An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation.
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic tapeworms of the genus ECHINOCOCCUS, such as Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. Ingested Echinococcus ova burrow into the intestinal mucosa. The larval migration to the liver via the PORTAL VEIN leads to watery vesicles (HYDATID CYST).
Helminth infection of the lung caused by Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis.
A genus of very small TAPEWORMS, in the family Taeniidae. The adult form is found in various CARNIVORA but not humans. The larval form is seen in humans under certain epidemiologic circumstances.
A north temperate species of tapeworm (CESTODA) whose adult form infects FOXES and wild RODENTS. The larval form can infect humans producing HEPATIC HYDATID CYSTS.
A species of hydatid tapeworm (class CESTODA) in the family Taeniidae, whose adult form infects the DIGESTIVE TRACT of DOGS, other canines, and CATS. The larval form infects SHEEP; PIGS; HORSES; and may infect humans, where it migrates to various organs and forms permanent HYDATID CYSTS.
Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals.
A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
An autonomous region located in central Asia, within China.
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.
Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, known officially as the Kyrgyz Republic.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is a country located in Central Asia and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Bulgaria" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is actually the name of a country located in southeastern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Bulgaria.
Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.
The country is bordered by RUSSIA on the north and CHINA on the west, south, and east. The capita is Ulaanbaatar.
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peru" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Republic of Peru. If you have any questions about medical topics that I can help clarify, please let me know!
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Uruguay" is a country's name located in South America and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical conditions, diseases, or healthcare in Uruguay, I would be happy to help with those!
Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.
Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.
Proteins found in any species of helminth.
One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Surgical treatment of hydatid cyst of the lung: review of 30 cases. (1/122)

Hydatid cyst disease is still a problem in Turkey, especially in the east Anatolian region, as well as in many other places in the world. A retrospective review was made of the surgical treatment of 30 patients with pulmonary hydatid cysts during the last 3 yrs. Nineteen patients were male and 11 female with an average age of 23.5 yrs (range 4-44 yrs). Cystotomy and capitonnage were performed in 28 of the 30 cases (93.4%). The transdiaphragmatic route or simultaneous laparotomy was preferred when the liver was involved. Albendazole was used in four patients with multiple hydatid cyst due to probable recurrence in the postoperative period. Cough and chest pain were the prominent symptoms in the majority of cases. A single lobe was affected in 22 patients. Unilateral multiple foci were present in four patients and bilateral multiple foci in four. Six patients had concomitant liver cysts. Morbidity was low and no mortality was seen. No recurrences were seen on control chest radiographs during the last 2-yr follow-up. In the treatment of hydatid cyst of the lung, conservative surgical methods such as cystotomy and capitonnage still remain the treatment of choice. Medical treatment could be used for prophylactic purposes and in some instances, but the percutaneous aspiration method should not be performed.  (+info)

Differential serodiagnosis for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using fractions of Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (antigen B) and E. multilocularis protoscolex (EM18). (2/122)

Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid and E. multilocularis protoscolex extract were fractionated by a single step of preparative isoelectric focusing, resulting in an antigen B-rich fraction (8-kD) and an Em18-rich fraction, respectively. The usefulness of both fractions for differential serodiagnosis of cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis was evaluated by a large-scale immunoblot analysis on a battery of 354 serum samples. These included 66 from AE patients originating from four different endemic areas, 173 from CE patients originating from seven different endemic areas, 71 from patients with other parasitic diseases, 15 from patients with hepatomas, and 29 from healthy individuals. In an immunoblot with the antigen B-rich fraction, 92% (158 of 173) of the CE sera as well as 79% (52 of 66) of the AE sera reacted with the 8-kD subunit. No cross-reactivity occurred with any sera from patients with cysticercosis, other parasitic diseases, or with hepatomas, or from healthy controls. In an immunoblot with the Em18-rich fraction, all but two sera from AE patients (64 of 66, 97%) recognized Em18, and only nine of 34 CE sera from China reacted with it. All other (139) CE sera from six other countries were negative as were all (115) other non-echinococcosis sera. These findings indicate that antigen B (8-kD) is not species-specific for E. granulosus but is genus-specific for Echinococcus, and that the Em18 antigen is a reliable serologic marker for species-specific differentiation of AE from CE.  (+info)

Nitric oxide-mediated immunosuppression following murine Echinococcus multilocularis infection. (3/122)

In some parasitic infections immunosuppression is a prominent characteristic of the host-parasite interplay. We have used a murine alveolar echinococcosis (AE) model in susceptible C57BL/6 mice to document a suppressed splenocyte proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A) at the early (1-month) stage and to Echinococcus multilocularis-crude antigen (Emc-antigen) at the late (4-6-month) stage of chronic infection. Despite proliferative suppression, splenic cytokine production [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)] in response to Con A or Emc-antigen stimulation was not suppressed at 1 month postinfection (p.i.). Infection resulted in a strong Mac-1+ cell infiltration of the peritoneal cavity and spleen. Peritoneal cells (PEC) from mice infected at the 1-month stage were rich in macrophages and expressed significantly higher levels of transcripts for the inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta and for tumour necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), when compared with PEC from non-infected control mice. Conversely, the IL-10 transcript level remained low and did not change during infection. Spleen cells supplemented with PEC from infected mice induced a marked increase in the levels of nitrite in response to Con A and Emc-antigen stimulation, and also a complete suppression of splenic proliferation. The spleen cells from late-stage infected mice expressed only background levels of IL-10 but greatly increased levels of iNOS, when compared with normal spleen cells. This observation correlated with the immunosuppression demonstrated at the late stage of murine AE. Furthermore, the suppressed splenic proliferative responses observed at the early and late stage were reversed to a large extent by the addition of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine and partially by anti-IFN-gamma. Thus, our results demonstrated that the immunosuppression observed in chronic AE was not primarily dependent on IL-10 but rather on nitric oxide production by macrophages from infected animals.  (+info)

Long-term evaluation of patients with hydatidosis treated with benzimidazole carbamates. (4/122)

Four hundred forty-eight patients with 929 Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts received 3- to 6-month continuous cycles of mebendazole or albendazole treatment and underwent prolonged follow-up by clinical visits and imaging studies (range, 1-14 years) to assess the long-term outcome of treatment. Degenerative changes and relapse were assessed by imaging techniques. At the end of therapy, 74.1% of the hydatid cysts showed degenerative changes. These were more frequent in albendazole-treated than in mebendazole-treated cysts (82.2% vs. 56.1%; P < .001). During long-term follow-up, 104 cysts (22%) had degenerative changes that progressed, whereas 163 cysts (approximately 25%) relapsed. The percentages of relapses in the two drug-treated groups were almost the same. Relapses occurred more frequently in type II cysts of the liver. Cysts recurred most often (78.5%; P < .001) within the first 2 years after treatment ended. Further chemotherapy cycles induced degenerative changes in >90% of relapsed cysts without inducing more frequent or more severe side effects than those observed during the initial cycles.  (+info)

Cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with pharmacologically treated cystic echinococcosis. (5/122)

The influence of pharmacological treatment on the immune response of patients with Echinococcus granulosus infection was evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine mRNA expression for IL-12 p35, IL-12 p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-4 in PBMC from 12 patients before and after chemotherapy and from seven uninfected controls. Most patients' PBMC showed measurable amounts of IL-12 p35, IL-4, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA in parasite antigen-stimulated and unstimulated cultures. Conversely, IL-12 p40 mRNA was detected almost exclusively in successfully treated patients (86%) after therapy. In these patients semiquantitative analysis of RT-PCR products showed a significant difference between IL-12 p40 mRNA mean levels before and after therapy (P = 0.03 in parasite antigen-stimulated cultures; P = 0.001 in unstimulated cultures). IL-4 mRNA was weakly expressed before therapy and more highly so after treatment in both groups of patients and under both culture conditions; IL-4 mRNA reached its highest level in post-therapy PBMC from patients in whom therapy failed (stimulated cultures). IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA expression increased in patients who responded to therapy and decreased in patients who did not. In contrast to IL-12 p35, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNAs, IL-12 p40 and IL-4 mRNAs were detected exclusively in patients, suggesting a close relationship between these two cytokines and cystic echinococcosis. Our findings indicate that chemotherapy influences the immune response, thus determining changes in Th1/Th2 cytokine mRNA patterns, predominantly in IL-12 p40 and IL-4 mRNA expression.  (+info)

A placebo controlled study of albendazole in the treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis. (6/122)

Infection with Echinococcus granulosus is endemic in Middle Eastern countries. Some patients are noted to undergo spontaneous resolution, but many require surgical removal with its associated risks. Although, there are studies showing favourable responses to medical treatment, there is no controlled study on the effect of albendazole. In this study, 20 patients with 179 E. granulosus cysts affecting the lungs were entered into a triple blind parallel randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of albendazole versus placebo. Fifteen patients (150 cysts) completed 6 months of treatment; four patients (26 cysts) were in the placebo group and 11 patients (124 cysts) in the treatment group receiving 800 mg albendazole daily in three cycles of 6 weeks with 2 weeks between cycles. Ten of 11 patients (91%) in the treatment group showed either cure (five patients) or improvement (five patients); in the placebo group, only one of four (25%) showed spontaneous improvement but no cure. In the treatment group, 88 of 124 cysts (71%) showed improvement compared to four of 26 (15.4%) in the placebo group (p=0.000). Complication from therapy was insignificant; one case had recurrent disease, which responded to further therapy. It is suggested that patients suffering from uncomplicated hydatid disease should be given a trial of albendazole before surgery is considered.  (+info)

Diagnosis of hydatid disease of abdomen and thorax by ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology. (7/122)

Five cases of hydatid disease of abdomen and thorax were diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) under ultrasound guidance. The age of patients ranged from 25-50 years, with a median age of 37 years. Male to female ratio was 2:3. None of the cases were clinically diagnosed as hydatid disease, but ultrasonography raised suspicion in two cases. The location of cyst in four cases was liver and one aspiration was done from lung. Smears from all cases showed features consistent with hydatid disease. None of the patients showed any untoward allergic reaction following FNAC.  (+info)

Immunodiagnosis of Echinococcus infections: confirmatory testing and species differentiation by a new commercial Western Blot. (8/122)

The Echinococcus Western Blot IgG (LDBIO Diagnostics, Lyon, France), using a whole larval antigen from Echinococcus multilocularis, was evaluated for serodiagnosis and differentiation between two human parasitic infections of worldwide importance: cystic echinococcosis, due to Echinococcus granulosus, and alveolar echinococcosis, due to E. multilocularis. Fifty and 61 serum samples from patients with cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively, were used for assessing diagnostic sensitivity. The sensitivity of the assay was compared with those of screening tests used for these applications. Sera used for assessing cross-reactivities were from 154 patients with other diseases, either parasitic or not. The assay allowed the detection of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies in 97% of Echinococcus-infected patients. It had a higher sensitivity than screening assays for the detection for each echinococcosis. The assay allowed us to correctly distinguish between E. granulosus- and E. multilocularis-infected patients in 76% of cases. It did not allow us to distinguish active from inactive forms of both echinococcoses. The occurrence of cross-reactivities with neurocysticercosis indicates the necessity for retesting sera with species-specific antigens, for rare patients with neurologic disorders. This study shows the usefulness of the commercially available Echinococcus Western Blot IgG for the serological confirmation of human echinococcosis.  (+info)

Echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of tapeworms belonging to the genus Echinococcus. There are several species of Echinococcus that can cause disease in humans, but the most common ones are Echinococcus granulosus (causing cystic echinococcosis) and Echinococcus multilocularis (causing alveolar echinococcosis).

Humans typically become infected with echinococcosis by accidentally ingesting eggs of the tapeworm, which are shed in the feces of infected animals such as dogs, foxes, and wolves. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and release larvae that migrate to various organs in the body, where they form cysts or hydatids.

The symptoms of echinococcosis depend on the location and size of the cysts. Cystic echinococcosis often affects the liver and lungs, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Alveolar echinococcosis typically involves the liver and can cause chronic liver disease, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

Treatment of echinococcosis may involve surgery to remove the cysts, medication to kill the parasites, or both. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with dogs and other animals that may be infected with Echinococcus, practicing good hygiene, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Echinococcosis, hepatic is a type of parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The infection typically occurs when a person accidentally ingests microscopic eggs of the tapeworm, which can be present in contaminated food, water, or soil.

Once inside the body, the eggs hatch and release larvae that can migrate to various organs, including the liver. In the liver, the larvae form hydatid cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs that can grow slowly over several years, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.

Hepatic echinococcosis is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as cyst rupture, infection, or organ damage if left untreated. Treatment options include surgery to remove the cysts, medication to kill the parasites, or a combination of both. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Pulmonary echinococcosis is a rare infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. The infection occurs when the eggs of the tapeworm, which are passed in the feces of an infected animal (usually a dog or fox), are ingested by another host (usually a human). Once inside the body, the eggs hatch and release larvae that can migrate to various organs, including the lungs. In the lungs, the larvae form hydatid cysts, which can grow slowly over several years and cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by medication to prevent recurrence.

'Echinococcus' is a genus of tapeworms that can cause serious infections known as echinococcosis in humans and other animals. The most common species that infect humans are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis.

Echinococcus granulosus typically causes cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, which affects the liver, lungs, or other organs. The tapeworm's eggs are passed in the feces of infected animals, such as dogs or sheep, and can be ingested by humans, leading to the development of cysts in various organs.

Echinococcus multilocularis typically causes alveolar echinococcosis, a more severe and invasive form of the disease that affects the liver and can spread to other organs. This species has a complex life cycle involving small mammals as intermediate hosts and canids (such as foxes or dogs) as definitive hosts.

Human infections with Echinococcus are rare but can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. Preventive measures include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with infected animals, and cooking meat thoroughly before consumption.

'Echinococcus multilocularis' is a species of tapeworm that causes alveolar echinococcosis, a serious and potentially fatal infection. This tapeworm is most commonly found in foxes and other wild canids, but it can also infect domestic dogs and cats. The life cycle of this parasite involves the ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of an infected animal by another animal, such as a rodent. Once inside the new host, the eggs hatch into larvae that migrate to various organs, particularly the liver, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and may eventually cause serious complications if left untreated.

Humans can become accidentally infected with 'Echinococcus multilocularis' by ingesting contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with an infected animal. The infection can be asymptomatic for many years, but it can eventually lead to the formation of hydatid cysts in various organs, particularly the liver and lungs. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by anti-parasitic medication to eliminate any remaining parasites. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with foxes or other wild canids, practicing good hygiene, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

'Echinococcus granulosus' is a species of tapeworm that causes hydatid disease or echinococcosis in humans and other animals. The adult worms are small, typically less than 1 cm in length, and live in the intestines of their definitive hosts, which are usually dogs or other canids.

The life cycle of 'Echinococcus granulosus' involves the shedding of eggs in the feces of the definitive host, which are then ingested by an intermediate host, such as a sheep or a human. Once inside the intermediate host, the eggs hatch and release larvae that migrate to various organs, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and may cause significant damage to the affected organ.

Humans can become accidentally infected with 'Echinococcus granulosus' by ingesting contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with infected dogs. The treatment of hydatid disease typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by anti-parasitic medication to kill any remaining parasites. Prevention measures include proper hygiene and sanitation practices, as well as regular deworming of dogs and other definitive hosts.

Anticestodal agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by tapeworms (cestodes) and other related parasites. These agents work by either stunting the growth or killing the parasites, which allows the body to expel them naturally. Common anticestodal agents include niclosamide, praziquantel, and albendazole. It is important to note that proper diagnosis of the specific type of tapeworm infection is necessary for effective treatment, as different medications may be more or less effective against certain species.

Albendazole is an antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis (a tapeworm infection that affects the brain), hydatid disease (a parasitic infection that can affect various organs), and other types of worm infestations such as pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections.

Albendazole works by inhibiting the polymerization of beta-tubulin, a protein found in the microtubules of parasitic cells, which disrupts the parasite's ability to maintain its shape and move. This leads to the death of the parasite and elimination of the infection.

Albendazole is available in oral form and is typically taken two to three times a day with meals for several days or weeks, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of albendazole include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and neurological problems.

It is important to note that albendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of parasitic infections, so proper diagnosis is essential before starting treatment.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.

Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.

There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.

In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.

Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.

Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tibet" is not a medical term. It is a region in Asia that is currently under the political control of China, although it has a distinct cultural and historical heritage. Tibet is geographically located in the Tibetan Plateau, which is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of over 14,000 feet (4,267 meters) above sea level.

If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you!

Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.

Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.

Mebendazole is a medication used to treat various types of worm infections, such as roundworm, whipworm, hookworm, and threadworm. It belongs to a class of drugs called anthelmintics, which work by preventing the worms from absorbing nutrients, leading to their eventual death and elimination from the body.

Mebendazole is available in various forms, including tablets, chewable tablets, and suspensions. It is usually taken as a single dose or for several days, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that mebendazole is not effective against all types of worm infections, so it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, while taking mebendazole, it's recommended to maintain good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contaminated food or water, to prevent reinfection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Foxes" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. The common fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a species of small omnivorous mammals, and while there can be medical issues related to foxes or other animals in certain contexts, such as zoonotic diseases, "Foxes" itself does not have a medical connotation. If you have any specific medical query, I'd be happy to try and help with that.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Helminth DNA refers to the genetic material found in parasitic worms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms). These parasites can infect various organs and tissues of humans and animals, causing a range of diseases.

Helminths have complex life cycles involving multiple developmental stages and hosts. The study of their DNA has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It has also facilitated the development of molecular diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring helminth infections.

Understanding the genetic makeup of these parasites is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including drug discovery, vaccine development, and disease management.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uzbekistan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.

Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.

I apologize, but "Bulgaria" is not a medical term or condition. It is a country located in southeastern Europe, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and natural beauty. If you have any questions related to the field of medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Antinematodal agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by nematodes, which are also known as roundworms. These agents work by either killing the parasitic worms or preventing them from reproducing. Some examples of antinematodal agents include albendazole, ivermectin, and mebendazole. These medications are used to treat a variety of nematode infections, such as ascariasis, hookworm infection, and strongyloidiasis. It is important to note that the use of antinematodal agents should be under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mongolia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms. Cestodes are commonly known as tapeworms and have a long, flat, segmented body that can grow to considerable length in their adult form. They lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients through their body surface.

Cestodes have a complex life cycle involving one or two intermediate hosts, usually insects or crustaceans, and a definitive host, which is typically a mammal, including humans. The tapeworm's larval stage develops in the intermediate host, and when the definitive host consumes the infected intermediate host, the larvae mature into adults in the host's intestine.

Humans can become infected with tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked meat from infected animals or through accidental ingestion of contaminated water or food containing tapeworm eggs or larvae. Infection with tapeworms can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies.

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division between the sac and its surrounding tissue, that contains fluid, air, or semisolid material. Cysts can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, internal organs, and bones. They can be caused by various factors, such as infection, genetic predisposition, or blockage of a duct or gland. Some cysts may cause symptoms, such as pain or discomfort, while others may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment for cysts depends on the type and location of the cyst, as well as whether it is causing any problems. Some cysts may go away on their own, while others may need to be drained or removed through a surgical procedure.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Cestode infections, also known as tapeworm infections, are caused by the ingestion of larval cestodes (tapeworms) present in undercooked meat or contaminated water. The most common types of cestode infections in humans include:

1. Taeniasis: This is an infection with the adult tapeworm of the genus Taenia, such as Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). Humans become infected by consuming undercooked beef or pork that contains viable tapeworm larvae. The larvae then mature into adult tapeworms in the human intestine, where they can live for several years, producing eggs that are passed in the feces.
2. Hydatid disease: This is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, which is commonly found in dogs and other carnivores. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting eggs present in dog feces or contaminated food or water. The eggs hatch in the human intestine and release larvae that migrate to various organs, such as the liver or lungs, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and cause symptoms depending on their location and size.
3. Diphyllobothriasis: This is an infection with the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum, which is found in freshwater fish. Humans become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish that contain viable tapeworm larvae. The larvae mature into adult tapeworms in the human intestine and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vitamin B12 deficiency.

Preventing cestode infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meat thoroughly, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and washing fruits and vegetables carefully before eating. In some cases, treatment with antiparasitic drugs may be necessary to eliminate the tapeworms from the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peru" is not a medical term. It is a country located in South America, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and beautiful landscapes. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.

Antiparasitic agents are a type of medication used to treat parasitic infections. These agents include a wide range of drugs that work to destroy, inhibit the growth of, or otherwise eliminate parasites from the body. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.

Antiparasitic agents can be divided into several categories based on the type of parasite they target. Some examples include:

* Antimalarial agents: These drugs are used to treat and prevent malaria, which is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
* Antiprotozoal agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness.
* Antihelminthic agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by helminths, which are parasitic worms that can infect various organs of the body, including the intestines, lungs, and skin. Examples include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.

Antiparasitic agents work in different ways to target parasites. Some disrupt the parasite's metabolism or interfere with its ability to reproduce. Others damage the parasite's membrane or exoskeleton, leading to its death. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiparasitic agent and the parasite it is targeting.

It is important to note that while antiparasitic agents can be effective in treating parasitic infections, they can also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any antiparasitic medication to ensure safe and appropriate use.

Praziquantel is an anthelmintic medication, which is used to treat and prevent trematode (fluke) infections, including schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or snail fever), clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and fasciolopsiasis. It works by causing severe spasms in the muscle cells of the parasites, ultimately leading to their death. Praziquantel is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally in a single dose, although the dosage may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that praziquantel is not effective against tapeworm infections, and other medications such as niclosamide or albendazole are used instead for those infections. Also, Praziquantel should be taken under medical supervision, as it may have some side effects, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache.

It's important to consult a healthcare professional before taking any medication.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uruguay" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

To provide some general information about Uruguay, it is bordered by Argentina to the west and Brazil to the north and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to the south and southeast. The capital and largest city of Uruguay is Montevideo. Uruguay is known for its rich cultural history, beautiful landscapes, and progressive social policies.

An abattoir is a facility where animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. It is also known as a slaughterhouse. The term "abattoir" comes from the French word "abattre," which means "to take down" or "slaughter." In an abattoir, animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens are killed and then butchered into smaller pieces of meat that can be sold to consumers.

Abattoirs must follow strict regulations to ensure the humane treatment of animals and the safety of the meat products they produce. These regulations cover various aspects of the slaughtering and processing process, including animal handling, stunning, bleeding, evisceration, and inspection. The goal of these regulations is to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure that the meat is safe for human consumption.

It's important to note that while abattoirs play an essential role in providing a reliable source of protein for humans, they can also be controversial due to concerns about animal welfare and the environmental impact of large-scale animal agriculture.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.

Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.

It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.

Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.

In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.

Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Helminth proteins refer to the proteins that are produced and expressed by helminths, which are parasitic worms that cause diseases in humans and animals. These proteins can be found on the surface or inside the helminths and play various roles in their biology, such as in development, reproduction, and immune evasion. Some helminth proteins have been identified as potential targets for vaccines or drug development, as blocking their function may help to control or eliminate helminth infections. Examples of helminth proteins that have been studied include the antigen Bm86 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, and the tetraspanin protein Sm22.6 from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Glutaral" does not seem to be a recognized medical term or abbreviation in healthcare and biomedical sciences. It is possible that you may be looking for information on "glutaraldehyde," which is a disinfectant and sterilizing agent used in medical settings.

Glutaraldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula C5H8O2, and it's often used as a 2% solution. It's an effective agent against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, making it useful for sterilizing medical equipment. However, glutaraldehyde can cause respiratory issues and skin irritation in some individuals, so proper handling and use are essential to minimize exposure.

If you meant to ask about a different term or if this answer does not address your question, please provide more context or clarify your request, and I will be happy to help further.

There is no single medical definition for "Monkey Diseases." However, monkeys can carry and be infected with various diseases that are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans. Some examples include:

1. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV): A virus similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS in monkeys. It is not typically harmful to monkeys but can cause AIDS in humans if transmitted, which is rare.
2. Herpes B Virus: Also known as Macacine herpesvirus 1 or Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, it is a virus that commonly infects macaque monkeys. It can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with an infected monkey's saliva, eye fluid, or cerebrospinal fluid, causing a severe and potentially fatal illness called B encephalitis.
3. Tuberculosis (TB): Monkeys can contract and transmit tuberculosis to humans, although it is not common.
4. Simian Retrovirus (SRV): A virus that can infect both monkeys and great apes, causing immunodeficiency similar to HIV/AIDS in humans. It is not known to infect or cause disease in humans.
5. Various parasitic diseases: Monkeys can carry and transmit several parasites, including malaria-causing Plasmodium species, intestinal worms, and other parasites that can affect human health.

It's important to note that while monkeys can carry and transmit these diseases, the risk of transmission is generally low, and most cases occur in individuals who have close contact with monkeys, such as primatologists, zookeepers, or laboratory workers. Always follow safety guidelines when interacting with animals, including monkeys, to minimize the risk of disease transmission.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Pulmonary hypertension* is high pressure in the pulmonary artery. In dogs it can be caused by heartworm disease, pulmonary ... Echinococcosis is an infectious disease infecting dogs and sheep. Heartworm disease is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which ... Most commonly the narrowing occurs at the pulmonary valve but it can also occur below the valve (subvalvular) or above the ... However, a large defect can result in heart failure or in pulmonary hypertension leading to a right-to-left shunt. Atrial ...
... and echinococcosis; 2) filarioidea, i.e. tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, loiasis, and onchocerciasis; and 3) flukes, i.e. ... Other examples of organ-restricted hepereosinophilia include those involving the heart, kidney, liver, colon, pulmonary pleurae ...
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease of tapeworms. Taeniasis and cysticercosis are both parasitic diseases caused by tapeworms ... Rawat, S; Kumar, R; Raja, J; Singh, RS; Thingnam, SKS (September 2019). "Pulmonary hydatid cyst: Review of literature". Journal ... Singh, BB; Dhand, NK; Ghatak, S; Gill, JP (1 January 2014). "Economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in India: Need for ... Bhutani, N; Kajal, P (December 2018). "Hepatic echinococcosis: A review". Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012). 36: 99-105. ...
... as this would result in rapid re-expansion of the lung and a risk of pulmonary edema ("re-expansion pulmonary edema"). The tube ... In children, additional causes include measles, echinococcosis, inhalation of a foreign body, and certain congenital ... Levine DJ, Sako EY, Peters J (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1520. ISBN 978-0-07- ... Levine DJ, Sako EY, Peters J (2008). Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1519. ISBN 978-0-07- ...
... pulmonary emphysema MeSH C08.381.495.389.750.500 - lung, hyperlucent MeSH C08.381.517.314 - echinococcosis, pulmonary MeSH ... echinococcosis, pulmonary MeSH C08.730.582.473 - pleuropneumonia MeSH C08.730.610.127 - bronchopneumonia MeSH C08.730.610.473 ... pulmonary fibrosis MeSH C08.381.483.675 - radiation pneumonitis MeSH C08.381.483.725 - sarcoidosis, pulmonary MeSH C08.381. ... pulmonary MeSH C08.381.540.734 - pancoast's syndrome MeSH C08.381.540.867 - pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma MeSH C08.381. ...
... echinococcosis MeSH C03.335.190.396.314 - echinococcosis, hepatic MeSH C03.335.190.396.480 - echinococcosis, pulmonary MeSH ...
Panday co-authored papers that included: Clinical and diagnostic features of pulmonary valve endocarditis in the setting of ... A rare tumor with review of literature Cerebral intraventricular echinococcosis in an adult, Bilateral occipital extradural ... "Clinical and diagnostic features of pulmonary valve endocarditis in the setting of congenital cardiac malformations". ...
2001). WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern. World Organisation ... Hawkins, Eleanor C. (2003). "Pulmonary parasites". Richard W. Nelson und C. Guillermo Couto: Small Animal Internal Medicine (3 ... It causes the clinical picture of alveolar echinococcosis, which is characterized by small-bubble destruction of internal ...
Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis Primary pulmonary ... Echinococcosis (hydatid disease) Elephantiasis tropica (elephantiasis arabum) Elephant skin Enterobiasis (oxyuriasis, pinworm ...
... congenital Antley-Bixler syndrome Anton syndrome Aorta-pulmonary artery fistula Aortic aneurysm Aortic arch anomaly peculiar ... Alternating hemiplegia Alternating hemiplegia of childhood Aluminium lung Alveolar capillary dysplasia Alveolar echinococcosis ... Schinzel type Acrocephalopolydactyly Acrocephalosyndactyly Jackson Weiss type Acrocephaly Acrocephaly pulmonary stenosis mental ... multiplex congenita distal Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita neurogenic type Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita pulmonary ...
The advantages of spinal anesthesia over general anesthesia include ease of technique, favorable effects on the pulmonary ... comes from the similar appearance of the cyst to a hydatid cyst in an Echinococcosis. "About molar pregnancy , Gestational ...
Echinococcosis was one of the commonest surgical diagnoses in the 1960s, but now has been greatly reduced. Yet, adult health ... James D Byrne; John A Baugh (2008). "The significance of nano particles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis". McGill Journal ...
... vasculitis-driven pulmonary disturbances (e.g., coughing up blood, acute respiratory failure, X-ray evidence of diffuse ... echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and Kala-azar. These mixed-protein cryoglobulins are also associated with autoimmune diseases, ... pulmonary infiltrates caused by diffuse alveolar hemorrhage); and severe kidney dysfunction due to intravascular deposition of ...
Tuberculous pneumonia any form 011.7 Tuberculous pneumothorax 011.8 Other specified pulmonary tuberculosis 011.9 Pulmonary ... 121 Other trematode infections 122 Echinococcosis 123 Other cestode infection 124 Trichinosis 125 Filarial infection and ... Unspecifed 011 Pulmonary tuberculosis 011.0 Tuberculosis of lung, Infiltrative 011.1 Tuberculosis of lung, Nodular 011.2 ...
Echinococcosis was one of the commonest surgical diagnoses in the 1960s, but now has been greatly reduced. Yet, adult health ... James D Byrne; John A Baugh (2008). "The significance of nano particles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis". McGill Journal ...
Echinococcosis is the general term for 3 diseases caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus tapeworms, the smallest tapeworms ... Pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010 May. 16(3):257-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are the key forms of echinococcosis that are of significant medical ... Human echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs in four clinically well-described forms:. * Cystic echinococcosis, also ...
Other possible reasons for the limitation of serologic testing might be the weak immune response against pulmonary cysts, cysts ... Schantz PM, Wang H, Qiu J, Liu FJ, Saito E, Emshoff A, Echinococcosis on the Tibetan Plateau: prevalence and risk factors for ... Macpherson CN, Kachani M, Lyagoubi M, Berrada M, Shepherd M, Fields PF, Cystic echinococcosis in the Berber of the Mid Atlas ... Craig PS, Craig PS, McManus DP, Lightowlers MW, Chabalgoity JA, Garcia HH, Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis. ...
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is the larval cystic stage (called echinococcal cysts) of a small taeniid-type tapeworm ( ... Severe pulmonary hypertension due to chronic echinococcal pulmonary emboli treated with targeted pulmonary vascular therapy and ... Pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010 May. 16(3):257-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... encoded search term (Echinococcosis Hydatid Cyst) and Echinococcosis Hydatid Cyst What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Pulmonary hypertension* is high pressure in the pulmonary artery. In dogs it can be caused by heartworm disease, pulmonary ... Echinococcosis is an infectious disease infecting dogs and sheep. Heartworm disease is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which ... Most commonly the narrowing occurs at the pulmonary valve but it can also occur below the valve (subvalvular) or above the ... However, a large defect can result in heart failure or in pulmonary hypertension leading to a right-to-left shunt. Atrial ...
Splenic echinococcosis represents 3.5% of abdominal hydatid cysts treated in our Service. When splenic hydatidosis was ... Splenic echinococcosis represents 3.5% of abdominal hydatid cysts treated in our Service. When splenic hydatidosis was ... One of these patients underwent surgery for a pulmonary cyst four years later. Splenic cysts were asymptomatic in six patients ...
Anecdotal evidence suggests the existence of a focus of echinococcosis in the coastal city of Chincha, located south of Lima. ... Among 25 abattoir workers examined for the presence of cystic echinococcosis, we found three (12%) subjects with echinococcal ... and examination of the intestines of stray dogs to determine the presence of canine echinococcosis. ... Pulmonary hydatidosis: epidemiological study of urban cases in the Hipolito Unanue Hospital of Lima. Rev Peru Epidemiol 5 :15- ...
Echinococcosis (Alveolar, Cystic Echinococcosis). Elephantiasis (Filariasis, Lymphatic Filariasis). Entamoeba histolytica ... Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis Infection). "Crabs" (Pubic Lice). Cryptosporidiosis ...
Echinococcosis. Echinococcosis is caused by larval tape worms of the genus Echinococcus. Three species are known to cause human ... Primary pulmonary disease: Three forms of pulmonary disease are seen. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, chronic progressive form ... encoded search term (Pathology of Pulmonary Infectious Granulomas) and Pathology of Pulmonary Infectious Granulomas What to ... Pathology of Pulmonary Infectious Granulomas Updated: Apr 03, 2013 * Author: Anjana V Yeldandi, MD; Chief Editor: Philip T ...
Echinococcosis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Pulmonary involvement may present as round or irregular pulmonary masses on chest x-ray. Alveolar echinococcosis typically ... Symptoms and Signs of Echinococcosis Although many infections are acquired during childhood, clinical signs of echinococcosis ... 1 Treatment reference Echinococcosis is infection with larvae of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis, ...
Keywords: Pulmonary; Children; Hydatid cyst; Polyglicolic acid sheet Introduction. Echinococcosis is an important health ... Repair of Pulmonary Air Leakage with Polyglicolic Acid Sheet in Children with Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst. Volkan Sarper Erikci*, ... Repair of Pulmonary Air Leakage with Polyglicolic Acid Sheet in Children with Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst. Pediatr Ther 6: 303.. ... As the major complications of pulmonary hydatid cyst, during the surgical management of bronchial and/or lung fistulas, direct ...
When lung x-ray on the side of the pneumothorax, an area of enlightenment is determined, devoid of a pulmonary pattern on the ... artificially induced pneumothorax - an artificial pneumothorax is applied for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, for the ...
Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis, central peruvian highlands. Gavidia, C. M., Gonzalez, A. E., Zhang, W., McManus, D. P., ... Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis, central peruvian highlands. Gavidia, C. M., Gonzalez, A. E., Zhang, W., McManus, D. P., ...
Pulmonary echinococcosis mimicking multipl lung metastasis of breast cancer: The role of fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission ... Echinococcosis is still a serious problem particularly in endemic areas such as South and Central America, Mediterranean ... It has similar histological features to pulmonary small cell carcinoma and is equally aggressive. ...
Morar R, Feldman C. Pulmonary echinococcosis. Eur Respir J. 2003;21:1069-77. ... Gottstein B, Reichen J. Hydatid lung disease (echino-coccosis/hydatidosis). Clin Chest Med. 2002;23:397-408. ... Romig T. Epidemiology of echinococcosis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2003;388:209-17. ...
... for cerebral alveolar echinococcosis (CAE).Twenty-five CAE ... of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging of cerebral alveolar echinococcosis.在 ... Malignant pulmonary embolism associated with renal sarcoma: A case report. abstract:RATIONALE:The preoperative diagnosis of ... 当前位置: SCI文献检索 > MEDICINE期刊下所有文献 > Biological characteristics of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging of cerebral alveolar echinococcosis. ... In most cases, pulmonary tumor embolism is detected intraoperatively during renal tumor resection. Moreover, primary renal ...
The non-resolving lung cavity: a case of pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. Simon Mifsud et al., BMJ Case Reports, 2017 ... cystic and alveolar echinococcosis). The two main subtypes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, present differently and have ... Cystic echinococcosis in a Moroccan boy: a silent and neglected disease among refugee and migrant children. Álvaro Vázquez- ... Intracranial echinococcosis is relatively uncommon and usually occurs in the context of echinococcal lesions elsewhere in the ...
... "pulmonary echinococcosis" and "lung hydatidosis." The MeSH terms were "lung" [All Fields] AND {"echinococcosis" [MeSH Terms] OR ... Pulmonary Echinococcosis or Lung Hydatidosis: A Narrative Review. Lupia, Tommaso; Corcione, Silvia; Guerrera, Francesco; ... Results: A uniform treatment regimen or approach may not be feasible because of the variability of pulmonary echinococcosis. No ... Moreover, a consistent treatment regimen or approach may not be feasible because of the variability of pulmonary echinococcosis ...
pulmonary eosinophilia ISO. IL5 (Homo sapiens). 9068941. associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis and protein:increased expression: ... echinococcosis ISO. Il5 (Mus musculus). 9068941. mRNA: increased expression: : peritoneal lavage cells RGD. PMID:21912714 and ... pulmonary fibrosis ISO. Il5 (Mus musculus). 9068941. mRNA:increased expression:lung. RGD. PMID:17986108 and REF_RGD_ID:4890942 ... pulmonary eosinophilia ISO. Il5 (Mus musculus). 9068941. RGD. PMID:9712797 and REF_RGD_ID:4890961. ...
Homeopathy in the treatment of liver echinococcosis, complicated by pecilomycosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ... Homeopathy in the treatment of liver echinococcosis, complicated by pecilomycosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ...
Pulmonary nodular amyloidosis. A rare cause of multiple pulmonary nodules. Inés Ruiz-Álvarez, Ana M. Gutiérrez Palacios, ... Metastases of Alveolar Echinococcosis to the Skin, Pleura, Ribs, and the Xiphoid Process: A Case Report. Adem Karaman, Ömer ... Pro-fibrotic Factors as Potential Biomarkers of Anti-fibrotic Drug Therapy in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ... Incidental radiological finding of partial anomalous pulmonary vein drainage. Sofía Ventura-Díaz, Ana Ayala-Carbonero, Luis ...
Pulmonary actinomycosis mimicks lung cancer Images In Infectious Diseases. Aydin, Yener; Arslan, Remzi; Filik, Mustafa * Text: ... Alveolar echinococcosis mimicking bilateral lung metastatic cancer Images In Infectious Diseases. Aydin, Yener; Ulas, Ali Bilal ... of contacts of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with laboratory confirmation were examined. Among retreatment pulmonary ... Cutoff values of 5.36 ng/mL for TGF-β1 and 626.2 pg/mL for CTGF emerged as predictors of COVID-19 with pulmonary involvement in ...
Morar R, Feldman C. Pulmonary echinococcosis. Eur Respir J 2003; 21(6):1069-1077. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00108403. ... Intact pulmonary hydatid cysts are often discovered incidentally on chest X-rays (CXRs) as rounded opaque lesions with smooth ... Keywords : Air bubble sign, Bronchoscopy, Pulmonary hydatid cyst Citation Information : Chatterjee A, Sarma MK, Mitra S. "Air ... Ruptured pulmonary hydatid disease mimicking a lung mass: Diagnosed by flexible video bronchoscopy. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012: ...
Pulmonary Cystic Echinococcosis in a Child Presenting in the United Kingdom with Fever and Chest Pain: A Brief Report and ...
Pulmonary, confirmed or suspected or laryngeal disease A F (23) Skin-test positive with no evidence of current pulmonary ... DI Echinococcosis (hydatidosis) S Echovirus (see enteroviral infection) Encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (see specific ... Wear respiratory protection when entering the room of a patient with known or suspected infectious pulmonary tuberculosis. (23, ... Ventilation recommendations for isolation rooms housing patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have been delineated in other CDC ...
Pre- and post-surgical medical treatment of human cystic echinococcosis Scientific title: Follow-up study of symptomatic human ... However, the protocols require mandatory surgery for any cysts with a pulmonary location.. Age minimum: Age maximum: Gender: ... 2. Patients with cystic echinococcosis diagnosis, based on clinical symptoms, morphological features detected by imaging ...
Primary Pulmonary Plasmacytoma (see Primary Pulmonary Plasmacytoma). *Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma (see Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma) ... Echinococcosis (see Echinococcosis). *Paragonimiasis (see Paragonimiasis). Neoplasm. Lung Tumors. *Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ( ... Primary Pulmonary Hodgkins Disease (see Primary Pulmonary Hodgkins Disease). *Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma (see Primary ... Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (see Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation]). *Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm (see ...
... especially in unusual sites and in the absence of other hepatic or pulmonary localizations. We are presenting the case of an ... A primary ovarian hydatid cyst: uncommon site of echinococcosis (case report) Mariem Garci1,2, Ghada Abdelmoula2,3,&, Saoussam ... Keywords: Echinococcosis, hydatid cyst, ovarian diseases, case report. ©Mariem Garci et al. PAMJ - Clinical Medicine (ISSN: ... Ovarian echinococcosis should be kept in mind such as a differential diagnosis with ovarian cysts and malignancies in patients ...
  • Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are the key forms of echinococcosis that are of significant medical and public health concerns for humans. (medscape.com)
  • Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Biological characteristics of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging of cerebral alveolar echinococcosis. (shengsci.com)
  • This study aims to analyze the characteristics of F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-FDG PET/CT) for cerebral alveolar echinococcosis (CAE).Twenty-five CAE patients underwent F-FDG PET/CT, and the diagnosis was confirmed by clinical and surgical pathology. (shengsci.com)
  • Multiple intracranial lesions can result from rupture of an initial single intracranial cyst (in cystic echinococcosis) or from dissemination of systemic disease of the lung, liver or heart (cystic and alveolar echinococcosis). (bmj.com)
  • The two main subtypes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, present differently and have distinct imaging features in the brain. (bmj.com)
  • This IBCF has a sensitivity of 80% for hepatic cysts and 56% for pulmonary cysts ( 16 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Splenic echinococcosis represents 3.5% of abdominal hydatid cysts treated in our Service. (nih.gov)
  • Although many infections are acquired during childhood, clinical signs of echinococcosis may not appear for years, except when cysts are in vital organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • During the surgical management of pulmonary hydatid cysts, prolonged air leakage constitutes a major problem. (longdom.org)
  • Intact pulmonary hydatid cysts are often discovered incidentally on chest X-rays (CXRs) as rounded opaque lesions with smooth borders. (ijcdas.com)
  • The diagnostic value of the 'Air Bubble Sign' in complicated pulmonary hydatid cysts. (ijcdas.com)
  • However, the protocols require mandatory surgery for any cysts with a pulmonary location. (who.int)
  • Ovarian echinococcosis should always be kept in mind such as a differential diagnosis with ovarian cysts and malignancies. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Pulmonary hydatidosis: epidemiological study of urban cases in the Hipolito Unanue Hospital of Lima. (ajtmh.org)
  • Value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of complicated pulmonary unilocular cystic hydatidosis. (ijcdas.com)
  • methylcarbamates derivatives (BZD) were proved to be effective against E. granulosus , and since Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the then, many investigators have used albendazole metacestode (larval) stage of Echinococcus (ABZ) and mebendazole (MBZ) for the treatment granulosus ( E. granulosus ) is still an important of human hydatidosis (Teggi et al 1993). (medicpdf.com)
  • We evaluated prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in a central Peruvian Highland district by using 4 diagnostic methods: ultrasonography for 949 persons, radiography for 829, and 2 serologic tests for 929 (2 immunoblot formats using bovine hydatid cyst fluid [IBCF] and recombinant EpC1 glutathione S-transferase [rEpC1-GST] antigens). (cdc.gov)
  • Air bubble": a new diagnostic CT sign of perforated pulmonary hydatid cyst. (ijcdas.com)
  • Madan K, Singh N. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary hydatid cyst. (ijcdas.com)
  • Echinococcosis is the general term used to describe four disease forms caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus tapeworms, the smallest tapeworms in the Taeniidae family. (medscape.com)
  • Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus , is recognized as a public health problem ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Field diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection among intermediate and definitive hosts in an endemic focus of human cystic echinococcosis. (ajtmh.org)
  • Determinacion de Echinococcus granulosus en Perros del Cono Norte de Lima. (ajtmh.org)
  • Echinococcus granulosus (cystic echinococcosis, hydatid disease) or Echinococcus multilocularis (alveolar disease). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Albendazole and mebendazole are the only anthelmintics effective against cystic echinococcosis. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment of echinococcosis for patients weighing more than 60 kg is albendazole administered PO with meals in a dose of 400 mg twice daily for 28 days. (medscape.com)
  • Programme for ultrasound diagnoses and treatment with albendazole of cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic carriers: 10 years of follow-up of cases. (medscape.com)
  • For the IBCF and rEpC1-GST testing, prevalence of liver and pulmonary CE was 4.7% and 1.1% and seropositivity was 8.9% and 19.7%, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the liver and the lungs are the organs mainly involved by the disease, children are more prone to pulmonary involvement affecting the lung upto in 64% of cases [ 1 - 3 ]. (longdom.org)
  • Intracranial echinococcosis is relatively uncommon and usually occurs in the context of echinococcal lesions elsewhere in the body, mostly liver and lung. (bmj.com)
  • There was no clear relationship between the cystic tumor and the liver, which led to the assumption of primary extrahepatic cystic echinococcosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is a retrospective study of 4 children diagnosed with the diagnosis of isolated pulmonary hydatid disease who were treated surgically using PGA sheet between 1/April/2016 and 31/July/2016. (longdom.org)
  • Details of the patients with isolated pulmonary hydatid disease. (longdom.org)
  • X-ray view of a patient with isolated pulmonary hydatid disease. (longdom.org)
  • Severe pulmonary hypertension due to chronic echinococcal pulmonary emboli treated with targeted pulmonary vascular therapy and hepatic resection. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to that, radiologic findings are non-specific in many cases and may point to another diagnosis, especially in unusual sites and in the absence of other hepatic or pulmonary localizations. (panafrican-med-journal.com)
  • Echinococcosis of the heart: clinical and echocardiographic features in 12 patients. (medscape.com)
  • WHO/OIE, 2001 Echinococcosis in animals: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. (ajtmh.org)
  • ABSTRACT We performed a retrospective study to determine annual clinical incidence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in 14 Egyptian hospitals between January 1997 and December 1999. (who.int)
  • Clinical and diagnostic features of pulmonary valve endocarditis in the setting of congenital cardiac malformations, published in the International Journal of Cardiology. (vardhan.net)
  • Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by infection with the larvae of E granulosus . (medscape.com)
  • Primary pulmonary tuberculosis results from initial infection with tubercle bacilli. (medscape.com)
  • Echinococcosis is an important worldwide parasitic infection endemic in various sheep- and cattle-raising regions. (scipedia.com)
  • Thromboembolieprophylaxe bei Wirbelsäulenfrakturen mit Rückenmarkverletzungen Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after spinal fracture with acute spinal cord injury. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Initial infections that are not contained may cause either progressive local disease (primary progressive pulmonary tuberculosis), or may disseminate hematogenously to seed other organs such as kidney, CNS, or bones, occasionally causing miliary tuberculosis. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary lesions progress to tuberculous pneumonia, cavitate, and can shed tubercle bacilli into bloodstream and result in miliary tuberculosis. (medscape.com)
  • artificially induced pneumothorax - an artificial pneumothorax is applied for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, for the purpose of diagnosis - during thoracoscopy. (medic-journal.com)
  • Pulmonary helminth infections may be asymptomatic for several years. (toxic-off.com)
  • Cerebral intraventricular echinococcosis in lateral occipital extradural hematoma in a child. (vardhan.net)
  • Tissue - echinococcosis, paragonimiasis, cysticercosis and other parasites that can spread to all vital organs and affect them. (toxic-off.com)
  • 2022) VirClia Galactomannan detection in BAL for rapid diagnois of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis. (vircell.com)
  • According to study coinvestigator Köp Online Norvasc España C. That being said, and also its developed to Köp Online Norvasc España comfy during use.In pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease and Results from invasive hemodynamic testing with right heart catheterization, preferably at an expert center, should be obtained before initiating treatment with vasodilator therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. (jmcompanionservices.com)
  • More generally, patients with the following underlying conditions are considered at high risk for COVID-19 hospitalization: cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes type 1 and type 2, heart conditions, an immunocompromising state from a solid organ transplant, and obesity. (medscape.com)
  • Generic Advair Diskus is used for long-term treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in certain patients. (freerxacc.com)
  • Generic Spiriva is used to prevent bronchospasm (narrowing of the airways in the lungs) in people with bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). (freerxacc.com)
  • WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: A Public Health Problem of Global Concern. (ajtmh.org)
  • Ruptured pulmonary hydatid disease mimicking a lung mass: Diagnosed by flexible video bronchoscopy. (ijcdas.com)
  • Romig T. Epidemiology of echinococcosis. (ac.ir)
  • One of these patients underwent surgery for a pulmonary cyst four years later. (nih.gov)
  • At the same period, 306 patients with non-hydatid disease had serologic results for echinococcosis. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • Pulmonary infectious granulomatous inflammation is encountered in fungal, mycobacterial, parasitic and bacterial infections (see below). (medscape.com)
  • For cystic echinococcosis, the 28-day course may be repeated after 14 days without treatment to a total of 3 treatment cycles. (medscape.com)
  • Justified concern or exaggerated fear: the risk of anaphylaxis in percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis-a systematic literature review. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary Cystic Echinococcosis in a Child Presenting in the United Kingdom with Fever and Chest Pain: A Brief Report and Discussion on Management. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) (cystic transmission is intense in Egypt. (who.int)
  • CT view of a patient with pulmonary hydatid disease. (longdom.org)
  • Echinococcosis is an important health problem and prevalent in many areas of the world. (longdom.org)
  • Although echinococcosis is a preventable and treatable disease, echinococcosis continues to be a major public health problem in many countries [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)