A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle associated with abnormal prion proteins in the brain. Affected animals develop excitability and salivation followed by ATAXIA. This disorder has been associated with consumption of SCRAPIE infected ruminant derived protein. This condition may be transmitted to humans, where it is referred to as variant or new variant CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME. (Vet Rec 1998 Jul 25;143(41):101-5)
Small proteinaceous infectious particles which resist inactivation by procedures that modify NUCLEIC ACIDS and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. The abnormal (scrapie) isoform is PrPSc (PRPSC PROTEINS) and the cellular isoform PrPC (PRPC PROTEINS). The primary amino acid sequence of the two isoforms is identical. Human diseases caused by prions include CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; GERSTMANN-STRAUSSLER SYNDROME; and INSOMNIA, FATAL FAMILIAL.
Abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) resulting from a posttranslational modification of the cellular prion protein (PRPC PROTEINS). PrPSc are disease-specific proteins seen in certain human and animal neurodegenerative diseases (PRION DISEASES).
A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called PRIONS.
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
A group of genetic, infectious, or sporadic degenerative human and animal nervous system disorders associated with abnormal PRIONS. These diseases are characterized by conversion of the normal prion protein to an abnormal configuration via a post-translational process. In humans, these conditions generally feature DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and a fatal outcome. Pathologic features include a spongiform encephalopathy without evidence of inflammation. The older literature occasionally refers to these as unconventional SLOW VIRUS DISEASES. (From Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 Nov 10;95(23):13363-83)
Normal cellular isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS) encoded by a chromosomal gene and found in normal and scrapie-infected brain tissue, and other normal tissue. PrPC are protease-sensitive proteins whose function is unknown. Posttranslational modification of PrPC into PrPSC leads to infectivity.
A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease) of DEER and elk characterized by chronic weight loss leading to death. It is thought to spread by direct contact between animals or through environmental contamination with the prion protein (PRIONS).
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. THIAMINE DEFICIENCY and chronic ALCOHOLISM are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of keratin, and of other proteins with subtilisin-like specificity. It hydrolyses peptide amides. Endopeptidase K is from the mold Tritirachium album Limber. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.64.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
The family Cervidae of 17 genera and 45 species occurring nearly throughout North America, South America, and Eurasia, on most associated continental islands, and in northern Africa. Wild populations of deer have been established through introduction by people in Cuba, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, and other places where the family does not naturally occur. They are slim, long-legged and best characterized by the presence of antlers. Their habitat is forests, swamps, brush country, deserts, and arctic tundra. They are usually good swimmers; some migrate seasonally. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1362)
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
The amount time between exposure to an infectious agent and becoming symptomatic.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
A genus of long-legged, swift-moving felines (FELIDAE) from Africa (and formerly Asia) about the size of a small leopard.
A prion disease found exclusively among the Fore linguistic group natives of the highlands of NEW GUINEA. The illness is primarily restricted to adult females and children of both sexes. It is marked by the subacute onset of tremor and ataxia followed by motor weakness and incontinence. Death occurs within 3-6 months of disease onset. The condition is associated with ritual cannibalism, and has become rare since this practice has been discontinued. Pathologic features include a noninflammatory loss of neurons that is most prominent in the cerebellum, glial proliferation, and amyloid plaques. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p773)
'Zoo animals' are various species of captive wild animals, housed and displayed in a facility for the purpose of public education, conservation, research, and recreation.
Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).
Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.
Brain dysfunction or damage resulting from sustained MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION. When BLOOD PRESSURE exceeds the limits of cerebral autoregulation, cerebral blood flow is impaired (BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING; SEIZURES; altered mental status (in some cases progressing to COMA); PAPILLEDEMA; and RETINAL HEMORRHAGE.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.
Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Protease-resistant core of PrPSC, the abnormal isoform of prion proteins (PRIONS). PrP 27-30 is produced by limited proteolysis of the N-terminus of PrPSc.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Inoculation of a series of animals or in vitro tissue with an infectious bacterium or virus, as in VIRULENCE studies and the development of vaccines.
The aggregate enterprise of technically producing packaged meat.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Acquired or inborn metabolic diseases that produce brain dysfunction or damage. These include primary (i.e., disorders intrinsic to the brain) and secondary (i.e., extracranial) metabolic conditions that adversely affect cerebral function.
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
A genus of the family Muridae having three species. The present domesticated strains were developed from individuals brought from Syria. They are widely used in biomedical research.
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
Diseases of viral origin, characterized by incubation periods of months to years, insidious onset of clinical manifestations, and protracted clinical course. Though the disease process is protracted, viral multiplication may not be unusually slow. Conventional viruses produce slow virus diseases such as SUBACUTE SCLEROSING PANENCEPHALITIS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL), and AIDS. Diseases produced by unconventional agents were originally considered part of this group. They are now called PRION DISEASES.
Consumer Product Safety refers to the measures and regulations implemented to ensure household items, toys, and other consumer products are designed, manufactured, and distributed in a manner that minimizes risks of harm, injury, or death to consumers during normal use or foreseeable misuse.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.
A condition that is characterized by HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and visual loss with edema in the posterior aspects of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, such as the BRAIN STEM. Generally, lesions involve the white matter (nerve fibers) but occasionally the grey matter (nerve cell bodies).
A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.
The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
An autosomal dominant familial prion disease with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations including ATAXIA, spastic paraparesis, extrapyramidal signs, and DEMENTIA. Clinical onset is in the third to sixth decade of life and the mean duration of illness prior to death is five years. Several kindreds with variable clinical and pathologic features have been described. Pathologic features include cerebral prion protein amyloidosis, and spongiform or neurofibrillary degeneration. (From Brain Pathol 1998 Jul;8(3):499-513; Brain Pathol 1995 Jan;5(1):61-75)
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
A suborder of the order ARTIODACTYLA whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach, including the capacious RUMEN. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)
Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS and other associated syndromes in CATTLE.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Abnormally low BODY TEMPERATURE that is intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means. In humans, mild or moderate hypothermia has been used to reduce tissue damages, particularly after cardiac or spinal cord injuries and during subsequent surgeries.

Experimentally induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy did not transmit via goat embryos. (1/384)

Goats are susceptible to experimental challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This study set out to investigate whether the transmission of BSE could occur in goats following the transfer of embryos from experimentally infected donor females into uninfected recipient females. The results showed no evidence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy disease in any of the offspring which developed from embryos from infected donors, nor indeed in any of the recipient females used as surrogate dams. In addition, there was no indication of experimental BSE spreading as either a venereal infection to males used in mating or by maternal transmission to offspring born naturally to experimentally infected donors, although numbers were small.  (+info)

Estimation of the basic reproduction number of BSE: the intensity of transmission in British cattle. (2/384)

The basic reproduction number, R0, of an infectious agent is a key factor determining the rate of spread and the proportion of the host population affected. We formulate a general mathematical framework to describe the transmission dynamics of long incubation period diseases with complex pathogenesis. This is used to derive expressions for R0 of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in British cattle, and back-calculation methods are used to estimate R0 throughout the time-course of the BSE epidemic. We show that the 1988 meat and bonemeal ban was effective in rapidly reducing R0 below 1, and demonstrate that this indicates that BSE will be unable to become endemic in the UK cattle population even when case clustering is taken into account. The analysis provides some insight into absolute infectiousness for bovine-to-bovine transmission, indicating maximally infectious animals may have infected up to 400 animals each. The relationship between R0 and the early stages of the BSE epidemic and the requirements for additional research are also discussed.  (+info)

Natural and experimental oral infection of nonhuman primates by bovine spongiform encephalopathy agents. (3/384)

Experimental lemurs either were infected orally with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or were maintained as uninfected control animals. Immunohistochemical examination for proteinase-resistant protein (prion protein or PrP) was performed on tissues from two infected but still asymptomatic lemurs, killed 5 months after infection, and from three uninfected control lemurs. Control tissues showed no staining, whereas PrP was detected in the infected animals in tonsil, gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphatic tissues, and spleen. In addition, PrP was detected in ventral and dorsal roots of the cervical spinal cord, and within the spinal cord PrP could be traced in nerve tracts as far as the cerebral cortex. Similar patterns of PrP immunoreactivity were seen in two symptomatic and 18 apparently healthy lemurs in three different French primate centers, all of which had been fed diets supplemented with a beef protein product manufactured by a British company that has since ceased to include beef in its veterinary nutritional products. This study of BSE-infected lemurs early in their incubation period extends previous pathogenesis studies of the distribution of infectivity and PrP in natural and experimental scrapie. The similarity of neuropathology and PrP immunostaining patterns in experimentally infected animals to those observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals in primate centers suggests that BSE contamination of zoo animals may have been more widespread than is generally appreciated.  (+info)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (4/384)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) belong to a group of degenerative neurological disorders collectively known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The group also includes scrapie of sheep and goats, kuru of humans, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk and transmissible encephalopathy of mink. These fatal diseases cause behavioural changes, alterations of sensation, changes in mental state and ataxia. The typical pathology is non-inflammatory vacuolation (spongiosis) in neuronal perikarya and in the grey matter neuropil. Occasionally, there may also be amyloid plaque deposition in certain regions of the brain and, less frequently, the spinal cord. All the diseases have long incubation periods which, depending on the host, may range from many months to several decades. Death is inevitable after a slow progressive illness. In this review, I shall cover the recent UK outbreak of BSE and its relationship to new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.  (+info)

