Ectromelia virus
Orthopoxvirus
Cowpox virus
Poxviridae
Variola virus
Ectromelia
Vaccinia virus
Complement Inactivating Agents
Vaccinia
Inclusion Bodies, Viral
Sirenomelia. Pathological features, antenatal ultrasonographic clues, and a review of current embryogenic theories. (1/90)
We aimed to discuss the prenatal diagnosis and pathological features of sirenomelia, and to review current embryogenic theories. We observed two sirenomelic fetuses that were at the 19th and 16th gestational week respectively. In the former, transvaginal ultrasound revealed severe oligohydramnios and internal abortion, whereas bilateral renal agenesis, absence of a normally tapered lumbosacral spine, and a single, dysmorphic lower limb were detected in the latter. In both cases, X-rays and autoptic examination allowed categorization on the basis of the skeletal deformity. Subtotal sacrococcygeal agenesis was present in both cases. Agenesis of the urinary apparatus and external genitalia and anorectal atresia were also found. Classification of sirenomelia separately from caudal regression syndrome is still debated. Recent advances in the understanding of axial mesoderm patterning during early embryonic development suggest that sirenomelia represents the most severe end of the caudal regression spectrum. Third-trimester ultrasonographic diagnosis is usually impaired by severe oligohydramnios related to bilateral renal agenesis, whereas during the early second trimester the amount of amniotic fluid may be sufficient to allow diagnosis. Early antenatal sonographic diagnosis is important in view of the dismal prognosis, and allows for earlier, less traumatic termination of pregnancy. (+info)A minimalist approach to gene mapping: locating the gene for acheiropodia, by homozygosity analysis. (2/90)
Acheiropodia is an autosomal recessive disease that results in hemimelia (lack of formation of the distal extremities). We performed a complete genome screen of seven members of an extended pedigree that included three siblings with acheiropodia. Homozygosity mapping was used to identify regions most likely to harbor the gene for acheiropodia in this pedigree. In these two key regions (14p and 7q), further genotyping of one additional affected member of this pedigree plus seven additional unaffected siblings provided evidence, through linkage analysis, that the 7q36 region contains the acheiropodia gene. In this region, a maximum two-point LOD score of 3.81 (4.2 with multipoint analysis) was achieved, and a homozygous haplotype spanning a region of 11.7 cM was seen in all affected in this pedigree. Finally, genotypic analysis of two additional cases of acheiropodia with no known relation to the other samples revealed homozygous sharing of a portion of the same haplotype on 7q36, which reduces the chromosomal location of the acheiropodia gene to an 8.6-cM region. Localization of this gene, at the screening level, by use of data from only three affected subjects, provides an example of how certain genes may be mapped by use of a minimal number of affected cases. (+info)Beyond re-membering: phantom sensations of congenitally absent limbs. (3/90)
Phantom limbs are traditionally conceptualized as the phenomenal persistence of a body part after deafferentation. Previous clinical observations of subjects with phantoms of congenitally absent limbs are not compatible with this view, but, in the absence of experimental work, the neural basis of such "aplasic phantoms" has remained enigmatic. In this paper, we report a series of behavioral, imaging, and neurophysiological experiments with a university-educated woman born without forearms and legs, who experiences vivid phantom sensations of all four limbs. Visuokinesthetic integration of tachistoscopically presented drawings of hands and feet indicated an intact somatic representation of these body parts. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of phantom hand movements showed no activation of primary sensorimotor areas, but of premotor and parietal cortex bilaterally. Movements of the existing upper arms produced activation expanding into the hand territories deprived of afferences and efferences. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex consistently elicited phantom sensations in the contralateral fingers and hand. In addition, premotor and parietal stimulation evoked similar phantom sensations, albeit in the absence of motor evoked potentials in the stump. These data indicate that body parts that have never been physically developed can be represented in sensory and motor cortical areas. Both genetic and epigenetic factors, such as the habitual observation of other people moving their limbs, may contribute to the conscious experience of aplasic phantoms. (+info)Tibial hemimelia, meningocele, and abdominal hernia in Shorthorn cattle. (4/90)
