Birth injuries refer to damages or injuries that a baby suffers during the birthing process. These injuries can result from various factors, such as mechanical forces during delivery, medical negligence, or complications during pregnancy or labor. Some common examples of birth injuries include:

1. Brachial plexus injuries: Damage to the nerves that control movement and feeling in the arms and hands, often caused by excessive pulling or stretching during delivery.
2. Cephalohematoma: A collection of blood between the skull and the periosteum (the membrane covering the bone), usually caused by trauma during delivery.
3. Caput succedaneum: Swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp, often resulting from pressure on the head during labor and delivery.
4. Fractures: Broken bones, such as a clavicle or skull fracture, can occur due to mechanical forces during delivery.
5. Intracranial hemorrhage: Bleeding in or around the brain, which can result from trauma during delivery or complications like high blood pressure in the mother.
6. Perinatal asphyxia: A lack of oxygen supply to the baby before, during, or immediately after birth, which can lead to brain damage and other health issues.
7. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the eye), often caused by pressure on the head during delivery.
8. Spinal cord injuries: Damage to the spinal cord, which can result in paralysis or other neurological issues, may occur due to excessive force during delivery or medical negligence.

It's important to note that some birth injuries are unavoidable and may not be a result of medical malpractice. However, if a healthcare provider fails to provide the standard of care expected during pregnancy, labor, or delivery, they may be held liable for any resulting injuries.

Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.

Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.

Fetal monitoring is a procedure used during labor and delivery to assess the well-being of the fetus. It involves the use of electronic devices to measure and record the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. The information obtained from fetal monitoring can help healthcare providers identify any signs of fetal distress, such as a decreased fetal heart rate, which may indicate the need for interventions or an emergency cesarean delivery.

There are two main types of fetal monitoring: external and internal. External fetal monitoring involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. Internal fetal monitoring, which is typically used during high-risk deliveries, involves inserting an electrode into the fetus' scalp to measure the fetal heart rate more accurately.

Fetal monitoring can provide valuable information about the fetus's well-being during labor and delivery, but it is important to note that it has limitations and may not always detect fetal distress in a timely manner. Therefore, healthcare providers must use their clinical judgment and other assessment tools, such as fetal movement counting and visual examination of the fetus, to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.

Least-Squares Analysis is not a medical term, but rather a statistical method that is used in various fields including medicine. It is a way to find the best fit line or curve for a set of data points by minimizing the sum of the squared distances between the observed data points and the fitted line or curve. This method is often used in medical research to analyze data, such as fitting a regression line to a set of data points to make predictions or identify trends. The goal is to find the line or curve that most closely represents the pattern of the data, which can help researchers understand relationships between variables and make more informed decisions based on their analysis.

Epidural analgesia is a type of regional anesthesia used to manage pain, most commonly during childbirth and after surgery. The term "epidural" refers to the location of the injection, which is in the epidural space of the spinal column.

In this procedure, a small amount of local anesthetic or narcotic medication is injected into the epidural space using a thin catheter. This medication blocks nerve impulses from the lower body, reducing or eliminating pain sensations without causing complete loss of feeling or muscle movement.

Epidural analgesia can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management. It is often preferred in situations where patients require prolonged pain relief, such as during labor and delivery or after major surgery. The medication can be administered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and the type of procedure being performed.

While epidural analgesia is generally safe and effective, it can have side effects, including low blood pressure, headache, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, it may also cause nerve damage or infection. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of this procedure with their healthcare provider before deciding whether to undergo epidural analgesia.

Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.

In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.

Multiple pregnancy is a type of gestation where more than one fetus is carried simultaneously in the uterus. The most common forms of multiple pregnancies are twins (two fetuses), triplets (three fetuses), and quadruplets (four fetuses). Multiple pregnancies can occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two or more embryos (monozygotic) or when more than one egg is released and gets fertilized during ovulation (dizygotic). The risk of multiple pregnancies increases with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization. Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both the mother and the fetuses, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and other complications.

In the field of medicine, twins are defined as two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. They can be either monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two separate embryos, resulting in individuals who share identical genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to siblings who share about 50% of their genetic material, similar to non-twin siblings.

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. It is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. The condition usually develops around the 24th week of gestation and is caused by the body's inability to produce enough insulin to meet the increased demands of pregnancy.

Gestational diabetes typically resolves after delivery, but women who have had gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. It is important for women with gestational diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels during pregnancy to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Management of gestational diabetes may include lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes and exercise, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels and potentially using insulin or other medications to control blood sugar levels. Regular prenatal care is essential for women with gestational diabetes to ensure that their blood sugar levels are properly managed and to monitor the growth and development of the fetus.

The frontal bone is the bone that forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets (orbits) in the skull. It is a single, flat bone that has a prominent ridge in the middle called the superior sagittal sinus, which contains venous blood. The frontal bone articulates with several other bones, including the parietal bones at the sides and back, the nasal bones in the center of the face, and the zygomatic (cheek) bones at the lower sides of the orbits.

Fetal viability is the point in pregnancy at which a fetus is considered capable of surviving outside the uterus, given appropriate medical support. Although there is no precise gestational age that defines fetal viability, it is generally considered to occur between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. At this stage, the fetus has developed sufficient lung maturity and body weight, and the risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity significantly decreases. However, the exact definition of fetal viability may vary depending on regional standards, medical facilities, and individual clinical assessments.

Analgesia is defined as the absence or relief of pain in a patient, achieved through various medical means. It is derived from the Greek word "an-" meaning without and "algein" meaning to feel pain. Analgesics are medications that are used to reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, and they work by blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain.

Examples of analgesics include over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve). Prescription opioid painkillers, such as oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet) and hydrocodone (Vicodin), are also used for pain relief but carry a higher risk of addiction and abuse.

Analgesia can also be achieved through non-pharmacological means, such as through nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, acupuncture, and other complementary therapies. The choice of analgesic therapy depends on the type and severity of pain, as well as the patient's medical history and individual needs.

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows patients to self-administer doses of analgesic medication through a controlled pump system. With PCA, the patient can press a button to deliver a predetermined dose of pain medication, usually an opioid, directly into their intravenous (IV) line.