When did bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) start? Implications on the prediction of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) epidemic. (5/384)

BACKGROUND: Knowing the starting date of the BSE epidemic and its size at the very beginning is crucial to interpret the timing of the nvCJD cases and to forecast the nvCJD epidemic. The first cases occurred in 1985. The models devised by Anderson (back-calculation) and Dealler (age-period-cohort) led to an estimate of less than 50 cases in 1983, and none earlier. Here, we applied age-cohort models to the BSE data in order to estimate the earliest possible date of the first unrecognized BSE cases. METHODS: The numbers of confirmed BSE cases in the UK, by age group and by calendar year from 1988 to 1996, were analysed by Poisson regression. The cases' age distribution was considered as constant between the different birth cohorts. The herd's age structure was taken into account. RESULTS: According to the models, BSE cases may have occurred as early as 1980. The expected number of cases before 1990 is almost twice the number of confirmed cases and exceeds by more than 20% the expected value of Anderson's model. The scenario of first human exposure in 1980 leads to fewer future nvCJD cases than predicted by Cousens with exposure patterns starting in 1983 or 1985. CONCLUSION: The first birth cohort available, consisting of two cases older than 10 in 1988, does not allow any projections before 1980. Moreover, confidence intervals are wide and the power of the study is limited by the great dispersion of the data; the precision of the estimations would be improved by considering geographical incidence. Nevertheless, our projections are consistent with Wilesmith's survey of rendering plants relating the emergence of BSE to the dramatic fall in the proportion of meat and bone meal following solvent extraction, initiated in the late 1970s (65% in 1977 to 10% in 1983).  (+info)

Differences in proteinase K resistance and neuronal deposition of abnormal prion proteins characterize bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie strains. (6/384)

Prion diseases are associated with the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of host-encoded prion protein (PrP(Sc)). A number of prion strains can be distinguished by "glycotyping" analysis of the respective deposited PrP(Sc) compound. In this study, the long-term proteinase K resistance, the molecular mass, and the localization of PrP(Sc) deposits derived from conventional and transgenic mice inoculated with 11 different BSE and scrapie strains or isolates were examined. Differences were found in the long-term proteinase K resistance (50 microg/ml at 37 degrees C) of PrP(Sc). For example, scrapie strain Chandler or PrP(Sc) derived from field BSE isolates were destroyed after 6 hr of exposure, whereas PrP(Sc) of strains 87V and ME7 and of the Hessen1 isolate were extremely resistant to proteolytic cleavage. Nonglycosylated, proteinase K-treated PrP(Sc) of BSE isolates and of scrapie strain 87V exhibited a 1-2 kD lower molecular mass than PrP(Sc) derived from all other scrapie strains and isolates. With the exception of strain 87V, PrP(Sc) was generally deposited in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem of different mouse lines at comparable levels. Long-term proteinase resistance, molecular mass, and the analysis of PrP(Sc) deposition therefore provide useful criteria in discriminating prion strains and isolates (e.g., BSE and 87V) that are otherwise indistinguishable by the PrP(Sc) "glycotyping" technique.  (+info)

Detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-specific PrP(Sc) by treatment with heat and guanidine thiocyanate. (7/384)

The conversion of a ubiquitous cellular protein (PrP(C)), an isoform of the prion protein (PrP), to the pathology-associated isoform PrP(Sc) is one of the hallmarks of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Accumulation of PrP(Sc) has been used to diagnose BSE. Here we describe a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that involves antibodies against epitopes within the protease-resistant core of the PrP molecule to measure the amount of PrP in brain tissues from animals with BSE and normal controls. In native tissue preparations, little difference was found between the two groups. However, following treatment of the tissue with heat and guanidine thiocyanate (Gh treatment), the ELISA discriminated BSE-specific PrP(Sc) from PrP(C) in bovine brain homogenates. PrP(Sc) was identified by Western blot, centrifugation, and protease digestion experiments. It was thought that folding or complexing of PrP(Sc) is most probably reversed by the Gh treatment, making hidden antigenic sites accessible. The digestion experiments also showed that protease-resistant PrP in BSE is more difficult to detect than that in hamster scrapie. While the concentration of PrP(C) in cattle is similar to that in hamsters, PrP(Sc) sparse in comparison. The detection of PrP(Sc) by a simple physicochemical treatment without the need for protease digestion, as described in this study, could be applied to develop a diagnostic assay to screen large numbers of samples.  (+info)

Similar signature of the prion protein in natural sheep scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy-linked diseases. (8/384)

It has been suggested that specific molecular features could characterize the protease-resistant prion protein (PrP res) detected in animal species as well as in humans infected by the infectious agent strain that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Studies of glycoform patterns in such diseases in French cattle and cheetahs, as well as in mice infected by isolates from both species, revealed this characteristic molecular signature. Similar studies of 42 French isolates of natural scrapie, from 21 different flocks in different regions of France, however, showed levels of the three glycoforms comparable to those found in BSE-linked diseases. Moreover, the apparent molecular size of the unglycosylated form was also indistinguishable among all different sheep isolates, as well as isolates from BSE in cattle. Overall results suggest that scrapie cases with features similar to those of BSE could be found more frequently in sheep than previously described.  (+info)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as "mad cow disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects cattle. It is caused by prions, which are misfolded proteins that can cause other proteins in the brain to also misfold and accumulate, leading to brain damage and degeneration. The disease is named for the sponge-like appearance of the brain tissue that results from this degenerative process.

BSE is a zoonotic disease, which means that it can be transmitted from animals to humans. In humans, BSE is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and is caused by consuming contaminated beef products. The symptoms of vCJD include rapidly progressing dementia, neurological symptoms such as muscle spasms and difficulty coordinating movements, and physical deterioration leading to death.

It's important to note that the use of certain growth promoters in cattle feed and the practice of feeding cattle meat and bone meal have been banned in many countries in order to prevent the spread of BSE. Additionally, strict controls on the inspection and testing of beef products have been implemented to ensure their safety.

Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce other normal proteins to also adopt the misfolded shape, leading to the formation of aggregates. These abnormal prion protein aggregates are associated with a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Examples of TSEs include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease") in cattle, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. The misfolded prion proteins are resistant to degradation by proteases, which contributes to their accumulation and subsequent neuronal damage, ultimately resulting in spongiform degeneration of the brain and other neurological symptoms associated with TSEs.

PrP^Sc (prion protein scrapie) is a misfolded, abnormal conformational isoform of the prion protein (PrP), which is associated with a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). These diseases affect both humans and animals and include conditions like bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease") in cattle, scrapie in sheep, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans.

The PrP protein is a naturally occurring, normal cellular protein found primarily in the brain and central nervous system. It has a predominantly alpha-helical structure under physiological conditions. However, during the development of prion diseases, PrP^Sc forms through a conformational change where the alpha-helical regions are replaced by beta-sheet structures. This misfolded protein can aggregate and form amyloid fibrils, which deposit in various brain regions leading to neurodegeneration, spongiform changes, gliosis, and neuronal loss.

Importantly, PrP^Sc is thought to have self-propagating properties, as it can induce the conversion of normal PrP into more PrP^Sc through a process called seeded polymerization or templated misfolding. This mechanism is believed to underlie the infectious nature and transmissibility of prion diseases.

Scrapie is a progressive, fatal, degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of sheep and goats. It is one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases. The agent responsible for scrapie is thought to be an abnormal form of the prion protein, which can cause normal prion proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal shape and accumulate, leading to brain damage and neurodegeneration.

Scrapie is characterized by several clinical signs, including changes in behavior, tremors, loss of coordination, itching, and excessive scraping of the fleece against hard surfaces, which gives the disease its name. The incubation period for scrapie can range from 2 to 5 years, and there is no known treatment or cure for the disease.

Scrapie is not considered a significant threat to human health, but it has served as a model for understanding other prion diseases, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, which can cause variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, and fatal brain disorder. It is caused by an abnormal form of protein called prion that can cause normal proteins in the brain to fold into abnormal shapes and accumulate, leading to damage and death of brain cells.

