Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).
An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.
The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.
Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
Fluids composed mainly of water found within the body.
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.
Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.
Water content outside of the lung vasculature. About 80% of a normal lung is made up of water, including intracellular, interstitial, and blood water. Failure to maintain the normal homeostatic fluid exchange between the vascular space and the interstitium of the lungs can result in PULMONARY EDEMA and flooding of the alveolar space.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
The ratio of the density of a material to the density of some standard material, such as water or air, at a specified temperature.
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.
The barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar EPITHELIUM and capillary ENDOTHELIUM with their adherent BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPITHELIAL CELL cytoplasm. PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE occurs across this membrane.
The pressure due to the weight of fluid.
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
The administration of substances into the VITREOUS BODY of the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Compounds that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. Osmotic diuretics also increase the osmolarity of plasma.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
Damage to any compartment of the lung caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents which characteristically elicit inflammatory reaction. These inflammatory reactions can either be acute and dominated by NEUTROPHILS, or chronic and dominated by LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES.
A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Diseases of the cornea.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

Value of scintigraphy in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. (1/2723)

BACKGROUND: A variety of factors can adversely impact chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) as an effective renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease. These factors include peritonitis, poor clearances, loss of ultrafiltration, and a variety of anatomic problems, such as hernias, peritoneal fluid leaks, loculations, and catheter-related problems caused by omental blockage. This study reviews our experience with peritoneal scintigraphy for the evaluation of some of these difficulties. METHODS: From 1991 to 1996, 50 peritoneal scintigraphy scans were obtained in 48 CPD patients. Indications for scintigraphy were evaluated, and the patients were placed into four groups: group I, abdominal wall swelling; group II, inguinal or genital swelling; group III, pleural fluid; and group IV, poor drainage and/or poor ultrafiltration. A peritoneal scintigraphy protocol was established and the radiotracer isotope that was used was 2.0 mCi of 99mtechnetium sulfur colloid placed in two liters of 2.5% dextrose peritoneal dialysis solution. RESULTS: Ten scans were obtained to study abdominal wall swelling, with seven scans demonstrating leaks; six of these episodes improved with low-volume exchanges. Twenty scans were obtained to evaluate inguinal or genital swelling, and 10 of these had scintigraphic evidence for an inguinal hernia leak (9 of these were surgically corrected). One of four scans obtained to evaluate a pleural fluid collection demonstrated a peritoneal-pleural leak that corrected with a temporary discontinuation of CPD. Sixteen scans were obtained to assess poor drainage and/or ultrafiltration. Five of these scans demonstrated peritoneal location, and all of these patients required transfer to hemodialysis. The other 11 scans were normal; four patients underwent omentectomies, allowing three patients to continue with CPD. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal scintigraphy is useful in the evaluation and assessment of CPD patients who develop anatomical problems (such as anterior abdominal, pleural-peritoneal, inguinal, and genital leaks) and problems with ultrafiltration and/or drainage.  (+info)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters cardiovascular and craniofacial development and function in sac fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (2/2723)

Hallmark signs of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in rainbow trout sac fry, are yolk sac edema, hemorrhage, craniofacial malformation, and growth retardation culminating in mortality. Our objective was to determine the role of cardiovascular dysfunction in the development of this toxicity. An embryotoxic TCDD dose (385 pg/g egg) caused a progressive reduction in blood flow in rainbow trout sac fry manifested first and most dramatically in the 1st and 2nd branchial arches and vessels perfusing the lower jaw. Blood flow was reduced later in the infraorbital artery and occipital vein of the head as well as segmental vessels and caudal vein of the trunk. Reduced perfusion occurred last in gill branchial arteries involved with oxygen uptake and the subintestinal vein and vitelline vein involved with nutrient uptake. Although heart rate throughout sac fry development was not affected, heart size at 50 days post-fertilization (dpf) was reduced far more than body weight or length, suggesting that the progressive circulatory failure caused by TCDD is associated with reduced cardiac output. Craniofacial development was arrested near hatch, giving rise to craniofacial malformations in which the jaws and anterior nasal structures were underdeveloped. Unlike the medaka embryo, in which TCDD causes apoptosis in the medial yolk vein, endothelial cell death was not observed in rainbow trout sac fry. These findings suggest a primary role for arrested heart development and reduced perfusion of tissues with blood in the early-life stage toxicity of TCDD in trout.  (+info)

Modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes by cacospongionolide B, a novel inhibitor of human synovial phospholipase A2. (3/2723)

1. Cacospongionolide B is a novel marine metabolite isolated from the sponge Fasciospongia cavernosa. In in vitro studies, this compound inhibited phospholipase A2 (PLA2), showing selectivity for secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) versus cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), and its potency on the human synovial enzyme (group II) was similar to that of manoalide. 2. This activity was confirmed in vivo in the 8 h zymosan-injected rat air pouch, on the secretory enzyme accumulating in the pouch exudate. Cacospongionolide B, that is bioavailable when is given orally, reduced the elevated levels of sPLA2 present in paw homogenates of rats with adjuvant arthritis. 3. This marine metabolite showed topical anti-inflammatory activity on the mouse ear oedema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) and decreased carrageenin paw oedema in mice after oral administration of 5, 10 or 20 mg kg(-1). 4. In the mouse air pouch injected with zymosan, cacospongionolide B administered into the pouch, induced a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of eicosanoids and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the exudates 4 h after the stimulus. It also had a weak effect on cell migration. 5. The inflammatory response of adjuvant arthritis was reduced by cacospongionolide B, which did not significantly affect eicosanoid levels in serum, paw or stomach homogenates and did not induce toxic effects. 6 Cacospongionolide B is a new inhibitor of sPLA2 in vitro and in vivo, with anti-inflammatory properties in acute and chronic inflammation. This marine metabolite was active after oral administration and able to modify TNFalpha levels, and may offer an interesting approach in the search for new anti-inflammatory agents.  (+info)

Intestinal reperfusion injury is mediated by IgM and complement. (4/2723)

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on complement. This study examines the role of the alternative and classic pathways of complement and IgM in a murine model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Wild-type animals, mice deficient in complement factor 4 (C4), C3, or Ig, or wild-type mice treated with soluble complement receptor 1 were subjected to 40 min of jejunal ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. Compared with wild types, knockout and treated mice had significantly reduced intestinal injury, indicated by lowered permeability to radiolabeled albumin. When animals deficient in Ig were reconstituted with IgM, the degree of injury was restored to wild-type levels. Immunohistological staining of intestine for C3 and IgM showed colocalization in the mucosa of wild-type controls and minimal staining for both in the intestine of Ig-deficient and C4-deficient mice. We conclude that intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on the classic complement pathway and IgM.  (+info)

Timing of illumination is essential for effective and safe photodynamic therapy: a study in the normal rat oesophagus. (5/2723)

5-Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-induced, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an experimental treatment modality for (pre)malignant oesophageal lesions. This study aimed to optimize the time of illumination after ALA administration. Six groups of eight rats received 200 mg kg(-1) ALA orally, eight rats served as controls. Illumination was performed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 12 h after ALA administration with a 1-cm cylindrical diffuser placed in a balloon catheter (laser parameters: 633 nm, 25 J radiant energy, power output 100 mW). During illumination, fluorescence measurements and light dosimetry were performed. Animals were sacrificed at 48 h (n = 4) or 28 days (n = 4) after PDT. At day 28, an oesophagogram was performed. Largest PpIX fluorescence was found at 3 h after ALA administration. In vivo fluence rate was three times higher than the calculated incident fluence rate. At 48 h after PDT, major epithelial damage was found in all animals illuminated at 2 h, whereas less epithelial damage was found at 3-6 h and none at 1 and 12 h. In animals illuminated at 4, 6 and 12 h, but not at 2 h, oesophagograms showed severe dilatations and histology showed loss of Schwann cells. These results demonstrate that the choice of time interval between ALA administration and illumination is critical for achieving epithelial damage without oesophageal functional impairment. A short interval of 2-3 h seems to be most appropriate.  (+info)

Anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic effects of 3-(N,N-diethylamino) propylindometacin HCl. (6/2723)

AIM: To study anti-inflammatory effects of a novel indometacin ester, 3-(N,N-diethylamino) propyl-indometacin HCl (prodrug) and its ulcerogenicity in fats. METHODS: Carrageenin (Car)-induced paw edema and ulcer index were examined. RESULTS: Car-induced paw edema was inhibited by 36.6% (P < 0.01) at 3 h and 34.6% (P < 0.01) at 5 h after a single i.p. injection of the prodrug 7.09 mg.kg-1. On the same molar basis, indometacin (Ind) 5 mg.kg-1 i.p. inhibited edema by 45.6% at 3 h and 39.2% at 5 h, however, there was no statistical significant difference (P > 0.05) between the edema-inhibitory effect of the prodrug and that of Ind. The dose 10 micrograms/paw exhibited 64% inhibition of the swelling, the prodrug > 10 micrograms/paw showed no additional inhibition of swelling; the acute gastric lesion properties of the prodrug were much lower than those of Ind 6 h after p.o. CONCLUSION: The prodrug is a potent anti-inflammatory agent with lower ulcerogenicity in the stomach.  (+info)

Antipsoriatic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of an extract of red propolis. (7/2723)

AIM: To study the antipsoriatic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects of ethanolic extract of red propolis. METHODS AND RESULTS: This extract induced the formation of granular layer in the mouse tail test used as a model of psoriasis. Propolis 50 mg.kg-1 i.g. showed anti-inflammatory activity in the cotton-pellet granuloma assay in rats, in croton oil-induced edema in mice at a dose of 25% (2.5 microL), and in the peritoneal capillary permeability test in mice at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1. The extract (25 mg.kg-1 i.g.) showed analgesic effect in the model of acetic acid-induced writhings, whereas 40 mg.kg-1 was effective in the hot plate test in mice. CONCLUSION: Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipsoriatric properties of Cuban red propolis were evident.  (+info)

Decreased left ventricular filling pressure 8 months after corrective surgery in a 55-year-old man with tetralogy of Fallot: adaptation for increased preload. (8/2723)

A 55-year-old man with tetralogy of Fallot underwent corrective surgery. Left ventricular filling pressure increased markedly with increased left ventricular volume one month after surgery, then decreased over the next 7 months, presumably due to increased left ventricular compliance.  (+info)

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but it's most commonly noticed in the hands, feet, ankles, and legs. Edema can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or venous insufficiency.

The swelling occurs when the capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues, causing them to become swollen and puffy. The excess fluid can also collect in the cavities of the body, leading to conditions such as pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs) or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The severity of edema can vary from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as skin discoloration, stiffness, and pain. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Pulmonary edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli (air sacs) and interstitial spaces (the area surrounding the alveoli) within the lungs. This buildup of fluid can lead to impaired gas exchange, resulting in shortness of breath, coughing, and difficulty breathing, especially when lying down. Pulmonary edema is often a complication of heart failure, but it can also be caused by other conditions such as pneumonia, trauma, or exposure to certain toxins.

