Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.
A syndrome characterized by inflammation in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the ASCENDING COLON. It is observed in cancer patients with CHEMOTHERAPY-induced NEUTROPENIA or in other immunocompromised individuals (IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST).
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.
'Infant, Premature, Diseases' refers to health conditions or abnormalities that specifically affect babies born before 37 weeks of gestation, often resulting from their immature organ systems and increased vulnerability due to preterm birth.
A human infant born before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus CHRONOBACTER, found in the environment and in foods.
An infant whose weight at birth is less than 1500 grams (3.3 lbs), regardless of gestational age.
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.
Absorptive cells in the lining of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA. They are differentiated EPITHELIAL CELLS with apical MICROVILLI facing the intestinal lumen. Enterocytes are more abundant in the SMALL INTESTINE than in the LARGE INTESTINE. Their microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cell by 14- to 40 fold.
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.
Liquid formulations for the nutrition of infants that can substitute for BREAST MILK.
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
An infant whose weight at birth is less than 1000 grams (2.2 lbs), regardless of GESTATIONAL AGE.
Methods of giving food to humans or animals.
Hospital units providing continuing surveillance and care to acutely ill newborn infants.
Live microbial DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Antibiotics and other related compounds are not included in this definition. In humans, lactobacilli are commonly used as probiotics, either as single species or in mixed culture with other bacteria. Other genera that have been used are bifidobacteria and streptococci. (J. Nutr. 1995;125:1401-12)
Creation of an artificial external opening or fistula in the intestines.
'Human Milk' is the secretion from human mammary glands, primarily composed of water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and various bioactive components, which serves as the complete source of nutrition for newborn infants, supporting their growth, development, and immune system.
A subtype of MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. Microscopic examination of biopsy samples taken from the COLON show infiltration of LYMPHOCYTES in the superficial EPITHELIUM and the underlying connective tissue (lamina propria).
A genus of gram-negative opportunistic foodborne pathogens.
The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Changes in quantitative and qualitative composition of MICROBIOTA. The changes may lead to altered host microbial interaction or homeostatic imbalance that can contribute to a disease state often with inflammation.
A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium that is a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae, order Bifidobacteriales, class ACTINOBACTERIA. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.
The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously).
Nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age.
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.
Centers for acquiring, storing, and distributing human milk.
A membrane-bound mucin subtype that is primarily found in INTESTINAL MUCOSA. Two closely-related subtypes of this protein have been identified in humans.
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.
A gel-forming mucin found predominantly in SMALL INTESTINE and variety of mucous membrane-containing organs. It provides a protective, lubricating barrier against particles and infectious agents.
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped LACTIC ACID bacteria found naturally in the human intestinal flora and BREAST MILK.
Differentiated epithelial cells of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA, found in the basal part of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkuhn. Paneth cells secrete GROWTH FACTORS, digestive enzymes such as LYSOZYME and antimicrobial peptides such as cryptdins (ALPHA-DEFENSINS) into the crypt lumen.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.
A species of anaerobic bacteria, in the family Lachnospiraceae, found in RUMINANTS. It is considered both gram-positive and gram-negative.
The passage of viable bacteria from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the INTESTINAL MUCOSA resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies MECHANICAL VENTILATION.
CHILDBIRTH at the end of a normal duration of PREGNANCY, between 37 to 40 weeks of gestation or about 280 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period.
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.
The delivery of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient whose sole source of nutrients is via solutions administered intravenously, subcutaneously, or by some other non-alimentary route. The basic components of TPN solutions are protein hydrolysates or free amino acid mixtures, monosaccharides, and electrolytes. Components are selected for their ability to reverse catabolism, promote anabolism, and build structural proteins.
Continuous care and monitoring of newborn infants with life-threatening conditions, in any setting.
Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.
A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.
A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.
A human infant born before 28 weeks of GESTATION.
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.
A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).

Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. (1/181)

We have generated mice with a cell type-specific disruption of the Stat3 gene in macrophages and neutrophils. The mutant mice are highly susceptible to endotoxin shock with increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha, IL-1, IFN gamma, and IL-6. Endotoxin-induced production of inflammatory cytokines is augmented because the suppressive effects of IL-10 on inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and neutrophils are completely abolished. The mice show a polarized immune response toward the Th1 type and develop chronic enterocolitis with age. Taken together, Stat3 plays a critical role in deactivation of macrophages and neutrophils mainly exerted by IL-10.  (+info)

Early detection by ultrasound scan of severe post-chemotherapy gut complications in patients with acute leukemia. (2/181)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute leukemia patients may develop life-threatening gut complications after intensive chemotherapy. We evaluated the role of abdominal and pelvic ultrasound (US) examination in early detection of these complications. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cohort of twenty adult acute leukemia patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy for remission induction entered the study. All chemotherapy regimens included cytarabine by continuous i.v. infusion for several days. RESULTS: Three patients had severe gut complications: 2 cases of enterocolitis and 1 case of gall bladder overdistension in the absence of calculi. In all cases the abnormality was documented by US examination: US scan showed thickening of the intestinal wall (two cases), and gall bladder overdistension with biliary sludge (one case). Immediate medical care included bowel rest, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, antimycotic treatment, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. All patients recovered from the complication. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the favorable outcome obtained in our small series can be attributed to early diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment. Early recognition by US and immediate medical management can lead to complete recovery of severe intestinal complications in patients with acute leukemia undergoing intensive chemotherapy.  (+info)

Ischaemic enterocolitis complicating idiopathic dysautonomia. (3/181)