The symptoms of CJD usually develop over a period of several months and include rapidly progressing dementia, memory loss, confusion, coordination problems, muscle stiffness, twitching, and shaking. Some people may also experience visual hallucinations, changes in personality, or depression.

There are three main types of CJD: sporadic, inherited, and acquired. Sporadic CJD is the most common form and accounts for about 85% of all cases. It occurs spontaneously with no known cause. Inherited CJD is caused by a genetic mutation that is passed down from parents to their children. Acquired CJD is caused by exposure to contaminated tissue or bodily fluids, such as through a medical procedure or eating contaminated beef (variant CJD).

There is no cure for Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome and it is fatal, usually within a year of onset of symptoms. Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and making the patient as comfortable as possible.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with liver dysfunction and/or portosystemic shunting. It results from the accumulation of toxic substances, such as ammonia and inflammatory mediators, which are normally metabolized by the liver. HE can present with a wide range of symptoms, including changes in sleep-wake cycle, altered mental status, confusion, disorientation, asterixis (flapping tremor), and in severe cases, coma. The diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and exclusion of other causes of cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying liver dysfunction, reducing ammonia production through dietary modifications and medications, and preventing further episodes with lactulose or rifaximin therapy.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders that affect both humans and animals. They are unique in that they are caused by prions, which are misfolded proteins rather than infectious agents like bacteria or viruses. These abnormal prions can cause other normal proteins to misfold and accumulate in the brain, leading to brain damage and neurodegeneration.

Prion diseases can be sporadic, inherited, or acquired. Sporadic forms occur without a known cause and are the most common type. Inherited prion diseases are caused by mutations in the PRNP gene and are often associated with a family history of the disease. Acquired prion diseases can result from exposure to contaminated food (as in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), medical procedures (iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), or inherited forms of the disease that cause abnormal prions to be secreted in body fluids (like kuru).

Common prion diseases in humans include:

1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) - sporadic, inherited, and acquired forms
2. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) - acquired form linked to consumption of contaminated beef products
3. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) - inherited form
4. Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) - inherited form
5. Kuru - an acquired form that occurred in a isolated tribe due to cannibalistic practices, now eradicated

Prion diseases are characterized by rapidly progressing dementia, neurological symptoms, and motor dysfunction. There is no known cure for these diseases, and they are universally fatal.

PrPc proteins, also known as cellular prion proteins, are a type of protein found on the surface of many types of cells in the body, including neurons in the brain. The normal function of PrPc proteins is not entirely clear, but they are believed to play a role in various physiological processes such as protecting nerve cells from damage, regulating metal ion homeostasis, and participating in cell signaling pathways.

PrPc proteins are composed of 253 amino acids and have a molecular weight of approximately 35 kDa. They contain a highly conserved domain called the prion protein domain (PRD), which is rich in alpha-helices and contains a copper-binding site. The PRD is necessary for the normal function of PrPc proteins, but it is also the region that undergoes conformational changes to form the abnormal, disease-associated form of the protein called PrPSc.

PrPSc proteins are misfolded and aggregated forms of PrPc proteins that are associated with a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease"), scrapie in sheep, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. The misfolded PrPSc proteins can cause other normal PrPc proteins to also misfold and aggregate, leading to the formation of amyloid fibrils that accumulate in the brain and cause neurodegeneration.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder that affects members of the cervid family, including deer, elk, and moose. It is caused by prions, abnormally folded proteins that can cause other proteins in the brain to also misfold and accumulate, leading to brain damage and death.

CWD is characterized by several symptoms, including weight loss (wasting), excessive thirst and urination, listlessness, lack of coordination, and behavioral changes such as aggression or decreased social interaction. The disease is always fatal, with no known cure or vaccine available.

CWD is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments, and it can persist in the environment for years. It is important to note that CWD has not been shown to infect humans, but public health officials recommend avoiding consumption of meat from infected animals as a precautionary measure.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Wernicke Encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder that is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). It is characterized by a classic triad of symptoms: confusion, oculomotor dysfunction (such as nystagmus and ophthalmoplegia), and gait ataxia. Other symptoms can include memory loss, apathy, and hypothermia.

Wernicke Encephalopathy is most commonly seen in alcoholics due to poor nutrition, but it can also occur in people with conditions that cause malabsorption or increased thiamine requirements, such as AIDS, cancer, and chronic diarrhea. Immediate treatment with thiamine replacement therapy is necessary to prevent progression of the disease and potential permanent neurological damage. If left untreated, Wernicke Encephalopathy can lead to Korsakoff's syndrome, a chronic memory disorder.

Endopeptidase K is a type of enzyme that belongs to the family of peptidases, which are proteins that help break down other proteins into smaller molecules called peptides or individual amino acids. Specifically, endopeptidase K is an intracellular serine protease that cleaves peptide bonds within a protein's interior, rather than at its ends.

Endopeptidase K was initially identified as a component of the proteasome, a large protein complex found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The proteasome plays a critical role in regulating protein turnover and degrading damaged or misfolded proteins. Endopeptidase K is one of several enzymes that make up the proteasome's catalytic core, where it helps cleave proteins into smaller peptides for further processing and eventual destruction.

Endopeptidase K has also been found to be involved in other cellular processes, such as regulating the activity of certain signaling molecules and contributing to the immune response. However, its precise functions and substrates are still being studied and elucidated.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

I apologize for any confusion, but "deer" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to various species of hooved mammals belonging to the family Cervidae. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:

1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.

These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.

The incubation period of an infectious disease is the time interval between when a person is infected with a pathogen and when they start showing symptoms of the disease. This period can vary widely depending on the specific type of infectious agent, ranging from just a few hours to several weeks or even months.

The incubation period is an important factor in understanding the epidemiology of infectious diseases, as it can influence the strategy for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention measures such as quarantine and contact tracing. It's also worth noting that not all infected individuals will develop symptoms, and some may still be able to transmit the infection to others during the incubation period or even after symptoms have resolved.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

"Acinonyx" is a genus name that refers to a single species of big cat, the cheetah. The correct medical definition of "Acinonyx" is:

* Acinonyx jubatus: a large, slender wild cat that is known for its incredible speed and unique adaptations for running. It is the fastest land animal, capable of reaching speeds up to 60-70 miles per hour. The cheetah's body is built for speed, with long legs, a flexible spine, and a non-retractable claw that provides traction while running.

The cheetah's habitat ranges from the savannas of Africa to the deserts of Iran. It primarily hunts medium-sized ungulates, such as gazelles and wildebeest. The cheetah's population has been declining due to habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, and illegal wildlife trade. Conservation efforts are underway to protect this iconic species and its habitat.

Kuru is a rare, fatal neurological disorder that was identified in the Fore people of Papua New Guinea. It is primarily caused by an abnormal form of protein called prion and is transmitted through cannibalistic practices where infected human tissues are consumed. The disease is characterized by progressive deterioration of the brain, leading to symptoms such as tremors, difficulty coordinating movements, slurred speech, and uncontrollable laughter. There is currently no known cure for kuru, and it has become extremely rare due to the cessation of cannibalistic rituals in the affected population.

"Animals, Zoo" is not a medical term. However, it generally refers to a collection of various species of wild animals kept in enclosures or exhibits for the public to view and learn about. These animals are usually obtained from different parts of the world and live in environments that attempt to simulate their natural habitats. Zoos play an essential role in conservation efforts, education, and research. They provide a unique opportunity for people to connect with wildlife and understand the importance of preserving and protecting endangered species and their ecosystems.

Medical definitions typically do not include terms like "meat products" as they are too broad and not specific to medical conditions or treatments. However, in a general food science or nutrition context, "meat products" could be defined as:

Processed or unprocessed foods that contain meat or meat derivatives as the primary ingredient. This can include various types of muscle tissue from mammals, birds, fish, and other animals, along with any accompanying fat, skin, blood vessels, and other tissues. Meat products may be fresh, cured, smoked, or cooked, and they may also contain additional ingredients like salt, sugar, preservatives, and flavorings. Examples of meat products include beef jerky, bacon, sausages, hot dogs, and canned meats.

An abattoir is a facility where animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. It is also known as a slaughterhouse. The term "abattoir" comes from the French word "abattre," which means "to take down" or "slaughter." In an abattoir, animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens are killed and then butchered into smaller pieces of meat that can be sold to consumers.

Abattoirs must follow strict regulations to ensure the humane treatment of animals and the safety of the meat products they produce. These regulations cover various aspects of the slaughtering and processing process, including animal handling, stunning, bleeding, evisceration, and inspection. The goal of these regulations is to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure that the meat is safe for human consumption.

It's important to note that while abattoirs play an essential role in providing a reliable source of protein for humans, they can also be controversial due to concerns about animal welfare and the environmental impact of large-scale animal agriculture.