In the early stages of pulmonary edema, patients may experience mild symptoms such as shortness of breath during physical activity. However, as the condition progresses, symptoms can become more severe and include:

* Severe shortness of breath, even at rest
* Wheezing or coughing up pink, frothy sputum
* Rapid breathing and heart rate
* Anxiety or restlessness
* Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis) due to lack of oxygen

Pulmonary edema can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, chest X-ray, and other diagnostic tests such as echocardiography or CT scan. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as providing supportive care such as supplemental oxygen, diuretics to help remove excess fluid from the body, and medications to help reduce anxiety and improve breathing. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to support respiratory function.

Brain edema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result from various causes, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, brain tumors, or inflammation. The swelling of the brain can compress vital structures, impair blood flow, and cause neurological symptoms, which may range from mild headaches to severe cognitive impairment, seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Corneal edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. This buildup of fluid causes the cornea to swell and thicken, resulting in blurry or distorted vision. Corneal edema can be caused by various factors, including eye injuries, certain medications, eye surgeries, and diseases that affect the eye's ability to pump fluids out of the cornea. In some cases, corneal edema may resolve on its own or with treatment, but in severe cases, it may require a corneal transplant.

Edema, cardiac is a type of edema (swelling) that occurs due to the accumulation of fluid in the body tissues as a result of heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump blood efficiently, it can cause blood to back up in the veins and increase pressure in the capillaries. This increased pressure forces fluid out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues, causing edema.

Cardiac edema most commonly affects the lower extremities, such as the legs, ankles, and feet, but it can also occur in other parts of the body, including the lungs (pulmonary edema). Symptoms of cardiac edema may include swelling, weight gain, shortness of breath, and coughing. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying heart condition through medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Edema disease of swine, also known as porcine edema disease, is a condition that primarily affects young pigs between 2 weeks and 5 months of age. It is characterized by the sudden onset of neurological symptoms and fluid accumulation in various tissues, particularly in the brain and skin around the neck and shoulders.

The cause of edema disease is a bacterial toxin called Shiga-like toxin IIe (Stx2e) produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. These bacteria colonize the pig's small intestine and produce the toxin, which then enters the bloodstream and damages the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. This damage leads to increased permeability of the blood vessels, allowing fluid to leak out into surrounding tissues and causing edema (swelling).

The neurological symptoms of edema disease are thought to be caused by the direct toxic effects of Stx2e on nerve cells in the brainstem. The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but it is believed that the toxin disrupts the normal functioning of these nerve cells, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness, tremors, and difficulty breathing.

Treatment of edema disease typically involves supportive care, such as fluid therapy and antibiotics to control the E. coli infection. Prevention measures include vaccination against E. coli strains that produce Stx2e and maintaining good hygiene practices in pig farming operations.

Laryngeal edema is a medical condition characterized by the swelling of the tissues in the larynx or voice box. The larynx, which contains the vocal cords, plays a crucial role in protecting the airways, regulating ventilation, and enabling speech and swallowing. Laryngeal edema can result from various causes, such as allergic reactions, infections, irritants, trauma, or underlying medical conditions like angioedema or autoimmune disorders.

The swelling of the laryngeal tissues can lead to narrowing of the airways, causing symptoms like difficulty breathing, noisy breathing (stridor), coughing, and hoarseness. In severe cases, laryngeal edema may obstruct the airway, leading to respiratory distress or even suffocation. Immediate medical attention is necessary for individuals experiencing these symptoms to ensure proper diagnosis and timely intervention. Treatment options typically include medications like corticosteroids, antihistamines, or epinephrine to reduce swelling and alleviate airway obstruction.

Capillary permeability refers to the ability of substances to pass through the walls of capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body. These tiny vessels connect the arterioles and venules, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The capillary wall is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that are held together by tight junctions. The permeability of these walls varies depending on the size and charge of the molecules attempting to pass through. Small, uncharged molecules such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide can easily diffuse through the capillary wall, while larger or charged molecules such as proteins and large ions have more difficulty passing through.

Increased capillary permeability can occur in response to inflammation, infection, or injury, allowing larger molecules and immune cells to enter the surrounding tissues. This can lead to swelling (edema) and tissue damage if not controlled. Decreased capillary permeability, on the other hand, can lead to impaired nutrient exchange and tissue hypoxia.

Overall, the permeability of capillaries is a critical factor in maintaining the health and function of tissues throughout the body.

Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein that is primarily found in the membranes of astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system. AQP4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of water homeostasis and the clearance of excess fluid from the brain and spinal cord. It also facilitates the rapid movement of water across the blood-brain barrier and between astrocytes, which is important for maintaining proper neuronal function and protecting the brain from edema or swelling.

Mutations in the AQP4 gene can lead to various neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a severe autoimmune condition that affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. In NMOSD, the immune system mistakenly attacks AQP4 proteins, causing inflammation, demyelination, and damage to the nervous tissue.

Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects the eyes. It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).

At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. Eventually, it can cause blindness. The condition usually affects both eyes.

There are two main stages of diabetic retinopathy:

1. Early diabetic retinopathy. This is when the blood vessels in the eye start to leak fluid or bleed. You might not notice any changes in your vision at this stage, but it's still important to get treatment because it can prevent the condition from getting worse.
2. Advanced diabetic retinopathy. This is when new, abnormal blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These vessels can leak fluid and cause severe vision problems, including blindness.

Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with laser surgery, injections of medication into the eye, or a vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye). It's important to get regular eye exams to detect diabetic retinopathy early and get treatment before it causes serious vision problems.

Body water refers to the total amount of water present in the human body. It is an essential component of life and makes up about 60-70% of an adult's body weight. Body water is distributed throughout various fluid compartments within the body, including intracellular fluid (water inside cells), extracellular fluid (water outside cells), and transcellular fluid (water found in specific bodily spaces such as the digestive tract, eyes, and joints). Maintaining proper hydration and balance of body water is crucial for various physiological processes, including temperature regulation, nutrient transportation, waste elimination, and overall health.

Triamcinolone Acetonide is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of corticosteroids. It is used in the form of topical creams, ointments, and sprays to reduce skin inflammation, itching, and allergies. It can also be administered through injection for the treatment of various conditions such as arthritis, bursitis, and tendonitis. Triamcinolone Acetonide works by suppressing the immune system's response, reducing inflammation, and blocking the production of substances that cause allergies.

It is important to note that prolonged use or overuse of triamcinolone acetonide can lead to side effects such as thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Angioedema is a medical condition characterized by rapid swelling of the skin, mucous membranes, and submucosal tissues. The swelling typically occurs in the face, lips, tongue, larynx, and extremities, and can also affect the gastrointestinal tract. Angioedema can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergic reactions, hereditary genetic mutations, and certain medications.

In medical terms, angioedema is defined as a self-limiting episode of localized edema in the deep dermis, subcutaneous tissue, or mucous membranes, characterized by well-circumscribed, nonpitting, nondependent swelling. The swelling can occur suddenly and may persist for up to 72 hours. In severe cases, angioedema can cause airway obstruction and be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Angioedema can be classified into two main types: allergic or non-allergic. Allergic angioedema is caused by an immune response to an allergen, such as food, medication, or insect venom. Non-allergic angioedema can be further divided into several subtypes, including hereditary angioedema (HA), acquired angioedema (AAE), and drug-induced angioedema.

Hereditary angioedema is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the C1 inhibitor gene, leading to uncontrolled activation of the complement system and increased production of bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Acquired angioedema is similar to hereditary angioedema but occurs later in life and is associated with underlying medical conditions such as lymphoproliferative disorders or autoimmune diseases. Drug-induced angioedema can be caused by a variety of medications, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

The diagnosis of angioedema is typically based on clinical presentation, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition but may include antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine, and medications that target the complement system or bradykinin pathway. In severe cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary to manage airway obstruction and other complications.

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized, selective interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulating blood. It is formed by unique endothelial cells that line the brain's capillaries, along with tight junctions, astrocytic foot processes, and pericytes, which together restrict the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the CNS. This barrier serves to protect the brain from harmful agents and maintain a stable environment for proper neural function. However, it also poses a challenge in delivering therapeutics to the CNS, as most large and hydrophilic molecules cannot cross the BBB.

Extravascular lung water (EVLW) refers to the amount of fluid that has accumulated in the lungs outside of the pulmonary vasculature. It is not a part of the normal physiology and can be a sign of various pathological conditions, such as heart failure, sepsis, or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

EVLW can be measured using various techniques, including transpulmonary thermodilution and pulmonary artery catheterization. Increased EVLW is associated with worse outcomes in critically ill patients, as it can lead to impaired gas exchange, decreased lung compliance, and increased work of breathing.

It's important to note that while EVLW can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, it should be interpreted in the context of other clinical findings and used as part of a comprehensive assessment.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a medical condition that occurs when one of the retinal veins, which drains blood from the retina, becomes blocked by a blood clot or atherosclerotic plaque. This blockage can cause hemorrhages, fluid accumulation, and damage to the retinal tissue, leading to vision loss.

There are two types of RVO: branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). BRVO affects a smaller branch retinal vein, while CRVO affects the main retinal vein. CRVO is generally associated with more severe vision loss than BRVO.

Risk factors for RVO include hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, smoking, and glaucoma. Age is also a significant risk factor, as RVO becomes more common with increasing age. Treatment options for RVO may include controlling underlying medical conditions, laser therapy, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents or steroids, and surgery in some cases.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Laser coagulation, also known as laser photocoagulation, is a medical procedure that uses a laser to seal or destroy abnormal blood vessels or tissue. The laser produces a concentrated beam of light that can be precisely focused on the target area. When the laser energy is absorbed by the tissue, it causes the temperature to rise, which leads to coagulation (the formation of a clot) or destruction of the tissue.

In ophthalmology, laser coagulation is commonly used to treat conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal tears or holes. The procedure can help to seal leaking blood vessels, reduce fluid leakage, and prevent further vision loss. It is usually performed as an outpatient procedure and may be repeated if necessary.

In other medical specialties, laser coagulation may be used to control bleeding, destroy tumors, or remove unwanted tissue. The specific technique and parameters of the laser treatment will depend on the individual patient's needs and the condition being treated.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

'Bacillus anthracis' is the scientific name for the bacterium that causes anthrax, a serious and potentially fatal infectious disease. This gram-positive, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium can be found in soil and commonly affects animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. Anthrax can manifest in several forms, including cutaneous (skin), gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax, depending on the route of infection.

The spores of Bacillus anthracis are highly resistant to environmental conditions and can survive for years, making them a potential agent for bioterrorism or biowarfare. When inhaled, ingested, or introduced through breaks in the skin, these spores can germinate into vegetative bacteria that produce potent exotoxins responsible for anthrax symptoms and complications.

