A genus of very small TAPEWORMS, in the family Taeniidae. The adult form is found in various CARNIVORA but not humans. The larval form is seen in humans under certain epidemiologic circumstances.
A species of hydatid tapeworm (class CESTODA) in the family Taeniidae, whose adult form infects the DIGESTIVE TRACT of DOGS, other canines, and CATS. The larval form infects SHEEP; PIGS; HORSES; and may infect humans, where it migrates to various organs and forms permanent HYDATID CYSTS.
A north temperate species of tapeworm (CESTODA) whose adult form infects FOXES and wild RODENTS. The larval form can infect humans producing HEPATIC HYDATID CYSTS.
An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation.
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic tapeworms of the genus ECHINOCOCCUS, such as Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. Ingested Echinococcus ova burrow into the intestinal mucosa. The larval migration to the liver via the PORTAL VEIN leads to watery vesicles (HYDATID CYST).
Helminth infection of the lung caused by Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis.
Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals.
Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.
A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.
An autonomous region located in central Asia, within China.
A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.
Proteins found in any species of helminth.
An order of small mammals comprising two families, Ochotonidae (pikas) and Leporidae (RABBITS and HARES). Head and body length ranges from about 125 mm to 750 mm. Hares and rabbits have a short tail, and the pikas lack a tail. Rabbits are born furless and with both eyes and ears closed. HARES are born fully haired with eyes and ears open. All are vegetarians. (From Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p539-41)
Hoofed mammals with four legs, a big-lipped snout, and a humped back belonging to the family Camelidae.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.
A genus of large tapeworms.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, known officially as the Kyrgyz Republic.
Liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
Agents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.
Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
A subfamily of MURIDAE found nearly world-wide and consisting of about 20 genera. Voles, lemmings, and muskrats are members.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.
Determination of parasite eggs in feces.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).
An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Svalbard" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is a geographical location, an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Azerbaijan" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is the name of a country located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. If you have any questions related to geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try and help with those instead!
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
Ribonucleic acid in helminths having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
The species Canis latrans in the family CANIDAE, a smaller relative of WOLVES. It is found in the Western hemisphere from Costa Rica to Alaska.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Effect of mebendazole and praziquantel on glucosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase in Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall harbored in mice. (1/228)

AIM: To study effects of antihydatid drugs on glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Echinococcus granulosus cyst wall. METHODS: Mice infected with the parasite for 8-10 months were treated i.g. with mebendazole (Meb) or praziquantel (Pra). The activities of GPI and GAPDH in the cysts were measured by the formation of NADH or NADPH. RESULTS: GPI activity in the cyst wall was 197 +/- 103 U, while that of GAPDH was 25 +/- 13 U. When infected mice were treated i.g. with Meb 25-50 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 7-14 d, no apparent effect on the GAPDH activity in the cyst was found. In mice treated i.g. with praziquantel (Pra) 500 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 14 d, the GAPDH activity in the cyst wall was inhibited by 26.5%. As to GPI activity only the group treated i.g. with Meb 25 mg.kg-1.d-1 for 14 d showed 33.2% inhibition of the enzyme in the collapsed cyst wall. CONCLUSION: GPI and GAPDH are not the major targets attacked by the antihydatid drug.  (+info)

Visualization of hydatid elements: comparison of several techniques. (2/228)

Some techniques available at our laboratory were tested for their ability to aid in the morphological diagnosis of hydatid elements (Echinococcus granulosus ["Taenia echinococcus"]) isolated from cysts in humans and sheep. Unstained, methanol-fixed hooklets were fluorescent, most starkly so under violet light (excitation filter wavelength, 405 nm; long-pass filter wavelength, 495 nm). Auramine-rhodamine and Gram procedures failed to stain hooklets. Ziehl-Neelsen stain yielded indifferent results when organisms were viewed under transmitted light but resulted in a surprisingly intense red fluorescence when organisms were viewed under green light (excitation, 546 nm; long pass, 590 nm). Wheatley trichrome stain gave better and more uniform results than fuchsin. Ryan trichrome blue stain was the best under transmitted light; hooklets stained uniformly and intensely and were easily distinguishable from the background. Very satisfactory results were also obtained with a much simpler procedure (modified Baxby technique: no fixation, steaming hot 1% safranin for 2 min, and malachite green for 30 s). Therefore, Ryan and modified Baxby stains are recommended for the examination of E. granulosus under transmitted light. For fluorescence microscopy, Ziehl-Neelsen stain under green excitation light, or violet light with no staining, is also very useful. Epifluorescence microscopy is especially convenient for examining samples concentrated by filtration, as it renders the filter pores inconspicuous.  (+info)

Efficacies of albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfone against In vitro-cultivated Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. (3/228)

The metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a parasitic disease affecting the liver, with occasional metastasis into other organs. Benzimidazole carbamate derivatives such as mebendazole and albendazole are currently used for chemotherapeutic treatment of AE. Albendazole is poorly resorbed and is metabolically converted to its main metabolite albendazole sulfoxide, which is believed to be the active component, and further to albendazole sulfone. Chemotherapy with albendazole has been shown to have a parasitostatic rather than a parasitocidal effect; it is not effective in all cases, and the recurrence rate is rather high once chemotherapy is stopped. Thus, development of new means of chemotherapy of AE is needed. This could include modifications of benzimidazoles and elucidiation of the respective biological pathways. In this study we performed in vitro drug treatment of E. multilocularis metacestodes with albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfone. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of vesicle fluids showed that the drugs were taken up rapidly by the parasite. Transmission electron microscopic investigation of parasite tissues and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vesicle fluids demonstrated that albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfone had similar effects with respect to parasite ultrastructure and changes in metabolites in vesicle fluids. This study shows that the in vitro cultivation model presented here provides an ideal first-round test system for screening of antiparasite drugs.  (+info)

Nitric oxide-mediated immunosuppression following murine Echinococcus multilocularis infection. (4/228)

In some parasitic infections immunosuppression is a prominent characteristic of the host-parasite interplay. We have used a murine alveolar echinococcosis (AE) model in susceptible C57BL/6 mice to document a suppressed splenocyte proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A) at the early (1-month) stage and to Echinococcus multilocularis-crude antigen (Emc-antigen) at the late (4-6-month) stage of chronic infection. Despite proliferative suppression, splenic cytokine production [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)] in response to Con A or Emc-antigen stimulation was not suppressed at 1 month postinfection (p.i.). Infection resulted in a strong Mac-1+ cell infiltration of the peritoneal cavity and spleen. Peritoneal cells (PEC) from mice infected at the 1-month stage were rich in macrophages and expressed significantly higher levels of transcripts for the inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta and for tumour necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), when compared with PEC from non-infected control mice. Conversely, the IL-10 transcript level remained low and did not change during infection. Spleen cells supplemented with PEC from infected mice induced a marked increase in the levels of nitrite in response to Con A and Emc-antigen stimulation, and also a complete suppression of splenic proliferation. The spleen cells from late-stage infected mice expressed only background levels of IL-10 but greatly increased levels of iNOS, when compared with normal spleen cells. This observation correlated with the immunosuppression demonstrated at the late stage of murine AE. Furthermore, the suppressed splenic proliferative responses observed at the early and late stage were reversed to a large extent by the addition of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine and partially by anti-IFN-gamma. Thus, our results demonstrated that the immunosuppression observed in chronic AE was not primarily dependent on IL-10 but rather on nitric oxide production by macrophages from infected animals.  (+info)

An extensive ultrasound and serologic study to investigate the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis in northern Libya. (5/228)