Six genetically related Shorthorn calves were affected with the tibial hemimelia syndrome. The lesions included bilaterally malformed or absent tibia and abdominal hernia in all animals, a long shaggy haircoat, retained testicles in males, and meningocele in three animals. The malformations were similar to those described previously in Galloway calves. Pedigree analysis demonstrated a mechanism by which a recessive allele in a homozygous state could be responsible for the disorder. The condition in these calves was considered the result of a recurrence of a genetic mutation affecting a putative hemimelia locus. (+info)Caudal regression syndrome versus sirenomelia: a case report. (5/90)
We describe a newborn with clinical features of sirenomelia including fused lower limbs with medial position, absence of fibula, anal atresia, bilateral renal agenesis, and a single large umbilical artery. Recent literature describing the etiology of sirenomelia and relationship to caudal regression syndrome is reviewed. (+info)Caudal Regression Syndrome in twin pregnancy with type II diabetes. (6/90)
Caudal Regression Syndrome (CRS) is a rare fetal complication of diabetic pregnancy, which can result in long-term neurological, urologic, and orthopedic complications. Although the exact teratogenic mechanism is not known, hyperglycemia appears to play a crucial role as a teratogen, and therefore, stringent control of diabetes preconceptually and in early pregnancy is presumed to reduce the risk of occurrence. We report an unusual case of CRS affecting only one of a set of monozygotic twins, suggesting that as yet, unidentified factors other than hyperglycemia are included in its causation. (+info)Sirenomelia sequence: first-trimester diagnosis with both two- and three-dimensional sonography. (7/90)
OBJECTIVE: To describe the sonographic findings of sirenomelia during the first trimester on both two-dimensional sonography with color Doppler imaging and three-dimensional sonography. METHODS: Two cases of sirenomelia in primiparous patients with histories of infertility are described. The diagnosis was made on the basis of two-dimensional sonography, and three-dimensional sonography was used to further characterize the findings. RESULTS: Both fetuses had size-date discrepancies, increased nuchal translucency, large intra-abdominal vessels, and 2-vessel umbilical cords. Both pregnancies were terminated by dilation and curettage after the patients viewed the three-dimensional pictures of the fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: During the first trimester of pregnancy, rare and lethal anomalies can be diagnosed with a high degree of confidence if a thorough, age-dependent anatomic survey of the fetus is performed. (+info)Radiological findings in three cases of paraxial radial hemimelia in goats. (8/90)
Hemimelia is a congenital abnormality characterized by the absence of a portion of the normal structures in a limb. Hemimelia is classified as transversal and paraxial and is related to genetical and environmental factors. This article shows the radiological findings observed in three different cases of paraxial hemimelia occurred in goats (radial agenesia, absence of the portion of the distal epiphysis of the radius and anomalous radius with ulnar hypoplasia). Possible causes related to these abnormalities are discussed. (+info)Ectromelia virus, also known as mousepox virus, is a species of Poxviridae family that specifically infects mice. It is the causative agent of a disease called ectromelia or mousepox, which is similar to smallpox in humans. The virus primarily affects the spleen, liver, and lungs of the host, leading to symptoms such as rash, fever, weight loss, and hind limb paralysis. Ectromelia virus has been used as a model organism to study poxvirus immunology and pathogenesis.
Ectromelia, infectious, also known as mousepox, is a viral disease that primarily affects mice. It is caused by the ectromelia virus, which belongs to the Poxviridae family. The infection results in various symptoms such as skin lesions, rash, weight loss, and in severe cases, death.
The infection spreads through direct contact with infected mice or their excretions. It can also be transmitted through contaminated bedding, food, and water. In the lab setting, the virus can be transmitted through aerosolized particles, making it highly contagious in populations of mice.
The incubation period for ectromelia, infectious ranges from 5 to 10 days. The initial symptoms include a loss of appetite, lethargy, and hunched posture. As the infection progresses, a rash may develop on the ears, nose, and tail, which eventually spreads to the rest of the body. In severe cases, the rash can ulcerate and become necrotic, leading to the loss of limbs or digits.
There is no specific treatment for ectromelia, infectious. However, supportive care such as fluid therapy, nutritional support, and pain management can help manage the symptoms and improve outcomes. Prevention measures include maintaining good hygiene practices, quarantine of infected animals, and vaccination of susceptible populations.
While ectromelia, infectious is primarily a disease of mice, it has been used as a model for studying poxviruses and developing vaccines. The virus shares many similarities with variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, making it a valuable tool for research.