The dosage and frequency of the medication are set by the healthcare provider based on the patient's individual needs and medical condition. The PCA pump is designed to prevent overinfusion by limiting the amount of medication that can be delivered within a specific time frame.

PCA provides several benefits, including improved pain control, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced sedation compared to traditional methods of opioid administration. It also allows patients to take an active role in managing their pain and provides them with a sense of control during their hospital stay. However, it is essential to monitor patients closely while using PCA to ensure safe and effective use.

Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in a specific area of the body during certain medical procedures such as surgery, dental work, or childbirth. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain.

Bupivacaine is available as a solution for injection and is usually administered directly into the tissue surrounding the nerve to be blocked (nerve block) or into the spinal fluid (epidural). The onset of action of bupivacaine is relatively slow, but its duration of action is long, making it suitable for procedures that require prolonged pain relief.

Like all local anesthetics, bupivacaine carries a risk of side effects such as allergic reactions, nerve damage, and systemic toxicity if accidentally injected into a blood vessel or given in excessive doses. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, including heart disease, liver disease, and neurological disorders.

... occurs in approximately 0.4% to 1.4% of vaginal births. Death as a result of shoulder dystocia is very ... "Obstetrical Emergencies - Shoulder Dystocia" (PDF). PSBC. 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2018. "Shoulder Dystocia". TeachMe ObGyn. ... Baxley EG, Gobbo RW (April 2004). "Shoulder dystocia". Am Fam Physician. 69 (7): 1707-14. PMID 15086043. "Fetal Dystocia: ... Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency. Initial efforts to release a shoulder typically include: with a woman on her back ...
Dystocia. An abnormal labor due to large-domed skulls. Feline polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Exotic Shorthairs, as well as ... ISBN 978-1-119-44181-6. OCLC 1143827380.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) "Dystocia (difficult birth ...
... cervical dystocia or stenosis, and cephalopelvic disproportion. Both fetal malpresentation and cervical dystocia may result in ... Cervical dystocia, or stenosis, occurs when the cervix fails to dilate after a practical amount of time during positive uterine ... The main problems in cervical dystocia is the lack of uterine inertia and cervical abnormalities, which prevent the cervix from ... Arthur, Hugh R. (1949-12-01). "Cervical Dystocia". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 56 (6): 983-993 ...
McRoberts maneuver Wood's screw maneuver Shoulder dystocia Treatment of shoulder dystocia The mechanics of birth Baxley EG, ... Gobbo RW (April 2004). "Shoulder dystocia". Am Fam Physician. 69 (7): 1707-14. PMID 15086043. Sandberg, EC (June 15, 1985). " ... "The Zavanelli maneuver: a potentially revolutionary method for the resolution of shoulder dystocia". American Journal of ... the delivered fetal head into the birth canal in anticipation of performing a cesarean section in cases of shoulder dystocia. ...
"English Bulldog - Dystocia". www.ufaw.org.uk. Retrieved 30 January 2023. Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of ...
Assisted delivery: miniature horse dystocia. Note the position of the head. Miniature horse dystocia. Note the position of the ... Dystocia pertaining to birds and reptiles is also called egg binding. In part due to extensive selective breeding, miniature ... The word dystocia means 'difficult labour'. Its antonym is eutocia (Ancient Greek: εὖ, romanized: eu, lit. 'good' + Ancient ... Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is the baby not exiting the pelvis because it is physically blocked during ...
Graham, Jennifer E. (2016). "Dystocia and egg binding". Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Avian. John Wiley & Sons. ...
It can further increase the risk of prolonged labor and shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia - Difficulty in delivering the ... Acker, D. B.; Sachs, B. P.; Friedman, E. A. (December 1985). "Risk factors for shoulder dystocia". Obstetrics and Gynecology. ... such as shoulder dystocia. Complications include lacerations, skin markings, external eye trauma, intracranial injury, facial ...
... is practiced in obstetrics when dealing with shoulder dystocia - a condition in which the fetal shoulders ... ISBN 0-07-118207-1. Lerner, Henry (2017). "Can shoulder dystocia be resolved without fetal injury when it does occur? The ... McRoberts maneuver Zavanelli maneuver Shoulder dystocia The mechanics of birth Kish, Karen; Joseph V. Collea (2003). " ... management of shoulder dystocia". shoulderdystociainfo.com. Retrieved January 13, 2020. (Articles with short description, Short ...
Shoulder dystocia where one of the foetus' shoulders becomes stuck during vaginal birth. There are many risk factors, including ... "Shoulder Dystocia: Signs, Causes, Prevention & Complications". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-04-30. Astatikie G, Limenih MA ...
Dystocia Erb's palsy Warwick, R.; Williams, P.L, eds. (1973). Gray's Anatomy (35th ed.). London: Longman. p.1046 Shoja MM, ...
The dystocia Anorthosis gave rights to ermes ... was looking to equalize. Mercury claimed the equalizer at the end without ... MVP: The scorer Okkas gave the solution to dystocia with aggressive goals in 44' and the overall performance helped his team ...
Shoulder dystocia and neonatal brachial plexus palsy. 38 (4): 210-218. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.04.007. ISSN 0146-0005. PMID ... Obstetric injuries may occur from mechanical injury involving shoulder dystocia during difficult childbirth, the most common of ... Obstetric injuries may occur from mechanical injury involving shoulder dystocia during difficult childbirth, with a prevalence ...
Shoulder dystocia and neonatal brachial plexus palsy. 38 (4): 189-193. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2014.04.003. PMID 24863023. ... Newborns undergoing operative delivery have a higher likelihood of experiencing shoulder dystocia, a delivery emergency that ... Mehta SH, Sokol RJ (June 2014). "Shoulder dystocia: risk factors, predictability, and preventability". Seminars in Perinatology ...
Wood's screw maneuver Zavanelli maneuver Shoulder dystocia Treatment of shoulder dystocia The mechanics of birth Gonik, B.; ... It is employed in case of shoulder dystocia during childbirth and involves hyperflexing the mother's legs tightly to her ... Stringer, C. A.; Held, B. (1983). "An alternate maneuver for management of shoulder dystocia". American Journal of Obstetrics ... "Comparison of perinatal outcomes of shoulder dystocia alleviated by different type and sequence of manoeuvres: a retrospective ...
If the shoulder gets stuck this is called shoulder dystocia. There are certain risk factors for shoulder dystocia, including ... In shoulder dystocia, the shoulder is trapped after the head is delivered, preventing delivery of the rest of the baby. The ... See procedure for relief of shoulder dystocia (below). Back shoulder. The back shoulder is then delivered by providing slight ... "Fetal Dystocia - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved ...
Pott's disease and dystocia". Modern Medicine of Asia. 13 (12): 9-10. PMID 604782. Yufind library, Yale University[permanent ...
A wry nose may cause difficulty during foaling (dystocia). A foal with wry nose may have poor alignment (malocclusion) of the ...
This type of injury is referred to as shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia can cause obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), ... if a newborn does have shoulder dystocia it increases their risk for OBPP 100-fold. Nerve damage has been connected to birth ... "Are all brachial plexus injuries caused by shoulder dystocia?". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 64 (9): 615-623. doi: ...
He married Hu Niu who died of dystocia later. After her death, another girl, Xiao Fuzi, falls in love with Xiang Zi but they ...
Although larger babies are at higher risk for shoulder dystocia, most cases of shoulder dystocia happen in smaller babies ... Newborns with shoulder dystocia are at risk of temporary or permanent nerve damage to the baby's arm, or other injuries such as ... In non-diabetic women, shoulder dystocia happens 0.65% of the time in babies that weigh less than 8 pounds 13 ounces (4,000 g ... Shoulder dystocia occurs when the infant's shoulder becomes impacted on the mother's pubic symphysis during birth. ...
The longer a calf is in utero the larger it will be at birth and the greater the chance of it having dystocia. It also gives ... Gestation length is an indicator of the probability of dystocia. ...
Das, K (1909). "Foetal Chondrodystrophia as a Cause of Brow Presentation and Dystocia". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 2 (Obstet Gynaecol ...
January 2019). "SETD3 is an actin histidine methyltransferase that prevents primary dystocia". Nature. 565 (7739): 372-376. doi ...
Dystocia, an abnormal or difficult labour, is relatively common in Persians. Consequently, the stillbirth rate is higher than ... ISBN 978-3-89993-011-5. Gunn-Moore, D. A.; Thrusfield, M. V. (1995). "Feline dystocia: prevalence, and association with cranial ...
A survey of dystocia in the Boxer breed Mansfield, CS; et al. (2009). "Remission of histiocytic ulcerative colitis in Boxer ... or dystocia. Other conditions that are less common but occur more often in Boxers than other breeds are histiocytic ulcerative ...
On other properties the mobs are inspected by stockmen at varying intervals to stand cast ewes and deal with dystocia. ... Overfeeding, however, may result in over large single lambs and dystocia. Shearing ewes before lambing reduces the number of ...
Wiberg-Itzel, Eva; Wray, Susan; Åkerud, Helena (2017). "A randomized controlled trial of a new treatment for labor dystocia". ...
Penny Simkin; Ruth Ancheta (2011). The Labor Progress Handbook: Early Interventions to Prevent and Treat Dystocia. John Wiley ...
Also, larger breeding females are less likely to experience dystocia (obstructed labor). Many breeders try to breed Chihuahuas ...
Shoulder dystocia occurs in approximately 0.4% to 1.4% of vaginal births. Death as a result of shoulder dystocia is very ... "Obstetrical Emergencies - Shoulder Dystocia" (PDF). PSBC. 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2018. "Shoulder Dystocia". TeachMe ObGyn. ... Baxley EG, Gobbo RW (April 2004). "Shoulder dystocia". Am Fam Physician. 69 (7): 1707-14. PMID 15086043. "Fetal Dystocia: ... Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency. Initial efforts to release a shoulder typically include: with a woman on her back ...
Does anyone know the likelihood of shoulder dystocia reoccurring? I had my son 6 years ago, 8lb 4 oz. He got stuck, I had to be ... He got stuck, I had to be given pitocin and he ended up having should dystocia. They wanted to do an emergency c section and I ... Does anyone know the likelihood of shoulder dystocia reoccurring? I had my son 6 years ago, 8lb 4 oz. ...
To identify a dystocia, it is important to know the mares presumed due date and a normal pregnancy can last 330-345 days with ... Dystocia can also result because the mare is unable to deliver the foal herself due to a uterine tear, uterine atony or lack of ... Dystocia is when natural delivery of the foal cannot occur. This is most commonly due to improper position of the foal which ... Dystocia is a true equine emergency and prompt intervention is paramount to improving the outcome for both the mare and foal. ...
If youve had a baby with shoulder dystocia, youll probably be worried that it might happen again. Our experts explain how ... Having shoulder dystocia with a previous birth does increase the risk. There is about a one in 10 chance that it could happen ... Thats compared with a risk of one out of every 150 births for women who havent had shoulder dystocia in the past.. There is ... You wouldnt normally be offered a caesarean section to prevent shoulder dystocia unless you had a combination of strong risk ...
Have you recently given birth to an infant who sustained injuries from shoulder dystocia? Negligent healthcare professionals ... Shoulder DystociaLaurence2017-05-19T02:45:38+00:00 Was your baby born with an injury due to shoulder dystocia complications? ... Dystocia is defined as a slow or difficult birth or delivery. This complication is difficult to predict prior to labor. ... Shoulder dystocia occurs after an infants head has already been delivered and the shoulders become stuck behind the mothers ...
... our Los Angeles shoulder dystocia lawyers can help. Contact us today. ... If you or your baby suffered from shoulder dystocia during childbirth, ... Shoulder Dystocia. Medical Negligence Can Be the Reason Behind Shoulder Dystocia in Your Child. Medical negligence can ... What is Shoulder Dystocia?. Shoulder dystocia is a medical condition that occurs during childbirth when the babys shoulder ...
Sample Documentation of Delivery with Shoulder Dystocia: contains printable PDF ... This form contains patient identifiers, maneuvers performed, shoulder dystocia duration and maternal and newborn status. ...
I had shoulder dystocia with my first daughter. I was prepped for c section and given a spinal, they performed a forceps ... I dont know if this will help as I did not have an epidural but my baby did have shoulder dystocia . I needed an assisted ... Hi OP, like PPs I didnt have an epidural but I did have shoulder dystocia and it was resolved very quickly with no injury to ... So I was a prime example of a typical shoulder dystocia case . It wasnt traumatic in the slightest . I knew about shoulder ...
Dystocia in the bitch is a common cause for veterinary consultation. The frequency of dystocia in the dog population is unknown ... It has previously been stated that dystocia occurs when the weight of a pup is 4-5% or more of that of the bitch. In our study ... There was a tendency for the bitches with dystocia to have a more narrow pelvic canal (measures s and t in Fig.1) while there ... We wanted to find out if pelvimetry could be used to diagnose obstructive dystocia in three breeds known for a high frequency ...
View printer friendly version of Shoulder Dystocia or PDF Home , Text , Conclusions , Bibliography Resources , Shoulder ...