A prevalence study of abdominal cystic echinococcosis (CE) was undertaken in the northwest, north-central, and northeast regions of Libya. A total of 36 villages along the coast were included, in which 20,220 people were screened by portable ultrasound. Three hundred thirty-nine (1.7%) were diagnosed with CE. There was no significant difference between CE prevalence rates in the three regions of Libya (mean = 1.6%); however, intervillage rates were variable, ranging from 0% to 4.5%. The prevalence of CE increased significantly with age (P < 0.0001) and females were significantly more affected (2%) than males (1.3%) (P < 0.0001). Cases of CE were distributed among 3.2% of housewives, 2.6% of farmers, 2.3% of male civil servants, 1.3% of female students, and 1.1% of male students. Housewives (P < 0.0001) and students (P < 0.0001) were significantly more at risk for CE. A statistically significant proportion (62% [210 of 339]) of CE cases kept dogs (P < 0.0001). Of the ultrasound-positive CE cases 69% (233 of 339) were antibody seropositive by ELISA using Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid antigen B. Blood samples (n = 10,096) collected onto filter papers were taken randomly from ultrasound-negative people who entered the study, of which 11.2% were found to be seropositive. Seropositivity increased with age (P < 0.0001), with females exhibiting higher seroprevalence than males for all age groups (P < 0.0001). Seroprevalence was distributed occupationally among 17.3% of female students, 11.2% of male students, 8.3% of housewives, 7.3% of farmers, and 6.4% of male civil servants. Housewives and students were more likely to be seropositive (P < 0.0001). Forty-seven percent (526) of the seroreactors kept dogs. All liver hydatid cysts detected by ultrasound during community screening were classified according to morphology and size into six types. Type I (17.5% of all cases) were small univesicular cysts less than 50 mm in diameter with no laminations or daughter cysts. Type II (34%) were univesicular cysts with only laminations. Type IIIa (8.5%) were univesicular cysts with the appearance of laminations and daughter cysts. Type IIIb (13%) were univesicular with laminations and less prominent daughter cysts. Type IV (5.6%) presented as a solid mass. Type V were degenerated calcified or partially calcified cysts (13.2%). Type VI presented as multiple cysts (8% of all cases). The CE cases that exhibited Types II, IIIa, IIIb, IV or VI cysts showed the highest seropositivity (86%, 96%, 95%, 100%, and 96%, respectively), while Types I and V were the least seroreactive (38% and 22%, respectively). Cases of CE occurred in 311 families, with 93% having only one member as a CE case while 7% of the families had two or more cases. However, 25% of the ultrasound-negative persons belonging to families with an index CE case were seropositive for antibodies to Echinococcus. These results confirm the importance of human CE in Libya. They also confirm the usefulness of ultrasound combined with serology as a mass screening approach for CE in north African communities.  (+info)

Long-term evaluation of patients with hydatidosis treated with benzimidazole carbamates. (6/228)

Four hundred forty-eight patients with 929 Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts received 3- to 6-month continuous cycles of mebendazole or albendazole treatment and underwent prolonged follow-up by clinical visits and imaging studies (range, 1-14 years) to assess the long-term outcome of treatment. Degenerative changes and relapse were assessed by imaging techniques. At the end of therapy, 74.1% of the hydatid cysts showed degenerative changes. These were more frequent in albendazole-treated than in mebendazole-treated cysts (82.2% vs. 56.1%; P < .001). During long-term follow-up, 104 cysts (22%) had degenerative changes that progressed, whereas 163 cysts (approximately 25%) relapsed. The percentages of relapses in the two drug-treated groups were almost the same. Relapses occurred more frequently in type II cysts of the liver. Cysts recurred most often (78.5%; P < .001) within the first 2 years after treatment ended. Further chemotherapy cycles induced degenerative changes in >90% of relapsed cysts without inducing more frequent or more severe side effects than those observed during the initial cycles.  (+info)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of IgG1 antibodies specific to human cystic echinococcosis in Egypt. (7/228)

Human cystic hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis) is a chronic zoonotic disease that results from infection with the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. In Egypt, cystic echinococcosis (CE) is recognized in slaughtered livestock by veterinarians, however, there is little information about human CE infection rates. We describe an immunological assay useful for the diagnosis of human cystic hydatidosis. Sera were collected from surgically confirmed hydatid cases (34), nonendemic subjects free from parasitic infection (20) and from subjects (109) infected with other helminths (Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica and Ancylostoma duodenale). Hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) of camel origin was used as antigen in an ELISA format to measure total E. granulosus specific IgG antibodies and IgG subclasses. Sensitivity measurements of total IgG, and IgG1-4 were 100, 100, 79.4, 61.8 and 55.9%, respectively, whereas respective specificity reached 65.1, 97.7, 98.4, 96.1 and 83. 7%. The diagnostic value of measuring IgG1 (97.7%), as assessed by a rating index (J) for combined sensitivity and specificity, was superior to total IgG (65.1%) and IgG2-4 (77.8, 57.9 and 39.6%, respectively). These findings set the stage for field evaluation of the IgG1 assay in areas endemic with human cystic hydatidosis.  (+info)

A placebo controlled study of albendazole in the treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis. (8/228)

Infection with Echinococcus granulosus is endemic in Middle Eastern countries. Some patients are noted to undergo spontaneous resolution, but many require surgical removal with its associated risks. Although, there are studies showing favourable responses to medical treatment, there is no controlled study on the effect of albendazole. In this study, 20 patients with 179 E. granulosus cysts affecting the lungs were entered into a triple blind parallel randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of albendazole versus placebo. Fifteen patients (150 cysts) completed 6 months of treatment; four patients (26 cysts) were in the placebo group and 11 patients (124 cysts) in the treatment group receiving 800 mg albendazole daily in three cycles of 6 weeks with 2 weeks between cycles. Ten of 11 patients (91%) in the treatment group showed either cure (five patients) or improvement (five patients); in the placebo group, only one of four (25%) showed spontaneous improvement but no cure. In the treatment group, 88 of 124 cysts (71%) showed improvement compared to four of 26 (15.4%) in the placebo group (p=0.000). Complication from therapy was insignificant; one case had recurrent disease, which responded to further therapy. It is suggested that patients suffering from uncomplicated hydatid disease should be given a trial of albendazole before surgery is considered.  (+info)

'Echinococcus' is a genus of tapeworms that can cause serious infections known as echinococcosis in humans and other animals. The most common species that infect humans are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis.

Echinococcus granulosus typically causes cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, which affects the liver, lungs, or other organs. The tapeworm's eggs are passed in the feces of infected animals, such as dogs or sheep, and can be ingested by humans, leading to the development of cysts in various organs.

Echinococcus multilocularis typically causes alveolar echinococcosis, a more severe and invasive form of the disease that affects the liver and can spread to other organs. This species has a complex life cycle involving small mammals as intermediate hosts and canids (such as foxes or dogs) as definitive hosts.

Human infections with Echinococcus are rare but can lead to severe health complications if left untreated. Preventive measures include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with infected animals, and cooking meat thoroughly before consumption.

'Echinococcus granulosus' is a species of tapeworm that causes hydatid disease or echinococcosis in humans and other animals. The adult worms are small, typically less than 1 cm in length, and live in the intestines of their definitive hosts, which are usually dogs or other canids.

The life cycle of 'Echinococcus granulosus' involves the shedding of eggs in the feces of the definitive host, which are then ingested by an intermediate host, such as a sheep or a human. Once inside the intermediate host, the eggs hatch and release larvae that migrate to various organs, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and may cause significant damage to the affected organ.

Humans can become accidentally infected with 'Echinococcus granulosus' by ingesting contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with infected dogs. The treatment of hydatid disease typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by anti-parasitic medication to kill any remaining parasites. Prevention measures include proper hygiene and sanitation practices, as well as regular deworming of dogs and other definitive hosts.

'Echinococcus multilocularis' is a species of tapeworm that causes alveolar echinococcosis, a serious and potentially fatal infection. This tapeworm is most commonly found in foxes and other wild canids, but it can also infect domestic dogs and cats. The life cycle of this parasite involves the ingestion of eggs shed in the feces of an infected animal by another animal, such as a rodent. Once inside the new host, the eggs hatch into larvae that migrate to various organs, particularly the liver, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and may eventually cause serious complications if left untreated.