Hypertensive encephalopathy is a serious neurological condition that occurs due to extremely high blood pressure, which is not adequately controlled. This leads to the leakage of fluid and blood into the brain (cerebral edema) and disrupts the normal functioning of the brain. Symptoms may include severe headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures, visual disturbances, and in severe cases, coma. Immediate medical attention is required to reduce blood pressure and prevent potential long-term damage or even death.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Disease susceptibility, also known as genetic predisposition or genetic susceptibility, refers to the increased likelihood or risk of developing a particular disease due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations. These genetic factors can make an individual more vulnerable to certain diseases compared to those who do not have these genetic changes.

It is important to note that having a genetic predisposition does not guarantee that a person will definitely develop the disease. Other factors, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and additional genetic variations, can influence whether or not the disease will manifest. In some cases, early detection and intervention may help reduce the risk or delay the onset of the disease in individuals with a known genetic susceptibility.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain refers to a condition characterized by a reduced supply of oxygen (hypoxia) and blood flow (ischemia) to the brain. This can lead to serious damage or death of brain cells, depending on the severity and duration of the hypoxic-ischemic event.

Hypoxia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available to meet the metabolic needs of the brain tissue. Ischemia results from a decrease in blood flow, which can be caused by various factors such as cardiac arrest, stroke, or severe respiratory distress. When both hypoxia and ischemia occur together, they can have a synergistic effect, leading to more severe brain damage.

Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia can result in neurological deficits, cognitive impairment, and physical disabilities, depending on the area of the brain affected. Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the hypoxia-ischemia and providing supportive care to minimize secondary damage. In some cases, therapeutic hypothermia may be used to reduce metabolic demands and protect vulnerable brain tissue.

Brain chemistry refers to the chemical processes that occur within the brain, particularly those involving neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neuropeptides. These chemicals are responsible for transmitting signals between neurons (nerve cells) in the brain, allowing for various cognitive, emotional, and physical functions.

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse (the tiny gap between two neurons). Examples of neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and glutamate. Each neurotransmitter has a specific role in brain function, such as regulating mood, motivation, attention, memory, and movement.

Neuromodulators are chemicals that modify the effects of neurotransmitters on neurons. They can enhance or inhibit the transmission of signals between neurons, thereby modulating brain activity. Examples of neuromodulators include acetylcholine, histamine, and substance P.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. They play a role in various physiological functions, such as pain perception, stress response, and reward processing. Examples of neuropeptides include endorphins, enkephalins, and oxytocin.

Abnormalities in brain chemistry can lead to various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Understanding brain chemistry is crucial for developing effective treatments for these conditions.

Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.

The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.

Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

PrP 27-30 protein is the protease-resistant core fragment of the prion protein (PrP), which is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also known as prion diseases. PrP is a normal cellular protein found in many tissues, including the brain, but in TSEs, it undergoes a conformational change and forms aggregates of an abnormal isoform called PrP scrapie (PrPSc). The PrP 27-30 fragment is resistant to protease digestion and has been used as a biochemical marker for prion diseases. It is typically detected in brain tissue from infected individuals or animals, and its presence is indicative of the accumulation of PrPSc in the central nervous system.

Western blotting is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to detect and quantify specific proteins in a mixture of many different proteins. This technique is commonly used to confirm the expression of a protein of interest, determine its size, and investigate its post-translational modifications. The name "Western" blotting distinguishes this technique from Southern blotting (for DNA) and Northern blotting (for RNA).

The Western blotting procedure involves several steps:

1. Protein extraction: The sample containing the proteins of interest is first extracted, often by breaking open cells or tissues and using a buffer to extract the proteins.
2. Separation of proteins by electrophoresis: The extracted proteins are then separated based on their size by loading them onto a polyacrylamide gel and running an electric current through the gel (a process called sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or SDS-PAGE). This separates the proteins according to their molecular weight, with smaller proteins migrating faster than larger ones.
3. Transfer of proteins to a membrane: After separation, the proteins are transferred from the gel onto a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using an electric current in a process called blotting. This creates a replica of the protein pattern on the gel but now immobilized on the membrane for further analysis.
4. Blocking: The membrane is then blocked with a blocking agent, such as non-fat dry milk or bovine serum albumin (BSA), to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies in subsequent steps.
5. Primary antibody incubation: A primary antibody that specifically recognizes the protein of interest is added and allowed to bind to its target protein on the membrane. This step may be performed at room temperature or 4°C overnight, depending on the antibody's properties.
6. Washing: The membrane is washed with a buffer to remove unbound primary antibodies.
7. Secondary antibody incubation: A secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody (often coupled to an enzyme or fluorophore) is added and allowed to bind to the primary antibody. This step may involve using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated or alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated secondary antibody, depending on the detection method used later.
8. Washing: The membrane is washed again to remove unbound secondary antibodies.
9. Detection: A detection reagent is added to visualize the protein of interest by detecting the signal generated from the enzyme-conjugated or fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody. This can be done using chemiluminescent, colorimetric, or fluorescent methods.
10. Analysis: The resulting image is analyzed to determine the presence and quantity of the protein of interest in the sample.

Western blotting is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying specific proteins within complex mixtures. It can be used to study protein expression, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and more. However, it requires careful optimization and validation to ensure accurate and reproducible results.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

"Serial passage" is a term commonly used in the field of virology and microbiology. It refers to the process of repeatedly transmitting or passing a virus or other microorganism from one cultured cell line or laboratory animal to another, usually with the aim of adapting the microorganism to grow in that specific host system or to increase its virulence or pathogenicity. This technique is often used in research to study the evolution and adaptation of viruses and other microorganisms.

I believe there may be a slight confusion in your question. The "meat-packing industry" is not a term that has a medical definition, as it pertains to the industrial process and business practice of slaughtering animals, processing their carcasses into edible meats, and packaging them for distribution and sale to consumers.

However, if you are interested in occupational health or workplace safety aspects related to this industry, there are numerous medical and epidemiological studies that discuss the potential health risks and hazards faced by workers in meat-packing plants, such as exposure to infectious diseases, musculoskeletal injuries, and chemical hazards.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Metabolic brain diseases refer to a group of conditions that are caused by disruptions in the body's metabolic processes, which affect the brain. These disorders can be inherited or acquired and can result from problems with the way the body produces, breaks down, or uses energy and nutrients.

Examples of metabolic brain diseases include:

1. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the mitochondria, which are the energy-producing structures in cells. When the mitochondria don't function properly, it can lead to muscle weakness, neurological problems, and developmental delays.
2. Leukodystrophies: These are a group of genetic disorders that affect the white matter of the brain, which is made up of nerve fibers covered in myelin, a fatty substance that insulates the fibers and helps them transmit signals. When the myelin breaks down or is not produced properly, it can lead to cognitive decline, motor problems, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Lysosomal storage disorders: These are genetic disorders that affect the lysosomes, which are structures in cells that break down waste products and recycle cellular materials. When the lysosomes don't function properly, it can lead to the accumulation of waste products in cells, including brain cells, causing damage and neurological symptoms.
4. Maple syrup urine disease: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body breaks down certain amino acids, leading to a buildup of toxic levels of these substances in the blood and urine. If left untreated, it can cause brain damage, developmental delays, and other neurological problems.
5. Homocystinuria: This is a genetic disorder that affects the way the body processes an amino acid called methionine, leading to a buildup of homocysteine in the blood. High levels of homocysteine can cause damage to the blood vessels and lead to neurological problems, including seizures, developmental delays, and cognitive decline.

Treatment for metabolic brain diseases may involve dietary changes, supplements, medications, or other therapies aimed at managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended as a treatment option.

Infectious disease transmission refers to the spread of an infectious agent or pathogen from an infected person, animal, or contaminated object to another susceptible host. This can occur through various routes, including:

1. Contact transmission: Direct contact with an infected person or animal, such as through touching, kissing, or sexual contact.
2. Droplet transmission: Inhalation of respiratory droplets containing the pathogen, which are generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes heavily.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhalation of smaller particles called aerosols that can remain suspended in the air for longer periods and travel farther distances than droplets.
4. Fecal-oral transmission: Consuming food or water contaminated with fecal matter containing the pathogen, often through poor hygiene practices.
5. Vector-borne transmission: Transmission via an intermediate vector, such as a mosquito or tick, that becomes infected after feeding on an infected host and then transmits the pathogen to another host during a subsequent blood meal.
6. Vehicle-borne transmission: Consuming food or water contaminated with the pathogen through vehicles like soil, water, or fomites (inanimate objects).

Preventing infectious disease transmission is crucial in controlling outbreaks and epidemics. Measures include good personal hygiene, vaccination, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe food handling practices, and environmental disinfection.