A previously fit 23 year old adult male who presented with a sudden onset of profound autonomic neuropathy, for which no cause could be found, is described. The patient subsequently developed ischaemic enterocolitis that ultimately necessitated colectomy and subtotal enterectomy. Potential neural and humoral mechanisms are discussed.  (+info)

Integration of neuro-endocrine immune responses in defense of mucosal surfaces. (4/181)

Neuro-endocrine immunology, a field arising from curiosity about the mind-body connection, is evolving rapidly. From intriguing, but seemingly unexplainable observations with human infections and disease, experimental systems have been developed that provide a solid scientific basis for new understanding. There have been major efforts to understand influences of the nervous system on immune and inflammatory responses, e.g., innervation of the immune system, molecular communication pathways, and complex phenomena such as conditioning of immune responses and mechanisms of host defenses. In turn, the immune system communicates with the neuro-endocrine systems. Imbalances in the neuro-endocrine-immunologic circuitry are relevant in host defenses and in injury and repair. Examples of these themes in neuro-endocrine-immunology arise in several host-parasite models of neurogenic inflammation, immediate hypersensitivity responses, and granuloma formation. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland axis provide important models to enhance understanding of this poorly known component of the host-parasite relationship.  (+info)

Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in iron lactate-overloaded rats. (5/181)

Eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis with peripheral eosinophilia was induced in rats fed a diet containing 2.5% or 5.0% iron lactate for 3 mo. Additional findings consistent with iron overload were also observed. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of eosinophilic infiltrations in the mucosa and submucosa along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tracts, increased surface area of the gastric mucosal propria covered with mucous cells, and increased apoptotic bodies in the gastric glandular neck of rats in the 2.5% and 5.0% groups. An increased number of intraepithelial globule leukocytes in the gastric and intestinal lamina propria was also observed in the 5.0% group. Globule leukocytes in the gastric mucosa contained obviously enlarged granules in their cytoplasm in these rats. The granules of the globule leukocytes were positive for rat mast cell protease II, suggesting the mastocyte origin of these cells. Although severe infiltration of eosinophils and globule leukocytes suggested a type-1 hypersensitivity reaction, other features such as an increasing vascular permeability were not detected. Serum IgE levels in the 5.0% and control groups were < 3 ng/ml. Final body weights of male and female rats of the 5.0% group were suppressed to 70% and 90%, respectively, of those of the control rats, whereas food consumption was comparable to that of the control group. The morphologic characteristics of the gastrointestinal lesions and peripheral eosinophilia induced in rats fed iron lactate were very similar to those in some cases of eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in humans and other animals.  (+info)

Molecular basis of the interaction of Salmonella with the intestinal mucosa. (6/181)

Salmonella is one of the most extensively characterized bacterial pathogens and is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Despite this, we are only just beginning to understand at a molecular level how Salmonella interacts with its mammalian hosts to cause disease. Studies during the past decade on the genetic basis of virulence of Salmonella have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction, yet many questions remain. In this review, we focus on the interaction of enterocolitis-causing salmonellae with the intestinal mucosa, since this is the initiating step for most infections caused by Salmonella. Animal and in vitro cell culture models for the interaction of these bacteria with the intestinal epithelium are reviewed, along with the bacterial genes that are thought to affect this interaction. Lastly, recent studies on the response of epithelial cells to Salmonella infection and how this might promote diarrhea are discussed.  (+info)

Reduced oxidative and nitrosative damage in murine experimental colitis in the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase. (7/181)

BACKGROUND: Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. AIMS: To study the role of nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in an experimental model of murine enterocolitis. METHODS: Trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) was instilled per rectum to induce a lethal colitis in iNOS deficient mice and in wild type controls. The distal colon was evaluated for histological evidence of inflammation, iNOS expression and activity, tyrosine nitration and malondialdehyde formation (as indexes of nitrosative and oxidative stress), myeloperoxidase activity (as index of neutrophil infiltration), and tissue localisation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). RESULTS: TNBS administration induced a high mortality and weight loss associated with a severe colonic mucosal erosion and ulceration, increased myeloperoxidase activity, increased concentrations of malondialdehyde, and an intense staining for nitrotyrosine and ICAM-1 in wild type mice. Genetic ablation of iNOS gene conferred to mice a significant resistance to TNBS induced lethality and colonic damage, and notably reduced nitrotyrosine formation and concentrations of malondialdehyde; it did not, however, affect neutrophil infiltration and intestinal ICAM-1 expression in the injured tissue. CONCLUSION: Data show that activation of iNOS is required for nitrosative and oxidative damage in experimental colitis.  (+info)

Bacterial cell wall polymers promote intestinal fibrosis by direct stimulation of myofibroblasts. (8/181)

Normal luminal bacteria and bacterial cell wall polymers are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation. To determine the direct involvement of bacteria and their products on intestinal fibrogenesis, the effects of purified bacterial cell wall polymers on collagen and cytokine synthesis were evaluated in intestinal myofibroblast cultures established from normal fetal and chronically inflamed cecal tissues. In this study, the intestines of Lewis rats were intramurally injected with peptidoglycan-polysaccharide polymers. Collagen and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 mRNA levels were measured and correlated with mesenchymal cell accumulation by immunohistochemistry. The direct effects of cell wall polymers on fibrogenic cytokine and collagen alpha1 (type I) expression were evaluated in intestinal myofibroblast cultures. We found that intramural injections of bacterial cell wall polymers induced chronic granulomatous enterocolitis with markedly increased collagen synthesis and concomitant increased TGF-beta1 and interleukin (IL)-6 expression. Intestinal myofibroblast cultures were established, which both phenotypically and functionally resemble the mesenchymal cells that are involved in fibrosis in vivo. