Enlargement of air spaces distal to the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES where gas-exchange normally takes place. This is usually due to destruction of the alveolar wall. Pulmonary emphysema can be classified by the location and distribution of the lesions.
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.
Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body.
Presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma.
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
A protease of broad specificity, obtained from dried pancreas. Molecular weight is approximately 25,000. The enzyme breaks down elastin, the specific protein of elastic fibers, and digests other proteins such as fibrin, hemoglobin, and albumin. EC 3.4.21.36.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
The excision of lung tissue including partial or total lung lobectomy.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
'Smoke' is a complex mixture of gases, fine particles, and volatile compounds, generally produced by combustion of organic substances, which can contain harmful chemicals known to have adverse health effects.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
A secreted matrix metalloproteinase which is highly expressed by MACROPHAGES where it may play a role in INFLAMMATION and WOUND HEALING.
Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits TRYPSIN; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; and other PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES.
The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It is the equivalent to each of the following sums: VITAL CAPACITY plus RESIDUAL VOLUME; INSPIRATORY CAPACITY plus FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; TIDAL VOLUME plus INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus functional residual capacity; or tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME plus residual volume.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
Measurement of the amount of air that the lungs may contain at various points in the respiratory cycle.
Helium. A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The amount of a gas taken up, by the pulmonary capillary blood from the alveolar gas, per minute per unit of average pressure of the gradient of the gas across the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a maximal expiration. Common abbreviation is RV.
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
Measurement of volume of air inhaled or exhaled by the lung.
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.
Hypertrophy and dilation of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart that is caused by PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. This condition is often associated with pulmonary parenchymal or vascular diseases, such as CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE and PULMONARY EMBOLISM.
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.
'Elastin' is a highly elastic protein in connective tissue that allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting, such as the skin, lungs, and blood vessels.
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.
Washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the BRONCHI and the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. It is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung.
Radiography of the bronchial tree after injection of a contrast medium.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
The capability of the LUNGS to distend under pressure as measured by pulmonary volume change per unit pressure change. While not a complete description of the pressure-volume properties of the lung, it is nevertheless useful in practice as a measure of the comparative stiffness of the lung. (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p562)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
Difficult or labored breathing.
'Coal mining' is not a medical term, but it refers to the process of extracting coal from the ground by mechanical or manual means.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. It cleaves preferentially bonds at the carboxyl side of Ala and Val, with greater specificity for Ala. EC 3.4.21.37.
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
The musculofibrous partition that separates the THORACIC CAVITY from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION.
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.
Computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information.
Presence of air or gas in the space between the heart and the PERICARDIUM. The degree of respiratory distress depends on the amount of trapped air and circulation blocked in the systemic and pulmonary veins.
A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain NICOTINE and other biologically active chemicals; its dried leaves are used for SMOKING.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The volume of air remaining in the LUNGS at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. It is the sum of the RESIDUAL VOLUME and the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. Common abbreviation is FRC.
An abundant pulmonary surfactant-associated protein that binds to a variety of lung pathogens and enhances their opsinization and killing by phagocytic cells. Surfactant protein D contains a N-terminal collagen-like domain and a C-terminal lectin domain that are characteristic of members of the collectin family of proteins.
Religious philosophy expressing the fundamental belief that departed spirits may be contacted by the living through a medium.
The small airways branching off the TERTIARY BRONCHI. Terminal bronchioles lead into several orders of respiratory bronchioles which in turn lead into alveolar ducts and then into PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an EXERCISE TEST.
Physiologically, the opposition to flow of air caused by the forces of friction. As a part of pulmonary function testing, it is the ratio of driving pressure to the rate of air flow.
A protease nexin and serpin subtype that is specific for several SERINE PROTEASES including UROKINASE; THROMBIN; TRYPSIN; and PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS.
Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.
The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the TRACHEA. They include the largest two primary bronchi which branch out into secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi which extend into BRONCHIOLES and PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients.

Effects of depletion of neutrophils or macrophages on development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. (1/417)

The aim of this study was to ascertain the putative roles of neutrophils or macrophages in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced emphysema on the basis of effects of anti-neutrophil (anti-PMN) antibody or anti-monocyte/macrophage (anti-MoMac) antibody on the development of emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Rats were treated with rabbit anti-PMN or anti-MoMac antibody and exposed 7 days/wk for 2 mo to cigarette smoke inhalation; rats treated with nonimmunized rabbit IgG (control antibody) and exposed to cigarette smoke or normal room air served as controls. Antibody treatments began 24 h before the start of smoke or air exposure and was continued with 1 treatment/wk. Total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and collagenase-dissociated lung and determinations of the elastinolytic activity of lung neutrophils or macrophages in [(3)H]elastin-coated wells indicated specific suppression of neutrophil accumulation and neutrophil-related elastinolytic burden in the lungs of the anti-PMN antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats, in contrast to specific suppression of macrophage accumulation and macrophage-related elastinolytic burden in the lungs of the anti-MoMac antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats. Cigarette smoke exposure-induced lung elastin breakdown (quantitated by immunologic assay of levels of elastin-derived peptides and desmosine in lavage fluid) and emphysema in the lungs (based on morphometric analysis of alveolar mean linear intercepts and alveolar tissue density in fixed lungs) were not prevented in the lungs of anti-PMN antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats but was clearly prevented in lungs of the anti-MoMac antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats. These findings implicate macrophages rather than neutrophils as the critical pathogenic factor in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema.  (+info)

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with underlying severe emphysema. (2/417)

BACKGROUND: Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has recently re-emerged as a surgical option for the treatment of end stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to underlying severe emphysema. Advocates of LVRS claim that it represents a significant breakthrough in the management of this challenging group of patients while sceptics point to uncertainty about the effectiveness of the operation. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted of the evidence on the effects of LVRS in patients with end stage COPD secondary to severe emphysema. RESULTS: The most rigorous evidence on the effectiveness of LVRS came from case series. Seventy five potentially relevant studies were identified and 19 individual series met the methodological criteria for inclusion. The pattern of results was consistent across individual studies despite a significant degree of clinical heterogeneity. Significant short term benefits occurred across a range of outcomes which appeared to continue into the longer term. Physiological improvements were matched by functional and subjective improvements. Early mortality rates were low and late mortality rates compared favourably with those of the general COPD population. However, the entire research base for the intervention is subject to the limitations of study designs without parallel control groups. CONCLUSIONS: LVRS appears to represent a promising option in the management of patients with severe end stage emphysema. However, until the results of ongoing clinical trials are available, the considerable uncertainty that exists around the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the procedure will remain.  (+info)

Surgical emphysema and pneumomediastinum in a child following minor blunt injury to the neck. (3/417)

Largyngotracheal and pharyngoesophageal tears following minor blunt trauma to the neck are uncommon. A child with such an injury is reported and the modes of diagnosis and management are discussed. Patients may initially present with minimal signs and symptoms, but their condition may deteriorate rapidly or insidiously. In the absence of respiratory compromise, conservative management is appropriate, but all patients with significant blunt neck trauma should undergo early direct laryngoscopy under a general anaesthetic.  (+info)

Emphysematous cholecystitis in a Siberian husky. (4/417)

A 6-year-old, intact male Siberian husky was evaluated for a 24-hour history of vomiting and lethargy. Diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis was achieved based on survey abdominal radiographs, a barium contrast gastrointestinal series, and abdominal ultrasound. Diagnosis and medical and surgical management of the condition are discussed.  (+info)

Chemical chaperones mediate increased secretion of mutant alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) Z: A potential pharmacological strategy for prevention of liver injury and emphysema in alpha 1-AT deficiency. (5/417)

In alpha1-AT deficiency, a misfolded but functionally active mutant alpha1-ATZ (alpha1-ATZ) molecule is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells rather than secreted into the blood and body fluids. Emphysema is thought to be caused by the lack of circulating alpha1-AT to inhibit neutrophil elastase in the lung. Liver injury is thought to be caused by the hepatotoxic effects of the retained alpha1-ATZ. In this study, we show that several "chemical chaperones," which have been shown to reverse the cellular mislocalization or misfolding of other mutant plasma membrane, nuclear, and cytoplasmic proteins, mediate increased secretion of alpha1-ATZ. In particular, 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) mediated a marked increase in secretion of functionally active alpha1-ATZ in a model cell culture system. Moreover, oral administration of PBA was well tolerated by PiZ mice (transgenic for the human alpha1-ATZ gene) and consistently mediated an increase in blood levels of human alpha1-AT reaching 20-50% of the levels present in PiM mice and normal humans. Because clinical studies have suggested that only partial correction is needed for prevention of both liver and lung injury in alpha1-AT deficiency and PBA has been used safely in humans, it constitutes an excellent candidate for chemoprophylaxis of target organ injury in alpha1-AT deficiency.  (+info)

Skeletal muscle weakness is associated with wasting of extremity fat-free mass but not with airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (6/417)

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle weakness is a prominent problem in many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the relation between skeletal muscle function, body composition, and lung function in COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) patients and healthy volunteers. DESIGN: In 50 patients with chronic bronchitis, 49 patients with emphysema, and 28 healthy volunteers, skeletal muscle function was assessed by handgrip and linear isokinetic dynamometry. Whole-body and subregional fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Whole-body and extremity FFM were significantly lower in patients with emphysema (P < 0.001) and chronic bronchitis (P < 0.05) than in healthy volunteers, but trunk FFM was significantly lower only in patients with emphysema (P < 0.001). Extremity FFM was not significantly different between the COPD subtype groups, despite significantly lower values for whole-body and trunk FFM (P < 0.05) in patients with emphysema. Absolute skeletal muscle function (P < 0. 001) and muscle function per kilogram of whole-body FFM were significantly lower in both COPD subtype groups than in healthy volunteers (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was found between patients with chronic bronchitis and those with emphysema. Muscle function per kilogram of extremity FFM was not significantly different between the 3 groups and was not associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s. CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle weakness is associated with wasting of extremity FFM in COPD patients, independent of airflow obstruction and COPD subtype.  (+info)

Functional, cellular, and biochemical adaptations to elastase-induced emphysema in hamster medial scalene. (7/417)