"Mesocricetus" is a genus of rodents, more commonly known as hamsters. It includes several species of hamsters that are native to various parts of Europe and Asia. The best-known member of this genus is the Syrian hamster, also known as the golden hamster or Mesocricetus auratus, which is a popular pet due to its small size and relatively easy care. These hamsters are burrowing animals and are typically solitary in the wild.

Hyperammonemia is a medical condition characterized by an excessively high level of ammonia (a toxic byproduct of protein metabolism) in the blood. This can lead to serious neurological symptoms and complications, as ammonia is highly toxic to the brain. Hyperammonemia can be caused by various underlying conditions, including liver disease, genetic disorders that affect ammonia metabolism, certain medications, and infections. It is important to diagnose and treat hyperammonemia promptly to prevent long-term neurological damage or even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as providing supportive care such as administering medications that help remove ammonia from the blood.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

Slow virus diseases, also known as persistent viral infections or chronic viral infections, are characterized by a lengthy incubation period and a slow progression of symptoms. These viruses can remain dormant in the body for extended periods, sometimes even years, before they start causing damage to cells and tissues.

The term "slow virus" is somewhat misleading because it does not necessarily mean that the virus itself is slow-replicating. Instead, it refers to the fact that the disease progression is slow and can take a long time to manifest symptoms. The immune system may have difficulty recognizing and eliminating these viruses, allowing them to persist in the body and cause ongoing damage over time.

Examples of slow virus diseases include:

1. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): A rare and serious brain infection caused by the JC virus that primarily affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive drugs.
2. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): A progressive neurological disorder caused by a measles virus infection that has become persistent in the brain. It primarily affects children and young adults who had measles during their early childhood.
3. Kuru: A rare, fatal degenerative neurological disorder that was once prevalent among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea. It is caused by an infectious protein called a prion, which can be transmitted through cannibalistic practices.
4. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): A rare and fatal brain disorder caused by prions. There are several types of CJD, including sporadic, hereditary, and acquired forms. The acquired form is a slow virus disease that can be transmitted through contaminated surgical instruments or dura mater grafts.
5. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection: A retrovirus that can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and a progressive neurological disorder called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP).
6. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): A rare, often fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by the JC polyomavirus. It primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation.

Consumer Product Safety refers to the measures taken to ensure that products intended for consumer use are free from unreasonable risks of injury or illness. This is typically overseen by regulatory bodies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in the United States, which establishes safety standards, tests products, and recalls dangerous ones.

The definition of 'Consumer Product' can vary but generally refers to any article, or component part thereof, produced or distributed (i) for sale to a consumer for use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; (ii) for the personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; (iii) for sensory evaluation and direct physical contact by a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise.

The safety measures can include various aspects such as design, manufacturing, packaging, and labeling of the product to ensure that it is safe for its intended use. This includes ensuring that the product does not contain any harmful substances, that it functions as intended, and that it comes with clear instructions for use and any necessary warnings.

It's important to note that even with these safety measures in place, it is still possible for products to cause injury or illness if they are used improperly or if they malfunction. Therefore, it is also important for consumers to be aware of the risks associated with the products they use and to take appropriate precautions.

Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.

Glycosylation is the enzymatic process of adding a sugar group, or glycan, to a protein, lipid, or other organic molecule. This post-translational modification plays a crucial role in modulating various biological functions, such as protein stability, trafficking, and ligand binding. The structure and composition of the attached glycans can significantly influence the functional properties of the modified molecule, contributing to cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and immune response regulation. Abnormal glycosylation patterns have been implicated in several disease states, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Asphyxia neonatorum is a medical condition that refers to a newborn baby's lack of oxygen or difficulty breathing, which can lead to suffocation and serious complications. It is often caused by problems during the birthing process, such as umbilical cord compression or prolapse, placental abruption, or prolonged labor.

Symptoms of asphyxia neonatorum may include bluish skin color (cyanosis), weak or absent breathing, poor muscle tone, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and a slow heart rate. In severe cases, it can lead to organ damage, developmental delays, or even death.

Prompt medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat asphyxia neonatorum. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and medications to support the baby's heart function and blood pressure. In some cases, therapeutic hypothermia (cooling the body) may be used to reduce the risk of brain damage. Preventive measures such as proper prenatal care, timely delivery, and careful monitoring during labor and delivery can also help reduce the risk of asphyxia neonatorum.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "France" is not a medical term or concept. France is the largest country in Western Europe and the third-largest in Europe after Russia and Ukraine. It has been a major player in world affairs for centuries, with a significant cultural and artistic influence. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you.

Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (PLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by the presence of vasogenic edema (swelling due to leakage of fluid from blood vessels) in the white matter (part of the brain that contains nerve fibers) of the posterior regions (occipital and parietal lobes) of the brain.

The symptoms of PLS can vary but often include headache, altered mental status, seizures, visual disturbances, and hypertension (high blood pressure). The exact cause of PLS is not fully understood, but it has been associated with certain conditions such as eclampsia, preeclampsia, kidney failure, autoimmune disorders, and the use of certain medications.

PLS is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause of PLS, controlling hypertension if present, and managing seizures if they occur. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most patients with PLS have a good prognosis and recover completely. However, in severe cases, PLS can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death.

A biological assay is a method used in biology and biochemistry to measure the concentration or potency of a substance (like a drug, hormone, or enzyme) by observing its effect on living cells or tissues. This type of assay can be performed using various techniques such as:

1. Cell-based assays: These involve measuring changes in cell behavior, growth, or viability after exposure to the substance being tested. Examples include proliferation assays, apoptosis assays, and cytotoxicity assays.
2. Protein-based assays: These focus on measuring the interaction between the substance and specific proteins, such as enzymes or receptors. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and pull-down assays.
3. Genetic-based assays: These involve analyzing the effects of the substance on gene expression, DNA structure, or protein synthesis. Examples include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, reporter gene assays, and northern blotting.

Biological assays are essential tools in research, drug development, and diagnostic applications to understand biological processes and evaluate the potential therapeutic efficacy or toxicity of various substances.

In a medical context, "meat" generally refers to the flesh of animals that is consumed as food. This includes muscle tissue, as well as fat and other tissues that are often found in meat products. However, it's worth noting that some people may have dietary restrictions or medical conditions that prevent them from consuming meat, so it's always important to consider individual preferences and needs when discussing food options.

It's also worth noting that the consumption of meat can have both positive and negative health effects. On the one hand, meat is a good source of protein, iron, vitamin B12, and other essential nutrients. On the other hand, consuming large amounts of red and processed meats has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, it's generally recommended to consume meat in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising animals for agricultural purposes, such as for the production of meat, milk, eggs, or fiber. It involves providing proper care for the animals, including feeding, housing, health care, and breeding management. The goal of animal husbandry is to maintain healthy and productive animals while also being mindful of environmental sustainability and animal welfare.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) is a rare, inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs, and distinctive histopathological features in the brain. It is caused by mutations in the PRNP gene, which encodes the prion protein. The disease is transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene from either parent is sufficient to cause the disorder.

GSS typically begins in mid-adulthood and progresses over several years to a decade, leading to severe disability and death. The symptoms of GSS include cerebellar ataxia (difficulty with coordination and balance), pyramidal signs (stiffness, spasticity, and hyperreflexia in the limbs), and various other neurological features such as dementia, visual disturbances, and speech difficulties.

Histopathologically, GSS is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal prion protein aggregates in the brain, which can be detected using special staining techniques. These aggregates are thought to be responsible for the neurodegeneration and clinical symptoms of the disease. Currently, there is no cure for GSS and treatment is focused on managing the symptoms of the disorder.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.

The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.

Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Thiamine deficiency, also known as beriberi, is a condition that results from inadequate intake or impaired absorption of thiamine (vitamin B1), which is essential for energy metabolism and nerve function. This deficiency can lead to various symptoms such as peripheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, heart failure, and in severe cases, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a neurological disorder associated with alcoholism. Thiamine deficiency is commonly found in populations with poor nutrition, alcohol dependence, and gastrointestinal disorders affecting nutrient absorption.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Lymphoid tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that is involved in the immune function of the body. It is composed of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), which are responsible for producing antibodies and destroying infected or cancerous cells. Lymphoid tissue can be found throughout the body, but it is particularly concentrated in certain areas such as the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches in the small intestine.

Lymphoid tissue provides a site for the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of lymphocytes, which are critical components of the adaptive immune response. It also serves as a filter for foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, that may enter the body through various routes. The lymphatic system, which includes lymphoid tissue, helps to maintain the health and integrity of the body by protecting it from infection and disease.

Ruminants are a category of hooved mammals that are known for their unique digestive system, which involves a process called rumination. This group includes animals such as cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and giraffes, among others. The digestive system of ruminants consists of a specialized stomach with multiple compartments (the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum).