Humans can become accidentally infected with 'Echinococcus multilocularis' by ingesting contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with an infected animal. The infection can be asymptomatic for many years, but it can eventually lead to the formation of hydatid cysts in various organs, particularly the liver and lungs. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by anti-parasitic medication to eliminate any remaining parasites. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with foxes or other wild canids, practicing good hygiene, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Echinococcosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of tapeworms belonging to the genus Echinococcus. There are several species of Echinococcus that can cause disease in humans, but the most common ones are Echinococcus granulosus (causing cystic echinococcosis) and Echinococcus multilocularis (causing alveolar echinococcosis).

Humans typically become infected with echinococcosis by accidentally ingesting eggs of the tapeworm, which are shed in the feces of infected animals such as dogs, foxes, and wolves. The eggs hatch in the small intestine and release larvae that migrate to various organs in the body, where they form cysts or hydatids.

The symptoms of echinococcosis depend on the location and size of the cysts. Cystic echinococcosis often affects the liver and lungs, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, cough, and shortness of breath. Alveolar echinococcosis typically involves the liver and can cause chronic liver disease, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

Treatment of echinococcosis may involve surgery to remove the cysts, medication to kill the parasites, or both. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with dogs and other animals that may be infected with Echinococcus, practicing good hygiene, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Echinococcosis, hepatic is a type of parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The infection typically occurs when a person accidentally ingests microscopic eggs of the tapeworm, which can be present in contaminated food, water, or soil.

Once inside the body, the eggs hatch and release larvae that can migrate to various organs, including the liver. In the liver, the larvae form hydatid cysts, which are fluid-filled sacs that can grow slowly over several years, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.

Hepatic echinococcosis is a serious condition that can lead to complications such as cyst rupture, infection, or organ damage if left untreated. Treatment options include surgery to remove the cysts, medication to kill the parasites, or a combination of both. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Pulmonary echinococcosis is a rare infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. The infection occurs when the eggs of the tapeworm, which are passed in the feces of an infected animal (usually a dog or fox), are ingested by another host (usually a human). Once inside the body, the eggs hatch and release larvae that can migrate to various organs, including the lungs. In the lungs, the larvae form hydatid cysts, which can grow slowly over several years and cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and fever. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cysts, followed by medication to prevent recurrence.

Anticestodal agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by tapeworms (cestodes) and other related parasites. These agents work by either stunting the growth or killing the parasites, which allows the body to expel them naturally. Common anticestodal agents include niclosamide, praziquantel, and albendazole. It is important to note that proper diagnosis of the specific type of tapeworm infection is necessary for effective treatment, as different medications may be more or less effective against certain species.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Foxes" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition. The common fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a species of small omnivorous mammals, and while there can be medical issues related to foxes or other animals in certain contexts, such as zoonotic diseases, "Foxes" itself does not have a medical connotation. If you have any specific medical query, I'd be happy to try and help with that.

Helminth DNA refers to the genetic material found in parasitic worms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms). These parasites can infect various organs and tissues of humans and animals, causing a range of diseases.

Helminths have complex life cycles involving multiple developmental stages and hosts. The study of their DNA has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It has also facilitated the development of molecular diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring helminth infections.

Understanding the genetic makeup of these parasites is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including drug discovery, vaccine development, and disease management.

Albendazole is an antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis (a tapeworm infection that affects the brain), hydatid disease (a parasitic infection that can affect various organs), and other types of worm infestations such as pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections.

Albendazole works by inhibiting the polymerization of beta-tubulin, a protein found in the microtubules of parasitic cells, which disrupts the parasite's ability to maintain its shape and move. This leads to the death of the parasite and elimination of the infection.

Albendazole is available in oral form and is typically taken two to three times a day with meals for several days or weeks, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of albendazole include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and neurological problems.

It is important to note that albendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of parasitic infections, so proper diagnosis is essential before starting treatment.

Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.

Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.

Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.

There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.

In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.

Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tibet" is not a medical term. It is a region in Asia that is currently under the political control of China, although it has a distinct cultural and historical heritage. Tibet is geographically located in the Tibetan Plateau, which is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of over 14,000 feet (4,267 meters) above sea level.

If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you!

Mebendazole is a medication used to treat various types of worm infections, such as roundworm, whipworm, hookworm, and threadworm. It belongs to a class of drugs called anthelmintics, which work by preventing the worms from absorbing nutrients, leading to their eventual death and elimination from the body.

Mebendazole is available in various forms, including tablets, chewable tablets, and suspensions. It is usually taken as a single dose or for several days, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that mebendazole is not effective against all types of worm infections, so it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, while taking mebendazole, it's recommended to maintain good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contaminated food or water, to prevent reinfection.

Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.

Cestode infections, also known as tapeworm infections, are caused by the ingestion of larval cestodes (tapeworms) present in undercooked meat or contaminated water. The most common types of cestode infections in humans include:

1. Taeniasis: This is an infection with the adult tapeworm of the genus Taenia, such as Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). Humans become infected by consuming undercooked beef or pork that contains viable tapeworm larvae. The larvae then mature into adult tapeworms in the human intestine, where they can live for several years, producing eggs that are passed in the feces.
2. Hydatid disease: This is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, which is commonly found in dogs and other carnivores. Humans become infected by accidentally ingesting eggs present in dog feces or contaminated food or water. The eggs hatch in the human intestine and release larvae that migrate to various organs, such as the liver or lungs, where they form hydatid cysts. These cysts can grow slowly over several years and cause symptoms depending on their location and size.
3. Diphyllobothriasis: This is an infection with the fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum, which is found in freshwater fish. Humans become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish that contain viable tapeworm larvae. The larvae mature into adult tapeworms in the human intestine and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vitamin B12 deficiency.

Preventing cestode infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meat thoroughly, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked fish, and washing fruits and vegetables carefully before eating. In some cases, treatment with antiparasitic drugs may be necessary to eliminate the tapeworms from the body.

Helminth proteins refer to the proteins that are produced and expressed by helminths, which are parasitic worms that cause diseases in humans and animals. These proteins can be found on the surface or inside the helminths and play various roles in their biology, such as in development, reproduction, and immune evasion. Some helminth proteins have been identified as potential targets for vaccines or drug development, as blocking their function may help to control or eliminate helminth infections. Examples of helminth proteins that have been studied include the antigen Bm86 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, and the tetraspanin protein Sm22.6 from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.

Lagomorpha is an order of mammals that includes rabbits, hares, and pikas. They are herbivores with large incisors in the front of their mouths and a second pair of smaller incisors behind them. Lagomorpha is distinguished from other orders by its unique dental characteristics and the presence of two pairs of upper incisors. These animals are known for their high reproductive rates and are found worldwide, except for Antarctica and some islands.

A "camel" is a large, even-toed ungulate that belongs to the genus Camelus in the family Camelidae. There are two species of camels: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), also known as the Arabian camel, which has one hump, and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), which has two humps.

Camels are well adapted to life in arid environments and are native to the Middle East and Central Asia. They have long legs, large, flat feet that help them walk on sand, and a thick coat of hair that helps protect them from the sun and cold temperatures. Camels are also known for their ability to store fat in their humps, which they can convert into water and energy when food and water are scarce.

Camels have been domesticated for thousands of years and have played an important role in human history as transportation, pack animals, and sources of meat, milk, and wool. They are also used in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies in some cultures.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms. Cestodes are commonly known as tapeworms and have a long, flat, segmented body that can grow to considerable length in their adult form. They lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients through their body surface.

Cestodes have a complex life cycle involving one or two intermediate hosts, usually insects or crustaceans, and a definitive host, which is typically a mammal, including humans. The tapeworm's larval stage develops in the intermediate host, and when the definitive host consumes the infected intermediate host, the larvae mature into adults in the host's intestine.

Humans can become infected with tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked meat from infected animals or through accidental ingestion of contaminated water or food containing tapeworm eggs or larvae. Infection with tapeworms can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies.

"Taenia" is a genus of tapeworms that are known to infect humans and animals. The most common species that affect humans are Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm).

Humans can become infected with these tapeworms by consuming raw or undercooked meat from infected animals. Once inside the human body, the larvae can mature into adult tapeworms in the intestines, leading to a condition called taeniasis. Symptoms of taeniasis may include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Ingesting eggs of Taenia solium, through contact with feces from an infected person or contaminated food, can lead to a more serious condition called cysticercosis, where larvae form cysts in various tissues throughout the body, including muscles, brain, and eyes. Cysticercosis can cause a range of symptoms depending on the location of the cysts, and it can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Preventive measures include cooking meat thoroughly, practicing good hygiene, and washing hands and food properly before eating.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Cyst fluid refers to the fluid accumulated within a cyst, which is a closed sac-like or capsular structure, typically filled with liquid or semi-solid material. Cysts can develop in various parts of the body for different reasons, and the composition of cyst fluid may vary depending on the type of cyst and its location.

In some cases, cyst fluid might contain proteins, sugars, hormones, or even cells from the surrounding tissue. Infected cysts may have pus-like fluid, while cancerous or precancerous cysts might contain abnormal cells or tumor markers. The analysis of cyst fluid can help medical professionals diagnose and manage various medical conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, genetic disorders, and cancers.

It is important to note that the term 'cyst fluid' generally refers to the liquid content within a cyst, but the specific composition and appearance of this fluid may vary significantly depending on the underlying cause and type of cyst.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

Praziquantel is an anthelmintic medication, which is used to treat and prevent trematode (fluke) infections, including schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or snail fever), clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and fasciolopsiasis. It works by causing severe spasms in the muscle cells of the parasites, ultimately leading to their death. Praziquantel is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally in a single dose, although the dosage may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that praziquantel is not effective against tapeworm infections, and other medications such as niclosamide or albendazole are used instead for those infections. Also, Praziquantel should be taken under medical supervision, as it may have some side effects, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache.

It's important to consult a healthcare professional before taking any medication.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

Antiplatyhelmintic agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic flatworms, also known as platyhelminths. These include tapeworms, flukes, and other types of flatworms that can infect various organs of the body, such as the intestines, liver, lungs, and blood vessels.

Antiplatyhelmintic agents work by disrupting the metabolism or reproductive processes of the parasitic worms, leading to their elimination from the body. Some commonly used antiplatyhelmintic agents include praziquantel, niclosamide, and albendazole.

It is important to note that while these medications can be effective in treating platyhelminth infections, they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or dosage can lead to serious side effects or treatment failures.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Taeniasis is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm of the genus Taenia. The two most common species that infect humans are Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm).

Humans get infected with T. saginata by consuming raw or undercooked beef from cattle that carry the larval form of the tapeworm, called cysticercus. In contrast, humans acquire T. solium through the consumption of contaminated pork or, more commonly, by accidentally ingesting T. solium eggs due to poor hygiene practices, leading to a more severe infection known as cysticercosis.

After ingestion, the larvae develop into adult tapeworms in the human intestine, where they can grow up to 8-12 meters long for T. saginata and 2-3 meters for T. solium. Adult tapeworms consist of a head (scolex) with hooks and suckers that attach to the intestinal wall, a neck region where new segments called proglottids are continuously formed, and a chain of mature proglottids containing male and female reproductive organs.

Symptoms of taeniasis can be mild or even absent, but they may include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, and the presence of proglottids or tapeworm segments in stools or, rarely, outside the body (e.g., around the anus). In cases of T. solium infection, accidental ingestion of eggs can lead to cysticercosis, which is a more severe condition involving the formation of larval cysts in various tissues, including muscles, brain, and eyes, causing neurological symptoms and potentially life-threatening complications.

Diagnosis of taeniasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify tapeworm eggs or proglottids. In some cases, molecular techniques like PCR may be used for species identification. Treatment usually consists of a single oral dose of anthelmintic medication such as praziquantel or niclosamide, which eliminates the adult tapeworm from the intestine. Proper sanitation and hygiene measures are crucial to prevent transmission and reinfection.

Antiparasitic agents are a type of medication used to treat parasitic infections. These agents include a wide range of drugs that work to destroy, inhibit the growth of, or otherwise eliminate parasites from the body. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.

Antiparasitic agents can be divided into several categories based on the type of parasite they target. Some examples include:

* Antimalarial agents: These drugs are used to treat and prevent malaria, which is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
* Antiprotozoal agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness.
* Antihelminthic agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by helminths, which are parasitic worms that can infect various organs of the body, including the intestines, lungs, and skin. Examples include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.

Antiparasitic agents work in different ways to target parasites. Some disrupt the parasite's metabolism or interfere with its ability to reproduce. Others damage the parasite's membrane or exoskeleton, leading to its death. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiparasitic agent and the parasite it is targeting.

It is important to note that while antiparasitic agents can be effective in treating parasitic infections, they can also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any antiparasitic medication to ensure safe and appropriate use.

Arvicolinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes voles, lemmings, and muskrats. These small mammals are characterized by their short legs, rounded bodies, and short tails. They are primarily found in the northern hemisphere, with the majority of species living in North America and Eurasia.

Arvicolines are known for their high reproductive rate and ability to survive in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, forests, tundra, and wetlands. They have a unique set of teeth called hypsodont teeth, which continue to grow throughout their lives. This adaptation allows them to wear down their teeth as they gnaw on tough plant material.

Many arvicoline species are important prey animals for larger predators, such as hawks, owls, and foxes. Some species, like the muskrat, are also hunted by humans for their fur or meat. In recent years, some arvicoline populations have experienced dramatic fluctuations in size due to changes in their habitats and food supplies, leading to concerns about their conservation status.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

A "Parasite Egg Count" is a laboratory measurement used to estimate the number of parasitic eggs present in a fecal sample. It is commonly used in veterinary and human medicine to diagnose and monitor parasitic infections, such as those caused by roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and other intestinal helminths (parasitic worms).

The most common method for measuring parasite egg counts is the McMaster technique. This involves mixing a known volume of feces with a flotation solution, which causes the eggs to float to the top of the mixture. A small sample of this mixture is then placed on a special counting chamber and examined under a microscope. The number of eggs present in the sample is then multiplied by a dilution factor to estimate the total number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces.

Parasite egg counts can provide valuable information about the severity of an infection, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. However, it is important to note that not all parasitic infections produce visible eggs in the feces, and some parasites may only shed eggs intermittently. Therefore, a negative egg count does not always rule out the presence of a parasitic infection.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Euthanasia, when used in the context of animals, refers to the act of intentionally causing the death of an animal in a humane and peaceful manner to alleviate suffering from incurable illness or injury. It is also commonly referred to as "putting an animal to sleep" or "mercy killing." The goal of euthanasia in animals is to minimize pain and distress, and it is typically carried out by a veterinarian using approved medications and techniques. Euthanasia may be considered when an animal's quality of life has become significantly compromised and there are no reasonable treatment options available to alleviate its suffering.

Arecoline is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is the primary active component found in the areca nut, which is chewed for its psychoactive effects in various parts of the world. It can cause stimulation of the nervous system and has been associated with several health risks, including oral cancer and cardiovascular disease.

The medical definition of Arecoline is:

A parasympathomimetic alkaloid found in the areca nut, which is chewed for its psychoactive effects. It stimulates the nervous system and has been associated with several health risks, including oral cancer and cardiovascular disease. The chemical formula for Arecoline is C7H9NO2.

Parasitic lung diseases refer to conditions caused by infection of the lungs by parasites. These are small organisms that live on or in a host organism and derive their sustenance at the expense of the host. Parasitic lung diseases can be caused by various types of parasites, including helminths (worms) and protozoa.

Examples of parasitic lung diseases include:

1. Pulmonary echinococcosis (hydatid disease): This is a rare infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The larvae form cysts in various organs, including the lungs.
2. Paragonimiasis: This is a food-borne lung fluke infection caused by Paragonimus westermani and other species. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans (such as crabs or crayfish) that contain the larval stage of the parasite.
3. Toxocariasis: This is a soil-transmitted helminth infection caused by the roundworm Toxocara canis or T. cati, which are found in the intestines of dogs and cats. Humans become infected through accidental ingestion of contaminated soil, undercooked meat, or through contact with an infected animal's feces. Although the primary site of infection is the small intestine, larval migration can lead to lung involvement in some cases.
4. Amebic lung disease: This is a rare complication of amebiasis, which is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. The parasite usually infects the large intestine, but it can spread to other organs, including the lungs, through the bloodstream.
5. Cryptosporidiosis: This is a waterborne protozoan infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis. Although the primary site of infection is the small intestine, immunocompromised individuals can develop disseminated disease, including pulmonary involvement.

Symptoms of parasitic lung diseases vary depending on the specific organism and the severity of infection but may include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, and sputum production. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as stool or blood examinations for parasites or their antigens. Treatment depends on the specific organism but may include antiparasitic medications, supportive care, and management of complications.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

Parasitic diseases, animal, refer to conditions in animals that are caused by parasites, which are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive benefits from the host at its expense. Parasites can be classified into different groups such as protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods (e.g., ticks, fleas).

Parasitic diseases in animals can cause a wide range of clinical signs depending on the type of parasite, the animal species affected, and the location and extent of infection. Some common examples of parasitic diseases in animals include:

* Heartworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Dirofilaria immitis
* Coccidiosis in various animals caused by different species of Eimeria
* Toxoplasmosis in cats and other animals caused by Toxoplasma gondii
* Giardiasis in many animal species caused by Giardia spp.
* Lungworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Angiostrongylus vasorum or Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
* Tapeworm infection in dogs, cats, and other animals caused by different species of Taenia or Dipylidium caninum

Prevention and control of parasitic diseases in animals typically involve a combination of strategies such as regular veterinary care, appropriate use of medications, environmental management, and good hygiene practices.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Svalbard" is not a medical term. It is a geographical name referring to an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway. It is known for its cold climate and is home to unique wildlife adapted to polar conditions. If you have any medical terminology or concepts you'd like me to define or explain, I'd be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Azerbaijan" is a country's name and not a medical term or condition. It is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. If you have any questions about Azerbaijani culture, history, or geography, I would be happy to try to help answer them, but for medical information, it would be best to consult a reliable health or medical resource.

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division between the sac and its surrounding tissue, that contains fluid, air, or semisolid material. Cysts can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, internal organs, and bones. They can be caused by various factors, such as infection, genetic predisposition, or blockage of a duct or gland. Some cysts may cause symptoms, such as pain or discomfort, while others may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment for cysts depends on the type and location of the cyst, as well as whether it is causing any problems. Some cysts may go away on their own, while others may need to be drained or removed through a surgical procedure.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded molecule that plays a crucial role in the process of gene expression. It acts as a messenger carrying genetic information copied from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. RNA is also involved in catalyzing chemical reactions and regulating gene expression.

Helminths, on the other hand, refer to parasitic worms that infect humans and animals. They belong to various phyla, including Nematoda (roundworms), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms). Helminth infections can cause a range of diseases and conditions, such as intestinal inflammation, anemia, stunted growth, and cognitive impairment.

There is no medical definition for "RNA, Helminth" since RNA is a type of molecule found in all living organisms, including helminths. However, researchers have studied the genetic material of various helminth species to better understand their biology, evolution, and pathogenesis. This includes sequencing and analyzing the RNA transcriptome of these parasites, which can provide insights into their gene expression patterns and help identify potential drug targets for developing new treatments.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.

Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.

"Coyotes" is not a medical term. It refers to a species of canine native to North America, also known as Canis latrans. They are often the subject of study in fields such as zoology and ecology. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, I would be happy to help with that instead!