It is essential to distinguish Bacillus anthracis from other Bacillus species due to its public health significance and potential use as a biological weapon. Proper identification, prevention strategies, and medical countermeasures are crucial in mitigating the risks associated with this bacterium.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Specific gravity is a term used in medicine, particularly in the context of urinalysis and other bodily fluid analysis. It refers to the ratio of the density (mass of a substance per unit volume) of a sample to the density of a reference substance, usually water. At body temperature, this is expressed as:

Specific gravity = Density of sample / Density of water at 37 degrees Celsius

In urinalysis, specific gravity is used to help evaluate renal function and hydration status. It can indicate whether the kidneys are adequately concentrating or diluting the urine. A lower specific gravity (closer to 1) may suggest overhydration or dilute urine, while a higher specific gravity (greater than 1) could indicate dehydration or concentrated urine. However, specific gravity should be interpreted in conjunction with other urinalysis findings and clinical context for accurate assessment.

Papilledema is a medical term that refers to swelling of the optic nerve head, also known as the disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye (the retina). This swelling can be caused by increased pressure within the skull, such as from brain tumors, meningitis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Papilledema is usually detected through a routine eye examination and may be accompanied by symptoms such as headaches, visual disturbances, and nausea. If left untreated, papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.

Anti-inflammatory agents are a class of drugs or substances that reduce inflammation in the body. They work by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are released during an immune response and contribute to symptoms like pain, swelling, redness, and warmth.

There are two main types of anti-inflammatory agents: steroidal and nonsteroidal. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) include corticosteroids, which mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a larger group that includes both prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While both types of anti-inflammatory agents can be effective in reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms, they differ in their mechanisms of action, side effects, and potential risks. Long-term use of NSAIDs, for example, can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and cardiovascular events. Corticosteroids can have significant side effects as well, particularly with long-term use, including weight gain, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections.

It's important to use anti-inflammatory agents only as directed by a healthcare provider, and to be aware of potential risks and interactions with other medications or health conditions.

I am not aware of a widely recognized or established medical term called "Blood-Air Barrier." It is possible that you may be referring to a concept or phenomenon that goes by a different name, or it could be a term that is specific to certain context or field within medicine.

In general, the terms "blood" and "air" refer to two distinct and separate compartments in the body, and there are various physiological barriers that prevent them from mixing with each other under normal circumstances. For example, the alveolar-capillary membrane in the lungs serves as a barrier that allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries, while preventing the two from mixing together.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "Blood-Air Barrier," I may be able to provide a more specific answer.

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity. In medical terms, hydrostatic pressure is often discussed in relation to body fluids and tissues. For example, the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) is the force that drives the fluid out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues. This helps to maintain the balance of fluids in the body. Additionally, abnormal increases in hydrostatic pressure can contribute to the development of edema (swelling) in the tissues.

Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium produces spores that can survive in the environment for many years. Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Humans can get infected with anthrax by handling contaminated animal products or by inhaling or coming into contact with contaminated soil, water, or vegetation.

There are three main forms of anthrax infection:

1. Cutaneous anthrax: This is the most common form and occurs when the spores enter the body through a cut or abrasion on the skin. It starts as a painless bump that eventually develops into a ulcer with a black center.
2. Inhalation anthrax (also known as wool-sorter's disease): This occurs when a person inhales anthrax spores, which can lead to severe respiratory symptoms and potentially fatal illness.
3. Gastrointestinal anthrax: This form is rare and results from consuming contaminated meat. It causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which may be bloody.

Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics, but early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a successful outcome. Preventive measures include vaccination and avoiding contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax is also considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of dissemination and high mortality rate if left untreated.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

An intravitreal injection is a medical procedure in which medication is delivered directly into the vitreous cavity of the eye, which is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. This type of injection is typically used to treat various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. The medication administered in intravitreal injections can help to reduce inflammation, inhibit the growth of new blood vessels, or prevent the formation of abnormal blood vessels in the eye.

Intravitreal injections are usually performed in an outpatient setting, and the procedure typically takes only a few minutes. Before the injection, the eye is numbed with anesthetic drops to minimize discomfort. The medication is then injected into the vitreous cavity using a small needle. After the injection, patients may experience some mild discomfort or a scratchy sensation in the eye, but this usually resolves within a few hours.

While intravitreal injections are generally safe, there are some potential risks and complications associated with the procedure, including infection, bleeding, retinal detachment, and increased intraocular pressure. Patients who undergo intravitreal injections should be closely monitored by their eye care provider to ensure that any complications are promptly identified and treated.

Pulmonary alveoli, also known as air sacs, are tiny clusters of air-filled pouches located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They play a crucial role in the process of gas exchange during respiration. The thin walls of the alveoli, called alveolar membranes, allow oxygen from inhaled air to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to pass into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This vital function enables the lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Pulmonary circulation refers to the process of blood flow through the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. This is a vital part of the overall circulatory system, which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the body's cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation returns to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood then moves into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and gets pumped into the pulmonary artery when the right ventricle contracts.

The pulmonary artery divides into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further branch into a vast network of tiny capillaries in the lungs. Here, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is exhaled through the nose or mouth.

The now oxygenated blood collects in venules, which merge to form pulmonary veins. These veins transport the oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium of the heart, where it enters the systemic circulation once again. This continuous cycle enables the body's cells to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for proper functioning while disposing of waste products.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.

Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.

Lymphedema is a chronic condition characterized by swelling in one or more parts of the body, usually an arm or leg, due to the accumulation of lymph fluid. This occurs when the lymphatic system is unable to properly drain the fluid, often as a result of damage or removal of lymph nodes, or because of a genetic abnormality that affects lymphatic vessel development.

The swelling can range from mild to severe and may cause discomfort, tightness, or a feeling of heaviness in the affected limb. In some cases, lymphedema can also lead to skin changes, recurrent infections, and reduced mobility. The condition is currently not curable but can be managed effectively with various treatments such as compression garments, manual lymphatic drainage, exercise, and skincare routines.

Brain ischemia is the medical term used to describe a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue. This can result in brain damage or death of brain cells, known as infarction. Brain ischemia can be caused by various conditions such as thrombosis (blood clot formation), embolism (obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign material), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow). The severity and duration of the ischemia determine the extent of brain damage. Symptoms can range from mild, such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes"), to severe, including paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further damage and potential long-term complications.

Evans Blue is not a medical condition or diagnosis, but rather a dye that is used in medical research and tests. It is a dark blue dye that binds to albumin (a type of protein) in the bloodstream. This complex is too large to pass through the walls of capillaries, so it remains in the blood vessels and does not enter the surrounding tissues. As a result, Evans Blue can be used as a marker to visualize or measure the volume of the circulatory system.

In research settings, Evans Blue is sometimes used in studies involving the brain and nervous system. For example, it may be injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord) to help researchers see the distribution of this fluid in the brain. It can also be used to study blood-brain barrier function, as changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier can allow Evans Blue to leak into the brain tissue.

It is important to note that Evans Blue should only be used under the supervision of a trained medical professional, as it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

The macula lutea, often simply referred to as the macula or fovea centralis, is a part of the eye that is responsible for central vision and color perception. It's located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The macula contains a high concentration of pigments called xanthophylls, which give it a yellowish color and protect the photoreceptor cells in this area from damage by blue light.

The central part of the macula is called the fovea, which is a small depression that contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea and the perifovea, which contain both cones and rods, the photoreceptor cells responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

Damage to the macula can result in a loss of central vision and color perception, a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Other conditions that can affect the macula include macular edema, macular holes, and macular pucker.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (RDSa or ARDS), also known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, is a severe form of acute lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. This results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). The inflammation can be triggered by various direct or indirect insults to the lung, such as sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, or aspiration.

The hallmark of ARDS is the development of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray, which can resemble pulmonary edema, but without evidence of increased left atrial pressure. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent further lung injury.

The management of ARDS is primarily supportive, focusing on protecting the lungs from further injury, optimizing oxygenation, and providing adequate nutrition and treatment for any underlying conditions. The use of low tidal volumes and limiting plateau pressures during mechanical ventilation have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with ARDS.

A hematoma is defined as a localized accumulation of blood in a tissue, organ, or body space caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. This can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect coagulation. The severity and size of a hematoma may vary depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, bruising, and decreased mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the hematoma but may include observation, compression, ice, elevation, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, which can lead to difficulty breathing and respiratory failure. It is often caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs, such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, or inhalation of harmful substances.

The symptoms of ALI include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough, and low oxygen levels in the blood. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation to support breathing. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury, providing supportive care, and managing symptoms.

In severe cases, ALI can lead to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a more serious and life-threatening condition that requires intensive care unit (ICU) treatment.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It's the measurement of the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and brain tissue within the confined space of the skull.

Normal ICP ranges from 5 to 15 mmHg in adults when lying down. Intracranial pressure may increase due to various reasons such as bleeding in the brain, swelling of the brain, increased production or decreased absorption of CSF, and brain tumors. Elevated ICP is a serious medical emergency that can lead to brain damage or even death if not promptly treated. Symptoms of high ICP may include severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and visual changes.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Osmotic diuretics are a type of diuretic medication that increase the excretion of urine by increasing the osmolarity of filtrate in the renal tubules. This is achieved by the drugs being freely filtered through the glomerulus and then not being reabsorbed in the tubules, which creates an osmotic gradient that promotes the movement of water into the tubular lumen, thereby increasing urine production.

Examples of osmotic diuretics include mannitol and urea. These medications are primarily used to promote diuresis in patients with conditions such as cerebral edema or increased intracranial pressure, as well as in the treatment of acute renal failure. It is important to note that osmotic diuretics can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if not used carefully, so close monitoring of fluid and electrolyte levels is necessary during treatment.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Complement C1 Inactivator proteins are a part of the complement system, which is a group of proteins in the blood that play a crucial role in the body's immune defense system. Specifically, Complement C1 Inactivator proteins are responsible for regulating the activation of the first component of the complement system, C1.

The complement system is activated in response to the presence of foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses in the body. The activation of C1 leads to a cascade of reactions that result in the destruction of the foreign substance. However, if this process is not properly regulated, it can lead to damage to the body's own cells and tissues.

Complement C1 Inactivator proteins help to prevent this by regulating the activation of C1. They do this by binding to and inhibiting the activity of C1, preventing it from initiating the complement cascade. A deficiency in Complement C1 Inactivator proteins can lead to a condition called hereditary angioedema, which is characterized by recurrent episodes of swelling in various parts of the body.

A meningioma is a type of slow-growing tumor that forms on the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It's usually benign, meaning it doesn't spread to other parts of the body, but it can still cause serious problems if it grows and presses on nearby tissues.

Meningiomas most commonly occur in adults, and are more common in women than men. They can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including headaches, seizures, vision or hearing problems, memory loss, and changes in personality or behavior. In some cases, they may not cause any symptoms at all and are discovered only during imaging tests for other conditions.

Treatment options for meningiomas include monitoring with regular imaging scans, surgery to remove the tumor, and radiation therapy to shrink or kill the tumor cells. The best treatment approach depends on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and their personal preferences.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Pseudophakia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person's natural lens in the eye has been replaced with an artificial one. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy, natural lens is removed and replaced with a clear, artificial lens to improve vision. The prefix "pseudo" means false or fake, and "phakia" refers to the natural lens of the eye, hence the term "Pseudophakia" implies a false or artificial lens.

Lung injury, also known as pulmonary injury, refers to damage or harm caused to the lung tissue, blood vessels, or air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. This can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, exposure to harmful substances, or systemic diseases. Common types of lung injuries include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and chemical pneumonitis. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, cough, chest pain, and decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) is a rare, but serious condition characterized by the abnormal leakage of plasma from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues. This occurs due to increased permeability of the capillary walls, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body that connect arterioles and venules, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases between the blood and the tissues.

In CLS, the leakage of plasma leads to a rapid loss of intravascular volume, resulting in hypotension (low blood pressure), hemoconcentration (increased concentration of red blood cells due to reduced plasma volume), and edema (swelling) in various parts of the body. The fluid shift from the bloodstream to the tissues can also cause organ dysfunction and failure if not promptly treated.

The exact causes of capillary leak syndrome are not fully understood, but it can be associated with certain medical conditions, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, or cancer. In some cases, CLS may occur without an identifiable underlying cause, known as idiopathic capillary leak syndrome.

Treatment for capillary leak syndrome typically involves supportive care to maintain blood pressure, replace lost fluids and electrolytes, and manage any organ dysfunction. Medications such as corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, or vasopressors may be used depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of underlying causes. In severe cases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or other intensive care interventions might be necessary to support organ function and ensure adequate blood flow.

Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) infarction is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when there is an obstruction in the blood supply to the middle cerebral artery, which is one of the major blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. The MCA supplies blood to a large portion of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortex, parts of the temporal and parietal lobes, and the basal ganglia.

An infarction is the death of tissue due to the lack of blood supply, which can lead to damage or loss of function in the affected areas of the brain. Symptoms of MCA infarction may include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and altered levels of consciousness.

MCA infarctions can be caused by various factors, including embolism (a blood clot that travels to the brain from another part of the body), thrombosis (a blood clot that forms in the MCA itself), or stenosis (narrowing of the artery due to atherosclerosis or other conditions). Treatment for MCA infarction may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove the obstruction, or rehabilitation to help regain lost function.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Peroxidase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This enzymatic reaction also involves the oxidation of various organic and inorganic compounds, which can serve as electron donors.

Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as defense against oxidative stress, breakdown of toxic substances, and participation in metabolic pathways.

The peroxidase-catalyzed reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

H2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ → 2H2O

In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water, and the electron donor is oxidized. The peroxidase enzyme facilitates the transfer of electrons between the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and the electron donor, making the reaction more efficient and specific.

Peroxidases have various applications in medicine, industry, and research. For example, they can be used for diagnostic purposes, as biosensors, and in the treatment of wastewater and medical wastes. Additionally, peroxidases are involved in several pathological conditions, such as inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, making them potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, menstrual cramps, headaches, and fever. Some examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can have side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Common side effects include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about using NSAIDs.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

Cerebral infarction, also known as a "stroke" or "brain attack," is the sudden death of brain cells caused by the interruption of their blood supply. It is most commonly caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels supplying the brain (an ischemic stroke), but can also result from a hemorrhage in or around the brain (a hemorrhagic stroke).

Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot or other particle blocks a cerebral artery, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes nearby brain cells to die. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. This bleeding can put pressure on surrounding brain tissues, leading to cell death.

Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the location and extent of the affected brain tissue but may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; and severe headache with no known cause. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment to minimize potential long-term damage or disability.

Corneal diseases are a group of disorders that affect the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in focusing vision, and any damage or disease can cause significant visual impairment or loss. Some common types of corneal diseases include:

1. Keratoconus: A progressive disorder in which the cornea thins and bulges outward into a cone shape, causing distorted vision.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: A genetic disorder that affects the inner layer of the cornea called the endothelium, leading to swelling, cloudiness, and decreased vision.
3. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, causing discomfort, redness, and blurred vision.
4. Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be caused by infection, trauma, or other factors.
5. Herpes simplex keratitis: A viral infection of the cornea that can cause recurrent episodes of inflammation, scarring, and vision loss.
6. Corneal dystrophies: Inherited disorders that affect the structure and clarity of the cornea, leading to visual impairment or blindness.
7. Bullous keratopathy: A condition in which the endothelium fails to pump fluid out of the cornea, causing it to swell and form blisters.
8. Corneal trauma: Injury to the cornea caused by foreign objects, chemicals, or other factors that can lead to scarring, infection, and vision loss.

Treatment for corneal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity of the disease. Options may include eyedrops, medications, laser surgery, corneal transplantation, or other treatments.

Meningeal neoplasms, also known as malignant meningitis or leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, refer to cancerous tumors that originate in the meninges, which are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can arise primarily from the meningeal cells themselves, although they more commonly result from the spread (metastasis) of cancer cells from other parts of the body, such as breast, lung, or melanoma.

Meningeal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including headaches, nausea and vomiting, mental status changes, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies (such as MRI) and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained through a spinal tap. Treatment options may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. The prognosis for patients with meningeal neoplasms is generally poor, with a median survival time of several months to a year.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the brain tissue, and remove waste products. It includes the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, circle of Willis, and the intracranial arteries that branch off from them.

The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries merge to form the circle of Willis, a polygonal network of vessels located at the base of the brain. The anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, and communicating arteries are the major vessels that branch off from the circle of Willis and supply blood to different regions of the brain.

Interruptions or abnormalities in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to various neurological conditions such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia.