Ruminants primarily consume plant-based diets, which are high in cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that is difficult for many animals to digest. In the rumen, microbes break down the cellulose into simpler compounds, producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) that serve as a major energy source for ruminants. The animal then regurgitates the partially digested plant material (known as cud), chews it further to mix it with saliva and additional microbes, and swallows it again for further digestion in the rumen. This process of rumination allows ruminants to efficiently extract nutrients from their fibrous diets.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a rare inherited mitochondrial disorder that affects the body's energy production mechanisms. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms including recurrent headaches, vomiting, seizures, vision loss, hearing impairment, muscle weakness, and stroke-like episodes affecting primarily young adults.

The condition is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), most commonly the A3243G point mutation in the MT-TL1 gene. The symptoms of MELAS syndrome can vary widely among affected individuals, even within the same family, due to the complex inheritance pattern of mtDNA.

MELAS syndrome is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and genetic testing. Treatment is supportive and aimed at managing individual symptoms as they arise.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is not a medical term per se, but a biochemical term. It is widely used in medical and biological research. Here's the definition:

Bovine Serum Albumin is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a stabilizer, an emulsifier, or a protein source in various laboratory and industrial applications, including biochemical experiments, cell culture media, and diagnostic kits. BSA has a high solubility in water and can bind to many different types of molecules, making it useful for preventing unwanted interactions between components in a solution. It also has a consistent composition and is relatively inexpensive compared to human serum albumin, which are factors that contribute to its widespread use.

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a species-specific virus that belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Varicellovirus. This virus is the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), which is a significant respiratory disease in cattle. The infection can also lead to reproductive issues, including abortions, stillbirths, and inflammation of the genital tract (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) in cows and infertility in bulls.

The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, their respiratory secretions, or contaminated objects. Once an animal is infected, BoHV-1 establishes a lifelong latency in the nervous system, from where it can periodically reactivate and shed the virus, even without showing any clinical signs. This makes eradication of the virus challenging in cattle populations.

Vaccines are available to control IBR, but they may not prevent infection or shedding entirely. Therefore, ongoing management practices, such as biosecurity measures and surveillance programs, are essential to minimize the impact of this disease on cattle health and productivity.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Induced hypothermia is a medically controlled lowering of the core body temperature to around 89.6-93.2°F (32-34°C) for therapeutic purposes. It is intentionally induced to reduce the metabolic rate and oxygen demand of organs, thereby offering protection during periods of low blood flow or inadequate oxygenation, such as during cardiac bypass surgery, severe trauma, or after a cardiac arrest. The deliberate induction and maintenance of hypothermia can help minimize tissue damage and improve outcomes in specific clinical scenarios. Once the risk has passed, the body temperature is gradually rewarmed to normal levels under controlled conditions.