p,An infant suffered a severe global brachial plexus injury after experiencing shoulder dystocia during delivery. In a 4&# ... In Shoulder Dystocia Case, Appellate Court Overturns Defense Victory, Awards $2.4M September 8, 2021 , Strategic Insights for ... An infant suffered a severe global brachial plexus injury after experiencing shoulder dystocia during delivery. In a 4 to 1 ... The infant was delivered within 45 seconds of experiencing shoulder dystocia. However, she suffered a severe brachial plexus ...
When shoulder dystocia is suspected, the McRoberts maneuver should be attempted first because it is a simple, logical, and ... Clinicians should be aware of the risk factors for shoulder dystocia in order to anticipate those deliveries at high risk and ... Although there are a number of known risk factors, shoulder dystocia cannot be accurately predicted or prevented. ... Contemporaneous documentation of the management of shoulder dystocia is recommended to record significant facts, findings, and ...
Learn about the veterinary topic of Dystocia in Horses. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the MSD Vet ... Controlled Vaginal Delivery for Dystocia in Horses If resolution of the dystocia seems challenging or not possible in the ... Dystocia in Horses By Patricia L. Sertich , VMD, DACT, Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary ... Fetotomy for Dystocia in Horses If surgical facilities are not available or the economic situation prevents referral to a ...
... Aug 1, 2011. Peter D. Constable, BVSc (Hon), MS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVN (Hon) ... Sodium bicarbonate has been used empirically at 1-2 mEq HCO3 / kg IV to resuscitate calves after a dystocia with no reported ... Impacts of dystocia on health and survival of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:1751-1760. ... Rib fractures are very common in calves delivered after a dystocia, being present in 21% (35/169) of calves delivered by ...
Sharma V, Chir B. Vesical calculus as a cause of labour dystocia. Report of a case. Postgrad Med J. 1960;36:626-28. Doi: ... Benkaddour YA, Aboulfalah A, Abbassi H. Bladder stone: Uncommon cause of mechanical dystocia. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2006;274(5): ... Large urinary bladder calculus causing mechanical dystocia can be easily diagnosed when it is palpable by pervaginal ... Most part of the population having deficient healthcare system and prolonged non progressive labour or dystocia which is an ...
For women with a pre-pregnancy BMI < 25.0 kg/m2, the risk of dystocia increases as a function of gestational weight ... Our aim was to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and the occurrence of dystocia. We also identified cutoffs ... The highest BMI category (G6) was an independent risk factor for dystocia (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, ... AUC and predictive cutoffs of gestational weight gain for dystocia were as follows: G1, AUC 0.64 and cutoff 11.5 kg (P < ...
Fetal Dystocia - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Shoulder dystocia In this infrequent condition, presentation is vertex, but the anterior fetal shoulder becomes lodged behind ... Shoulder dystocia is recognized when the fetal head is delivered onto the perineum but appears to be pulled back tightly ... Once shoulder dystocia is recognized, extra personnel are summoned to the room, and various maneuvers are tried sequentially to ...
The definition for shoulder dystocia and the incidence varies. Worldwide, shoulder dystocia may be increasing23. In this update ... In cases of fetal death associated with an undelivered shoulder dystocia one can consider the transabdominal performance or ... ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The definition for shoulder dystocia and the incidence varies. Worldwide, shoulder dystocia may be ... Shoulder dystocia : an update and review of new techniques. South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 15(3):90-93.. ...
New York Shoulder Dystocia New York Shoulder Dystocia ... Risk factors of shoulder dystocia. While should dystocia cannot ... Common shoulder dystocia complications. Shoulder dystocia can lead to oxygen deprivation, which can cause brain damage. Another ... There are numerous complications that can arise during labor and deliver, including shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia is a ... even where medical negligence was not involved in causing the shoulder dystocia, if the doctor mismanages the shoulder dystocia ...
Shoulder dystocia. by Justin Morgenstern,Published January 16, 2019. -Updated January 16, 2019. -at dimensions 1024 × 576 in ...
Dystocia. Dystocia is a medical term, meaning "Difficult birth, typically caused by a large or awkwardly positioned foetus, by ... Dystocia often occurs because of large singles or due to the ewe being too narrow. If assistance is needed then lubrication is ...
Medical Legal Illustrations & Animations: Home , Medical Negligence Exhibits , Shoulder Dystocia , Shoulder Dystocia - 400081_ ...
Shoulder dystocia Shoulder dystocia is a relatively uncommon obstetric emergency. Despite this, care providers, particularly at ... Mechanically, shoulder dystocia occurs due to a mismatch between the antero-posterior width of the babys shoulders relative to ... Sunshine Hospital, must still be aware of the steps to take to address dystocia in the event obstetric support is unavailable. ...
A Philadelphia shoulder dystocia attorney from Youman & Caputo can help you fight for compensation for birth complications. ... What is Shoulder Dystocia?. Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Dystocia. What Birth Injuries Can Shoulder Dystocia Cause?. ... What Is Shoulder Dystocia?. Shoulder dystocia is when a babys shoulder or shoulders get stuck in the birth canal during a ... Philadelphia Shoulder Dystocia Attorney. Get a Free Consultation Shoulder dystocia is an emergency birth complication where one ...
Protected: Shoulder Dystocia. Posted on February 10, 2023. June 12, 2023. by Yago Stecher ...
Heres an opposite word from our thesaurus that you can use as an antonym for dystocia. ... Sentences with the word dystocia. Words that rhyme with dystocia. What is the plural of dystocia?. Use our Antonym Finder. ... What is the opposite of dystocia?. Need antonyms for dystocia? Heres a list of opposite words from our thesaurus that you can ...
Recognizing Shoulder Dystocia. Shoulder dystocia is a very serious condition, but it is also very easy to recognize. So, the ... Shoulder Dystocia and Birth Injuries. Newborn infants are usually very tiny, and the mothers birth canal is usually very tiny ... A number of diagnostic tests can determine the risk of shoulder dystocia. Unfortunately, many doctors do not order such tests. ... Alternatively, doctors may dismiss warning signs as "borderline" shoulder dystocia. They may give the mother some advice, but ...
Discover the key risk factors for shoulder dystocia, including maternal and fetal aspects, and how prenatal factors can ... 1. What Is Shoulder Dystocia and How Does It Occur?. Shoulder dystocia is one of the obstetric emergencies that could occur ... 4. Impact of Gestational Diabetes on Shoulder Dystocia Risk. Diabetes is one of the top shoulder dystocia risk factors, and in ... 2. Maternal Risk Factors for Shoulder Dystocia. A doctor should assess the mother for potential shoulder dystocia risk factors ...
Although shoulder dystocia occurs in 0.3-0.5% of vaginal deliveries among healthy pregnant women, the incidence is 2- to 4-fold ... Prevention of Shoulder Dystocia. Although ultrasonographic measurements of the fetus have proven to be poor predictors of the ... Although delivery as early as 37 weeks might reduce the risk of shoulder dystocia, it increases the likelihood of failed labor ... If one accepts that 8-20% of infants of diabetic mothers born weighing 4500 g or more will experience shoulder dystocia, 15-30 ...
birth, delivery, delivery complications, injuries, shoulder dystocia injury, vacuum extraction device, vacuum extractor, ... Birth Injury - Shoulder Dystocia with Brachial Plexus Injury Caused by Sacrum - Image ... depicts a mid-line cut-away view of a normal vaginal delivery conducted with a vaccuum extractor resulting in shoulder dystocia ...
  • If you struggled with shoulder dystocia in your delivery and your child acquired one of these conditions, medical negligence may be to blame. (monheit.com)
  • Most causes of dystocia in the mare are due to abnormal presentation, position, or posture. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • The most common causes of dystocia are maternal/foetal disproportion, abnormal position of the calf during delivery, incomplete dilation of the cervix, uterine inertia, uterine torsion, twins, and abnormal foetuses. (tisovn.com)
  • Because many of the causes of dystocia, such as abnormal calf position and uterine torsion, are sporadic and unpredictable, prevention focuses primarily on correcting foetal/maternal disproportion and nutrition. (tisovn.com)
  • There are many causes of dystocia. (assignmentresearchwriter.com)
  • Fractures are the second most common injury type resulting from shoulder dystocia deliveries. (monheit.com)
  • You wouldn't normally be offered a caesarean section to prevent shoulder dystocia unless you had a combination of strong risk factors, such as diabetes, an anticipated large baby or a history of shoulder dystocia. (babycentre.co.uk)
  • If anything looks off, the healthcare professional should be able to take steps to prevent shoulder dystocia from happening. (mellinolaw.com)
  • For example, doctors should be able to take the above-mentioned risk factors into account and recommend a C-section to prevent shoulder dystocia. (homyaklaw.com)
  • If the baby is in the wrong position before or during delivery, the mother's pelvic opening is too small, the mother is in a position that limits the room in her pelvis or if the baby has a higher birth weight, these are all factors that can increase the risk of shoulder dystocia. (youmancaputo.com)
  • They are trained to recognize factors that increase the risk of shoulder dystocia, which is why it is generally accepted that shoulder dystocia injuries are generally avoidable if a doctor takes reasonable steps to identify the issue and implement preventative measures. (goldfarbpa.com)
  • Brachial plexus injuries are the most common form of shoulder dystocia. (goldfarbpa.com)
  • Studies have shown that deliveries requiring the instrumental assistance (e.g. vacuums and forceps) are at a higher risk of shoulder dystocia. (monheit.com)
  • Babies that weigh more than eight pounds also face a higher risk of shoulder dystocia. (rstevebowden.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia occurs in approximately 0.4% to 1.4% of vaginal births. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Possible complications include: Neonatal complications: Klumpke paralysis Erb's palsy Hypoxia Death Cerebral palsy Maternal complications: Postpartum bleeding (11%) Perineal lacerations that extend into the anal sphincter Pubic symphysis separation Neuropathy of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Uterine rupture About 16% of deliveries where shoulder dystocia occurs have conventional risk factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shoulder dystocia occurs after an infant's head has already been delivered and the shoulders become stuck behind the mother's pelvis. (monheit.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is a medical condition that occurs during childbirth when the baby's shoulder gets stuck behind the mother's pubic bone. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is a serious and potentially dangerous medical condition that occurs during childbirth. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is a complication that occurs when during a vaginal delivery the baby's head is delivered, but the shoulders get stuck. (1800nynylaw.com)
  • Dystocia often occurs because of large singles or due to the ewe being too narrow. (endellfarmvets.co.uk)
  • Mechanically, shoulder dystocia occurs due to a mismatch between the antero-posterior width of the baby's shoulders relative to the mother's pelvis, causing obstructed labour. (westerned.org)
  • If shoulder dystocia occurs as a result of medical negligence, or if a doctor does not appropriately respond to the complication, the baby's life is put in danger. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia occurs during a vaginal delivery when the baby's head is delivered, but the shoulders become stuck behind the mother's pubic bone. (liptonlaw.com)
  • When shoulder dystocia occurs, the mother and baby are at risk for injuries. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia occurs when the baby's shoulder gets stuck behind the mother's pelvic bone, making it difficult for the birth of the baby. (rstevebowden.com)
  • If medical professionals don't act quickly enough to manage the situation when shoulder dystocia occurs, it could constitute medical negligence . (rstevebowden.com)
  • Risk factors for Shoulder Dystocia may include a large baby, maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, a prolonged second stage of labor, and certain labor-inducing drugs. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • This form contains patient identifiers, maneuvers performed, shoulder dystocia duration and maternal and newborn status. (harvard.edu)
  • Dystocia due to fetal-maternal disproportion or primary uterine inertia is rare in mares. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Dystocia is a common obstetric complication among nulliparous women, which requires medical intervention and carries the risk of negative maternal and neonatal outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the underlying pathophysiology of dystocia remains unclear, a high maternal BMI has been associated with a higher frequency of a prolonged first stage of labor [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most significant cause of dystocia is maternal/foetal disproportion. (tisovn.com)
  • Dystocia is a medical term, meaning "Difficult birth, typically caused by a large or awkwardly positioned foetus, by smallness of the maternal pelvis, or by failure of the uterus and cervix to contract and expand normally. (endellfarmvets.co.uk)
  • Certain maternal health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, or high blood pressure, can contribute to dystocia by affecting the progress of labor. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes can also increase the risk for shoulder dystocia. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • Dystocia in sheep can be caused by either maternal or foetal factors. (assignmentresearchwriter.com)
  • The main maternal cause was the failure of full cervical dilation (causes 30% of dystocia cases in sheep). (assignmentresearchwriter.com)
  • citation needed] One complication of shoulder dystocia is damage to the upper brachial plexus nerves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinicians should be aware of the risk factors for shoulder dystocia in order to anticipate those deliveries at high risk and should be prepared to address this complication in all deliveries. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is an emergency birth complication where one or both of the baby's shoulders are lodged behind the mother's pubic bone. (youmancaputo.com)
  • This complication can happen during delivery, and all labor and delivery doctors should know how to appropriately respond to shoulder dystocia safely and competently. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • While there are many different risk factors associated with shoulder dystocia, the complication can arise in just about any case. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is when, after vaginal delivery of the head, the baby's anterior shoulder gets caught above the mother's pubic bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cases of fetal death associated with an undelivered shoulder dystocia one can consider the transabdominal performance or facilitation of traditional vaginal maneuvers. (sun.ac.za)
  • Shoulder dystocia is when a baby's shoulder or shoulders get stuck in the birth canal during a vaginal delivery. (youmancaputo.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is one of the obstetric emergencies that could occur during the vaginal delivery of a baby. (mellinolaw.com)
  • This medical exhibit depicts a mid-line cut-away view of a normal vaginal delivery conducted with a vaccuum extractor resulting in shoulder dystocia,, or brachial plexus injury. (nucleusmedicalmedia.com)
  • During vaginal delivery, if the doctor's pulls do not deliver the baby's shoulders because one of the shoulders is stuck on the mother's pubic bone, shoulder dystocia has occurred. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Vaginal tears and heavier than normal bleeding are more common after shoulder dystocia. (nct.org.uk)
  • About 20% of babies are injured in shoulder dystocia deliveries. (monheit.com)
  • If your child has suffered from a birth injury related to shoulder dystocia, you need to contact a personal injury attorney with proven birth injury case experience as soon as possible. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • If your child suffered from a birth injury related to shoulder dystocia in a hospital in the Jackson Metro Area or in any of the surrounding communities, contact the experienced birth injury case team at Coxwell & Associates, PLLC at (601) 265-7766 for a free case consultation today. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • Some of them are related to shoulder dystocia, which is a serious birth problem that can lead to various serious medical complications for the child. (rstevebowden.com)
  • Proper planning for the birth can eliminate the possibility of shoulder dystocia or diminish the chances of shoulder dystocia. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Is there a possibility of shoulder dystocia being a result of medical negligence? (rstevebowden.com)
  • Brachial plexus palsy, cerebral palsy, Erb's palsy, Klumpke's palsy and severe neurological damage are all potential complications of shoulder dystocia. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • Listed below are some potential complications of shoulder dystocia. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite this, care providers, particularly at Sunshine Hospital, must still be aware of the steps to take to address dystocia in the event obstetric support is unavailable. (westerned.org)
  • Objective: The study was aimed to define obstetric factors associated with shoulder dystocia. (bgu.ac.il)
  • It can be exercised in two ways, physical and psychological, therefore, the aim is y psicológicas de la to define obstetric violence, its origin, divisions, and relation with women's sexual and reproductive rights, as well as to violencia obstétrica en identify its physical and psychological consequences. (bvsalud.org)
  • Contemporaneous documentation of the management of shoulder dystocia is recommended to record significant facts, findings, and observations about the shoulder dystocia event and its sequelae. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • For most obstetrical nursing units in North America, management of shoulder dystocia has now become a focus point. (michigancerebralpalsylawyers.com)
  • Dystocia can lead to various complications, such as prolonged labor, increased risk of infections, fetal distress, and the need for medical interventions such as vacuum extraction or cesarean section (C-section). (mersonlaw.com)
  • In some cases, medical interventions, such as assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, or even a cesarean section, may be recommended to resolve dystocia and facilitate a safe delivery. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Association between Diabetes in Pregnancy and Shoulder Dystocia by Infant Birth Weight in an Era of Cesarean Delivery for Suspected Macrosomia. (bvsalud.org)
  • We calculated adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) with modified Poison 's regression between diabetes and shoulder dystocia and the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent a shoulder dystocia with cesarean delivery. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diabetes increased the risk of shoulder dystocia , even at lower birth weight thresholds than at which cesarean delivery is currently offered. (bvsalud.org)
  • Guidelines providing the option of cesarean delivery for suspected macrosomia may have decreased the risk of shoulder dystocia at higher birth weights . (bvsalud.org)
  • Obstructed labour, also known as labour dystocia, is the baby not exiting the pelvis because it is physically blocked during childbirth although the uterus contracts normally. (uia.org)
  • If the baby's shoulder is stuck on the mother's pelvis during delivery, that's known as shoulder dystocia. (coxwelllaw.com)
  • There is no definite evidence about whether or not you should have a caesarean to avoid shoulder dystocia occurring again. (babycentre.co.uk)
  • Some of these risk factors can be identified during prenatal care to avoid shoulder dystocia during labor. (youmancaputo.com)
  • To manage Shoulder Dystocia, healthcare providers may use specific maneuvers to help free the baby's shoulders, such as McRoberts Maneuver, suprapubic pressure, or the Woods Corkscrew Maneuver. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • In cases where the McRoberts maneuver and suprapubic pressure are unsuccessful, delivery of the posterior arm can be considered as the next maneuver to manage shoulder dystocia. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • It is expected that the doctor will use his or her skill to manage shoulder dystocia so that the baby is delivered with little or no injury. (1800nynylaw.com)
  • If your child was seriously hurt because your doctor failed to properly manage shoulder dystocia, it is important that you immediately contact an experienced New York shoulder dystocia lawyer who will review your medical records and explain to you your legal rights to pursue compensation through a medical malpractice lawsuit. (1800nynylaw.com)
  • One characteristic of a minority of shoulder dystocia deliveries is the turtle sign, which involves the appearance and retraction of the baby's head (analogous to a turtle withdrawing into its shell), and a red, puffy face. (wikipedia.org)
  • prompt veterinary intervention is warranted since those are hallmark signs of dystocia. (acvs.org)
  • Healthcare providers closely monitor labor progress to identify signs of dystocia and take appropriate actions to ensure the safety of both the mother and the baby. (mersonlaw.com)
  • The treatment of Shoulder Dystocia typically involves prompt recognition of the condition and the implementation of appropriate maneuvers to release the baby's shoulder and facilitate delivery. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • When shoulder dystocia presents during labor, there are different maneuvers that can alleviate it and help safely deliver the baby. (youmancaputo.com)
  • If the baby still doesn't come easily, there are maneuvers the doctor will do to help release the shoulders and aid the delivery (see also Shoulder dystocia ). (familyeducation.com)
  • Dystocia can sometimes lead to difficult maneuvers during delivery, such as excessive pulling or twisting of the baby's head and shoulders. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Figure 1: Common abnormal positions of the foal resulting in dystocia. (acvs.org)
  • Fetal dystocia is abnormal fetal size or position resulting in difficult delivery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Common mother-related risk factors for shoulder dystocia include physical signs, such as having an abnormal or small pelvis or being very short. (mellinolaw.com)
  • Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone. (uia.org)
  • Common mistakes when dealing with dystocia include allowing the ewe to be in labour too long before intervening, trying to deliver a lamb that is in an abnormal position and applying too much force. (assignmentresearchwriter.com)
  • Dystocia can also result because the mare is unable to deliver the foal herself due to a uterine tear, uterine atony or lack of uterine contractions, uterine torsion or twist of the uterus, or previous injury such as a pelvic fracture causing narrowing of the birth canal. (acvs.org)
  • Dystocia can occur due to a variety of reasons, including the size and position of the baby, the mother's pelvic structure, and the strength and coordination of uterine contractions. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Uterine dystocia refers to weak or ineffective uterine contractions that hinder the progress of labor. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Weak or uncoordinated uterine contractions can result in dystocia. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Certain medical interventions, such as the use of labor-inducing medications or epidurals, can affect the strength and coordination of uterine contractions, potentially leading to dystocia. (mersonlaw.com)
  • In the present study, a Rottweiler aged 3yrs and weighing 25 kilograms was presented with dystocia due to primary uterine inertia and was treated by caesarean section to remove one live pup and the patient went on to make an uneventful recovery. (veterinarypaper.com)
  • Simulation training of health care providers to prevent delays in delivery when a shoulder dystocia presents is useful. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dystocia is when natural delivery of the foal cannot occur. (acvs.org)
  • Dystocia is defined as a slow or difficult birth or delivery. (monheit.com)
  • An infant suffered a severe global brachial plexus injury after experiencing shoulder dystocia during delivery. (ecri.org)
  • During delivery, the infant was diagnosed with shoulder dystocia. (ecri.org)
  • If your doctor was negligent during your labor and delivery, and their negligence resulted in a shoulder dystocia-related injury, you may be entitled to financial compensation for your losses. (youmancaputo.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is a scary situation in the delivery room for patients and doctors. (mellinolaw.com)
  • With proper prenatal care and monitoring , a doctor can catch shoulder dystocia risk factors and help avoid the problem during delivery. (mellinolaw.com)
  • Labor and delivery complications during childbirth can include premature labor, fetal distress, failure to progress, cord prolapse, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage. (familyeducation.com)
  • Conclusions: Independent factors associated with shoulder dystocia were birth-weight ≥4000 g, vacuum delivery, diabetes mellitus and lack of prenatal care. (bgu.ac.il)
  • Shoulder dystocia is a case of dystocia wherein the anterior shoulder of the newborn can't pass the pubic symphysis after the delivery of the head, or needs considerable manipulation to pass the pubic symphysis. (michigancerebralpalsylawyers.com)
  • Certain medical conditions can put the pregnant mother at risk for a shoulder dystocia delivery. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Doctors should assess the pregnant mother's risks for a shoulder dystocia delivery. (liptonlaw.com)
  • When these risk factors are identified, doctors can be prepared for the possibility of the problem occurring at the time of delivery, reducing shoulder dystocia chances. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Ampadu Delivery Chairs enhance the rotation and descent of the fetus in a difficult birth (shoulder dystocia, face to pubis presentation, big baby, prolong 2nd stage) and give women in labour the extra strength to push with the helpful force of gravity. (who.int)
  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a high prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and gestational weight gain (GWG) have been independently associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, including macrosomia, operative delivery, and shoulder dystocia. (medscape.com)
  • However, cases of shoulder dystocia can occur without any warning, and the outcome will depend heavily on the skill used to manage it. (youmancaputo.com)
  • There is no warning shoulder dystocia will occur. (mellinolaw.com)
  • 1. What Is Shoulder Dystocia and How Does It Occur? (mellinolaw.com)
  • The Cleveland Clinic states that incidences of shoulder dystocia are rare and most likely to occur in babies weighing over 8 pounds 3 ounces. (mellinolaw.com)
  • The more the baby weighs, the higher the risk factors are that shoulder dystocia can occur. (liptonlaw.com)
  • To identify a dystocia, it is important to know the mare's presumed due date and a normal pregnancy can last 330-345 days with some breed specific variations. (acvs.org)
  • This can be more important if the mare has a history of dystocia or other problems during pregnancy. (acvs.org)
  • We also identified cutoffs of gestational weight gain, based on pre-pregnancy BMI, associated with the risk of dystocia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accordingly, our aim in this study was to examine the association between BMI and the occurrence of dystocia among nulliparous women in Japan, as well as to identify the appropriate gestational weight gain cutoffs, based on the pre-pregnancy BMI, to lower the risk of dystocia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While there is a risk of shoulder dystocia with every pregnancy, there are factors that make some women more likely than others to experience it. (youmancaputo.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia can arise in any pregnancy, but certain mothers run a higher risk than others. (homyaklaw.com)