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Edema Godmin Fuludu (born 8 May 1970) is a Nigerian former footballer who played as a midfielder. He played club football for ... "Edema Fuludu". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 2 September 2021. "African Nations Cup 1994 - ...
... is edema (accumulation of fluid causing swelling) in tissues perfused by the peripheral vascular system, ... In the most dependent parts of the body (those hanging distally), it may be called dependent edema. The condition is commonly ... Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Cho S, Atwood J (2002). "Peripheral edema" (PDF). Am J Med. 113 ... edema'. "oedema". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. ( ...
... at FootballDatabase.eu Patrick Edema at Soccerway v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ... Patrick Lechi Edema (born 27 August 1992) is a Ugandan professional footballer who plays for Eléctrico. He made his ...
... or Gerard van Edema (c. 1652, Amsterdam - c. 1700, Richmond, Surrey), was a Dutch landscape-painter who settled in ... "Edema, Gerard". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885-1900. 10 artworks by or after Gerard Edema at ... Edema is stated to have been a native of Friesland. He was a pupil of Allart van Everdingen, from whom he learnt to paint ... Edema, having no talent for figures and buildings, was usually assisted in this line by Jan Wyck. Sir Richard Edgcumbe, being ...
... is the swelling of the vocal cords due to fluid (edema) collected within the Reinke's space. First identified by ... The major cause associated with Reinke's edema is smoking. In fact, 97 percent of patients diagnosed with Reinke's edema are ... Reinke's edema is characterized by a "sac-like" appearance of the vocal folds. The edema is a white translucent fluid that ... Reinke's edema is characterized by the "sac-like" appearance of the fluid-filled vocal cords. The swelling of the vocal folds ...
"What Is Edema: Tips For Treating Edema In Plants: gardeningknowhow.com", Retrieved 2022-02-14. "Edema: A common disorder: ... Edema symptoms in plants Edema, (also spelled oedema, and named from the analogous disorder in humans and other animals), is a ... "Edema in plants: peppergeek.com", Retrieved 2022-02-14. "A Keen Eye Can Help You Spot Edema On Your Vegetables: growingproduce. ... If the conditions causing edema are prolonged then the plant can become spindly and have stunted growth. Edema can often be ...
Flash pulmonary edema (FPE) is rapid onset acute pulmonary edema. It is most often precipitated by acute myocardial infarction ... and differentiate between cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic edema. Especially in the case of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, urgent ... Pulmonary edema, especially when sudden (acute), can lead to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest due to hypoxia. It is a ... Negative pressure pulmonary edema has an incidence in the range of 0.05-0.1% in cases of general anesthesia. The negative ...
Hypoxia, anoxia can lead to cytotoxic edema through several mechanisms Extracellular brain edema, or vasogenic edema, is caused ... When brain edema types are combined, there is typically a primary form and the edema type and context of the cause must be ... Extensive cerebral edema can also be treated surgically with a decompressive craniectomy. Cerebral edema is a major cause of ... Individuals with cerebral edema had a worse 3-month functional outcome than those without edema. These effects were more ...
... edema'. "What Causes Macular Edema". American Academy of Ophthalmology. Retrieved 30 January 2016. "What is Age-Related Macular ... on patients with macular edema caused by CRVO. Participants on both treatment groups showed a reduction in macular edema ... Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula of the eye (a yellow central area of the ... The edema is termed "cystoid" as it appears cystic; however, lacking an epithelial coating, it is not truly cystic. The cause ...
... is a cutaneous condition characterized by dependent edema from vasodilatory pooling. Heat causes the blood vessels ... The balance of salt in the body is also a risk factor for heat edema. If salt loss is less than normal, the increased salt ... People visiting hot climates from colder climates may also have an increased risk of heat edema. Heat illness List of cutaneous ... Older adults have an increased risk of heat edema, especially if they have other medical conditions that affect their ...
... s (also known as "Edema bulla", "Hydrostatic bulla," and "Stasis blister") are a cutaneous condition that develop ... edema'. Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 472. ... in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic edema, particularly of the lower extremities, and in the setting of anasarca ...
... edema'. The Merck Veterinary Manual, "Malignant Edema" A World of Petcare, "Malignant Oedema" Archived 2011-07-06 at the ... Malignant edema (or malignant oedema) is an acute, generally rapidly fatal wound infection (toxemia) most common in grazing ... Wayback Machine The Merck Veterinary Manual, "Malignant Edema" v t e (Webarchive template wayback links, Ruminant diseases, ...
... (commotio retinae) a common condition caused by blunt injury to the eye. It is characterized by decreased vision ... Usually there is no leakage of fluid and therefore it is not considered a true edema. The choroidal fluorescence in fluorescent ... In late cases cystoid macular edema sometimes develops which can further lead to macular destruction. Commotio retinae is ... edema'. Sheridan, Robert L.; Lhowe, Laurel C. (2004). The Trauma Handbook of the Massachusetts General Hospital. LWW Medical ...
While there is strong evidence that vasogenic edema plays a major role in HACE, cytotoxic edema, cellular retention of fluids, ... It appears to be a vasogenic edema (fluid penetration of the blood-brain barrier), although cytotoxic edema (cellular retention ... High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological ... Cytotoxic edema may be caused by the failure of cellular ion pumps, which results from hypoxia. Then intracellular sodium and ...
... (NPPE), also known as Postobstructive Pulmonary Edema, is a clinical phenomenon that results ... In the setting of NPPE, the excess shift of fluid overcome the ability of the lymphatic system, and fluid (edema) accumulates ... See signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema Diagnosis of NPPE is essentially a diagnosis of exclusion. When a patient presents ... Clinical signs supportive of upper airway obstruction such as stridor and/or wheezing in the setting of pulmonary edema point ...
Swimming induced pulmonary edema (SIPE), also known as immersion pulmonary edema, is a life threatening condition that occurs ... edema'. Miller III, Charles C.; Calder-Becker, Katherine; Modave, Francois (2010). "Swimming-induced pulmonary edema in ... As with other forms of pulmonary edema, the hallmark of SIPE is a cough which may lead to frothy or blood-tinged sputum. ... In most cases chest radiological examination shows signs of pulmonary edema, but a significant minority have a normal initial ...
... occurs uncommonly, and is associated with a peculiar inflammatory edema of the mid-third of the face. ... edema'. Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978- ...
... (HAPE) is a life-threatening form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs in otherwise ... "edema of the lungs". He described chest X-rays with edema and non-specific changes on EKG. Even though these cases had been ... or cerebral edema (High-altitude cerebral edema). On physical exam, increased breathing rates, increased heart rates, and a low ... It is believed that up to 50% of people suffer from subclinical HAPE with mild edema to the lungs but no clinical impairment. ...
... is an uncommon cutaneous condition characterized by a hard, nonpitting edema restricted to the ... Persistent edema of rosacea (also known as chronic upper facial erythematous edema, Morbihan's disease or rosaceous lymphedema ... The edema typically worsens slowly over months to years and is often on a background of chronic inflammation. There are no ... Persistent erythema and edema of the midthird and upper aspect of the face (morbus morbihan): evidence of hidden immunologic ...
... is a skin condition that affects children under the age of two with a recent history of ... edema'. Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978- ...
The key distinguishing feature is that these conditions don't tend to manifest with pitting edema at the back of the hands. The ... Prospective studies have found a subgroup of PMR patients with hand edema, as well as other similarities. Thus, RS3PE has been ... Other causes of edema include heart failure, hypoalbuminemia, nephrotic syndrome and venous stasis. ... Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (or sometimes RS3PE) is a rare syndrome identified by symmetric ...
Presacral edema is common in patients with heart failure who are confined to bed. Linda Cardozo; David Staskin (2006). Textbook ... Braunwald, Eugene; Loscalzo, Joseph (2015). "Edema". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L ...
The same guidelines separately divide macular edema into two categories: "macular edema apparently absent" and "macular edema ... "Macular Edema". National Eye Institute. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022. Aiello et al. 2016, "Diabetic macular edema, ... Macular edema is the most common cause of vision loss in people with diabetic retinopathy. The repeated processes of blood ... Those with macular edema but no vision loss do not benefit from treatment; the American Academy of Opthalmology recommends ...
Edema, 13. Yakin, 14. Muhumuza, 15. Atandu, 16. Kakooza, 17. Agau, 19. Leku, 20. Benard, 21. Matovu, 22. Mutebi, 23. Sabir, 24 ...
... pseudophakic cystoid macular edema, macular edema secondary to uveitis, diabetic macular edema, and age-related macular ... The damage to the small blood vessels there causes leakage of fluid Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema Macular edema secondary ... "Macular Edema , National Eye Institute". www.nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-06. Radhika, Medikonda; Mithal, Kopal; Bawdekar, ... This corticosteroid is usually used to treat disorders and diseases including macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion ...
"Idiopathic edema". "Linda Evans Bio - Linda Evans Career". MTV Artists. "Linda Evenstad - Genealogy". geni_family_tree. 18 ... After being diagnosed with idiopathic edema, Evans began investigating alternative healing, delving into Eastern philosophy and ...
... pulmonary edema; and eventual closing of the ductus arteriosus. For an infant with an interrupted aortic arch, a patent (open) ...
Edema, Denis; Kolyangha, Mudangha (27 July 2013). "Wanyange Girls closed over strike". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 2020-02-09. ...
Brain Edema XII. Vol. 86. Vienna: Springer Vienna. pp. 29-32. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0651-8_6. ISBN 978-3-7091-7220-9. PMID ...
Edema is swelling caused by fluid in your tissues. It can be anywhere in the body, but is often in the feet and legs. Learn the ... Edema (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in Spanish * Edema (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also ... Edema means swelling caused by fluid in your bodys tissues. It usually occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can involve ... When Body Parts Swell: Taking a Closer Look at Edema (National Institutes of Health) Also in Spanish ...
Edema may be described as pitting edema, or non-pitting edema. Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area ... Examples of edema in specific organs: Peripheral edema ("dependent" edema of legs) is extracellular fluid accumulation in the ... Causes of edema which are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, ... severe heart failure can cause pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, ascites and peripheral edema. Such severe systemic edema is ...
A 75-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and hypertension presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles - Medscape ... A 75-year-old White woman in the United States presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles. Her ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles ...
As corneal edema progresses and worsens, first stromal and then intercellular epithelial edema develops. ... refer to the development of irreversible corneal edema as a complication of cataract surgery. ... 1] As corneal edema progresses and worsens, first stromal and then intercellular epithelial edema develops. Epithelial edema is ... encoded search term (Postoperative Corneal Edema) and Postoperative Corneal Edema What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Learn what distinguishes pulmonary edema from pneumonia. We also discuss how the condition is diagnosed and how to prevent it. ... Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid collects in air sacs of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. It can develop suddenly or ... Pulmonary edema is a condition involving fluid buildup in the lungs.. *Sudden-onset (acute) pulmonary edema is a medical ... Pulmonary edema can be acute (occurring suddenly) or chronic (occurring more slowly over time). Acute pulmonary edema is a ...
The rapid development of generalized pitting edema associated with systemic disease requires timely diagnosi … ... Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of ... Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of ... Edema: diagnosis and management Am Fam Physician. 2013 Jul 15;88(2):102-10. ...
Learn about resources that can help if you have diabetic macular edema and are living with vision changes. ... Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a possible complication of diabetes. It happens when high blood sugar levels cause damage to ... Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a possible complication of diabetes. Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause damage to the ... More in Navigating Diabetic Macular Edema. *. What Is a Macular Hole in the Eye? ...
Overview of Cerebral Edema (Brain Swelling) in Dogs. Cerebral edema is swelling of the brain and is most often caused by head ... Cerebral edema can also be caused by lack of oxygen, decreased blood flow to the brain, brain tumors, toxins and metabolic ... Cerebral edema is often a life threatening disorder and must be managed by your veterinarian. Once your pet is sent home, ... Animals with cerebral edema may range from being dull and unresponsive to being comatose, depending on the severity of the ...
Edema February 28, 2022 What Is It?. Edema is swelling of both legs from a buildup of extra fluid. Edema has many possible ... The outlook for edema of the legs depends on the cause. For most people with edema, the prognosis is excellent. ... Pregnancy can cause edema in the legs as the uterus puts pressure on the vena cava, a major blood vessel that returns blood to ... To check for edema that is not obvious, you can gently press your thumb over the foot, ankle or leg with slow, steady pressure ...