Poxviridae infections refer to diseases caused by the Poxviridae family of viruses, which are large, complex viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. This family includes several pathogens that can infect humans, such as Variola virus (which causes smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine and can rarely cause infection), Monkeypox virus, and Cowpox virus.
These viruses typically cause skin lesions or pocks, hence the name "Poxviridae." The severity of the disease can vary depending on the specific virus and the immune status of the host. Smallpox, once a major global health threat, was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980 thanks to a successful vaccination campaign. However, other Poxviridae infections continue to pose public health concerns, particularly in regions with lower vaccination rates and where animal reservoirs exist.
Orthopoxvirus is a genus of large, complex, enveloped DNA viruses in the family Poxviridae. It includes several species that are significant human pathogens, such as Variola virus (which causes smallpox), Vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine and also known to cause cowpox and buffalopox), Monkeypox virus, and Camelpox virus. These viruses can cause a range of symptoms in humans, from mild rashes to severe disease and death, depending on the specific species and the immune status of the infected individual. Historically, smallpox was one of the most devastating infectious diseases known to humanity, but it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 1980 due to a successful global vaccination campaign. However, other Orthopoxviruses continue to pose public health concerns and require ongoing surveillance and research.
Cowpox virus is a species of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is a double-stranded DNA virus that primarily infects cows and occasionally other animals such as cats, dogs, and humans. The virus causes a mild disease in its natural host, cattle, characterized by the development of pustular lesions on the udder or teats.
In humans, cowpox virus infection can cause a localized skin infection, typically following contact with an infected animal or contaminated fomites. The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1-2 weeks without specific treatment. However, in rare cases, the virus may spread to other parts of the body and cause more severe symptoms.
Historically, cowpox virus has played a significant role in medical research as it was used by Edward Jenner in 1796 to develop the first successful vaccine against smallpox. The similarity between the two viruses allowed for cross-protection, providing immunity to smallpox without exposing individuals to the more deadly disease. Smallpox has since been eradicated globally, and vaccination with cowpox virus is no longer necessary. However, understanding the biology of cowpox virus remains important due to its potential use as a model organism for studying poxvirus infections and developing countermeasures against related viruses.
Poxviridae is a family of large, complex, double-stranded DNA viruses that includes many significant pathogens affecting humans and animals. The most well-known member of this family is the Variola virus, which causes smallpox in humans, a highly contagious and deadly disease that has been eradicated through global vaccination efforts. Other important human pathogens in this family include the Monkeypox virus, which can cause a smallpox-like illness, and the Molluscum contagiosum virus, which causes benign skin tumors.
Poxviruses have a unique ability to replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. They also have a complex structure, with a large, brick-shaped virion that contains a lateral body, a core, and an outer envelope. The genome of poxviruses is relatively large, ranging from 130 to 375 kilobases in length, and encodes many genes involved in viral replication, host immune evasion, and modulation of host cell processes.
Poxviridae is further divided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae, which includes viruses that infect vertebrates, and Entomopoxvirinae, which includes viruses that infect insects. The Chordopoxvirinae subfamily is divided into several genera, including Orthopoxvirus (which includes Variola, Monkeypox, and Vaccinia viruses), Parapoxvirus (which includes Orf virus and Bovine papular stomatitis virus), and Yatapoxvirus (which includes Yaba monkey tumor virus and Tanapox virus).
Overall, Poxviridae is a diverse family of viruses that pose significant public health and agricultural threats, and continue to be the subject of ongoing research and development efforts aimed at understanding their biology and developing new vaccines and therapies.
Variola virus is the causative agent of smallpox, a highly contagious and deadly disease that was eradicated in 1980 due to a successful global vaccination campaign led by the World Health Organization (WHO). The virus belongs to the family Poxviridae and genus Orthopoxvirus. It is a large, enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus with a complex structure that includes a lipoprotein membrane and an outer protein layer called the lateral body.
The Variola virus has two main clinical forms: variola major and variola minor. Variola major is more severe and deadly, with a mortality rate of up to 30%, while variola minor is less severe and has a lower mortality rate. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects, such as clothing or bedding.
Smallpox was once a major public health threat worldwide, causing millions of deaths and severe illnesses. However, since its eradication, Variola virus has been kept in secure laboratories for research purposes only. The virus is considered a potential bioterrorism agent, and efforts are being made to develop new vaccines and antiviral treatments to protect against possible future outbreaks.
Ectromelia is a medical term that refers to the congenital absence or malformation of a limb or extremity. It is also known as "congenital amputation" or "limb reduction defect." This condition can affect any extremity, including arms, legs, hands, or feet, and can range from mild, such as a missing finger or toe, to severe, such as the absence of an entire limb.
Ectromelia can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Treatment options for ectromelia depend on the severity and location of the malformation and may include prosthetics, physical therapy, or surgery.
Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.
The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.
Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.
Complement inactivating agents are substances or drugs that inhibit the complement system, which is a part of the immune system responsible for the recognition and elimination of foreign substances and microorganisms. The complement system consists of a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body.
Complement inactivating agents are used in medical settings to prevent or treat various conditions associated with excessive or unwanted activation of the complement system, such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and transplant rejection. These agents can inhibit different components of the complement pathway, including C1 esterase inhibitors, C3 convertase inhibitors, and C5a receptor antagonists.
Examples of complement inactivating agents include eculizumab, ravulizumab, and Alexion's Ultomiris, which are monoclonal antibodies that target C5, a protein involved in the final steps of the complement pathway. These drugs have been approved for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and other complement-mediated diseases.
Other complement inactivating agents include C1 esterase inhibitors, such as Berinert and Ruconest, which are used to treat hereditary angioedema (HAE). These drugs work by inhibiting the activation of the classical pathway of the complement system, thereby preventing the release of inflammatory mediators that can cause swelling and pain.
Overall, complement inactivating agents play an important role in the treatment of various complement-mediated diseases, helping to reduce inflammation, prevent tissue damage, and improve patient outcomes.
Vaccinia is actually not a medical term with a specific definition, but it refers to the virus used in the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is related to, but less harmful than, the variola virus that causes smallpox. When vaccinia virus is introduced into the skin, it leads to an immune response that protects against smallpox.
The term "vaccinia" also refers to the characteristic pockmark-like lesion that forms on the skin as part of the body's reaction to the vaccine. This lesion is a result of the infection and replication of the vaccinia virus in the skin cells, which triggers an immune response that helps protect against smallpox.
It's worth noting that while the smallpox vaccine is no longer routinely administered due to the eradication of smallpox, it may still be used in certain circumstances, such as in laboratory workers who handle the virus or in the event of a bioterrorism threat involving smallpox.
Inclusion bodies, viral are typically described as intracellular inclusions that appear as a result of viral infections. These inclusion bodies consist of aggregates of virus-specific proteins, viral particles, or both, which accumulate inside the host cell's cytoplasm or nucleus during the replication cycle of certain viruses.
The presence of inclusion bodies can sometimes be observed through histological or cytological examination using various staining techniques. Different types of viruses may exhibit distinct morphologies and locations of these inclusion bodies, which can aid in the identification and diagnosis of specific viral infections. However, it is important to note that not all viral infections result in the formation of inclusion bodies, and their presence does not necessarily indicate active viral replication or infection.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:
1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.
The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.
Ectromelia
Ectromelia virus
Coxsackievirus
Orthopoxvirus
Daved H. Fremont
Erythromelalgia
Immunocontraception
Grapevine virus A
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Global catastrophe scenarios
Biotechnology risk
Roselyn J. Eisenberg
Poxviridae
List of MeSH codes (C05)
Para-swimming classification
List of MeSH codes (B04)
List of MeSH codes (C22)
List of MeSH codes (C16)
Raccoonpox virus
List of MeSH codes (C02)
List of virus species
Ribeiroia
Index of trauma and orthopaedics articles
Ectromelia - Wikipedia
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ECTV3
- In contrast to intranasal application of MVA, we found that intravenous immunization fully protected mice infected with ectromelia virus (ECTV) when applied three days after infection. (nih.gov)
- Infectious ectromelia (ECTV) is an infectious viral disease caused by dsDNA virus of poxviridae family. (actascientific.com)
- Here, we generated Klrc1 -/- mice and found that NKG2A is selectively required for resistance to ectromelia virus (ECTV). (wustl.edu)
Mousepox virus1
- His work on the pathogenesis of ectromelia virus (that is, mousepox virus) was the first modern viral pathogenesis study ever done. (cdc.gov)
Limb1
- Since then, other patients with a similar constellation of defects have been described under a number of designations, including unilateral ichthyosiform erythroderma, unilateral erythrokeratoderma, unilateral epidermal nevus, unilateral ectromelia, inflammatory variable epidermal nevus, and unilateral limb and skin deformities with congenital heart disease. (medscape.com)
Virus infection2
- Dendritic epidermal T cells: their role in the early phase of ectromelia virus infection. (nih.gov)
- Identification of nitric oxide synthase 2 as an innate resistance locus against ectromelia virus infection. (taconic.com)
Cowpox1
- The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. (medscape.com)
Congenital2
- Ectromelia is a congenital condition where long bones are missing or underdeveloped. (wikipedia.org)
- Referring to the ectromelia or a congenital absence of one or more limbs. (wordinfo.info)
Phocomelia1
- The birth defects can be phocomelia and ectromelia. (myassignment-services.com)
Resistance1
- 3] R. J. Jacobson, A. J. Ramsay, C. D. Christensen, S. Beaton, D. F. Hall, and I. A. Ramsshaw, "Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox," J. Virol. (fujipress.jp)
Negative2
Mousepox5
- 40 microM), and active against multiple orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia, monkeypox, camelpox, cowpox, ectromelia (mousepox), and variola viruses. (nih.gov)
- His work on the pathogenesis of ectromelia virus (that is, mousepox virus) was the first modern viral pathogenesis study ever done. (cdc.gov)
- Tested and found negative for ectromelia virus (mousepox). (addexbio.com)
- This cell line was tested for being not infected by ectromelia virus (mousepox). (cls.shop)
- In their study, the scientists experimented with ectromelia virus (ECTV), a member of the poxvirus family that causes mousepox and resembles human smallpox. (drugtargetreview.com)
Virus15
- 7. The cGas-Sting Signaling Pathway Is Required for the Innate Immune Response Against Ectromelia Virus. (nih.gov)
- 11. A method for the generation of ectromelia virus (ECTV) recombinants: in vivo analysis of ECTV vCD30 deletion mutants. (nih.gov)
- 13. A lack of Fas/FasL signalling leads to disturbances in the antiviral response during ectromelia virus infection. (nih.gov)
- 14. Evidence for Persistence of Ectromelia Virus in Inbred Mice, Recrudescence Following Immunosuppression and Transmission to Naïve Mice. (nih.gov)
- 16. The mature virion of ectromelia virus, a pathogenic poxvirus, is capable of intrahepatic spread and can serve as a target for delayed therapy. (nih.gov)
- 18. N1L is an ectromelia virus virulence factor and essential for in vivo spread upon respiratory infection. (nih.gov)
- 19. Resistance to lethal ectromelia virus infection requires Type I interferon receptor in natural killer cells and monocytes but not in adaptive immune or parenchymal cells. (nih.gov)
- The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. (medscape.com)
- The FDA approved brincidofovir for oral administration in 2021 as a smallpox treatment in adults and pediatric patients, including neonates based on animal efficacy data (rabbits infected with rabbitpox virus, and mice infected with ectromelia virus). (nih.gov)
- Approval was based on efficacy data in 2 lethal orthopoxvirus animal models of human smallpox disease, the rabbit pox model (New Zealand white rabbits infected with rabbit pox virus) and the mouse pox model (BALB/c mice infected with ectromelia virus). (medscape.com)
- The avian viruses and some mammalian viruses (e.g. cowpox virus, ectromelia virus and raccoonpox virus, but not vaccinia virus or variola virus, and not all isolates) may also be sequestered within inclusion bodies. (ictv.global)
- In Ectromelia virus-infected lymph nodes, working NK cells lacking Sb9 are more susceptible to GrB-mediated death. (omicsdi.org)
- EVM166 is a secreted decoy receptor encoded by Ectromelia virus able to bind Type-I interferons (IFNs) across several species. (wustl.edu)
- Host-specific live vectors such as ectromelia virus and cytomegalovirus have also been used to deliver mouse ZP3 in mice. (ias.ac.in)
- Researchers report that removing the vSLFN gene from the ectromelia virus (ECTV) caused a potent immune response which protected animal models. (drugtargetreview.com)