  • Obesity and lack of exercise during late pregnancy increase the chances of dystocia in sheep. (assignmentresearchwriter.com)
  • Abuse was statistically significantly correlated with mean weight gain during pregnancy, mean frequency of the prenatal care, prolonged labour (dystocia), premature rupture of membrane, low mean birth weight and mean gestational age at birth. (who.int)
  • Diabetes is one of the top shoulder dystocia risk factors, and in the majority of cases, the mother has diabetes , which includes gestational diabetes. (mellinolaw.com)
  • Shoulder Dystocia Risk Factors: 5 Things To Know August 7, 2023. (mellinolaw.com)
  • Methods: A population-based study comparing all singleton, vertex, term deliveries with shoulder dystocia with deliveries without shoulder dystocia was performed. (bgu.ac.il)
  • Results: Shoulder dystocia complicated 0.2% (n = 245) of all deliveries included in the study (n = 107965). (bgu.ac.il)
  • Unless you're a medical professional yourself, you may be uncertain if medical negligence caused injuries which resulted from shoulder dystocia. (monheit.com)
  • Shoulder Dystocia is considered a medical emergency because it can lead to serious birth injuries for both the mother and the baby, including nerve damage, bone fractures, and brain damage due to oxygen deprivation. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • When healthcare providers breach this duty of care, it can result in medical negligence and lead to serious birth injuries, including Shoulder Dystocia. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • However, if Shoulder Dystocia is not managed appropriately, it can lead to serious birth injuries that may have long-lasting effects on the baby and the mother. (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • At Youman & Caputo, our Philadelphia shoulder dystocia attorneys have the legal and medical resources necessary to fight for compensation for your baby's injuries. (youmancaputo.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia can result in severe nerve injuries for the infant due to a stretched and damaged brachial plexus. (youmancaputo.com)
  • What Birth Injuries Can Shoulder Dystocia Cause? (youmancaputo.com)
  • If the situation is not immediately controlled by the obstetrician, the odds of serious injuries, permanent damage and health issues associated with shoulder dystocia increase. (youmancaputo.com)
  • This situation is quite common, as shoulder dystocia is one of the leading causes of birth injuries. (matassinilaw.com)
  • Dystocia can sometimes lead to various birth injuries due to the prolonged or challenging nature of the labor process. (mersonlaw.com)
  • The quicker doctors react to shoulder dystocia, the lower the risk factors are for injuries. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Infants suffering from shoulder dystocia complications during birth are at risk of severe birth injuries. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia is one of the rarer birth injuries, but expectant mothers in Pennsylvania should know about it all the same. (homyaklaw.com)
  • Canine dystocia is a common presentation in emergency-care veterinary practice. (rvc.ac.uk)
  • In fact, excessive force during shoulder dystocia is the most common cause of Erb's palsy. (monheit.com)
  • Dystocia in the bitch is a common cause for veterinary consultation. (vin.com)
  • Rib fractures are very common in calves delivered after a dystocia, being present in 21% (35/169) of calves delivered by extraction versus 0% (0/61) of calves delivered by cesarian section. (dvm360.com)
  • Dystocia is a common small animal emergency. (veterinarypaper.com)
  • How Common Is Shoulder Dystocia? (liptonlaw.com)
  • A brachial plexus injury is the most common injury that a baby can suffer from shoulder dystocia. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Dystocia is extremely common in sheep and causes the death of many lambs and ewes. (assignmentresearchwriter.com)
  • Studies show that for babies weighing more than eight pounds, the chances of shoulder dystocia increase, but it can also happen to infants with a birth weight between five to eight pounds, although their chances are smaller. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Approximately twenty percent of babies suffer a shoulder dystocia injury and that injury could be temporary or permanent. (goldfarbpa.com)
  • If you suspect that you or your baby was injured because a medical professional mismanaged your baby's shoulder dystocia, do not hesitate to immediately contact an experienced shoulder dystocia attorney serving New York. (1800nynylaw.com)
  • Newly published article - Canine dystocia in 50 UK first-opinion emergency-care veterinary practices: prevalence and risk factors. (rvc.ac.uk)
  • The objectives of this study were to report the prevalence of dystocia in an emergency-care caseload of entire female dogs and to use multivariable logistic regression to identify risk factors associated with the disorder. (rvc.ac.uk)
  • There are certain risk factors which make shoulder dystocia more likely. (monheit.com)
  • Plenty of women with none of these risk factors also encounter shoulder dystocia. (monheit.com)
  • Although there are a number of known risk factors, shoulder dystocia cannot be accurately predicted or prevented. (guidelinecentral.com)
  • While should dystocia cannot always be predicted, there are several risk factors. (1800nynylaw.com)
  • However, there are shoulder dystocia risk factors. (mellinolaw.com)
  • A doctor should assess the mother for potential shoulder dystocia risk factors during prenatal care. (mellinolaw.com)
  • Fetal weight is one of the risk factors to consider when anticipating shoulder dystocia. (liptonlaw.com)
  • Does anyone know the likelihood of shoulder dystocia reoccurring? (babycenter.com)
  • Carrying twins or more can increase the likelihood of dystocia due to the additional factors involved in multiple pregnancies. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Shoulder dystocia can be a difficult issue to navigate for healthcare professionals. (monheit.com)
  • A baby that is larger than average (macrosomic) or positioned in a way that makes it difficult to pass through the birth canal can lead to dystocia. (mersonlaw.com)
  • Medical negligence can contribute to the occurrence of Shoulder Dystocia during childbirth . (pacificattorneygroup.com)
  • Our aim was to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and the occurrence of dystocia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed no association between gestational weight gain and the occurrence of dystocia in G5 and G6 ( P = 0.446 and P = 0.291, respectively). (biomedcentral.com)
  • If your child was seriously injured during birth, it is possible that the obstetrician was negligent in permitting the occurrence of shoulder dystocia or in not properly resolving the condition when the discovered it during the birth. (goldfarbpa.com)
  • If your child suffered a birth injury, such as shoulder dystocia, cerebral palsy , or cephalohematoma , you may be eligible for compensation. (liptonlaw.com)