Macular edema is swelling of the macula, the area of the retina responsible for central vision. ... Depending on the cause of the macular edema and the treatment plan your doctor has recommended, the macular edema may take ... If you notice any macular edema symptoms, see an ophthalmologist as soon as possible. If left untreated, macular edema can ... Macular edema is painless and usually doesnt have symptoms when you first get it. When you do have symptoms, they are a sign ...
Diabetic macular edema "may evolve from a condition that is primarily permeability-driven to one that is primarily inflammatory ... He and his colleagues evaluated 854 eyes from 691 patients with diabetic macular edema treated with ranibizumab according to an ... Cite this: Response to Anti-VEGF in Macular Edema Evident at 3 Months - Medscape - Nov 25, 2015. ... LAS VEGAS - For patients with diabetic macular edema, long-term response to vascular endothelial growth-factor (VEGF) ...
Follow Roli Edema on Bloglovin to see their favorite blogs and articles from across the web. ...
... Am J Cardiol. 1969 Mar;23(3):369-78. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(69)90517- ...
Medical definition of the term Edema, and related topics. ... Edema (Water Retention). ...the condition "Edema is swelling ... Topics Related to Edema. Allergic Tension Fatigue Syndrome. ...the condition "...Sometimes there is edema, especially puffiness ... our question about Edema of the eyelids "As nephrotic syndrome progresses, edema is noticed in the eyelids, hands, feet, knees ... "Semi-starvation can cause edema. People with eating disorders may interpret the puffiness of edema or any changes on the scale ...
Type 1 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy with macular edema E10.3211 Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild ... Type 2 diabetes mellitus with unspecified diabetic retinopathy with macular edema E11.3211 Type 2 diabetes mellitus with mild ... Page Help for Article - Billing and Coding: FDA approves Iluvien for Diabetic Macular Edema (A54750). ... Type 1 diabetes mellitus with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema, left eye ...
Learn about periorbital edema causes & treatment and its occurrence in children. ... Periorbital edema can affect adults as well as children. ... The term edema stands for swelling in the body, caused by the ... Periorbital edema can be described as swelling and puffiness around the periphery of your eye sockets or orbits, as a result of ... Periorbital edema is often an indication of a malady or imbalance in the body, as there could be several different factors that ...
High impact information on Angioneurotic Edema. *C1 inhibitor and hereditary angioneurotic edema [7]. ... Synthesis of C1 inhibitor in fibroblasts from patients with type I and type II hereditary angioneurotic edema. Kramer, J., Katz ... Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the C1 inhibitor gene in hereditary angioneurotic edema. Cicardi, M., Igarashi, T ... Androgen therapy in hereditary angioneurotic edema. Rosen, F.S., Austen, K.F. N. Engl. J. Med. (1976) [Pubmed] ...
Las bases: retinopat a diab tica y edema macular Garc a-Rubio YZ, Lima-G mez V ... Lardenoye CW, Probst K, DeLint PJ, Rothova A. Photoreceptor function in eyes with macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000 ... Vujosevic S, Pilotto E, Bottega E, Benetti E, Cavarzeran F, Midena E. Retinal fixation impairment in diabetic macular edema. ... Macular dysfunction is common in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients without macular edema. Retina 2014; 34 [in press]. ...
Searching for diabetic retinopathy treatments or diabetic macular edema treatments? Learn about the most common diabetic eye ... Macular edema may cause reduced or distorted vision. Diabetic macular edema (DME) typically is classified in two ways:. *. ... Clinically significant macular edema (CSME): This swelling of the macula is more commonly associated with Type 2 diabetes. ... The survey results also showed that only 18% of respondents were familiar with diabetic macular edema (DME), a term that refers ...
Doctors notes on Pulmonary Edema vs. Emphysema symptoms, signs, causes, and treatment. ... Pulmonary Edema. Pulmonary edema is a collection of excess fluid in the lungs. Pulmonary edema is classified as either ... Pulmonary edema and emphysema are both conditions that affect the lungs. Pulmonary edema is an excess collection of watery ... Pulmonary edema can be a life-threatening medical situation. The treatment for pulmonary edema can be ICU care in some cases, ...
Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. ... Edema: Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. ... Edema. Subscribe to New Research on Edema Abnormal fluid ... 09/01/2014 - "The HSM showed significant reduction of edema in carrageenan induced mice paw edema model at 1 h and 3 h for ( ... and edema. ". 03/01/2001 - "Subthreshold laser was less effective in promoting resolution of edema compared to threshold ...
First described in 1938, edema disease (ED) causes edema in various tissues of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), ... Edema disease caused by a clone of Escherichia coli O147. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:3074-7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Edema disease is an often fatal enterotoxemia caused by specific strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that ... Recently, outbreaks of edema disease have also emerged in France in wild boars. Analysis of STEC strains isolated from wild ...
... treatment with corticosteroid injections improved vision in people with persistent or recurrent uveitis-related macular edema ... Edema, Eye, Glaucoma, Growth Factor, Health and Human Services, Implants, Inflammation, Macular Degeneration, Macular Edema, ... Anti-VEGF injections are used to treat age-related macular degeneration, as well as macular edema due to other causes, such as ... Prior to this study, we didnt know the best treatment for persistent or recurrent macular edema, a major cause of vision loss ...
There are numerous home remedies for edema. Usage of mustard oil, crushed flax seeds and healthy diet are three of the most ... Home Remedies for Edema. Home remedies for edema include:. Elevate Your Feet. Medlineplus suggests that keeping your feet over ... This will provide an assured solution to edema.. Tea Tree Oil. If edema is caused by insect bites, then tea tree oil is the ... Edema is a condition in which a part of the body gets swollen due to the gathering of fluids in the tissue. The swelling can ...
DEX implant has evidence of efficacy in various clinical situations including macular edema associated with retinal vein ... Uveitic Macular Edema. Macular edema is a common structural ocular complication of uveitis and uveitic macular edema (UME) is ... Macular Edema in RVO. In acute phase of RVO, vision is affected by macular edema, macular hemorrhages, macular ischemia, or a ... DEX Implant for Diabetic Macular Edema. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is likely due to multifactorial pathologic mechanisms. ...
Classically noted for clearing facial pain and/or edema / swelling. May be used for general edema. Abdominal pain, bloating, ... Content Related to Edema. Theory Intro Blog Posts (11) Forum Posts (2) TCM Herbs (17) TCM Formulas (2) Shop Items (2) Search ... "Edema" Issue / Symptom Connections. Below you will find various relationships to, and potential clinical treatment approaches ... Within TCM, "edema" is potentially related to one or more of the following diagnostic patterns: heart yang deficiency, kidney ...
As corneal edema progresses and worsens, first stromal and then intercellular epithelial edema develops. ... refer to the development of irreversible corneal edema as a complication of cataract surgery. ... encoded search term (Postoperative Corneal Edema) and Postoperative Corneal Edema What to Read Next on Medscape ... Postoperative Corneal Edema Medication. Updated: Jan 18, 2023 * Author: Michael Taravella, MD; Chief Editor: John D Sheppard, ...
Thrombectomy versus Brain Edema. Mechanical thrombectomy was associated with less brain edema in a secondary analysis of the MR ... A Better Diet for Stroke; Low-Dose NOAC for Stroke Prevention; Brain Edema. - Cardiovascular Daily wraps up the top cardiology ... "These data also suggest that edema may help explain the previous observation that final infarct volume only partially accounts ... "Our study reinforces the benefits of early reperfusion and recanalization in reducing brain edema and suggests that ...
A 75-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes and hypertension presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles - Medscape ... A 75-year-old White woman in the United States presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles. Her ... Skill Checkup: A 75-Year-Old Woman With Type 2 Diabetes Has Worsening Dyspnea and Significant Edema in Both Ankles ...
  • What Is Macular Edema? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a possible complication of diabetes. (healthline.com)
  • Macular edema happens when fluid builds up in the macula , causing swelling. (aao.org)
  • Without treatment, macular edema can even lead to permanent vision loss. (aao.org)
  • Macular edema is caused by pockets of fluid (usually leakage from damaged blood vessels) swelling up in the macula . (aao.org)
  • Certain drugs have side effects that can lead to macular edema. (aao.org)
  • Both benign and malignant tumors can lead to macular edema. (aao.org)
  • It's not common, but sometimes after glaucoma , retinal or cataract surgery , you can get macular edema. (aao.org)
  • Macular edema is painless and usually doesn't have symptoms when you first get it. (aao.org)
  • If you notice any macular edema symptoms, see an ophthalmologist as soon as possible. (aao.org)
  • If left untreated, macular edema can cause severe vision loss and even blindness. (aao.org)
  • The best approach to treatment requires addressing the underlying cause of the macular edema, and the related leakage and retinal swelling. (aao.org)
  • When macular edema is caused by inflammation or leaking from blood vessels, steroid medication may be used. (aao.org)
  • To treat certain kinds of cystoid macular edema (or CME) , your ophthalmologist may prescribe steroid eye drops, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) eye drops or dorzolamide drops for a few months. (aao.org)
  • When macular edema is caused by vitreous pulling on the macula, an in-office procedure called pneumatic vitreolysis, or operating room surgery called vitrectomy may be needed to restore the macula to its normal (lying flat) shape. (aao.org)
  • LAS VEGAS - For patients with diabetic macular edema, long-term response to vascular endothelial growth-factor (VEGF) inhibitors can be predicted after just three injections, according to a post hoc analysis of data from Protocol I of the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network ( DRCR.net ). (medscape.com)
  • He and his colleagues evaluated 854 eyes from 691 patients with diabetic macular edema treated with ranibizumab according to an established protocol over a period of 3 years. (medscape.com)
  • On the basis of these results, Dr Dugel said that clinicians might want to consider therapies with alternative modes of action for patients with diabetic macular edema who are inadequately responsive after three injections. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetic macular edema "may evolve from a condition that is primarily permeability-driven to one that is primarily inflammatory-driven, and in a new patient, you have no idea where they are on this spectrum. (medscape.com)
  • On September 26, 2014, The US Food and Drug Administration approved ILUVIEN® (fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant) 0.19 mg for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients who have been previously treated with a course of corticosteroids and did not have a clinically significant rise in intraocular pressure. (cms.gov)
  • The survey results also showed that only 18% of respondents were familiar with diabetic macular edema (DME), a term that refers to swelling of the macula associated with diabetic retinopathy, and nearly one third (30%) of respondents said they don't get annual dilated eye exams recommended by the National Eye Institute for people with diabetes, which could help protect against diabetes-related vision loss. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Lardenoye CW, Probst K, DeLint PJ, Rothova A. Photoreceptor function in eyes with macular edema. (medigraphic.com)
  • A systematic correlation between morphology and functional alterations in diabetic macular edema. (medigraphic.com)
  • Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment. (medigraphic.com)
  • The Relationship Between Macular Sensitivity and Retinal Thickness in Eyes With Diabetic Macular Edema. (medigraphic.com)
  • Repeat treatment with corticosteroid injections improved vision in people with persistent or recurrent uveitis-related macular edema better than two other therapies, according to results from a clinical trial funded by the National Eye Institute (NEI). (news-medical.net)
  • Prior to this study, we didn't know the best treatment for persistent or recurrent macular edema, a major cause of vision loss in people with uveitis. (news-medical.net)
  • This fluid buildup, called macular edema, is a complication of uveitis that often persists or recurs over time, despite uveitis treatment. (news-medical.net)
  • Initial treatment for uveitis-related macular edema seeks to control inflammation and reduce the fluid under the retina. (news-medical.net)
  • While some patients achieve this goal with oral corticosteroids, most patients with macular edema also need intraocular corticosteroid injections. (news-medical.net)
  • In this study, researchers compared three treatments for uveitis-related macular edema: an additional intraocular corticosteroid injection, an injection of the anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drug ranibizumab, or an injection of the anti-inflammatory drug methotrexate. (news-medical.net)
  • Anti-VEGF injections are used to treat age-related macular degeneration , as well as macular edema due to other causes, such as diabetic retinopathy. (news-medical.net)
  • Earlier, small pilot studies suggested that ranibizumab injections and the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate might help reduce uveitis-related macular edema. (news-medical.net)
  • The clinical trial enrolled 194 participants (225 study eyes) with well-controlled uveitis but persistent or recurrent macular edema. (news-medical.net)
  • All participants had previously received at least one intravitreal corticosteroid injection for uveitis-related macular edema. (news-medical.net)
  • The corticosteroid group participants received one dexamethasone implant injection at baseline and, if the macular edema had not resolved, another injection at eight weeks. (news-medical.net)
  • The methotrexate group received one injection at baseline, then repeat injections at four and eight weeks if macular edema did not resolve. (news-medical.net)
  • The ranibizumab group received injections at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks, even if their macular edema resolved. (news-medical.net)
  • Supplementary video of "DEX Implant for Macular Edema and Uveitis" [ID 209395]. (dovepress.com)