Thomson G. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)" (PDF). Retrieved 21 November 2016. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy" (PDF ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) Prion Diseases". CDC. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018. "Bovine Spongiform ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is an incurable and invariably fatal ... "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)". WHO. Archived from the original on 9 March 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2019. "Feed ...
The FDA's requirements to prevent the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy are also administered by CVM through ... Medicine, Center for Veterinary (April 11, 2019). "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy". FDA. Archived from the original on ...
"Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy". USDA. March 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-11-13. Retrieved 2011-11-20. "FSIS ... Due to FSIS regulations enacted in 2004 to protect consumers against bovine spongiform encephalopathy, mechanically separated ... restrictions were later placed on mechanically separated beef due to concerns about bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), ... Further Strengthens Protections Against Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)". USDA. March 2005. Archived from the original ...
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a neurodegenerative disease of cattle caused by misfolded proteins known as prions. ... "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy". WHO. November 2002. Archived from the original on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 27 October 2018. ... The United Kingdom was afflicted with an outbreak of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, also known as "mad cow disease"), ... Casalone, C; Hope, J (2018). Atypical and classic bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 153. ...
ISBN 978-0-8264-7620-3. "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy". WHO. November 2002. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 ... Fisheries and Food before the end of 1997 to combat the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. BSE is a ...
Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide, World Organisation for Animal ... Following the ongoing eradication effort, only seven cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy were reported worldwide in 2013 ... there have been campaigns to eliminate bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle across the European Union and beyond which ... "Atypical and classic bovine spongiform encephalopathy". Human Prion Diseases. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 153. pp. 121 ...
"Feed Bans BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) , Prion Diseases , CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-30. Fageria, N.K. ( ... in response to outbreaks of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as mad cow disease, the United States and Canada ...
... bovine spongiform encephalopathy); Budgetary Control. She was a substitute on committees for Women's Rights; Environment, ...
"Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in North America". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 25 March 2011. Archived from the ... In 1992, Canada implemented a national bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance program. In a 2011 publication, the ... Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Bovine diseases, Infectious diseases with eradication efforts, Foodborne illnesses, ... feeding of most mammalian-derived proteins to cattle as a method of preventing the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( ...
"Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE in North America". Archived from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 28 November ... The newer disease such as chronic wasting disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) affects both elk and deer. ... Bovine or pig barns have been a part of livestock culture. Scientists have been making forward steps in swine research giving ...
"Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in North America". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 25 March 2011. Archived from the ... Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Neurodegenerative disorders, Rare infectious diseases). ... This was the first regulatory change to bovine farm practice in Canada after and as a result of the British BSE disaster. ...
"Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 22 (4): 849-862, v-vi ...
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a type of acquired CJD potentially acquired from bovine spongiform encephalopathy ... Sporadic CJD is different from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD ... Belay ED, Schonberger LB (December 2002). "Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy". Clinics in ... humans can contract the variant form of the disease by eating food from animals infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy ...
"The Sourcing and Processing of Gelatin to Reduce the Potential Risk Posed by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in FDA- ... U.S. Food and Drug Administration (17 March 2016). "FDA Announces Final Rule on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy". Food and ... especially bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease. An FDA study from that year stated: "... ... "Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee (CJDSAC) Meeting Start Date - 23-APR-97" (PDF). Food and Drug ...
First known case of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, in England. The enzyme telomerase is discovered by Carol W. Greider and ...
A bovine spongiform encephalopathy outbreak was the most publicized. In 1998, a de facto moratorium led to the suspension of ... quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA for recording a potential transfer of novel DNA and Cry1Ab protein from feed into bovine ...
The import of U.S. beef was banned in 2003 in South Korea and in other nations after a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ... The Government of South Korea banned imports of U.S. beef in 2003 when a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow ... People's Daily "BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or Mad Cow Disease)". Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. ...
Beyond his main lines of research, he has written on topics such as causality and the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) / ... Porta, M (2002). "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, persistent organic pollutants and the achievable utopias". Journal of ... The risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease from eating Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy-infected foods: Still undetermined [ ... lessons from the epidemiological assessment of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy ('Mad Cow Disease') epidemic". Perspectives ...
Controversy has centered on cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; commonly known as mad cow disease), and the use of ...
He conducted an inquiry into the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. He served as Lord Chief Justice of England and ...
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy South Korea - United States Free Trade Agreement Lee Myung-bak United States beef imports in ... 4] "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a dairy cow - Washington State, 2003". 9 January 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly ... This changed when in 2003 mad-cow disease, specifically the prion responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was ... She died on 9 April 2008 of Wernicke's encephalopathy. The MBC broadcast showed footage of Vinson's mother speaking about her ...
Includes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), scrapie, and kuru among others. Neonatal encephalopathy (hypoxic- ... Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD; transmissible spongiform encephalopathy). HIV encephalopathy (encephalopathy associated with ... all of which cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are invariably fatal, but other encephalopathies are reversible ... Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy: A collection of diseases all caused by prions, and characterized by "spongy" brain ...
The result was bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as "mad cow" disease. The number of cases, initially low at ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy first appeared in the UK in November 1986, when the British Central Veterinary Laboratory ... It wasn't until November 1986 that the new disease was identified as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The following year ... Scott, M. (1999). "Compelling transgenic evidence for transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to humans". ...
PDM Group was linked with the outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Numerous commentators have investigated a ...
December - The first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy is diagnosed in British cattle. 1 December - The government ...
For cattle, tissue samples are tested for the presence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In processing plants, procedures ...
FSE is thought to be related or identical to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This disease is known to affect domestic ... Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) is a disease that affects the brains of felines. It is caused by proteins called prions ... "Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy" (PDF). Center for Food Security and Public Health. Retrieved 27 February 2023. "ARCHIVE: BSE ... "Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE)". Provet Healthcare Information. October 2013. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Bencsik, Anna; ...
September 11: The first case of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Japan is discovered. September 12: Following the ...
This paper questions the conventional wisdom that spongiform encephalopathies, particularly bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( ... Purdey, M. "Are Organophosphate Pesticides Involved in the Causation of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)? Hypothesis ... PMID 8735881 "Are Organophosphate Pesticides involved in the Causation of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)? Hypothesis ... when he began to circulate his own theories regarding the causes of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or "mad cow disease ...
Thomson G. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)" (PDF). Retrieved 21 November 2016. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy" (PDF ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) Prion Diseases". CDC. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018. "Bovine Spongiform ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is an incurable and invariably fatal ... "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)". WHO. Archived from the original on 9 March 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2019. "Feed ...
Public health control measures, such as surveillance, culling sick animals, or banning specified risk materials, have been instituted in many countries, particularly in those with indigenous cases of confirmed BSE, in order to prevent potentially BSE-infected tissues from entering the human food supply.. The most stringent control measures include a UK program that excludes all animals more than 30 months of age from the human food and animal feed supplies. The program appears to be highly effective.. In June 2000, the European Union Commission on Food Safety and Animal Welfare strengthened the European Unions BSE control measures by requiring all member states to remove specified risk materials from animal feed and human food chains as of October 1, 2000; such bans had already been instituted in most member states. Other control measures include banning the use of mechanically recovered meat from the vertebral column of cattle, sheep, and goats for human food and BSE testing of all cattle more ...
... three previously-issued interim final rules designed to further reduce the potential risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( ... three previously-issued interim final rules designed to further reduce the potential risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( ... FDA Announces Final Rule on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy * CFSAN Constituent Updates FDA Announces Final Rule on Bovine ...
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Disease Alerts - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) aka Mad Cow Disease ...
optimum hygiene and also prevent the spread of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in slaughter houses. ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. ...
Find BSE-free products including fetal bovine serum (FBS). ... and production are free of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. ... What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)?. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly referred to as "Mad Cow ... Other forms of the disease are called Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) and include scrapie in sheep, Chronic ... BSE-free fetal bovine serum (FBS) for safer cell culture. There are currently no approved laboratory tests available for ...
They belong to the family of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are related ... Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy * Sections Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine ... Animal spongiform encephalopathies--an update. Part 1. Scrapie and lesser known animal spongiform encephalopathies. Vet Q. 1994 ...
To ask the Secretary of State for Scotland if he will give the numbers of confirmed cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy on Tuesday 10 March 1992. ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Volume 205: debated on ...
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Using Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) as an example, this paper demonstrates the pervasiveness of the effects of ... Keywords: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE, feed ban, mad cow disease, meat and bone meal, protein ... Economic Impacts of Feed-Related Regulatory Responses to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Latest Release:. Livestock, Dairy, ... Economic Impacts of Feed-Related Regulatory Responses to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. by Kenneth Mathews ...
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They belong to the family of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are related ... Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy * Sections Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine ... Animal spongiform encephalopathies--an update. Part 1. Scrapie and lesser known animal spongiform encephalopathies. Vet Q. 1994 ...
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a progressive (continually worsening) neurological disorder of cattle. ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Diseases and conditions image EquiMed Also known as. Mad cow disease ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first found in cattle in the United Kingdom, and is similar to a disease in humans ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a progressive (continually worsening) neurological disorder of cattle. The current ...
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a progressive, fatal, infectious neurologic disease that is due to the accumulation ...
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) BSE Surveillance Program Resources. *Small and Very Small Plant BSE Surveillance Program ... Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Training: Key Points for the Public Health Veterinarian ...
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Brazil WOAH reported bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, atypical strain, H-type in Marabá in a A 9-year-old bull ...
... three previously-issued interim final rules designed to further reduce the potential risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( ... three previously-issued interim final rules designed to further reduce the potential risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( ... FDA Announces Final Rule on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy * CFSAN Constituent Updates FDA Announces Final Rule on Bovine ...
They belong to the family of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). ... Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are related ... Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy * Sections Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine ... Animal spongiform encephalopathies--an update. Part 1. Scrapie and lesser known animal spongiform encephalopathies. Vet Q. 1994 ...
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This study evaluated the presence of such types in bovine of 7 years and older in Belgium. The Belgian BSE archive contained 41 ... bovines of at least 7 years of age. The biochemical features of their PrPres were analyzed by Western blot with five antibodies ... The bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic presented homogeneity of the phenotype. This classical BSE (called C-type) ... transmissible mink encephalopathy and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease. Evidence for ...
Changes related to "Bovine spongiform encephalopathy". From The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki ...
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Mr. Pickthall :. To ask the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food if she will list the ...
This PNG image is filed under the tags: Cattle, Area, Artwork, Black And White, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ... CattleAreaArtworkBlack And WhiteBovine Spongiform EncephalopathyBullDairyDairy CattleHuman BehaviorPinkSnoutUdder ...
Up-to-date scientific reports on the geographical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk The European Food Safety ... has issued today seven up-to-date scientific reports on the Geographical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Risk (GBR) ... to further strengthen existing safeguards that protect consumers against the agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy ...
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Commonly called "mad cow disease," this type of prion disease affects cows. Humans who ... Feline spongiform encephalopathy. (2016).. https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/feline_spongiform_encephalopathy.pdf. ... www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse-questions-and-answers. ... Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE). FSE affects domestic cats and wild cats in captivity. Many of the cases of FSE have ...