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

... vogeli, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus equinus, Echinococcus ortleppi, and ... Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli are basal in this genus. The genus is a sister to the genus Taenia from which ... immunology and clinical aspects linked with Echinococcus species. There is no vaccine against Echinococcus multilocularis. ... The genus Echinococcus evolved in North America in canids and began to diversify 5.8 million years ago. In 2020, an ...
... is a parasitic worm first identified in 2005. It was found in Tibetan foxes in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau ... Echinococcus shiquicus n. sp., a taeniid cestode from Tibetan fox and plateau pika in China. International Journal for ... location of the genital pore and the number of eggs in gravid uterus helped in differentiating Echinococcus shiquicus from the ...
... "Echinococcus multilocularis". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 6211. (Articles with short description, Short ... Echinococcus multilocularis, the fox tapeworm, is a small cyclophyllid tapeworm found extensively in the northern hemisphere. E ... In the past, the PAS staining technique has proven beneficial in helping determine if infections are caused by Echinococcus ... Several studies that have been done since the 1950s in North America indicate a higher prevalence of Echinococcus multiocularis ...
Echinococcus from the US CDC Echinococcus granulosus in the NCBI Taxonomy Browser (CS1 Spanish-language sources (es), Articles ... Echinococcus granulosus is ingested and attaches to the mucosa of the intestines in the definitive host and there the parasite ... Echinococcus granulosus, also called the hydatid worm, hyper tape-worm or dog tapeworm, is a cyclophyllid cestode that dwells ... The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus was found to be 4.35% in a 2008 study in Bangalore, India employing this coproantigen ...
E. vogeli, as well as other members of the genus Echinococcus (especially Echinococcus multilocularis), produce a disease ... d'Alessandro, A; Rausch, R. L (2008). "New Aspects of Neotropical Polycystic (Echinococcus vogeli) and Unicystic (Echinococcus ... "Echinococcus vogeli Rausch & Bernstein 1972 - Encyclopedia of Life". Eol.org. Tappe, D; Stich, A; Frosch, M (2008). "Emergence ... Echinococcosis, also known has hydatidosis, is a result of ingesting the eggs of the genus Echinococcus. E. vogeli is similar ...
Echinococcus multilocularis] [Echinococcus oligarthrus] [Echinococcus vogeli]". CDC. 29 November 2013. Archived from the ... which is caused by Echinococcus vogeli and very rarely, Echinococcus oligarthrus. Alveolar and polycystic echinococcosis are ... Echinococcus eggs contain an embryo that is called an oncosphere or hexcanth. The name of this embryo stems from the fact that ... Echinococcus adult worms develop from protoscolices and are typically 6 mm or less in length and have a scolex, neck and ...
Echinococcus multilocularis. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Retrieved 1 February 2011. Olson PD, Littlewood DT, Bray RA, ... These values are similar to the genomes of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis and the pig tapeworm Taenia solium. All ...
Rausch RL, Wilson JF, Schantz PM (June 1990). "A programme to reduce the risk of infection by Echinococcus multilocularis: the ... AHD is caused by an infection of the flatworm species Echinococcus multilocularis. Although alveolar echinococcosis is rarely ... Ammann RW, Eckert J (1996-09-01). "CESTODES: Echinococcus". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 25 (3): 655-689. doi: ... were actually caused by an Echinococcus species. For 100 year it was debated whether the species was E. granulosus or a ...
This effect may have therapeutical relevance given that the schistosome, as the Taenia and the Echinococcus (other praziquantel ... Praziquantel is also effective against Echinococcus multilocularis. Schistosomiasis caused by trematodes of the genus ... Hydatid disease caused by infection of various organs with larval stages of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus Cysticercosis ...
... and Echinococcus; and trematodes such as Fasciola. Raw or undercooked meats are the major sources of Taenia (pork, beef and ... Echinococcus infection) Hymenolepiasis (Hymenolepis infection) Taeniasis/cysticercosis (Taenia infection) Coenurosis (T. ...
Others include Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. Eleven trematode species infect red foxes, including Metorchis ...
Hydatidosis is caused by the cestode Echinococcus. It is observed in dogs, wild canids, foxes, etc. Due to its importance as a ...
Massolo, Alessandro; Liccioli, Stefano; Budke, Christine; Klein, Claudia (2014). "Echinococcus multilocularis in North America ...
1999). "Echinococcus multilocularis coproantigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in fox, dog, and cat ... Infestation with the fox tapeworm (echinococcus multilocularis) is very rare in domestic cats (0.4%), they are a secondary host ... Other feline fin stages are the metacestode of the three-limbed dog tapeworm (echinococcus granulosus), the sparganum of ... ISBN 978-3-13-242138-7. Deplazes, P. (2006). "Ecology and epidemiology of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe". ...
Echinococcus granulosus, tapeworm (dog pathogen) (2013, 2013) Echinococcus multilocularis, tapeworm (2013) Hymenolepis ... October 2013). "The genome of the hydatid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus". Nature Genetics. 45 (10): 1168-75. doi:10.1038/ng. ...
His research on Echinococcus along with Jon J. Bernstein resulted in the discovery and description of Echinococcus vogeli, ... On the ecology and distribution of Echinococcus spp. (Cestoda: Taeniidae) and characteristics of their development in the ... Echinococcus vogeli Rausch & Bernstein, 1972 (Cestoda, Taeniidae) Ectopocephalium abei Rausch & Ohbayashi, 1974 (Cestoda, ...
Antoniou M, Tselentis Y (1993). "Studies on Echinococcus granulosus using the scanning electron microscope. II. The hooks". ...
The tapeworm species Echinococcus vogeli is named after him. Vogel H 1934. "Der Entwicklungszyklus von Opistorchis felineus." ... Later in his career he published an article describing the life cycle and aetiology of Echinococcus multilocularis. He is also ... Vogel H 1957 "Über den Echinococcus multilocularis Süddeutschlands I. Das Bandwurmstadium von Stämmen menschlicher und ... tierischer Herkunft" (Echinococcus multilocularis in South Germany. I. The tapeworm stage of strains from humans and animals). ...
... (trade name Cestex) is a veterinary drug which is used as an anthelmintic against tapeworms such as Echinococcus ... Arru E, Garippa G, Manger BR (November 1990). "Efficacy of epsiprantel against Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs". ...
Operative Behandlung von Unterleibsechinococcen (Operative treatment of abdomen echinococcus), 1870. Über entzündliche ...
Vogel publishes the life cycle of Echinococcus multilocularis. 1968 Dr. Mueller identifies the Marburg virus in ...
... and Echinococcus granulosus. In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths and Leishmania tropica. In Romania ... and some have provided the first record in Hungary of Trichinella spiralis and the first record in Europe of Echinococcus ...
Echinococcus worm eggs excreted with the faeces of foxes can be ingested by humans and cause echinococcosis. This can be ... Ezo red foxes are especially prone to infestation by Echinococcus and helminths. These were introduced to Hokkaido via cultured ...
Humans become accidental hosts to worms of the genus Echinococcus, playing no role in the worm's biological cycle. This can ... Some members of the Eucestoda (such as Echinococcus, Sparganum, Taenia multiceps sp., and Mesocestoides sp.) can reproduce ...
Also, budding (external or internal) occurs in some worms like Taenia or Echinococcus; these worms produce cysts and then ...
C. T. von Siebold (1853) Ueber die Verwandlung der Echinococcus-Brut in Taenien. [On the transformation of the Echinococcus ... the elucidation of the life cycle of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, (in 1854) the suggestion that the cercariae of the ...
Eine anatomisch-chirurgische Studie, (1888). Der Leberechinococcus und seine Chirurgie, (1890) - On echinococcus of the liver ...
A cyst of Echinococcus granulosus was even retrieved from cemetery soil in Poland. Ectoparasites may be found on the skin or ...
Tapeworms such as Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia solium may directly or indirectly cause cancer. Liver flukes such as ...
It usually carries Echinococcus granulosus as an endoparasite and may be parasitised by fleas. During the breeding season, in ...
Echinococcus vogeli, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus equinus, Echinococcus ortleppi, and ... Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli are basal in this genus. The genus is a sister to the genus Taenia from which ... immunology and clinical aspects linked with Echinococcus species. There is no vaccine against Echinococcus multilocularis. ... The genus Echinococcus evolved in North America in canids and began to diversify 5.8 million years ago. In 2020, an ...
... Prev Vet Med. 2007 Jun ... According to the directive 2003/99/ECC, a first survey for the presence in foxes of Echinococcus multilocularis and Toxocara ...
Echinococcus multilocularis in Estonia Epp Moks*, Urmas Saarma*†, and Harri Valdmann*. Author affiliations: *University of ... Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for Echinococcus multilocularis ( ...
... is an infestation by Echinococcus multilocularis. Partial hepatectomy or liver transplantation is the first choice of treatment ... Alveolar echinococcus (AE) is an infestation by Echinococcus multilocularis. Partial hepatectomy or liver transplantation is ... High oral doses of mebendazole interfere with growth of larval Echinococcus multilocularis lesions. J Hepatol 1: 369-377. ... High oral doses of mebendazole interfere with growth of larval Echinococcus multilocularis lesions. J Hepatol 1: 369-377. ...
jats:italic,Echinococcus canadensis,/jats:italic, (G6/G7 strain) was found in two cysts originating from sheep. ... jats:italic,Echinococcus canadensis,/jats:italic, (G6/G7 strain) was found in two cysts originating from sheep. ... In this study, 17 cysts of ,jats:italic,Echinococcus,/jats:italic, were collected from cattle and a further 17 cysts from sheep ... In this study, 17 cysts of ,jats:italic,Echinococcus,/jats:italic, were collected from cattle and a further 17 cysts from sheep ...
Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the novel PCR diagnosis and outcome of intestinal Echinococcus multilocularis in a dog. ANIMAL A ... Peregrine AS, Jenkins EJ, Barnes B, et al. Alveolar hydatid disease (Echinococcus multilocularis) in the liver of a Canadian ... Peregrine AS, Jenkins EJ, Barnes B, et al. Alveolar hydatid disease (Echinococcus multilocularis) in the liver of a Canadian ... Peregrine AS, Jenkins EJ, Barnes B, et al. Alveolar hydatid disease (Echinococcus multilocularis) in the liver of a Canadian ...
Echinococcus granulosus: specific quantification of the two most immunoreactive antigens in hydatid fluids ... Echinococcus granulosus: specific quantification of the two most immunoreactive antigens in hydatid fluids ...
These findings provide new insights into the use of Echinococcus HCF-derived metabolites in the design of drug therapies and in ... MicroRNA-365 promotes apoptosis in human melanoma cell A375 treated with hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus sensu ... HCF was aspirated from liver of infected sheep and in terms of molecular taxonomy was identified as G1 genotype of Echinococcus ...
Structural analyses revealed that all three Echinococcus factors displayed domain structures which are characteristic of the ... tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Using degenerative PCR and 3´/ 5´-RACE methods, E. multilocularis cDNAs coding for (i) a ... Familie aus dem Fuchsbandwurm Echinococcus multilocularis charakterisiert. Mittels degenerativer PCR und 3´/ 5´-RACE Methoden ... EGF-Rezeptor; Echinococcus multilocularis; Rezeptorkinasen; Smad; TGFß-Rezeptor. EGF-receptor; Echinococcus multilocularis; ...
"Pasture Types and Echinococcus multilocularis, Tibetan Communities" 12, no. 6 (2006). Wang, Qian et al. "Pasture Types and ... This characteristic was linked to a higher prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs and indicates that pasture type ... Title : Pasture Types and Echinococcus multilocularis, Tibetan Communities Personal Author(s) : Wang, Qian;Vuitton, Dominique A ... 2006). Pasture Types and Echinococcus multilocularis, Tibetan Communities. 12(6). Wang, Qian et al. " ...
... which is caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. In order to plan information campaigns, public knowledge about ... Hegglin, D., Bontadina, F., Gloor, S. et al. Survey of public knowledge about Echinococcus multilocularisin four European ... Romig T, Bilger B, Dinkel A, Merli M, Mackenstedt U: Echinococcus multilocularis in animal hosts: new data from western Europe ... Martinek K, Kolarova L, Cerveny J: Echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores from the Klatovy district of the Czech Republic. J ...
We investigated the role of Echinococcus multilocularis (Echinococcus genus) PSCs in hepatic fibrosis by examining structural ... Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of human hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE). AE can cause damage to ... We investigated the role of Echinococcus multilocularis (Echinococcus genus) PSCs in hepatic fibrosis by examining structural ... a-f Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, a-c: 30 000×; d-f: 10 000×) images of the internal structure of Echinococcus ...
The most known parasite infection of the brain is Neurocysticercosis or Cysticercosis Cellulosae which is caused by the flatworm (Cestode), Taenia solium. It is transmitted to humans through fecal-oral contamination or the consumption of pig meat infected with taenia cysts [1]. Neurocysticercosis results in the production of cysts in the brain parenchyma leading to headaches,… ...
Echinococcus multilocularis is highly prevalent in foxes in all the studied areas. The varying number of human AE cases within ... We describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in its main definitive host, the red fox, and the ... Table 3 Echinococcus multilocularis prevalence in foxes, stratified by age, sex and study areas. Full size table. ... Echinococcus multilocularis and other zoonotic helminths in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from a southern German hotspot for human ...
What is Echinococcus? Echinococcus is a genus of tapeworm. Two species of Echinococcus (Echinococcus granulosus, and ... Parasitic Tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus). Posted on June 30, 2019. What is Echinococcus granulosus? Echinococcus granulosus ... Echinococcus multilocularis) are known to exist in Montana wildlife. E. multilocularis has been documented in coyotes (SeeSee ...
In North America Echinococcus multilocularis is found primarily in the north central region from eastern Montana to central ... Echinococcus disease is found worldwide, mostly in northern latitudes. Cases have been reported in central Europe, eastern ... The Research Team on Echinococcus Disease is led by Dr Hannah Hamilton, and the Project Team Members include: ... The Echinococcus Disease Research Team Members have been increasing since 1987 to date. ...
A relatively new tapeworm is catching researchers by surprise in Alberta, and emphasizing the importance of zoonotic diseases. "Its really too soon to predict where this might go, but there are several reasons to think that there will be more cases diagnosed in the future," says Dr. Stan Houston, infectious disease expert at the University…. Read More ...
... Author ... Implementing deep learning models for the classification of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in human liver tissue. DSpace ...
Ehinokokoze un Echinococcus spp. dzīvniekos Latvijā. / Deksne, Gunita; Laivacuma, Sniedze; Pigiņka-Vjačeslavova, Inga et al. In ... Ehinokokoze un Echinococcus spp. dzīvniekos Latvijā. Gunita Deksne, Sniedze Laivacuma, Inga Pigiņka-Vjačeslavova, Angelika ... Deksne, G., Laivacuma, S., Pigiņka-Vjačeslavova, I., & Krūmiņa, A. (2021). Ehinokokoze un Echinococcus spp. dzīvniekos Latvijā ... Deksne, G, Laivacuma, S, Pigiņka-Vjačeslavova, I & Krūmiņa, A 2021, Ehinokokoze un Echinococcus spp. dzīvniekos Latvijā ...
... - Zugang - Befunderhebung; Adhäsiolyse; Freipräparation der ... Endozystektomie bei Echinococcus-granulosus-Infektion der Leber - general and visceral surgery. You have not purchased a ...
Echinococcus multilocularis in tissue and in scans Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli (Polycystic Hydatid Disease ... Echinococcus spp.(Pathogen - Tissue Cestode) (Cystic Disease). Organism:. Currently, four species are recognized within the ... Echinococcus multilocularis (Alveolar Hydatid Disease). For many years, pathologists recognized the difference between the ... Echinococcus granulosus. Hydatid sand and/or hooklets present OR serology results indicated (with interpretation) ...
Posts Tagged: Echinococcus. Treading Lightly with Tapeworms: Echinococcus and Your Pets June 12, 2019 by Summeridge Animal ... Tags: Echinococcus , Internal Parasites , Parasite Prevention in Pets , Tapeworms. Posted in: Fleas Ticks & Heartworm , Pet ... Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the more worrisome parasites, and is being diagnosed with increasing frequency here in ...
बताइए फीताकृमिरोग किसके कारण होता है ? वायरस नाम क्या है ? Echinococcosis in hindi उत्तर : मेडिकल विज्ञान में ""फीताकृमिरोग"" नामक रोग ""इचिनोकोकस जीनस"" के कारण शरीर में उत्पन्न…. ...
The aim of this study was for the molecular analysis of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from different regions of Turkey. For ... The aim of this study was for the molecular analysis of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from different regions of Turkey. For ... Genotypic characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from human in Turkey-, AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH ...
Be the first to review "Anticorpi anti Echinococcus granulosus IgG" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. ...
... is a neglected parasitic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). ... From: Clinical characteristics and antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus recombinant antigen P29 in patients with cystic ...
  • A phylogenetic tree has been created for several species in this genus - Echinococcus oligarthrus, Echinococcus vogeli, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus equinus, Echinococcus ortleppi, and Echinococcus granulosus. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is no vaccine against Echinococcus multilocularis. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the directive 2003/99/ECC, a first survey for the presence in foxes of Echinococcus multilocularis and Toxocara canis was conducted in Brussels from 2001 to 2004. (nih.gov)
  • Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for Echinococcus multilocularis (lanes 1-8, 2 specimens in parallel) and E. granulosus (lanes 9-12, 1 specimen). (cdc.gov)
  • Adult Echinococcus multilocularis superimposed on a Canadian dime. (avma.org)
  • Familie sowie ein intrazellulärer Signaltransduktionsfaktor der Smad- Familie aus dem Fuchsbandwurm Echinococcus multilocularis charakterisiert. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • receptor family, and an intracellular signal transduction factor of the Smad- Familie from the fox- tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Growing fox populations have led to increasing concern about human alveolar echinococcosis, which is caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by larval stages of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis (EM), is a serious helminthic zoonosis [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of human hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We investigated the role of Echinococcus multilocularis (Echinococcus genus) PSCs in hepatic fibrosis by examining structural changes and measuring hepatic fibrosis-related protein levels in cocultures of PSCs and human HSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in its main definitive host, the red fox, and the distribution of human cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) within a highly endemic focus in southern Germany (13.7-19.9/100,000 in 1992-2018). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Echinococcus multilocularis is highly prevalent in foxes in all the studied areas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two species of Echinococcus (Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus multilocularis) are known to exist in Montana wildlife. (wolfwatcher.org)