  • DEX implant has evidence of efficacy in a variety of clinical situations including macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion, diabetes, uveitis, and others. (dovepress.com)
  • Macular edema in humans is a result of diffuse capillary leakage and microaneurysms in the macular region. (nature.com)
  • A 71-year-old man presented with pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) and a visual acuity (VA) of 0.1. (isciii.es)
  • How Is Macular Edema Treated? (optometrists.org)
  • Macular edema is a leading cause of vision loss, but if detected early, can be successfully treated. (optometrists.org)
  • Fortunately, if detected early, macular edema can be treated and vision can be restored. (optometrists.org)
  • Can macular edema be cured? (xshotpix.com)
  • Macular edema cannot be cured but can be treated effectively if diagnosed early. (xshotpix.com)
  • Vision can be better preserved with early treatment of macular edema and the underlying condition causing it. (xshotpix.com)
  • Recovery from macular edema is slow and gradual and may even take months. (xshotpix.com)
  • How long does it take to treat macular edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • It may take several months for macular edema to resolve itself. (xshotpix.com)
  • What medication is used for macular edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • What Is the Best Treatment for Macular Edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • How do you reduce macular edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • When macular edema is caused by inflammation, steroid medication may be used. (xshotpix.com)
  • Does macular edema go away by itself? (xshotpix.com)
  • Rarely, macular edema will go away on its own. (xshotpix.com)
  • However, if you have symptoms of macular edema, it's important that you see an ophthalmologist right away. (xshotpix.com)
  • There are several treatment options available for macular edema. (xshotpix.com)
  • Can macular edema be cured naturally? (xshotpix.com)
  • Eyedrops, injections of steroids or other, newer medicines in or around the eye, or laser surgery can be used to treat macular edema. (xshotpix.com)
  • If you have symptoms of macular edema such as blurry or distorted central vision, you should have your eyes checked right away. (xshotpix.com)
  • Macular edema rarely causes a permanent loss of vision and can usually be easily treated, but the recovery is often a slow, gradual process. (xshotpix.com)
  • How to treat macular edema in the eye? (xshotpix.com)
  • How are anti VEGF drugs used to treat macular edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • Anti-VEGF treatment blocks the activity of VEGF and slows the progress of macular edema. (xshotpix.com)
  • How long do you stay in Ayurvedic Hospital for macular edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • A macular edema patient requires staying in an Ayurvedic eye hospital for three weeks for the panchakarma treatment. (xshotpix.com)
  • How is an intravitreal injection used for macular edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • Anti-VEGF injections The current standard of care for macular edema is intravitreal injection. (xshotpix.com)
  • What drugs are used to treat diabetic macular edema? (xshotpix.com)
  • To treat diabetic macular edema, doctors may use drugs that are injected into your eyes to help stop leaking and slow the growth of new blood vessels. (xshotpix.com)
  • COSTA MESA, Calif., May 22, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- AiViva Biopharma Inc., a clinical-stage biotechnology company, announced that it has begun a Phase 1 trial and completed dosing the first cohort of patients diagnosed with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), and/or diabetic macular edema (DME). (tmcnet.com)
  • Diabetic macular edema is manifested as retinal thickening and swelling caused by accumulation of intraretinal fluid usually due to blood sugar levels being consistently high. (tmcnet.com)
  • If untreated, chronic macular edema can lead to irreversible damage of the macula and permanent vision loss. (tmcnet.com)
  • Eye Implant Iluvien for Diabetic Macular Edema Clears FDA. (medscape.com)
  • Intravitreal injection versus sub-Tenon's infusion of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema: a randomized clinical trial. (medscape.com)
  • Jonas JB, Martus P, Degenring RF, Kreissig I, Akkoyun I. Predictive factors for visual acuity after intravitreal triamcinolone treatment for diabetic macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • Time course of changes in retinal thickness and visual acuity after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema with and without previous macular laser treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Changes in aqueous concentrations of various cytokines after intravitreal triamcinolone versus bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • Otani T, Kishi S, Maruyama Y. Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • Avitabile T, Longo A, Reibaldi A. Intravitreal triamcinolone compared with macular laser grid photocoagulation for the treatment of cystoid macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • Tucker M. FDA OKs Implant (Ozurdex) for Some With Diabetic Macular Edema. (medscape.com)
  • Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • Sustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. (medscape.com)
  • Safety and efficacy of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema (RESOLVE Study): a 12-month, randomized, controlled, double-masked, multicenter phase II study. (medscape.com)
  • Management of Diabetic Macular Edema Through Ayurveda: A Single Case Study. (who.int)
  • Diabetic macular edema is one of the leading causes of visual acuity loss in people with diabetes. (who.int)
  • In Ayurveda text, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are not directly described but etiopathogenesis of eye diseases and Prameha gives an idea of possible correlation between these two diseases. (who.int)
  • Pulmonary edema occurs when the pressure in blood vessels in the lung is raised because of obstruction to the removal of blood via the pulmonary veins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary edema produces shortness of breath. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary edema is when fluid collects in the air sacs of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary edema can be acute (occurring suddenly) or chronic (occurring more slowly over time). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Acute pulmonary edema is a medical emergency and requires immediate medical attention. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Treatment of pulmonary edema usually focuses on improving respiratory function and addressing the source of the problem. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary edema is a condition involving fluid buildup in the lungs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Sudden-onset (acute) pulmonary edema is a medical emergency. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary edema can be acute or chronic. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid floods the alveoli. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary edema also occurs as part of a condition called acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe inflammation of the lungs that leads to significant breathing difficulties. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary edema that results from a direct problem with the heart is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Congestive heart failure is a common cause of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Causes of pulmonary edema that are not due to poor heart function are called noncardiogenic and are often the result of ARDS. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Acute pulmonary edema causes significant breathing difficulties and can appear without warning. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If the pulmonary edema is chronic, symptoms are usually less severe until the body's system can no longer compensate. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Sometimes a chest X-ray can assist in the diagnosis of pulmonary edema. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pulmonary edema and emphysema are both conditions that affect the lungs . (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Pulmonary edema is an excess collection of watery fluid in the lungs that inhibits lung function. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • A shared symptom of pulmonary edema and emphysema is shortness of breath. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • What Is the Treatment for Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema? (emedicinehealth.com)
  • HACE is commonly associated with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) as well. (logicalimages.com)
  • To compare the effectiveness of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with standard pharmacologic treatment in the management of prehospital acute pulmonary edema. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Using a nonrandomized control group design, all consecutive patients presenting to two participating emergency medical services (EMS) systems with a field impression of acute pulmonary edema between July 1, 2004, and June 30, 2005, were included in the study. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Effectiveness of prehospital continuous positive airway pressure in the management of acute pulmonary edema. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Smith D, Pulmonary edema. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Typical findings of pulmonary edema due to cardiac dysfunction, including cardiomegaly , peribronchial cuffing , venous distention and increased interstitial markings. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Pulmonary edema, the accumulation of fluid in the lungs which can lead to respiratory failure, is not just a result of the inability of a person's lungs to clear alveolar fluid, according to researchers . (rtmagazine.com)
  • Sympathetic crashing acute pulmonary edema: Role of nitroglycerin infusion. (bvsalud.org)
  • Human effects resulting from accidental exposure to nickel carbonyl include pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonitis, reduced lung capacity, heart disorders, liver enlargement, and in severe exposure cases, death. (cdc.gov)
  • Edema means swelling caused by fluid in your body's tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When protein (especially albumin) levels in your blood go too low, the colloidal osmotic pressure will decrease and allow fluid to escape from blood vessels into your tissues, resulting in edema or swelling of the hands, feet, ankles, knees and/or belly. (diagnose-me.com)
  • The term edema stands for swelling in the body, caused by the accumulation of excessive fluid in the tissues and cells. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Edema is swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues. (organicfacts.net)
  • Edema, a condition characterized by the swelling of body tissues, can sometimes be linked to high blood sugar levels. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Edema is fluid accumulation in the body's tissues, leading to swelling and discomfort. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • This damage can lead to fluid leakage into the surrounding tissues, resulting in edema. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Edema may be a sign of heart failure because when the heart is not pumping well, fluid from inside the blood vessels tends to leak out into surrounding tissues. (express.co.uk)
  • Edema is swelling of soft tissues due to increased interstitial fluid. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Angioedema Angioedema is edema of the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissues. (msdmanuals.com)
  • La disfunci n neural de la retina a menudo se pasa por alto cuando las anormalidades anat micas son evidentes, lo que podr a explicar la variabilidad en los resultados despu s del mismo tratamiento. (medigraphic.com)
  • Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) and aphakic bullous keratopathy (ABK) refer to the development of irreversible corneal edema as a complication of cataract surgery. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] As corneal edema progresses and worsens, first stromal and then intercellular epithelial edema develops. (medscape.com)
  • when the cell density reaches a critically low level of about 300-500 cells/mm 2 , corneal edema develops. (medscape.com)
  • This dystrophy does predispose to the development of corneal edema (see Pathophysiology, Causes, Histologic Findings). (medscape.com)
  • Fuchs corneal dystrophy, a known predisposing factor in the development of postoperative corneal edema, occurs approximately 3 times more frequently in women than in men. (medscape.com)
  • The 50-year epidemic of pseudophakic corneal edema. (medscape.com)
  • Examination shows inferior corneal edema and a dislocated three-piece IOL, with optic capture inferiorly and the inferior haptic in the anterior chamber (Figure). (crstoday.com)
  • Corneal edema inferiorly and optic capture of a three-piece IOL, the inferior haptic of which is in the anterior chamber. (crstoday.com)
  • Media opacity from focal corneal edema must also be considered. (crstoday.com)
  • I would prefer a superior approach to avoid constructing the wound in the area of corneal edema. (crstoday.com)
  • The rapid development of generalized pitting edema associated with systemic disease requires timely diagnosis and management. (nih.gov)
  • Early diagnosis of edema is essential to prevent disease progression and to avoid more serious complications. (sigvaris.com)
  • Further study of blood-brain barrier permeability is needed to improve diagnosis and monitoring of global cerebral edema. (ajnr.org)
  • Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Edema is swelling of both legs from a buildup of extra fluid. (harvard.edu)
  • Cerebral edema is swelling of the brain and is most often caused by head trauma in veterinary patients. (petplace.com)
  • Animals with cerebral edema may range from being dull and unresponsive to being comatose, depending on the severity of the brain swelling. (petplace.com)
  • Recurring attacks of transient, subcutaneous edema (water retention/swelling of tissue), often due to an allergic reaction. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Widespread edema throughout the body (swelling). (diagnose-me.com)
  • Preeclampsia (toxemia in pregnancy) is a disorder of pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure) and proteinuria (excessive protein in the urine), often including edema (swelling) and occasionally involving thrombocytopenia (low platelets) or liver function abnormalities. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Edema is swelling due to an accumulation of excess fluid. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Periorbital edema can be described as swelling and puffiness around the periphery of your eye sockets or orbits, as a result of fluid buildup in the area. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • There are numerous home remedies for edema that can ease swelling. (organicfacts.net)
  • The American Family Physician journal suggests using compression stockings for edema that help you reduce swelling and discomfort. (organicfacts.net)
  • This is because carbohydrates enhance water retention in the body, resulting in severe swelling of edema. (organicfacts.net)
  • In order to get fast relief from the swelling of edema, you can consume warm drinks. (organicfacts.net)
  • Classically noted for clearing facial pain and/or edema / swelling. (yinyanghouse.com)
  • Swelling related to gravity is called dependent edema and is more pronounced at the end of the day, which is why sock marks are typically worse in the evening. (express.co.uk)
  • This was accompanied by retinal swelling and the appearance of cystoid spaces in both inner and ONLs of R91W;Nrl −/− mice indicating edema in affected areas. (nature.com)
  • High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a rare condition in which brain swelling occurs as a result of failure to acclimate while ascending to high altitudes. (logicalimages.com)
  • Anti-VEGF injections have revolutionized the treatment of macula edema, as many times vision can be significantly improved, even immediately after an injection. (optometrists.org)
  • Examples of edema in specific organs: Peripheral edema ("dependent" edema of legs) is extracellular fluid accumulation in the lower extremities caused by the effects of gravity, and occurs when fluid pools in the lower parts of the body, including the feet, legs, or hands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Edema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space that occurs as the capillary filtration exceeds the limits of lymphatic drainage, producing noticeable clinical signs and symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • If a blood protein, called albumin, gets too low, fluid is retained and edema occurs, especially in the feet, ankles and lower legs. (harvard.edu)
  • Global cerebral edema occurs after SAH and is associated with BBB disruption. (ajnr.org)
  • However, if the area around your eye looks swollen constantly, you may be suffering from periorbital edema . (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • In fact, periorbital edema is not a medical condition, but rather a symptom of an underlying health problem. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Periorbital edema is often an indication of a malady or imbalance in the body, as there could be several different factors that lead to the accumulation of excessive fluid around the eye sockets. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Children too can suffer from periorbital edema, mainly as a result of trauma, infections and allergies. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • The treatment for periorbital edema may vary, depending upon its underlying causes as well as the severity of the condition and therefore, your doctor will first need to conduct a few tests. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • In case the cause of periorbital edema is severe, you may be referred to a heart doctor, a kidney specialist or a gastrointestinal doctor for further treatment. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Once the medical condition is treated, the problem of periorbital edema will probably disappear on its own. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • A 75-year-old White woman in the United States presents with worsening dyspnea and significant edema in both ankles. (medscape.com)
  • Food challenges triggered respiratory symptoms in 59% (rhinitis, laryngeal edema , wheezing, and dyspnea). (diagnose-me.com)
  • Treatment of edema focuses on correcting the cause of the fluid accumulation. (harvard.edu)
  • It is used for the treatment of coronary artery disease, heart failure, edema , angina and hypercholesterolemia. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Treatment will also include remedies for complications such as edema , infections and itching. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Below you will find various relationships to , and potential clinical treatment approaches for edema. (yinyanghouse.com)
  • It is critical to appreciate that in Chinese Medicine, treatment for "edema" is rarely focused on the symptoms exclusively. (yinyanghouse.com)
  • There is a short-of-effective medical treatment for secondary inflammation and reducing brain edema in ICH patients. (karger.com)
  • Blue light exposure of the R91W;Nrl −/− mouse could therefore be used to study molecular events preceding edema formation in a cone-rich environment, and thus potentially help to develop treatment strategies for edema-based complications in macular degenerations. (nature.com)
  • Treatment seeks to remedy the underlying cause of the edema. (xshotpix.com)
  • The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the three states of lymphatic treatment and the importance of taking a multidisciplinary approach to edema management. (veindirectory.org)
  • When many think of lymphedema, they consider the hereditary nature of lymphedema and reflect on the patient who either presents with chronic edema in their prepubescent period or post-cancer patients whose lymph node removal or radiation treatment has ablated their lymphatics. (veindirectory.org)
  • To help with venous edema, medical compression therapy is used as basic non-invasive treatment. (sigvaris.com)
  • The team believes the new findings have important implications for the treatment of lung edema. (rtmagazine.com)
  • The chronic accumulation of edema in one or both lower extremities often indicates venous insufficiency, especially in the presence of dependent edema and hemosiderin deposition. (nih.gov)
  • This condition is known as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) which may cause edema, skin change, and, in some cases, ulcerations. (sigvaris.com)
  • Medical compression also helps with reduction of edema and recreates conditions beneficial for the healing of chronic inflammatory disorders. (sigvaris.com)
  • As a result the body retains more fluid, some of which may accumulate in the extremities, resulting in edema of the ankles and/or feet. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Edema may appear as "sock marks" on the legs and ankles at the end of the day. (express.co.uk)
  • The legs and ankles are common areas for edema due to its effects of gravity. (express.co.uk)
  • This is known as "pitting edema" and it could indicate congestive heart failure. (express.co.uk)
  • She had notable clinical improvement with decreased edema on imaging and improved inflammatory markers 72 h after cessation of IFN-beta therapy. (lu.se)
  • Cerebral edema is extracellular fluid accumulation in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In myxedema (and a variety of other rarer conditions) edema is caused by an increased tendency of the tissue to hold water within its extracellular space. (wikipedia.org)
  • Edema due to extracellular fluid volume expansion is often dependent. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Luo Connecting Point, influences the descending and dispersing function of the Lungs - useful for upperbody edema a/or facial puffiness. (yinyanghouse.com)
  • Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (curehunter.com)
  • Edema is defined as a perceptible increase in the volume of fluid in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. (sigvaris.com)
  • During pregnancy or pregnancy-induced hypertension, the significant increase in vascular volume, particularly in the last trimester, triples the risk of facial neuropathy due to edema of the facial nerve and the resulting compression. (diagnose-me.com)
  • La fuga vascular causada por la apertura de las uniones estrechas en la barrera hematorretiniana y el aumento de la permeabilidad vascular es un importante mecanismo patog nico de edema retiniano. (medigraphic.com)
  • This revised approach gives a much better understanding of the complexities of vascular edema. (veindirectory.org)
  • However, following your healthcare provider's guidance on fluid intake is important, as excessive fluid consumption can worsen edema. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Sometimes there is edema , especially puffiness of the eyelids and fullness and discoloration of the infraorbital areas. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Symptoms of Allergic Tension Fatigue Syndrome can include edema , especially puffiness of the eyelids and fullness and discoloration of the infraorbital (below-eye) areas. (diagnose-me.com)
  • People with eating disorders may interpret the puffiness of edema or any changes on the scale as weight gain or getting "fat" and may panic and purge or take laxatives even more. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Inflammation can affect blood vessels, impairing their ability to regulate fluid movement and potentially resulting in edema. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Cerebral edema can also be caused by lack of oxygen, decreased blood flow to the brain, brain tumors, toxins and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and electrolyte abnormalities. (petplace.com)
  • While many people may be familiar with the connection between high blood sugar and diabetes, the relationship between these two conditions and edema might be less well-known. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • If you have diabetes or consistently high blood sugar levels, it is crucial to manage them effectively to help prevent or reduce the risk of edema. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Understanding the relationship between high blood sugar and edema (fluid retention) is essential for people with diabetes or those struggling with elevated blood sugar levels. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • No matter what the cause of edema, any swollen area of the body should be protected from pressure, injury and extreme temperatures. (harvard.edu)
  • Edema is a condition in which a part of the body gets swollen due to the gathering of fluids in the tissue. (organicfacts.net)
  • Whether you are looking for extra-wide dress shoes for swollen feet or adjustable athletic shoes for edema, our sleek and functional collections can help provide comfort to your feet. (drcomfort.com)
  • You can actually now interpret lung edema as a regression of the adult lung to a fetal stage," Kuebler said. (rtmagazine.com)
  • Mechanical thrombectomy was associated with less brain edema in a secondary analysis of the MR CLEAN trial reported at the Stroke meeting and in JAMA Neurology . (medpagetoday.com)
  • Our study reinforces the benefits of early reperfusion and recanalization in reducing brain edema and suggests that endovascular therapy does not increase the extension of brain edema, as has been reported in preclinical models," the researchers wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The inflammation and coagulation response after ICH would accelerate the formation of brain edema around hematoma, resulting in a more severe and durable injury. (karger.com)
  • So, it is very important to study on the relationship between brain edema and ICH. (karger.com)
  • inhibition of brain edema provides favorable outcome of ICH. (karger.com)
  • This review mainly discusses the pathology and mechanism of brain edema, the effects of brain edema on ICH, and the methods of treating brain edema after ICH. (karger.com)
  • The inflammation, thrombin activation, and erythrocyte lysis caused by primary injury could promote the formation of brain edema, which is associated with poor outcome, and could cause more severe and durable injury [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
  • Brain edema is a pathological phenomenon that water and brain tissue volume increase. (karger.com)
  • Brain edema after ICH can be divided into perihematomal edema (PHE) and intrahematomal edema. (karger.com)
  • vasogenic factors, thrombin formation, erythrocyte lysis and hemoglobin (Hb) toxicity [ 5 ] have been proved to be related to brain edema growth [ 6 ]. (karger.com)
  • In recent years, many studies focus on the mechanism of secondary inflammation that can cause brain edema and this may provide new therapy targets for ICH [ 7 ]. (karger.com)
  • Certain drugs (for example, amlodipine) can cause pedal edema. (wikipedia.org)
  • NOTOC__ {{Pedal edema}} Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. (wikidoc.org)
  • Return to Pedal edema laboratory findings . (wikidoc.org)
  • Incorporation of physical exercises and activity into your daily routine will help you to reduce edema. (organicfacts.net)
  • Animal experiments demonstrated that fingolimod could reduce edema, cell apoptosis and cerebra atrophy and show neuroprotective function in ICH rats [ 8 ]. (karger.com)
  • Lymphatic obstruction causes edema distal to the site of obstruction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Certain organs develop edema through tissue specific mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • patients requiring bed rest develop edema in the buttocks, genitals, and posterior thighs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Women who lie on only one side may develop edema in the dependent breast. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Both cats and dogs can suffer from cerebral edema. (petplace.com)
  • Cerebral edema is often a life threatening disorder and must be managed by your veterinarian. (petplace.com)
  • Avoidance of traumatic situations is one means of preventing cerebral edema. (petplace.com)
  • Detection of global cerebral edema using current imaging techniques is challenging. (ajnr.org)
  • Our purpose was to apply blood-brain barrier permeability imaging in patients with global cerebral edema by using extended CT perfusion. (ajnr.org)
  • Patients with SAH underwent CTP in the early phase after aneurysmal rupture (days 0-3) and were classified as having global cerebral edema or nonglobal cerebral edema using established noncontrast CT criteria. (ajnr.org)
  • Extended CTP was used to evaluate blood-brain barrier permeability in patients with SAH with and without global cerebral edema. (ajnr.org)
  • If you have mild leg edema caused by venous insufficiency, elevate your legs periodically and wear support (compression) stockings. (harvard.edu)
  • We now realize that all edema has a lymphatic component. (veindirectory.org)
  • Edema results from increased movement of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial space or decreased movement of water from the interstitium into the capillaries or lymphatic vessels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, the patients receiving dexamethasone had a markedly smaller volume on day 3, but 9 of 11 experienced rebound edema with a volume on day 14 significantly greater than day 3. (curehunter.com)
  • Background: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) represents a transient change in mental status with associated vasogenic edema of cortical and subcortical brain structures. (lu.se)
  • More often, edema develops insidiously, beginning with weight gain, puffy eyes at awakening in the morning, and tight shoes at the end of the day. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Edema may also be found in the cornea of the eye with glaucoma, severe conjunctivitis, keratitis, or after surgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Edema forms more easily in dependent areas in the elderly (sitting in chairs at home or on aeroplanes) and this is not well understood. (wikipedia.org)