  • Other forms of the disease are called Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) and include scrapie in sheep, Chronic Wasting Disease in deer and elk, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • [ 1 ] They belong to the family of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). (medscape.com)
  • WHO guidelines on tissue infectivity distribution in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. (who.int)
  • Prion diseases are therefore also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are many strains of the agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or 'prion' diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is an incurable and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The central nervous systems of humans and cattle alike are attacked by prions (abnormal insoluble amyloidogenic proteins) when they suffer from Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD) or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). (phys.org)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first found in cattle in the United Kingdom, and is similar to a disease in humans called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). (equimed.com)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a progressive (continually worsening) neurological disorder of cattle. (equimed.com)
  • There is evidence that the disease then spread throughout the United Kingdom cattle industry because of the common practice of feeding rendered carcasses as bovine meat-and-bone meal to young dairy calves as a protein supplement-and it was sometimes prion-infected. (equimed.com)
  • Cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy cause characteristic lesions in the brain and spinal cord, causing neuronal vacuolation, degeneration and loss, and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. (microbenotes.com)
  • We have shown that the strain of agent from cattle affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) produces a characteristic pattern of disease in mice that is retained after experimental passage through a variety of intermediate species. (nih.gov)
  • BSE is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in cattle, which was first identified in the United Kingdom in 1986. (cdc.gov)
  • The United Kingdom is the only country with a high incidence of the disease, and the epidemic there appears to have been due mainly to recycling of affected bovine material back to cattle before the ruminant (cattle, sheep, and goats) feed ban in July 1988 took effect. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, the occurrence of prions - abnormal particles that cause Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle or Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in humans - was not predicted to be a risk. (nutraingredients.com)
  • For example, bovine leukemia virus (BLV) commonly infects and causes lymphosarcoma in cattle and sheep, and the prevalence of infection in herds can be as high as over 40% (Burny and Mammerickx, 1987). (cdc.gov)
  • Prion agents cause the subacute severe neurologic disease known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or 'mad cow' disease in cattle, and scrapie in sheep. (cdc.gov)
  • vCJD occurs after ingestion of beef from cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also called mad cow disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are related disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in Great Britain. (medscape.com)
  • Other examples of TSE are chronic wasting disease in deer and elk (CWD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans (CJD), transmissible mink encephalopathy and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At a World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation organized in Geneva on April 2-3, 1996, a group of international experts reviewed the public health issues related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the emergence of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (V-CJD), as officially reported by the United Kingdom on March 20, 1996. (cdc.gov)
  • High numbers of future deaths in the UK from the human form [variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)] are unlikely, researchers have said. (rense.com)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a prion disease in cows. (epnet.com)
  • CWD is a prion disease similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow" disease). (umn.edu)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today issued a rule finalizing three previously-issued interim final rules designed to further reduce the potential risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), sometimes referred to as "mad cow disease," in human food. (fda.gov)
  • Although the agent that causes BSE (mad cow disease) and other transmissible encephalopathies is not completely understood, it is thought to be a prion, which is a protein or protein fragment of abnormal morphology and function. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), commonly referred to as "Mad Cow Disease," has been subject to heightened awareness by the global scientific community since about 1990. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Other TSEs include scrapie (a disease of sheep), feline spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible mink encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease of deer and elk. (medscape.com)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is a transmissible fatal neurogenerative disease caused by proteinaceous agents leading to neuronal loss, spongiform lesions, astrogliosis, and the disappearance of inflammatory reactions. (microbenotes.com)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by the prion, a misfolded protein that causes neurological disease and is resistant to high heat and pressure. (microbenotes.com)
  • Brown P. The risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ('mad cow disease') to human health. (medscape.com)
  • This conversion process is what causes mad cow disease, also known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy. (nih.gov)
  • The grant will fund the development of the Company's ante mortem (living) test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly referred to as mad cow disease. (ranchers.net)
  • The SAGE concept was born in the wake of the 1990s spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or 'mad cow' disease. (nature.com)
  • Reuters) - An 11-year-old cow in Alabama tested positive for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, the U.S. Department of Agriculture said on Tuesday. (medscape.com)
  • Scrapie and other forms of spongiform encephalopathy are present in the United States, hence, the intense interest in BSE. (wustl.edu)
  • A transmissible form of spongiform encephalopathy found in ranched mink, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), in the United States has been primarily attributed to the feeding of scrapie infected sheep and goat carcasses. (wustl.edu)
  • Prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encepha- improved discriminatory WB method. (cdc.gov)
  • That's why you may see prion diseases referred to as "spongiform encephalopathies . (healthline.com)
  • Tests on milk from BSE-infected animals have not shown any BSE infectivity, and there is evidence from other animal and human spongiform encephalopathies to suggest that milk will not transmit these diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • For patients with suspected or confirmed CJD, the World Health Organization has published infection control guidelines to prevent transmission of spongiform encephalopathies. (medscape.com)
  • Using Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) as an example, this paper demonstrates the pervasiveness of the effects of restrictive feed policies and regulations, particularly as they relate to meat and bone meal and other protein feeds. (usda.gov)
  • In 1990, Switzerland became the first country in mainland Europe to report a native case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), despite a low level of live bovine and meat and bone meal (MBM) imports from the UK, the country generally recognised as the origin of the epidemic. (inderscience.com)
  • K-treated PrPSc (PrPres) ( 6 - 8 ), a high proportion of the of Sheep Bovine diglycosylated PrPSc ( 1 , 6 , 8 ), and poor or absent binding with antibodies directed at N-terminal epitopes ( 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Sheep CH1641-like transmissible spongiform to distinguish these CH1641-like isolates from BSE by encephalopathy isolates have shown molecular similarities immunohistochemical ( 5 , 10 ) and biochemical analyses by to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • Wells GA, Scott AC, Wilesmith JW, Simmons MM, Matthews D. Correlation between the results of a histopathological examination and the detection of abnormal brain fibrils in the diagnosis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Temporal trends of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy surveillance in the United States. (ncsu.edu)
  • 104 Author Index INTRODUCTION The first observation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is estimated to have occurred in Great Britain in April of 1985. (wustl.edu)
  • The bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic presented homogeneity of the phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On January 26, 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced new rules to further strengthen existing protection against BSE, including banning a wide range of bovine material from human food ( United States Department of Health and Human Services, Expanded "Mad Cow" Safeguards Announced To Strengthen Existing Firewalls Against BSE Transmission ). (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, the best available assurance that bovine-derived products do not contain BSE is to source them from minimal-risk countries with no known indigenous cases of BSE. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has issued today seven up-to-date scientific reports on the Geographical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Risk (GBR) assessments for Australia, Canada, Mexico, Norway, South Africa Sweden and the United States of America. (news-medical.net)
  • Brazil WOAH reported bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, atypical strain, H-type in Marabá in a A 9-year-old bull presenting neurological clinical signs since 18/01/2023. (emergence-msd-animal-health.com)
  • Food is of fundamental affected by bovine spongiform encephalitis importance to life. (who.int)
  • To ask the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food if she will list the contracts presently held for disposal of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected carcases. (parliament.uk)
  • It is a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). (wikipedia.org)
  • L-type is also called bovine amyloid spongiform encephalopathy or BASE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study evaluated the presence of such types in bovine of 7 years and older in Belgium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Geographic distribution of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) by country as of January 9, 2004. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] They belong to the family of diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). (medscape.com)
  • 1 ) investigated the porcine transmission barrier to infection with bovine and ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in transgenic mice expressing the porcine prion protein. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO guidelines on tissue infectivity distribution in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. (who.int)
  • CJD belongs to a family of human and animal diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases. (nih.gov)
  • As already mentioned, some 20 animal species, including sheep and goats, can become infected with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. (ecureme.com)
  • They are BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) free and TSE (Transmissible spongiform Encephalopathies) free. (torontohemp.com)
  • Officials in Norway have announced that nation's first-ever case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the neurological disease in cattle more commonly known as "mad cow disease," according to Reuters . (foodsafetynews.com)
  • On December 23, 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) made a preliminary diagnosis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a single 'downer' (i.e., nonambulatory disabled) dairy cow in Washington state. (cdc.gov)
  • Wells GA, Scott AC, Wilesmith JW, Simmons MM, Matthews D. Correlation between the results of a histopathological examination and the detection of abnormal brain fibrils in the diagnosis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Other TSEs include scrapie (a disease of sheep), feline spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible mink encephalopathy, and chronic wasting disease of deer and elk. (medscape.com)
  • When bovine prions stampede the wrong way, everyone says Moo! (giantmicrobes.ca)
  • FACTS: First identified in Britain in the mid-1980's, Mad Cow disease, or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), is generally thought to be the work of proteinaceous infectious particles, or prions. (giantmicrobes.ca)
  • The animal with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) recently found in Brazil was probably an atypical case, according to the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratory in Weybridge, England. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Espinosa JC , Herva ME , Andreoletti O , Padilla D , Lacroux C , Cassard H , Transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein resistant to classical scrapie but susceptible to sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy and atypical scrapie. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, a 1D-NMR method was applied to compare heparin sodium of bovine intestinal origin with that of bovine lung, porcine, or ovine intestinal origin. (frontiersin.org)
  • The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) tests for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (aka Mad Cow) on an ongoing basis at ten times the World Animal Health Organization standards. (positivechoices.com)
  • Goats are susceptible to experimental challenge with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). (ed.ac.uk)
  • 47 Dealler S, Lacey R. Beef and bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the risk persists. (ecureme.com)
  • Eating beef and beef products contaminated with the infectious agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the main cause of vCJD. (nih.gov)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration has encouraged the reintroduction of bovine heparin drug product to the US market to mitigate the risks of heparin shortages and potential adulteration or contamination of the primary source which is porcine heparin. (frontiersin.org)
  • Until the 50's, bovine lung was the main source material for the large-scale heparin production, after which bovine lung tissue was largely replaced by porcine mucosa ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • As a result of concerns with contamination of the heparin supply, bovine heparin was voluntarily withdrawn from the market, and currently porcine mucosa is the only source material for all heparin products approved in US and Europe ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The FDA, assisted by experts coming from non-profit organizations, industries and academic institutions, is investigating the structural differences between porcine, and bovine heparins and their possible clinical implications. (frontiersin.org)
  • As bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE, it was a mysterious malady that caused brain degeneration among cows. (scientificamerican.com)
  • On January 26, 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced new rules to further strengthen existing protection against BSE, including banning a wide range of bovine material from human food ( United States Department of Health and Human Services, Expanded "Mad Cow" Safeguards Announced To Strengthen Existing Firewalls Against BSE Transmission ). (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, they conducted on-site inspections on safety control in exporting countries with relation to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (hereinafter referred to as gBSE h), etc. (go.jp)
  • Spongiform refers to the characteristic appearance of infected brains, which become filled with holes until they resemble sponges when examined under a microscope. (nih.gov)
  • These issues were discussed in a recent joint meeting with the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee and the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, where it was concluded that the risk of transmitting vCJD through vaccines is theoretical and remote. (medscape.com)
  • In recent years the US FDA has expressed significant interest in considering reintroduction of bovine heparin drug product to the US market to mitigate the risk of supply chain issues due to the lack of source material and to diversify the source of heparin drugs globally ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Nonetheless, realizing that contamination of these products is a potential problem, the FDA requested all vaccine manufacturers replace their products made with bovine-derived materials from unknown sources or on the USDA's list with bovine-derived materials from countries not on the USDA's list as a precautionary measure. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequently, in the late 1980s there was a spike in the number of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom. (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite this recommendation, bovine-derived materials are used in multiple pharmaceutical products, and, this year, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research of the FDA discovered several vaccines were being produced using bovine materials from animals on the USDA's list (Table 2). (medscape.com)
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and its association with the feeding of ruminant-derived protein. (nih.gov)
  • Sheep CH1641-like transmissible spongiform to distinguish these CH1641-like isolates from BSE by encephalopathy isolates have shown molecular similarities immunohistochemical ( 5 , 10 ) and biochemical analyses by to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • A photomicrograph of a cow brain with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. (britannica.com)
  • Wells GA , Hawkins SA , Austin AR , Ryder SJ , Done SH , Green RB , Studies of the transmissibility of the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to pigs. (cdc.gov)
  • Encephalopathy in Europe ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • [ 1 ] However, there have been no reports of vCJD associated with administration of biological and pharmaceutical products containing these bovine-derived materials. (medscape.com)