  • In North America Echinococcus multilocularis is found primarily in the north central region from eastern Montana to central Ohio, as well as Alaska and Canada. (santamariacollege.org.uk)
  • Currently, four species are recognized within the genus Echinococcus: E. granulosus (which causes cystic disease), E. multilocularis (which causes alveolar disease), E. vogeli (which causes polycystic disease), and E. oligarthrus (which causes polycystic disease). (med-chem.com)
  • Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the more worrisome parasites, and is being diagnosed with increasing frequency here in Canada. (summeridgeanimalclinic.com)
  • The laboratory's mission is to improve and develop diagnostic tools and epidemiological surveillance of Echinococcus sensu lato parasites (mainly E. multilocularis and E. granulosus ) in wild and domestic animals, especially livestock. (anses.fr)
  • A multiplex PCR for differential detection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis in China by: Jing-Ye Shang, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • What is the role of Swiss domestic cats in environmental contamination with Echinococcus multilocularis eggs? (bvsalud.org)
  • The role of the domestic cat as definitive host for Echinococcus multilocularis and thus in environmental contamination with eggs has not yet been entirely resolved. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, all samples were analysed by two coproantigen (copro)-quantitative PCRs (qPCR) (i) a multiplex qPCR able to detect and differentiate between E. multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Taenia spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • Echinococcosis is an infection caused by either the Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis tapeworm. (medlineplus.gov)
  • NT005 trade name] is indicated for the treatment of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus infections before or after surgery or where surgery is not suitable. (who.int)
  • Echinococcus granulosus is a parasitic tapeworm that requires two hosts to complete its life cycle. (wolfwatcher.org)
  • Echinococcus is a genus of tapeworm. (wolfwatcher.org)
  • Echinococcal disease is a zoonotic disease caused by contamination by a parasitic tapeworm called echinococcus . (portea.com)
  • The causative agent is the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, whose adult stage takes place in the small intestine of definitive hosts (dogs) and the development of the larval stage occurs mainly in the liver and lung of intermediate hosts such as sheep. (edu.pe)
  • Diseases like rabies, babesiosis, Echinococcus multiocularis (tapeworm) and leishmaniasis have serious risks to human health as well as cats. (vethelpdirect.com)
  • Hydatidosis or hydatid cyst is a prevalent zoonosis all over the world due to larval forms of the tapeworm of the genus Echinococcus. (bvsalud.org)
  • MicroRNA-365 promotes apoptosis in human melanoma cell A375 treated with hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The fertile/infertile HCF was aspirated from liver of infected sheep and in terms of molecular taxonomy was identified as G1 genotype of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Echinococcus is a genus within Cestoda, a parasitic class of the platyhelminthes phylum (colloquially known as flatworms). (wikipedia.org)
  • Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli are basal in this genus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genus Echinococcus evolved in North America in canids and began to diversify 5.8 million years ago. (wikipedia.org)
  • This review provides an update of the biological aspects of the genus Echinococcus and focuses on newly recognized endemic areas. (edu.au)
  • Hydatid disease is a zoonotic infection caused by cestode species from the genus Echinococcus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Echinococcosis is the general term used to describe four disease forms caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus tapeworms, the smallest tapeworms in the Taeniidae family. (medscape.com)
  • The identification of the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus present in livestock and wild animals within regions endemic for cystic echinococcosis (CE) is epidemiologically important. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Echinococcus granulosus, the etiologic agent of echinococcosis, is among the most vital zoonotic helminthes worldwide. (floatingharborsyndrome.co.uk)
  • In 2020, an international effort of scientists from 16 countries lead to a detailed consensus on terminology, i.e. the terms to be used or rejected for the genetics, epidemiology , biology, immunology and clinical aspects linked with Echinococcus species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection with the intermediate cystic stage of all species of Echinococcus causes disease and incapacity in animals and humans, and in the most serious cases, death of the host. (edu.au)
  • The review also refers to the transmission pattern of a recently described new species, Echinococcus shiquicus, from China. (edu.au)
  • Consequently, we performed an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test for Echinococcus species, which turned out to be negative. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Primary cysts of the brain showed a left parietal- common Echinococcus species causing are usually solitary. (who.int)
  • Echinococcus is a cestode. (who.int)
  • Echinococcus granulosus protoscolex formation in natural infections by: MARIO GALINDO, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Echinococcus vogeli infection in a hunter from the rain lar cysts. (cdc.gov)
  • This case report aims to demonstrate the case of a patient from an Echinococcus -endemic area with highly suspected hydatid disease and an unexpected outcome with a challenging differential diagnosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Access to Echinococcus Antibody, Immunoblot is restricted. (medicaldatabase.com)
  • Blood samples from 3446 individuals from 700 randomly selected families were examined for detection of antibody against Echinococcus granu- losus. (who.int)
  • The Echinococcus tapeworm's life cycle (see image below) involves a definitive host, usually a dog (although foxes and coyotes have also been implicated), and intermediate hosts such as sheep, goats, and swine. (medscape.com)
  • It is a disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, predominantly in the liver and lung involvement, being less frequent in the spleen. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings provide new insights into the use of Echinococcus HCF-derived metabolites in the design of drug therapies and in vivo tumor cell vaccine to combat melanoma progression. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Echinococcus granulosus is the most frequent form of echinococcal infection in humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • La equinococosis quística representa una grave zoonosis parasitaria en nuestro país y otros países en desarrollo dedicados a la ganadería. (edu.pe)
  • The Echinococcus Disease Research Team Members have been increasing since 1987 to date. (santamariacollege.org.uk)
  • Echinococcus disease is found worldwide, mostly in northern latitudes. (santamariacollege.org.uk)
  • Diagram of the Echinococcus life cycle, provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (medscape.com)
  • La hidatidosis se define como una zoonosis, de gran extensión mundial, que afecta frecuentemente a adultos jóvenes, endémica de América del Sur, en relación estrecha con animales de granja y estructura sanitaria deficiente. (bvsalud.org)
  • Whole genomic DNA was extracted from every pattern and amplified for the presence of polymorphism within the mitochondrial cox1 gene of Echinococcus granulosus utilizing a excessive decision melting curve (HRM) methodology. (floatingharborsyndrome.co.uk)
  • Echinococcus granulosus: biological comparison of cattle isolates from endemic regions of Argentina and Spain Echinococcus granulosus: comparación biológica de aislados de bovinos de regiones endémicas de Argentina y España by: M. V. Andresiuk, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • The aim of this study was for the molecular analysis of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from different regions of Turkey. (bezmialem.edu.tr)
  • Echinococcus eggs deposited in soil can remain viable for a year. (medscape.com)
  • People acquire infection by accidental ing cal study from 2001 to 2003 to assess the gestion of Echinococcus eggs voided in the prevalence of human CE among Khuzestan faeces of infected dogs. (who.int)
  • Los antígenos fueron administrados por vía intranasal y se emplearon 12 perros divididos en cuatro grupos de tratamiento: control, E/S, proteínas de membrana (PM) y proteína total. (edu.pe)
  • Chuquisana, JA, Da Chávez, AV & Casas Astos, EC 2000, ' Determinación de Echinococcus granulosus en perros del cono norte de Lima ', Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru , vol. 11, n.º 2, pp. 24-29. (edu.pe)
  • Primary multiple temporal cystic lesion, minimally en- human infection are E. granulosus and cerebral hydatid cysts are quite unu- hanced after contrast. (who.int)
  • The objective of this study was to determine the presence of Echinococcus granulosus in the dog population of northem Lima. (edu.pe)
  • Presence of cholinesterases in Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices by: Giménez-Pardo C., et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • The Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife is therefore accredited by COFRAC under number 1-2253 (Tests) according to the NF EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard. (anses.fr)
  • Transmission of Echinococcus to new continents has occurred during European colonisation and the parasite has often taken advantage of Echinococcus-naive wildlife populations in these new environments, incorporating them into its transmission pattern. (edu.au)
  • The study reveals anatomy - pathological tissue calcification compatible with Echinococcus granulosus. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a result of human behaviour and/or political instability in a number of countries Echinococcus is re-emerging as an important public health issue. (edu.au)
  • Structural analyses revealed that all three Echinococcus factors displayed domain structures which are characteristic of the respective protein families. (uni-wuerzburg.de)