The scalene has been reported to be an accessory inspiratory muscle in the hamster. We hypothesize that with the chronic loads and/or dynamic hyperinflation associated with emphysema (Emp), the scalene will be actively recruited, resulting in functional, cellular, and biochemical adaptations. Emp was induced in adult hamsters. Inspiratory electromyogram (EMG) activity was recorded from the medial scalene and costal diaphragm. Isometric contractile and fatigue properties were evaluated in vitro. Muscle fibers were classified histochemically and immunohistochemically. Individual fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were determined quantitatively. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were identified by SDS-PAGE, and their proportions were determined by scanning densitometry. All Emp animals exhibited spontaneous scalene inspiratory EMG activity during quiet breathing, whereas the scalene muscles of controls (Ctl) were silent. There were no differences in contractile and fatigue properties of the scalene between Ctl and Emp. In Emp, the relative amount of MHC(2A) was 15% higher whereas that of MHC(2X) was 14% lower compared with Ctl. Similarly, the proportion of type IIa fibers increased significantly in Emp animals with a concomitant decrease in IIx fibers. CSA of type IIx fibers were significantly smaller in Emp compared with Ctl. SDH activities of all fiber types were significantly increased by 53 to 63% in Emp. We conclude that with Emp the actively recruited scalene exhibits primary-like inspiratory activity in the hamster. Adaptations of the scalene with Emp likely relate both to increased loads and to factors intrinsic to muscle architecture and chest mechanics.  (+info)

Retinoic acid treatment partially rescues failed septation in rats and in mice. (8/417)

Pulmonary alveoli are formed in part by subdivision (septation) of the gas-exchange saccules of the immature lung. Septation results in smaller, more numerous structures (alveoli) and is developmentally regulated in mammals including humans, rats, and mice; if it fails to occur at the appropriate time, there is no spontaneous post hoc septation nor has there been a means of inducing septation after it has failed to occur. We measured lung volume, the volume of individual alveoli, and alveolar surface area and calculated alveolar number in neonatal rats in which septation had been blocked by treatment with a glucocorticosteroid hormone and in adult tight-skin mice that have a genetic failure of septation. We tested the hypothesis that treatment with all-trans retinoic acid induces post hoc septation. In both models of failed septation, hence in two species, and in immature and adult animals, treatment with all-trans retinoic acid induced post hoc septation, offering the possibility of a similar effect in premature infants.  (+info)

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis. This results in loss of elastic recoil, which leads to trappling of air within the lungs and difficulty exhaling. It is often caused by cigarette smoking or long-term exposure to harmful pollutants. The disease is part of a group of conditions known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which also includes chronic bronchitis.

Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement of the airspaces called alveoli in the lungs, accompanied by destruction of their walls. This results in loss of elasticity and decreased gas exchange efficiency, causing shortness of breath and coughing. It is often caused by smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants. The damage to the lungs is irreversible, but quitting smoking and using medications can help alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression.

Subcutaneous emphysema is a medical condition where air or gas collects in the subcutaneous tissue, which lies beneath the skin and above the muscle layer. This tissue covers the entire body, but the collection of air usually occurs in the chest wall, neck, or face. The accumulation of air can cause swelling, crepitus (a crackling or crunching sound when touched), and tightness in the affected area. Subcutaneous emphysema is often associated with underlying conditions such as trauma, pulmonary disease, or certain medical procedures that result in air leaks from the lungs or other structures into the subcutaneous tissue. It can be a serious condition if left untreated, as it may lead to complications like mediastinal emphysema or tension pneumothorax. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Mediastinal emphysema is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air or gas within the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thorax that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, and other associated structures.

In mediastinal emphysema, the air accumulates in the mediastinal tissues and spaces, leading to their abnormal distention or swelling. This condition can result from various causes, including:

* Pulmonary trauma or barotrauma (e.g., mechanical ventilation, scuba diving)
* Infections that cause gas-forming organisms (e.g., pneumomediastinum)
* Air leakage from the lungs or airways (e.g., bronchial rupture, esophageal perforation)
* Certain medical procedures (e.g., mediastinoscopy, tracheostomy)

Mediastinal emphysema can cause symptoms such as chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, and swallowing problems. In severe cases, it may lead to life-threatening complications, including tension pneumothorax or mediastinitis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disorder that results from insufficient levels of the protective protein AAT in the blood and lungs. This protein is produced by the liver and helps to protect the lungs from damage caused by inflammation and the action of enzymes, such as neutrophil elastase, that are released during the immune response.

In people with AAT deficiency, the lack of adequate AAT levels leads to an uncontrolled increase in neutrophil elastase activity, which can cause damage to lung tissue and result in emphysema, a condition characterized by shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Additionally, some individuals with AAT deficiency may develop liver disease due to the accumulation of abnormal AAT proteins in liver cells.

There are different variants or genotypes associated with AAT deficiency, with the most common and severe form being the PiZZ genotype. This variant is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene, which encodes for the AAT protein. Individuals who inherit two copies of this mutated gene (one from each parent) will have very low levels of AAT in their blood and are at increased risk of developing emphysema and liver disease.

Diagnosis of AAT deficiency typically involves measuring AAT levels in the blood and performing genetic testing to identify specific variants of the SERPINA1 gene. Treatment may include lifestyle modifications, such as smoking cessation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to manage lung symptoms, as well as augmentation therapy with intravenous infusions of AAT protein to help slow disease progression in individuals with severe deficiency. Liver transplantation may be considered for those with advanced liver disease.

Pancreatic elastase is a type of elastase that is specifically produced by the pancreas. It is an enzyme that helps in digesting proteins found in the food we eat. Pancreatic elastase breaks down elastin, a protein that provides elasticity to tissues and organs in the body.

In clinical practice, pancreatic elastase is often measured in stool samples as a diagnostic tool to assess exocrine pancreatic function. Low levels of pancreatic elastase in stool may indicate malabsorption or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, which can be caused by various conditions such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or pancreatic cancer.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by the persistent obstruction of airflow in and out of the lungs. This obstruction is usually caused by two primary conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and coughing. Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, resulting in decreased gas exchange and shortness of breath.

The main symptoms of COPD include progressive shortness of breath, chronic cough, chest tightness, wheezing, and excessive mucus production. The disease is often associated with exposure to harmful particles or gases, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. While there is no cure for COPD, treatments can help alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, combination inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.

A pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed. This type of surgery is typically performed as a treatment for certain types of lung cancer, although it may also be used to treat other conditions such as severe damage or infection in the lung that does not respond to other treatments. The surgery requires general anesthesia and can be quite complex, with potential risks including bleeding, infection, pneumonia, and air leaks. Recovery from a pneumonectomy can take several weeks, and patients may require ongoing rehabilitation to regain strength and mobility.

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

'Smoke' is not typically defined in a medical context, but it can be described as a mixture of small particles and gases that are released when something burns. Smoke can be composed of various components including carbon monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, styrene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to smoke can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

In the medical field, exposure to smoke is often referred to as "secondhand smoke" or "passive smoking" when someone breathes in smoke from another person's cigarette, cigar, or pipe. This type of exposure can be just as harmful as smoking itself and has been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

Matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) is a type of enzyme that belongs to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. MMPs are involved in the breakdown and remodeling of extracellular matrices, which are the structures that provide support and organization to cells in tissues and organs.

MMP-12 is also known as macrophage elastase because it is primarily produced by macrophages, a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. MMP-12 is capable of degrading various components of the extracellular matrix, including elastin, a protein that provides elasticity to tissues such as lungs, arteries, and skin.

MMP-12 has been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, including tissue remodeling, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. Dysregulation of MMP-12 activity has been associated with various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), atherosclerosis, and tumor metastasis.

Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT, or α1-antiproteinase, A1AP) is a protein that is primarily produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream. It belongs to a group of proteins called serine protease inhibitors, which help regulate inflammation and protect tissues from damage caused by enzymes involved in the immune response.

Alpha 1-antitrypsin is particularly important for protecting the lungs from damage caused by neutrophil elastase, an enzyme released by white blood cells called neutrophils during inflammation. In the lungs, AAT binds to and inhibits neutrophil elastase, preventing it from degrading the extracellular matrix and damaging lung tissue.

Deficiency in alpha 1-antitrypsin can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and liver disease. The most common cause of AAT deficiency is a genetic mutation that results in abnormal folding and accumulation of the protein within liver cells, leading to reduced levels of functional AAT in the bloodstream. This condition is called alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and can be inherited in an autosomal codominant manner. Individuals with severe AATD may require augmentation therapy with intravenous infusions of purified human AAT to help prevent lung damage.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum volume of air that can be contained within the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It includes all of the following lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. TLC can be measured directly using gas dilution techniques or indirectly by adding residual volume to vital capacity. Factors that affect TLC include age, sex, height, and lung health status.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

Pulmonary alveoli, also known as air sacs, are tiny clusters of air-filled pouches located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They play a crucial role in the process of gas exchange during respiration. The thin walls of the alveoli, called alveolar membranes, allow oxygen from inhaled air to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to pass into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This vital function enables the lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.

Lung volume measurements are clinical tests that determine the amount of air inhaled, exhaled, and present in the lungs at different times during the breathing cycle. These measurements include:

1. Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, usually around 500 mL in resting adults.
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration, approximately 3,000 mL in adults.
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration, about 1,000-1,200 mL in adults.
4. Residual Volume (RV): The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, approximately 1,100-1,500 mL in adults.
5. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total amount of air the lungs can hold at full inflation, calculated as TV + IRV + ERV + RV, around 6,000 mL in adults.
6. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration, equal to ERV + RV, about 2,100-2,700 mL in adults.
7. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration, equal to TV + IRV, around 3,500 mL in adults.
8. Vital Capacity (VC): The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration, calculated as IC + ERV, approximately 4,200-5,600 mL in adults.

These measurements help assess lung function and identify various respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Helium is not a medical term, but it's a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It's a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gases section of the periodic table. In medicine, helium is sometimes used in medical settings for its unique properties, such as being less dense than air, which can help improve the delivery of oxygen to patients with respiratory conditions. For example, heliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, may be used to reduce the work of breathing in patients with conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Additionally, helium is also used in cryogenic medical equipment and in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines to cool the superconducting magnets.

Pulmonary diffusing capacity, also known as pulmonary diffusion capacity, is a measure of the ability of the lungs to transfer gas from the alveoli to the bloodstream. It is often used to assess the severity of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis.

The most common measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity is the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), which reflects the transfer of carbon monoxide from the alveoli to the red blood cells in the capillaries. The DLCO is measured during a spirometry test, which involves breathing in a small amount of carbon monoxide and then measuring how much of it is exhaled.

A reduced DLCO may indicate a problem with the lung's ability to transfer oxygen to the blood, which can be caused by a variety of factors including damage to the alveoli or capillaries, thickening of the alveolar membrane, or a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange.

It is important to note that other factors such as hemoglobin concentration, carboxyhemoglobin level, and lung volume can also affect the DLCO value, so these should be taken into account when interpreting the results of a diffusing capacity test.

Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a forced exhale, also known as the "expiratory reserve volume." It is the lowest lung volume that can be reached during a forced exhalation and cannot be completely emptied due to the presence of alveoli that are too small or too far from the airways. This volume is important for maintaining the structural integrity of the lungs and preventing their collapse. Any additional air that enters the lungs after this point will increase the total lung capacity. The normal residual volume for an average adult human is typically around 1 to 1.5 liters.

Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.

Spirometry is a common type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures how well your lungs work. This is done by measuring how much air you can exhale from your lungs after taking a deep breath, and how quickly you can exhale it. The results are compared to normal values for your age, height, sex, and ethnicity.

Spirometry is used to diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory diseases that cause narrowing of the airways. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions. The test is non-invasive, safe, and easy to perform.

Bronchitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, which are the large airways that lead to the lungs. This inflammation can cause a variety of symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Bronchitis can be either acute or chronic.

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu, and typically lasts for a few days to a week. Symptoms may include a productive cough (coughing up mucus or phlegm), chest discomfort, and fatigue. Acute bronchitis often resolves on its own without specific medical treatment, although rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to manage symptoms may be helpful.

Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that is characterized by a persistent cough with mucus production that lasts for at least three months out of the year for two consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is typically caused by exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. It is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes both chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Treatment for chronic bronchitis may include medications to help open the airways, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as well as lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and avoiding irritants. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation may be necessary.

Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale, is a type of heart disease that occurs as a complication of chronic lung diseases or hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the body). The condition is characterized by enlargement and thickening of the right ventricle of the heart, which results from increased pressure in the pulmonary artery due to damaged or narrowed blood vessels in the lungs. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and abdomen, and irregular heart rhythms. The condition can be managed with medications, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes, but if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as heart failure.

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation of the airways (bronchi) in the lungs. It is characterized by a persistent cough that produces excessive mucus or sputum. The cough and mucus production must be present for at least three months in two consecutive years to meet the diagnostic criteria for chronic bronchitis.

The inflammation of the airways can lead to narrowing, obstructing the flow of air into and out of the lungs, resulting in shortness of breath and wheezing. Chronic bronchitis is often associated with exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke, dust, or chemical fumes over an extended period.

It is a significant component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which also includes emphysema. While there is no cure for chronic bronchitis, treatments can help alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Quitting smoking is crucial in managing this condition.

Airway obstruction is a medical condition that occurs when the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs is partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a variety of factors, including swelling of the tissues in the airway, the presence of foreign objects or substances, or abnormal growths such as tumors.

When the airway becomes obstructed, it can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally. They may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. In severe cases, airway obstruction can lead to respiratory failure and other life-threatening complications.

There are several types of airway obstruction, including:

1. Upper airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the upper part of the airway, such as the nose, throat, or voice box.
2. Lower airway obstruction: This occurs when the blockage is located in the lower part of the airway, such as the trachea or bronchi.
3. Partial airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is partially blocked, allowing some air to flow in and out of the lungs.
4. Complete airway obstruction: This occurs when the airway is completely blocked, preventing any air from flowing into or out of the lungs.

Treatment for airway obstruction depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, removing the obstruction may be as simple as clearing the airway of foreign objects or mucus. In other cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery may be necessary.

Elastin is a protein that provides elasticity to tissues and organs, allowing them to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. It is a major component of the extracellular matrix in many tissues, including the skin, lungs, blood vessels, and ligaments. Elastin fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their original length and then return to their original shape due to the unique properties of this protein. The elastin molecule is made up of cross-linked chains of the protein tropoelastin, which are produced by cells called fibroblasts and then assembled into larger elastin fibers by enzymes called lysyl oxidases. Elastin has a very long half-life, with some estimates suggesting that it can remain in the body for up to 70 years or more.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a specific type of lung disease that results from the thickening and scarring of the lung tissues, particularly those in the alveoli (air sacs) and interstitium (the space around the air sacs). This scarring makes it harder for the lungs to properly expand and transfer oxygen into the bloodstream, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and eventually respiratory failure. The exact cause of pulmonary fibrosis can vary, with some cases being idiopathic (without a known cause) or related to environmental factors, medications, medical conditions, or genetic predisposition.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is a type of clinical specimen obtained through a procedure called bronchoalveolar lavage. This procedure involves inserting a bronchoscope into the lungs and instilling a small amount of saline solution into a specific area of the lung, then gently aspirating the fluid back out. The fluid that is recovered is called bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

BAL fluid contains cells and other substances that are present in the lower respiratory tract, including the alveoli (the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs). By analyzing BAL fluid, doctors can diagnose various lung conditions, such as pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, and lung cancer. They can also monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions by comparing the composition of BAL fluid before and after treatment.

BAL fluid is typically analyzed for its cellular content, including the number and type of white blood cells present, as well as for the presence of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. The fluid may also be tested for various proteins, enzymes, and other biomarkers that can provide additional information about lung health and disease.

Bronchography is a medical imaging technique that involves the injection of a contrast material into the airways (bronchi) of the lungs, followed by X-ray imaging to produce detailed pictures of the bronchial tree. This diagnostic procedure was commonly used in the past to identify abnormalities such as narrowing, blockages, or inflammation in the airways, but it has largely been replaced by newer, less invasive techniques like computed tomography (CT) scans and bronchoscopy.

The process of bronchography involves the following steps:

1. The patient is sedated or given a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
2. A radiopaque contrast material is introduced into the bronchi through a catheter that is inserted into the trachea, either via a nostril or through a small incision in the neck.
3. Once the contrast material has been distributed throughout the bronchial tree, X-ray images are taken from various angles to capture detailed views of the airways.
4. The images are then analyzed by a radiologist to identify any abnormalities or irregularities in the structure and function of the bronchi.

Although bronchography is considered a relatively safe procedure, it does carry some risks, including allergic reactions to the contrast material, infection, and bleeding. Additionally, the use of ionizing radiation during X-ray imaging should be carefully weighed against the potential benefits of the procedure.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

Lung compliance is a measure of the ease with which the lungs expand and is defined as the change in lung volume for a given change in transpulmonary pressure. It is often expressed in units of liters per centimeter of water (L/cm H2O). A higher compliance indicates that the lungs are more easily distensible, while a lower compliance suggests that the lungs are stiffer and require more force to expand. Lung compliance can be affected by various conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the inside of the airways and lungs with a flexible or rigid tube called a bronchoscope. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to directly visualize the airways, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove foreign objects or secretions. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose and manage various respiratory conditions such as lung infections, inflammation, cancer, and bleeding. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and risks associated with the procedure.

Dyspnea is defined as difficulty or discomfort in breathing, often described as shortness of breath. It can range from mild to severe, and may occur during rest, exercise, or at any time. Dyspnea can be caused by various medical conditions, including heart and lung diseases, anemia, and neuromuscular disorders. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing dyspnea, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.

Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is a fossil fuel that is formed from the accumulation and decomposition of plants over millions of years. It is primarily used as a source of energy for electricity generation, as well as for heating and industrial processes.

There are two main types of coal mining: surface mining and underground mining. Surface mining involves removing the soil and rock above the coal seam to access the coal, while underground mining involves sinking shafts and tunnels into the earth to reach the coal. Both methods have their own set of benefits and challenges, and the choice of which method to use depends on various factors such as the depth and location of the coal seam, the geology of the area, and environmental concerns.

Coal mining can be a dangerous occupation, with risks including accidents, explosions, and exposure to harmful dust and gases. As a result, it is essential that coal miners receive proper training and equipment to minimize these risks and ensure their safety. Additionally, coal mining has significant environmental impacts, including deforestation, habitat destruction, and water pollution, which must be carefully managed to minimize harm.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Leukocyte elastase is a type of enzyme that is released by white blood cells (leukocytes), specifically neutrophils, during inflammation. Its primary function is to help fight infection by breaking down the proteins in bacteria and viruses. However, if not properly regulated, leukocyte elastase can also damage surrounding tissues, contributing to the progression of various diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and cystic fibrosis.

Leukocyte elastase is often measured in clinical settings as a marker of inflammation and neutrophil activation, particularly in patients with lung diseases. Inhibitors of leukocyte elastase have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for these conditions.

Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory diseases characterized by airflow limitation that causes difficulty in completely emptying the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs during exhaling. This results in the trapping of stale air and prevents fresh air from entering the alveoli, leading to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and decreased exercise tolerance.

The most common obstructive lung diseases include:

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, often caused by smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. Symptoms can be triggered by various factors such as allergens, irritants, or physical activity.
3. Bronchiectasis: A condition in which the airways become abnormally widened, scarred, and thickened due to chronic inflammation or infection, leading to mucus buildup and impaired clearance.
4. Cystic Fibrosis: An inherited genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, resulting in thick and sticky mucus production in various organs, including the lungs. This can lead to chronic lung infections, inflammation, and airway obstruction.
5. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: A genetic condition characterized by low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein, which leads to uncontrolled protease enzyme activity that damages the lung tissue, causing emphysema-like symptoms.

Treatment for obstructive lung diseases typically involves bronchodilators (to relax and widen the airways), corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation), and lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or even lung transplantation may be considered.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

A diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It plays a vital role in the process of breathing as it contracts and flattens to draw air into the lungs (inhalation) and relaxes and returns to its domed shape to expel air out of the lungs (exhalation).

In addition, a diaphragm is also a type of barrier method of birth control. It is a flexible dome-shaped device made of silicone that fits over the cervix inside the vagina. When used correctly and consistently, it prevents sperm from entering the uterus and fertilizing an egg, thereby preventing pregnancy.

Pneumoconiosis is a group of lung diseases caused by inhaling dust particles, leading to fibrosis or scarring of the lungs. The type of pneumoconiosis depends on the specific dust inhaled. Examples include coal worker's pneumoconiosis (from coal dust), silicosis (from crystalline silica dust), and asbestosis (from asbestos fibers). These diseases are generally preventable by minimizing exposure to harmful dusts through proper engineering controls, protective equipment, and workplace safety regulations.

Computer-assisted radiographic image interpretation is the use of computer algorithms and software to assist and enhance the interpretation and analysis of medical images produced by radiography, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans. The computer-assisted system can help identify and highlight certain features or anomalies in the image, such as tumors, fractures, or other abnormalities, which may be difficult for the human eye to detect. This technology can improve the accuracy and speed of diagnosis, and may also reduce the risk of human error. It's important to note that the final interpretation and diagnosis is always made by a qualified healthcare professional, such as a radiologist, who takes into account the computer-assisted analysis in conjunction with their clinical expertise and knowledge.

Pneumopericardium is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air or gas within the pericardial sac, which surrounds and protects the heart. This accumulation of air can cause the pericardium to become tense and inflamed, potentially leading to complications such as cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening situation in which the excess pressure around the heart impairs its ability to fill with blood and pump effectively.

Pneumopericardium may result from various causes, including trauma, medical procedures (such as central line placement or surgery), infection, or underlying lung diseases that allow air to leak into the pericardial space. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition and may include chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, and palpitations. Imaging tests such as chest X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans are typically used to diagnose Pneumopericardium, and treatment may involve drainage of the accumulated air and management of any underlying conditions.

Desmosine is a unique amino acid that is not found in proteins, but instead is formed through the cross-linking of lysine residues in collagen and elastin fibers. These fibers are important components of the extracellular matrix, providing strength and elasticity to tissues such as skin, lungs, and blood vessels.

Desmosine is formed through a series of chemical reactions involving the oxidation of lysine residues and their subsequent condensation with other amino acids. This process creates cross-links between collagen and elastin fibers, which helps to stabilize their structure and enhance their mechanical properties.

Abnormalities in desmosine levels have been associated with various diseases, including emphysema, Marfan syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Measuring desmosine levels in urine or tissue samples can provide valuable insights into the health of collagen and elastin fibers and help diagnose and monitor these conditions.

Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in one or both lungs. It's often caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Accumulated pus and fluid in these air sacs make it difficult to breathe, which can lead to coughing, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severity of symptoms can vary from mild to life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause, the patient's overall health, and age. Pneumonia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia, antivirals for viral pneumonia, and supportive care like oxygen therapy, hydration, and rest.

Tobacco is not a medical term, but it refers to the leaves of the plant Nicotiana tabacum that are dried and fermented before being used in a variety of ways. Medically speaking, tobacco is often referred to in the context of its health effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "tobacco" can also refer to any product prepared from the leaf of the tobacco plant for smoking, sucking, chewing or snuffing.

Tobacco use is a major risk factor for a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and various other medical conditions. The smoke produced by burning tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Nicotine, one of the primary active constituents in tobacco, is highly addictive and can lead to dependence.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after normal expiration during quiet breathing. It represents the sum of the residual volume (RV) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). The FRC is approximately 2.5-3.5 liters in a healthy adult. This volume of air serves to keep the alveoli open and maintain oxygenation during periods of quiet breathing, as well as providing a reservoir for additional ventilation during increased activity or exercise.

Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D, also known as SP-D or surfactant protein D, is a protein that belongs to the collectin family. It is produced by specialized cells called type II alveolar epithelial cells and is found in the lungs, where it plays an important role in maintaining lung homeostasis and host defense.

SP-D has several functions in the lungs, including:

1. Reducing surface tension: SP-D helps to reduce surface tension in the alveoli, which facilitates breathing by preventing the collapse of the lungs during expiration.
2. Host defense: SP-D plays a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing and binding to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This helps to neutralize and clear these microorganisms from the lungs.
3. Inflammation regulation: SP-D has anti-inflammatory properties and can help to regulate the immune response in the lungs. It does this by modulating the activation of immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils.
4. Tissue repair: SP-D may also play a role in tissue repair and remodeling in the lungs, although its exact mechanisms are not fully understood.

Abnormalities in SP-D have been implicated in several lung diseases, including respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and interstitial lung diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Spiritualism" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. It is a philosophical and religious movement that believes in the existence of spirits and communication with them. However, in the context of psychology and psychiatry, the term "spirituality" is sometimes used to refer to a person's sense of purpose, meaning, and connection to something greater than oneself, which can have an impact on their mental health and well-being.

If you are looking for information about spirituality in a medical context, I would be happy to help clarify or provide more information if you could provide more context or specify what you are interested in learning about.

Bronchioles are the smallest airways in the respiratory system that carry air into the lungs. They are branching tubes within the lungs that further divide and become smaller than bronchi, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. Bronchioles do not have cartilage in their walls, unlike larger bronchi, making them more flexible and able to adjust to changes in lung volume during breathing.

Exercise tolerance is a term used to describe the ability of an individual to perform physical activity or exercise without experiencing symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or undue fatigue. It is often used as a measure of cardiovascular fitness and can be assessed through various tests, such as a stress test or a six-minute walk test. Exercise intolerance may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease, lung disease, or deconditioning.

Airway resistance is a measure of the opposition to airflow during breathing, which is caused by the friction between the air and the walls of the respiratory tract. It is an important parameter in respiratory physiology because it can affect the work of breathing and gas exchange.

Airway resistance is usually expressed in units of cm H2O/L/s or Pa·s/m, and it can be measured during spontaneous breathing or during forced expiratory maneuvers, such as those used in pulmonary function testing. Increased airway resistance can result from a variety of conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Decreased airway resistance can be seen in conditions such as emphysema or after a successful bronchodilator treatment.

Serpin E2, also known as Neuroserpin, is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) superfamily. It is primarily expressed in neuronal cells and plays a crucial role in regulating tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. Serpin E2 helps to prevent excessive proteolytic activity, which can lead to neurodegeneration and other neurological disorders. Mutations in the SERPINE2 gene have been associated with certain forms of dementia and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a condition characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the walls of blood vessels in the brain.

Alveolar macrophages are a type of macrophage (a large phagocytic cell) that are found in the alveoli of the lungs. They play a crucial role in the immune defense system of the lungs by engulfing and destroying any foreign particles, such as dust, microorganisms, and pathogens, that enter the lungs through the process of inhalation. Alveolar macrophages also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to coordinate the immune response. They are important for maintaining the health and function of the lungs by removing debris and preventing infection.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Orbital diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the orbit, which is the bony cavity in the skull that contains the eye, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as eyelid swelling, protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, pain, and limited extraocular muscle movement.

Orbital diseases can be broadly classified into inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic (benign or malignant), vascular, traumatic, and congenital categories. Some examples of orbital diseases include:

* Orbital cellulitis: a bacterial or fungal infection that causes swelling and inflammation in the orbit
* Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
* Orbital tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the orbit, such as optic nerve gliomas, lacrimal gland tumors, and lymphomas
* Carotid-cavernous fistulas: abnormal connections between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus, leading to pulsatile proptosis and other symptoms
* Orbital fractures: breaks in the bones surrounding the orbit, often caused by trauma
* Congenital anomalies: structural abnormalities present at birth, such as craniofacial syndromes or dermoid cysts.

Proper diagnosis and management of orbital diseases require a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, radiologists, and other specialists.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Papain is defined as a proteolytic enzyme that is derived from the latex of the papaya tree (Carica papaya). It has the ability to break down other proteins into smaller peptides or individual amino acids. Papain is widely used in various industries, including the food industry for tenderizing meat and brewing beer, as well as in the medical field for its digestive and anti-inflammatory properties.

In medicine, papain is sometimes used topically to help heal burns, wounds, and skin ulcers. It can also be taken orally to treat indigestion, parasitic infections, and other gastrointestinal disorders. However, its use as a medical treatment is not widely accepted and more research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy.

"Bronchi" are a pair of airways in the respiratory system that branch off from the trachea (windpipe) and lead to the lungs. They are responsible for delivering oxygen-rich air to the lungs and removing carbon dioxide during exhalation. The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left, and they further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles within the lungs. Any abnormalities or diseases affecting the bronchi can impact lung function and overall respiratory health.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a medical procedure in which a small amount of fluid is introduced into a segment of the lung and then gently suctioned back out. The fluid contains cells and other materials that can be analyzed to help diagnose various lung conditions, such as inflammation, infection, or cancer.

The procedure is typically performed during bronchoscopy, which involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end through the nose or mouth and into the lungs. Once the bronchoscope is in place, a small catheter is passed through the bronchoscope and into the desired lung segment. The fluid is then introduced and suctioned back out, and the sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis.

BAL can be helpful in diagnosing various conditions such as pneumonia, interstitial lung diseases, alveolar proteinosis, and some types of cancer. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for certain lung conditions. However, like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including bleeding, infection, and respiratory distress. Therefore, it is important that the procedure is performed by a qualified healthcare professional in a controlled setting.

... focal emphysema, and Ritalin lung. Centrilobular emphysema, also called centriacinar emphysema, affects the centre of a ... Orbital emphysema is the trapping of air in the orbit; a type of this is palpebral emphysema that affects just the eyelids. The ... Panlobular emphysema, also called panacinar emphysema, affects all of the alveoli in a lobule, and can involve the whole lung ... Focal emphysema is a localized region of emphysema in the lung that is larger than alveoli, and often associated with ...
... namely palpebral emphysema, true orbital emphysema, and orbitopalpebral emphysema. Palpebral emphysema refers to emphysema of ... There are three kinds of orbital emphysema including palpebral emphysema, true orbital emphysema, and orbitopalpebral emphysema ... Orbital emphysema on its own is a mild and self-limiting disease. The majority of cases of orbital emphysema are self-resolving ... There are four stages of orbital emphysema. Stage I orbital emphysema can only be diagnosed with radiological films. There is ...
... is also considered a hallmark of Fournier gangrene. Symptoms of subcutaneous emphysema can result when ... When the condition is caused by surgery it is called surgical emphysema. The term spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema is used ... the subcutaneous emphysema will usually clear. However, spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema can, in rare cases, progress to a ... Thus subcutaneous emphysema is often a sign that something is wrong with a chest tube; it may be clogged, clamped, or out of ...
... (PIE) is a collection of air outside of the normal air space of the pulmonary alveoli, found ... Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is a concern in any of the following: Prematurity Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) ... Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is more frequent in premature infants who require mechanical ventilation for severe lung ... Yu VY, Wong PY, Bajuk B, Szymonowicz W (1986). "Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in infants less than 1000 g at birth". Aust ...
... (CPFE), describes a medical syndrome involving both pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema ... Wand, O; Kramer, MR (January 2018). "The Syndrome of Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema - CPFE". Harefuah. 157 (1): 28- ... Jankowich, MD; Rounds, SI (January 2012). "Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome: a review". Chest. 141 (1): 222- ... Cottin, V; Cordier JF (June 2005). "Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: an experimental and clinically relevant ...
"Emphysema". Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Retrieved 16 November 2021. Donato, Leslie ... It is currently recommended that patients begin augmentation therapy only after the onset of emphysema symptoms. As of 2015 ... Individuals with A1AD may develop emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during their thirties or forties even ... three of the five patients were found to have developed emphysema at a young age.[citation needed] The link with liver disease ...
Whitfield, A. G. (1952). "Emphysema". British Medical Journal. 2 (4796): 1227-1232. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4796.1227. PMC 2022144. ...
It carries a number of risks of serious complications, including scrotal cellulitis and subcutaneous emphysema, and possibly ... Cock and ball torture Hydrocele Medical fetish Pneumoscrotum Sharma, T.; Kagan, H. (1980). "Scrotal emphysema". The American ... Bush, G.; Nixon, R. (1969). "Scrotal inflation: a new cause for subcutaneous, mediastinal and retroperitoneal emphysema". Henry ...
Also known as mediastinal emphysema to divers, pneumomediastinum is a volume of gas inside the mediastinum, the central cavity ... "Mediastinal emphysema". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 September 2022. Lindfors, O.H.; Räisänen- ... Lungs: There is a risk of pneumothorax, arterial gas embolism, and mediastinal and subcutaneous emphysema during ascent, which ... The resultant alveolar rupture can lead to pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and pneumomediastinum. ...
His publications cover over 60 topics related to chiropractic care, with titles such as Allergies, Asthma & Emphysema, Blood ... During 1998, Koren's fifty-four pamphlets included: "Allergies," "Are You Popping Pills?" "Asthma & Emphysema"...and "Why ...
José Manuel García León, Tabasco músician; pulmonary emphysema. August 31 - Nadia Stankovitch (93), Serbian-born Mexican ... emphysema. Alicia Rivas Lombera, high school theater teacher; cáncer. José Alberto Toledo Villalobos, anti-mining activist in ...
Sharma, T.; Kagan, H. (1980). "Scrotal emphysema". The American Surgeon. 46 (11): 652-653. PMID 7436145. Bush, G.; Nixon, R. ( ... 1969). "Scrotal inflation: a new cause for subcutaneous, mediastinal and retroperitoneal emphysema". Henry Ford Hospital ... piercing dysuria epididymitis epididymal hypertension spermatocele intracavernous injection hydrocele subcutaneous emphysema ...
... air or gas in the mediastinum Also called mediastinal emphysema or pneumatosis/emphysema of the mediastinum Pneumoperitoneum ( ... Subcutaneous emphysema is found in the deepest layer of the skin. Emphysematous cystitis is a condition of gas in the bladder ... In the lungs, emphysema involves enlargement of the distal airspaces, and is a major feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary ... Pneumoperitoneum (or peritoneal emphysema) is air or gas in the abdominal cavity, and is most commonly caused by ...
... and emphysema. Patients may also require additional oxygen during acute exacerbations. Oxygen may also be prescribed for ... emphysema). In these instances, oxygen therapy may decrease respiratory drive, leading to accumulation of carbon dioxide ( ...
... em emphysema; es eggshell calcification of hilar lymph node; fr rib fracture(s); hi enlargement of non-calcified hilar nodes; ...
He had emphysema. 1969 - "America In Crisis" Charles Harbutt, Mitchel Levitas, Lee Jones and Magnum Photos, Holt, Rinehart, and ...
Complications from emphysema. June 24 - Gad Beck, German, last known gay Jewish Holocaust survivor. Unknown causes at a ...
... emphysema).)[citation needed] The 1851 invention by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) of the ophthalmoscope, which allowed ...
Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1939, 64: 1-21. (Articles with short ... Hamman's syndrome, also known as Macklin's syndrome, is a syndrome of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema (air in the ... "Spontaneous mediastinal emphysema: hamman's syndrome". Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn. 64 (1): 44-6. PMID 1155902. Majer S, Graber P ( ...
She suffered from emphysema. Grimes, William (March 9, 2010). "Nan Martin, an Actress Known for Her Strong Roles, Dies at 82". ... Deaths from emphysema, People from Decatur, Illinois, 21st-century American women). ...
Dorothy Provine, 75, American actress, (It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, That Darn Cat!, The Great Race), emphysema. Susan Reed ... Kelly Moran, 49, American motorcycle speedway racer, complications from emphysema. Abubakar Rimi, 70, Nigerian politician. Shio ...
1807). Observations on emphysema; or, The disease which arises from an effusion of air into the cavity of the thorax, or ...
"Lung transplantation for emphysema". Annals of Translational Medicine. 8 (21): 1473. doi:10.21037/atm-20-805. PMC 7723607. PMID ... including emphysema; 16% idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; 14% cystic fibrosis; 12% idiopathic (formerly known as "primary") ...
Clute, John (31 October 2005). "Excessive Candour: Prometheus Emphysema". SciFi.com. Archived from the original on 7 January ... ", "Prometheus Emphysema", "An empty bottle. An empty mind. An empty book", "Book of the Mouth", and "Mage Sh*t". Clute has ...
She died of emphysema. In 2007 the inaugural Margaret Scott Prize for best book by a Tasmanian author was awarded as one of the ...
He died of emphysema. He studied with Nate Leipzig, creating the bell and bowl routine and elaborating the Chinese Sticks ...
Close died of emphysema on March 4, 1999, at the Illinois Masonic Hospital (now the Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center) ... Deaths from emphysema, 20th-century American male actors). ... The cause was emphysema ... "United States Social Security ...
Robert Q. Lewis, 70, American television personality (What's My Line?) and actor, pulmonary emphysema. Artur Lundkvist, 85, ...
Reynolds died of emphysema.[citation needed] "Television Magazine, July 1952, page 18" (PDF). "The Economics of Making TV Films ...
"Emphysema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology". 26 March 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020. "Asthma". The Lecturio Medical Concept ... COPD includes symptoms of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The bronchi are the main passages to the right and left lungs. ...
Percent of adults who have ever been diagnosed with COPD, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis: 4.6% (2022) ... emphysema and other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including chronic obstructive asthma) [PDF - 830 KB] ...
... focal emphysema, and Ritalin lung. Centrilobular emphysema, also called centriacinar emphysema, affects the centre of a ... Orbital emphysema is the trapping of air in the orbit; a type of this is palpebral emphysema that affects just the eyelids. The ... Panlobular emphysema, also called panacinar emphysema, affects all of the alveoli in a lobule, and can involve the whole lung ... Focal emphysema is a localized region of emphysema in the lung that is larger than alveoli, and often associated with ...
... emphysema occurs when air gets into tissues under the skin. This most often occurs in the skin covering the chest or neck, but ... emphysema occurs when air gets into tissues under the skin. This most often occurs in the skin covering the chest or neck, but ... Subcutaneous emphysema can often be seen as a smooth bulging of the skin. When a health care provider feels (palpates) the skin ... Subcutaneous (under the skin) emphysema occurs when air gets into tissues under the skin. This most often occurs in the skin ...
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are airflow-limited states contained within the disease state known as chronic obstructive ... Emphysema. Gross pathology of bullous emphysema shows bullae on the surface of the lungs. View Media Gallery ... Emphysema. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) can be used to evaluate the prognosis in patients with emphysema. The ... Emphysema. A flow-volume curve of lungs with emphysema shows a marked decrease in expiratory flows, hyperinflation, and air ...
Emphysema may be one of them, but there isnt sufficient research. ... Your Guide to Obstructive Emphysema and Its Treatments. Obstructive emphysema is often caused by cigarette smoking, and many ... include emphysema and chronic bronchitis. . In 2018, COPD was the fourth leading cause of death. in the United States. ... Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the little air sacs in the lungs (called alveoli) ...
Advanced emphysema is when you reach the severe stage, which includes trouble breathing and reduced quality of life. ... Signs and symptoms of advanced emphysema. The signs and symptoms of advanced emphysema can vary among individuals, but common ... Your Guide to Obstructive Emphysema and Its Treatments. Obstructive emphysema is often caused by cigarette smoking, and many ... Advanced emphysema is a severe type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the air sacs (alveoli) in the ...
We live, work and play right here in the Tennessee Valley. We are your neighbors. We celebrate community and we tell your stories. We are the most trusted source for local news. ...
... and find out what causes emphysema as well as how it is diagnosed and treated. ... Learn more about emphysema, a form of chronic pulmonary disease (COPD), ... Diagnosing emphysema. Doctors use a variety of tests to diagnose emphysema.. One of the best COPD diagnostic tools is a lung ... Emphysema Symptoms and Diagnosis. The symptoms of emphysema and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) develop ...
Emphysema, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, affects the walls of the millions of tiny air sacs in the ... Our approach to emphysema. UCSF offers comprehensive evaluations and care for all types of COPD. When treating emphysema, we ... Emphysema, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, affects the walls of the millions of tiny air sacs in the ... Patients with emphysema caused by an alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency may be given infusions of AAT to help slow the ...
What about emphysema, in which he stated yes you have it. This is the part that I dont understand. Is the Dr. saying this ... I suspect your doctor may believe that anyone who smokes is bound to have emphysema and that is largely true if he based the ... In that case the doctors statement on emphysema will have served as a valuable wake-up call. Good luck ... But that does not mean that you have clinically significant emphysema, with lung destruction, of a degree to alter your ...
Emphysema can be stressful. Therapists, support groups, and family members and friends can provide support. Relaxation methods ... Emphysema can be stressful. Therapists, support groups, and family members and friends can provide support. Relaxation methods ... Excess weight causes the lungs and heart to work harder, which they are already doing because of emphysema. For some people, ... Excess weight causes the lungs and heart to work harder, which they are already doing because of emphysema. For some people, ...
Pedigrees of telomere syndrome cases with emphysema. (A) Pedigrees of emphysema cases with telomere defects and their relatives ... The evidence we document in human emphysema is compelling because short telomeres are a determinant of emphysema susceptibility ... the emphysema cases were predominantly female, with all the female smokers (6 of 6, 100%) developing either emphysema alone (n ... Telomerase mutations in smokers with severe emphysema. Susan E. Stanley,1,2 Julian J.L. Chen,3 Joshua D. Podlevsky,3 Jonathan K ...
Nocturnal deaths among patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289 :878 doi:10.1136/bmj. ... Nocturnal deaths among patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema.. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289 doi: https://doi.org/ ...
Researchers have discovered a new gene therapy that may prevent the progression of emphysema. The study describes a method to ... "The progression of emphysema in mice exposed to elastase was significantly improved by the gene therapy as evidenced by ... Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency is the most common inherited form of emphysema seen in young people due to a mutation in the ... Amelioration of emphysema in mice through lentiviral transduction of long-lived pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Journal of ...
Endobronchial-valve treatment for advanced heterogeneous emphysema induced modest improvements in lung function, exercise ... A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 23;363(13):1233-44. doi: 10.1056/ ... Methods: We compared the safety and efficacy of endobronchial-valve therapy in patients with heterogeneous emphysema versus ... Greater radiographic evidence of emphysema heterogeneity and fissure completeness was associated with an enhanced response to ...
Broncus Techs Emphysema Treatment Showing Promise. October 10th, 2007 Medgadget Editors Thoracic Surgery ... the clinical hallmarks of emphysema/COPD) by making new pathways for trapped air to exit the lungs. During the minimally ... has announced positive results in a study of their proprietary airway bypass procedure for people with emphysema. ...
... were associated with reduced total lung capacity and a lesser amount of emphysema. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health ... Lung volumes and emphysema in smokers with interstitial lung abnormalities N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 10;364(10):897-906. doi: ... The degree to which interstitial lung abnormalities are associated with reduced total lung capacity and the extent of emphysema ... Background: Cigarette smoking is associated with emphysema and radiographic interstitial lung abnormalities. ...
In families, emphysema showed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, along with pulmonary fibrosis and other telomere ... Here, we tested whether telomerase mutations are a risk factor for human emphysema by examining their frequency in smokers with ... cause familial pulmonary fibrosis; however, in telomerase-null mice, short telomeres predispose to emphysema after chronic ... Telomerase mutation carriers with emphysema were predominantly female and had an increased incidence of pneumothorax. ...
Hi Are there any problems travelling by air with emphysema, I am not on oxyge ... What does emphysema feel like to you? Does it feel like this? ... Hi Are there any problems travelling by air with emphysema, I ...
I saw the radiologists report yesterday, and on it, it said possible mild emphysema of the lung apices. Im freaking out! I ... but at the same time I dont want to risk surgery if I have emphysema either. Ive been terrified, since I read that report, ... Is it possible its not emphysema at all but something else, or nothing at all? Also, why wouldnt my thyroid surgeon make any ... but just seeing the words possible emphysema has me broken, and I dont know where else to go. Please, any guidance anyone ...
... Review publications at Sutter Health. ... Effect of endobronchial coils vs usual care on exercise tolerance in patients with severe emphysema: the RENEW randomized ... Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with emphysema and severe hyperinflation treated for 12 months, the use of ... Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized clinical trial conducted among 315 patients with emphysema and severe air ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
... Review publications at Sutter Health. ... A multicenter RCT of Zephyr® Endobronchial Valve treatment in heterogeneous emphysema (LIBERATE).. ... To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Zephyr EBV in heterogeneous emphysema with little to no collateral ventilation (CV ...
I am on Advair and Proair for emphysema. I also take metoprolol for high blood pressure. My dads second cousin passed away ... Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive loss of lung tissue, leading to larger and larger holes in the ... Roach: Peanut butter can help people with emphysema. Dear Dr. Roach: I am a 46-year-old man, nonsmoker, who has worked in ... At my age, is it more likely that I have hereditary low alpha-1 antitrypsin, or did I get my emphysema from working in ...
Pulmonary emphysema is identified by marked overdistention of alveoli along with destruction of supporting alveolar and ... Pulmonary emphysema is one of the two conditions under the umbrella term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with the ...
Emphysema is a lung disease that gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli). Over time, the sacs weaken and rupture, resulting in ... Emphysema is a lung disease that gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli). Over time, the sacs weaken and rupture, resulting in ... Because emphysema is a progressive disease, the nursing role is crucial in long-term support. Nurses can deliver interventions ... Emphysema may occur with chronic bronchitis, which is inflammation of the bronchioles. Both conditions occur under the umbrella ...
Emphysema. Emphysema a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs. The most common symptom of emphysema is shortness of breath ... Emphysema. Pulmonary edema and emphysema are both conditions that affect the lungs. Pulmonary edema is an excess collection of ... Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).. A shared symptom of pulmonary edema and emphysema is ... Emphysema is a chronic, progressive lung disease in which the lung tissue involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide ...
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery for Emphysema Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory ... Roughly one-quarter of the books content is dedicated to nonsurgical aspects of emphysema, i.e. its pathology, the physiology ... However, I miss in this volume a good overview on past attempts to improve the function of patients with emphysema by ... Lung Volume Reduction Surgery for Emphysema Lung Biology in Health and Disease Volume 184 Clinical Tuberculosis 3rd Edition. ...
"Not everyone who smokes gets emphysema or the same type of emphysema," said Wissam Chatila, MD, lead author and associate ... Along with an understanding of how severe emphysema develops, the work may also aid in shaping antismoking policies and smoking ... Although African Americans smoke fewer cigarettes and inhale them less deeply than Caucasians, they contract emphysema at an ... also offers evidence of biological differences in the distribution of emphysema and the severity of lung destruction between ...
Our emphysema/COPD sections has potential treatment approaches from a variety of angles. ... properly prescribed is well understood to slow/halt the progression of emphysema/copd. Treatment has to be tailored directly to ...
  • When associated with significant airflow limitation, emphysema is a major subtype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. (wikipedia.org)
  • Without COPD, the finding of emphysema on a CT lung scan still confers a higher mortality risk in tobacco smokers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are airflow-limited states contained within the disease state known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) . (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Just as asthma is no longer grouped with COPD, the current definition of COPD put forth by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) also no longer distinguishes between emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Clinically, the term emphysema is used interchangeably with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. (medscape.com)
  • Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD ) in which the little air sacs in the lungs (called alveoli) are inflated, making it harder to breathe. (healthline.com)
  • Types of COPD include emphysema and chronic bronchitis . (healthline.com)
  • Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. (healthline.com)
  • Advanced emphysema is a severe type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which the air sacs ( alveoli ) in the lungs lose their elasticity, causing severe damage. (healthline.com)
  • Emphysema belongs to a group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (upmc.com)
  • The symptoms of emphysema and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) develop slowly. (upmc.com)
  • You are wise to proceed with pulmonary function testing as that is the "gold standard" for establishing the diagnosis of emphysema/COPD. (medhelp.org)
  • Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of lung conditions that cause permanent blockage of airflow in the lungs. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Endobronchial-valve treatment for advanced heterogeneous emphysema induced modest improvements in lung function, exercise tolerance, and symptoms at the cost of more frequent exacerbations of COPD, pneumonia, and hemoptysis after implantation. (nih.gov)
  • Airway bypass is a catheter-based bronchoscopic procedure designed to reduce lung hyperinflation and improve breathlessness (the clinical hallmarks of emphysema/COPD) by making new pathways for trapped air to exit the lungs. (medgadget.com)
  • Here, we tested whether telomerase mutations are a risk factor for human emphysema by examining their frequency in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (jci.org)
  • Llame al 866.731.COPD (2673) y presione 9 para hablar en español con un paciente o cuidador. (copdfoundation.org)
  • Roughly one-quarter of the books content is dedicated to nonsurgical aspects of emphysema, i.e. its pathology, the physiology of airflow limitation, the epidemiology of COPD and the medical treatment of this devastating condition, namely pharmacotherapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. (ersjournals.com)
  • Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Yes, acupuncture coupled with Chinese Medicine (i.e. herbal formulas) properly prescribed is well understood to slow/halt the progression of emphysema/copd. (yinyanghouse.com)
  • Our emphysema/COPD sections has potential treatment approaches from a variety of angles. (yinyanghouse.com)
  • Emphysema is the destruction and deterioration of the lung and it belongs to a family of related diseases known as 'Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease' (COPD), chronic obstructive airways disease and chronic bronchitis being the others). (bettercaring.com)
  • Approximately 835,000 people in the UK have been diagnosed with emphysema or other COPD and there are probably a further 2 million people who remain un-diagnosed. (bettercaring.com)
  • COPD includes both damage to the bronchial tubes (airway disease) and emphysema. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The COPD and Emphysema Program at the Brigham and Women's Hospital Lung Center provides comprehensive diagnostic testing and treatment for men and women with COPD. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • What Are COPD and Emphysema? (mountsinai.org)
  • Many people who have COPD also have emphysema or chronic bronchitis. (mountsinai.org)
  • Emphysema, which is a common form of COPD, is a chronic lung condition in which the tiny air sacs that normally expand and contract as you breathe are destroyed making it difficult to move air in and out of the lungs. (mountsinai.org)
  • The pulmonologists at Mount Sinai are highly skilled in the screening and diagnosis of COPD and emphysema, and they are nationally recognized experts in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. (mountsinai.org)
  • and Qingsheng Chen, M.D., have demonstrated that these genes, which are known to cause inflammation, also cause pulmonary emphysema similar to the kind seen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (yale.edu)
  • BOSTON - Researchers from the Center for Regenerative Medicine at Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine used variants of CRISPR to understand the functions of the genes that cause emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (bmc.org)
  • COPD and emphysema is the third leading cause of death worldwide, creating a significant burden of disease. (bmc.org)
  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated variants in or near a growing number of genes, but understanding their functions and how they potentially contribute to the development of COPD and emphysema is quite limited. (bmc.org)
  • There have been no new significant pharmacological agents developed to help treat the large number of patients afflicted with COPD or emphysema worldwide," says Rhiannon Werder, MD, a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Regenerative Medicine at Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine. (bmc.org)
  • Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is characterised by the destruction and enlargement of air sacs within the lungs, which results in decreased lung elasticity. (olympus.co.uk)
  • Go to Emphysema and Emergent Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
  • The Bmp4-Smad-Hoxa5/Acvr2a signaling pathway may be involved in COPD / emphysema occurrence and development. (bvsalud.org)
  • COPD is characterized by emphysema, mucus hypersecretion, and persistent lung inflammation, and clinically by chronic airflow obstruction and symptoms of dyspnea, cough, and fatigue in patients. (cdc.gov)
  • A cluster of pathologies including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and cardiovascular disease in the form of hypertension and atherosclerosis variably coexist in COPD patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Wheaton] COPD is a group of respiratory conditions, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which make it hard to breathe. (cdc.gov)
  • Most commonly emphysema refers to the enlargement of air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs, and is also known as pulmonary emphysema. (wikipedia.org)
  • Emphysema is a lower respiratory tract disease, characterised by enlarged air-filled spaces in the lungs, that can vary in size and may be very large. (wikipedia.org)
  • A sign of emphysema in smokers is the finding of a higher number of alveolar macrophages sampled from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although asbestos exposure is known to affect the lungs, research is limited on the relationship between asbestos and emphysema. (healthline.com)
  • In advanced emphysema, the lungs' air sacs are severely damaged, resulting in persistent shortness of breath and reduced quality of life. (healthline.com)
  • These images help doctors see any structural changes in the lungs caused by emphysema, such as larger air spaces or damage to lung tissue. (healthline.com)
  • Use a stethoscope to listen to your lungs as you breathe, but sometimes lungs sound normal even in people who have emphysema. (upmc.com)
  • While these can prove helpful, lungs may look normal even with emphysema present, especially with an x-ray image. (upmc.com)
  • Emphysema, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, affects the walls of the millions of tiny air sacs in the lungs, which become inflamed and lose elasticity, causing the bronchioles to collapse. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Quitting smoking is also essential for patients with emphysema, since continuing to use tobacco will only further damage the lungs. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Inhaled as aerosol sprays or taken orally, bronchodilator medications may help to relieve symptoms of emphysema by relaxing and opening the air passages in the lungs. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Excess weight causes the lungs and heart to work harder, which they are already doing because of emphysema. (denverhealth.org)
  • Complications related to emphysema may include pneumothorax , cor pulmonale, and large holes (bullae) in the lungs. (nursetogether.com)
  • Pulmonary edema and emphysema are both conditions that affect the lungs . (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Because emphysema expands the lungs and kills off cells, lung reduction surgery removes dead lung tissue and improves the breathing quality and lung capacity of the sufferer. (bettercaring.com)
  • EMPHYSEMA is swelling and destruction of the sacs in the lungs, usually brought on by airborne pollution (for instance, tobacco smoke, including secondary smoke, smog, and prolonged inhalation of dusts - such as lint from synthetic fibers from bedding, clothing, carpets and rugs, and coal dust). (wewant2live.com)
  • Inhaled toxic vapors, such as those found in cigarette smoke, can lead to the development of emphysema, an irreversible disease that jeopardizes the lungs' ability to function. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In emphysema, the inner walls of the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture. (draftlessig.org)
  • Conclusions: Concordance of CTand 3He MR imaging measurements in unfixed and inflation-fixed lungs supports the use of inflation-fixed lungs for quantitative imaging studies in emphysema. (monash.edu)
  • In addition to lung cancer, tobacco use causes emphysema, a swelling and rupturing of the lung's air sacs that reduces the lungs' capacity to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. (who.int)
  • The experts at the UPMC Esophageal and Lung Surgery Institute also provide surgical options for people with emphysema. (upmc.com)
  • Some people with emphysema may have areas of the lung that are more affected than others. (upmc.com)
  • This allows for easier breathing and helps people with emphysema enjoy a better quality of life. (upmc.com)
  • Broncus Technologies , Inc, a Mountain View, California company, has announced positive results in a study of their proprietary airway bypass procedure for people with emphysema. (medgadget.com)
  • In medical school, my professor quipped that for every 100 people with emphysema, 90 of them are smokers, one has alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and nine of them are lying. (timescolonist.com)
  • Treatment options are limited for people with emphysema who have severe symptoms that have not improved from taking medicines. (uscopdcoalition.org)
  • Most of the conditions that cause subcutaneous emphysema are severe, and you are likely already being treated by a provider. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Advanced emphysema can cause symptoms that significantly affect your daily life, such as severe shortness of breath, even with minimal exertion and reduced exercise. (healthline.com)
  • The severe stage is the final stage of emphysema. (healthline.com)
  • As far as diet goes, there are usually no restrictions, although I have seen people with very severe emphysema improve a bit by adding a few tablespoons of peanut butter daily. (timescolonist.com)
  • People with severe emphysema also tend to get thin, so a few extra calories are often helpful. (timescolonist.com)
  • Endobronchial coils in severe emphysema: RENEW trial. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Effect of endobronchial coils vs usual care on exercise tolerance in patients with severe emphysema: the RENEW randomized clinical trial. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Importance: Preliminary clinical trials have demonstrated that endobronchial coils compress emphysematous lung tissue and may improve lung function, exercise tolerance, and symptoms in patients with emphysema and severe lung hyperinflation. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized clinical trial conducted among 315 patients with emphysema and severe air trapping recruited from 21 North American and 5 European sites from December 2012 through November 2015. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with emphysema and severe hyperinflation treated for 12 months, the use of endobronchial coils compared with usual care resulted in an improvement in median exercise tolerance that was modest and of uncertain clinical importance, with a higher likelihood of major complications. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS(, reintroduced by Joel Cooper in 1995, has become an important therapeutic option for patients suffering from severe pulmonary emphysema, particularly in an age group where lung transplantation is no longer an alternative. (ersjournals.com)
  • Along with an understanding of how severe emphysema develops, the work may also aid in shaping antismoking policies and smoking cessation programs that specifically target African Americans. (rtmagazine.com)
  • To address this need, Olympus offers the Spiration Valve System (SVS) - A Proven Concept in Severe Emphysema. (olympus.co.uk)
  • SeleCT is a quantitative CT analysis service that provides you with precise quantitative measures of lung parenchyma in patients with severe emphysema who may be suitable for bronchial valve treatment. (olympus.co.uk)
  • The EMPROVE clinical trial demonstrated lung volume reduction with SVS valves is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with severe emphysema. (olympus.co.uk)
  • The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has announced that it has approved the Zephyr Breathing Valve, a device designed to help alleviate breathing difficulty for patients suffering from severe emphysema. (uscopdcoalition.org)
  • In the moderately severe and severe forms of emphysema, the patient is likely to be hypoxemic and hypercarbic (respiratory acidosis). (draftlessig.org)
  • Pink puffers have severe emphysema, and characteristically are thin and free of signs of right heart failure. (draftlessig.org)
  • There are four stages of emphysema: at-risk, mild emphysema, moderate emphysema, and severe emphysema. (draftlessig.org)
  • Emphysema is separated into four stages: at-risk, mild emphysema, moderate emphysema, and severe emphysema. (draftlessig.org)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is more frequent in premature infants who require mechanical ventilation for severe lung disease. (medscape.com)
  • Emphysema is a lung disease that gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli). (nursetogether.com)
  • In a healthy lung, these would be elastic and able to expand when they fill with air, but in a lung riddled with emphysema the alveoli are enlarged and soak up less air. (bettercaring.com)
  • Emphysema destroys the alveoli and the alveolar ducts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Emphysema destroys the walls between the alveoli. (draftlessig.org)
  • This fluid may obstruct the movement of gas from ruptured alveoli or airways to the mediastinum, causing an increase of pulmonary interstitial emphysema. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is leakage of air from alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium, lymphatics, or subpleural space. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The shortness of breath caused by emphysema can increase over time and develop into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • A person with emphysema will have shortness of breath - during physical activity and, when the condition is more advanced, also during rest. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • A shared symptom of pulmonary edema and emphysema is shortness of breath. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • As well as a shortness of breath, other common signs of emphysema include coughing and wheezing. (bettercaring.com)
  • Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. (draftlessig.org)
  • When emphysema worsens, your air sacs - normally spherical in shape - contort into large, irregular pockets. (upmc.com)
  • Over time, emphysema destroys the elastic fibers that hold the bronchioles (tiny airways that lead to the air sacs) open. (upmc.com)
  • Several reasons contribute to the development of emphysema, but the biggest is cigarette smoking. (bettercaring.com)
  • The first study, published in the November issue of The Journal of Clinical Investigation , highlighted the potential importance of IL-13 in the development of emphysema and in the exaggerated mucus production seen in these disorders. (yale.edu)
  • Emphysema is a respiratory disease of the lower respiratory tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • Centrilobular emphysema, also called centriacinar emphysema, affects the centre of a pulmonary lobule (centrilobular) in the lung, the area around the terminal bronchiole and the first respiratory bronchiole, and can be seen on imaging as an area around the tip of the visible pulmonary artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ESI is a novel clinical marker of emphysema severity that is associated with respiratory death specifically. (lu.se)
  • We report a case of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum that presented postoperatively after tracheal extubation. (annals.edu.sg)
  • Chest X-ray revealed diffuse subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and possible pneumopericardium. (annals.edu.sg)
  • I suspect your doctor may believe that anyone who smokes is bound to have emphysema and that is largely true if he based the remark on the likelihood that all or most smokers will have microscopic emphysema. (medhelp.org)
  • In smokers, interstitial lung abnormalities--which were present on about 1 of every 12 HRCT scans--were associated with reduced total lung capacity and a lesser amount of emphysema. (nih.gov)
  • In families, emphysema showed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, along with pulmonary fibrosis and other telomere syndrome features, but manifested only in smokers. (jci.org)
  • In addition to the 3.5 years lost due to smoking, current smokers in stage 1 and stage 2 emphysema lose 0.3 and 2.2 years respectively. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Early symptoms of emphysema may vary from person to person. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since these symptoms could also relate to other lung conditions or other health problems, emphysema is often under diagnosed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The treatment of advanced emphysema aims to relieve symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve overall quality of life. (healthline.com)
  • When treating emphysema, we aim to ease symptoms, slow progression of the disease and prevent complications. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • In making a diagnosis of emphysema, your doctor will start by conducting a thorough medical examination, recording your medical history and asking about any symptoms you are experiencing. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • The goal of therapy for emphysema is to provide relief of symptoms, prevent complications and slow the progression of the disease. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Inhaled as an aerosol spray, steroids can help relieve symptoms of emphysema associated with asthma and bronchitis. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • I need this surgery, as I have compressive, swallowing, and hyperthyroid symptoms that have greatly affected my quality of life, but at the same time I don't want to risk surgery if I have emphysema either. (copdfoundation.org)
  • There is no cure for emphysema, but the symptoms can be managed through medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, surgery, and smoking cessation. (nursetogether.com)
  • Cigarette smoking is associated with emphysema and radiographic interstitial lung abnormalities. (nih.gov)
  • The degree to which interstitial lung abnormalities are associated with reduced total lung capacity and the extent of emphysema is not known. (nih.gov)
  • We used linear and logistic regression to evaluate the associations between interstitial lung abnormalities and HRCT measurements of total lung capacity and emphysema. (nih.gov)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a collection of gases outside of the normal air passages and inside the connective tissue of the peribronchovascular sheaths, interlobular septa, and visceral pleura. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) is a radiographic and pathologic diagnosis (see image below and Workup). (medscape.com)
  • This radiograph, obtained from a premature infant at 26 weeks' gestation, shows characteristic radiographic changes of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) of the right lung. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is initiated when air ruptures from the alveolar airspace and small airways into the perivascular tissue of the lung. (medscape.com)
  • However, in extremely premature infants, pulmonary interstitial emphysema can occur at low mean airway pressure and probably reflects the underdeveloped lung's increased sensitivity to stretch. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema has been rarely reported in the absence of mechanical ventilation or continuous positive airway pressure. (medscape.com)
  • The air of pulmonary interstitial emphysema can be located inside the pulmonary lymphatic network. (medscape.com)
  • The extent of pulmonary interstitial emphysema can vary. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema does not preferentially localize in any one of the 5 pulmonary lobes. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema compresses adjacent functional lung tissue and vascular structures and hinders both ventilation and pulmonary blood flow, thus impeding oxygenation, ventilation, and blood pressure. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of advanced emphysema typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, lung function tests, and imaging studies. (healthline.com)
  • Also, a "normal" X-ray does not rule out the diagnosis of emphysema but makes it less likely. (medhelp.org)
  • Chest X-rays can help confirm a diagnosis of emphysema and rule out other lung conditions. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Improved Diagnosis of Pulmonary Emphysema Using In Vivo Dark-Field Radiography. (lu.se)
  • The purpose of this study was to assess whether the recently developed method of grating-based x-ray dark-field radiography can improve the diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema in vivo. (lu.se)
  • What blood gas analysis will correlate with the diagnosis of emphysema? (draftlessig.org)
  • A 2018 review of work on the effects of tobacco and cannabis smoking found that a possibly cumulative toxic effect could be a risk factor for developing emphysema, and spontaneous pneumothorax. (wikipedia.org)
  • Telomerase mutation carriers with emphysema were predominantly female and had an increased incidence of pneumothorax. (jci.org)
  • Although fibrosis is not a normal feature of these subtypes, repair strategies in end-stage emphysema may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • An entity known as combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) has been shown to exist in a subset of emphysematous patients. (medscape.com)
  • Rarely, a deficiency of the substance known as Alpha-1 antitrypsin can cause emphysema. (upmc.com)
  • In rare cases, the genetic disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency causes emphysema. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency is the most common inherited form of emphysema seen in young people due to a mutation in the Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin gene. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It was concluded that although the subcutaneous emphysema requires clinical follow-up daily, its regression usually occurs without complications. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nocturnal deaths among patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. (bmj.com)
  • Emphysema may occur with chronic bronchitis , which is inflammation of the bronchioles. (nursetogether.com)
  • However, chronic bronchitis and emphysema have been reported as a result of phosgene exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Greater radiographic evidence of emphysema heterogeneity and fissure completeness was associated with an enhanced response to treatment. (nih.gov)
  • however, in telomerase-null mice, short telomeres predispose to emphysema after chronic cigarette smoke exposure. (jci.org)
  • Using mice, the BUSM researchers discovered a system to deliver genes selectively to as many as 70 percent of a mouse lung's alveolar macrophages (AM), a key cell type contributing to emphysema. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Men are more likely to develop emphysema and family genes can also play a part. (bettercaring.com)
  • In separate studies, Yale researchers have demonstrated that the genes that code for interleuken-13 (IL-13) and gamma-interferon cause pulmonary emphysema. (yale.edu)
  • Emphysema is a complex genetic disease caused by a mutation or variant in a number of genes that contribute to making some individuals more susceptible to disease than others. (bmc.org)
  • So by understanding how GWAS genes affect type 2 cells, researchers can start to understand how these might contribute to diseases that affect these cells, like emphysema. (bmc.org)
  • Once type 2 cells were generated, researchers then used CRISPRi to turn off expression of nine different GWAS genes and analyzed them to see how the cells were affected, especially their ability to proliferate, something that they need to be able to do in response to injury like that which occurs in emphysema. (bmc.org)
  • I saw the radiologists report yesterday, and on it, it said possible mild emphysema of the lung apices. (copdfoundation.org)
  • The more you smoke, the more likely you are to develop emphysema. (upmc.com)
  • Only the first two types of emphysema - centrilobular and panlobular - are associated with significant airflow obstruction, with that of centrilobular emphysema around 20 times more common than panlobular. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, it has been shown and validated that presence and severity of emphysema on computed tomography could be estimated by a novel spirometry based index, the emphysema severity index (ESI). (lu.se)
  • Objective: To evaluate the use of inflation-fixed lung tissue for emphysema quantification with computed tomography (CT) and 3He magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion imaging. (monash.edu)
  • This genetic disease predisposes affected individuals to early emphysema and cirrhosis of the liver. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We saw different types of inflammation, differences in mucus production and different rates of emphysema development in the two different transgenic systems," said Elias. (yale.edu)
  • Endobronchial valves that allow air to escape from a pulmonary lobe but not enter it can induce a reduction in lobar volume that may thereby improve lung function and exercise tolerance in patients with pulmonary hyperinflation related to advanced emphysema. (nih.gov)
  • Emphysema usually affects the middle aged or older population because it takes time to develop with the effects of tobacco smoking, and other risk factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • My clinical experience since then has shown me that nonsmokers can indeed get emphysema - through second-hand tobacco smoke, occupational exposure and, in other countries, home-cooking-fire smoke. (timescolonist.com)
  • Tobacco smoke creates havoc in the lung cells, activates parts of the immune system that creates inflammation - which leads to life-shortening emphysema. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • To uncover the cause of tobacco- induced emphysema, they studied mice exposed to conditions that closely simulated how humans smoke. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • RNA Sequencing and Related Differential Gene Expression Analysis in a Mouse Model of Emphysema Induced by Tobacco Smoke Combined with Elastin Peptides. (bvsalud.org)
  • To establish a model of emphysema induced by tobacco smoke combined with elastin peptides (EP), explore the biochemical metabolic processes and signal transduction pathways related to emphysema occurrence and development at the transcriptional level, and identify new targets and signaling pathways for emphysema prevention and treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • We applied this novel approach to achieve sustained in vivo expression of normal human alpha-1 antitrypsin (hAAT) protein at levels able to ameliorate emphysema in mice," said senior author Darrell Kotton, MD, an associate professor of medicine and pathology and co-director, Center for Regenerative Medicine at BUSM. (sciencedaily.com)
  • At my age, is it more likely that I have hereditary low alpha-1 antitrypsin, or did I get my emphysema from working in factories? (timescolonist.com)
  • But that does not mean that you have clinically significant emphysema, with lung destruction, of a degree to alter your breathing. (medhelp.org)
  • Our studies demonstrate that IL-13 and gamma-interferon, gene products that regulate inflammation, can also trigger emphysema. (yale.edu)
  • The inflammation that drives emphysema could also drive cancer development. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • In the end, cigarettes affect your DNA, your genetics, and bring rise to conditions that cause inflammation and, as a result, emphysema. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • What is the life expectancy for someone with emphysema? (howstuffworks.com)
  • The life expectancy for someone with emphysema depends on many factors. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Life expectancy for 65-year-old men who have emphysema (the most likely age group) and who currently smoke depends on how far their emphysema has progressed. (howstuffworks.com)
  • There are also other factors that greatly contribute to the life expectancy of someone with emphysema. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Second, if you have other chronic conditions, such as HIV or connective tissue disorders in addition to emphysema, your life expectancy will be reduced. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The progression of emphysema in mice exposed to elastase was significantly improved by the gene therapy as evidenced by improvements in lung compliance and alveolar size," said Andrew Wilson, MD, lead author of the study and an assistant professor of medicine at BUSM. (sciencedaily.com)
  • After three months, these mice showed inflammatory signs that they were on the way to developing lung damage and emphysema. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • Mice that lacked this gene were resistant to emphysema. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • Emphysema was induced in mice eight weeks old, following a single instillation of 200 micrograms of HLE. (ersjournals.com)
  • these heparin fragments exerted no effect on emphysema induced by pancreatic elastase in hamsters or mice. (ersjournals.com)
  • EP group mice showed emphysema -like changes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Emphysema is pathologically defined as an abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by the destruction of alveolar walls and without obvious fibrosis. (medscape.com)
  • The study, which confirms findings from a smaller preliminary study published last year, also offers evidence of biological differences in the distribution of emphysema and the severity of lung destruction between African Americans and Caucasians, leading researchers to conclude that the mechanism underlying the disease might also vary between the races. (rtmagazine.com)
  • Emphysema is classified into three stages , which reflect the severity of lung dysfunction. (healthline.com)
  • The seriousness of the emphysema can be found by an arterial blood gas test, which looks at the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. (bettercaring.com)
  • Although treatment cannot reverse damage from emphysema, it may slow the progression of the disease. (upmc.com)
  • London's 'it' circles are teeming with oxygen masks as the new emphysema fashion craze is sweeping though the cool and the hip. (dailysquib.co.uk)
  • Now emphysema and walking around with an oxygen tank is the current craze of choice with the party set of Camden and Primrose Hill. (dailysquib.co.uk)
  • Emphysema is a chronic, progressive lung disease in which the lung tissue involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is damaged or destroyed. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • What Is the Treatment for Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema? (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Adequate knowledge of all aspects associated with subcutaneous emphysema is essential for the dentist to prevent its occurrence and adequate treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Researchers have discovered a new gene therapy that may prevent the progression of emphysema. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Researchers have assumed that emphysema develops when the activity of the proteases overwhelms the controlling capacity of the antiproteases. (yale.edu)
  • Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive loss of lung tissue, leading to larger and larger holes in the lung and reducing lung function. (timescolonist.com)
  • Emphysema is an irreversible degenerative condition, so once you get it you've got it for life. (dailysquib.co.uk)
  • Quitting smoking is crucial in managing emphysema and slowing disease progression. (healthline.com)
  • Because emphysema is a progressive disease, the nursing role is crucial in long-term support. (nursetogether.com)
  • LONDON - England - The fashion and music world has found a new disease, no not Amy Winehouse -- Emphysema. (dailysquib.co.uk)
  • As emphysema is a cumulative disease, a lifetime of smoking can greatly increase the chances of its development. (bettercaring.com)
  • No cure exists for emphysema, but there is one thing that can be done to reduce the chances of getting the disease - stop smoking . (bettercaring.com)
  • Not everyone who smokes gets emphysema or the same type of emphysema," said Wissam Chatila, MD, lead author and associate professor of medicine at Temple University School of Medicine and Hospital. (rtmagazine.com)
  • Chest X-rays or CT scans can confirm emphysema while ruling out other lung conditions. (nursetogether.com)
  • However, I miss in this volume a good overview on past attempts to improve the function of patients with emphysema by mechanical means, particularly a history of LVRS. (ersjournals.com)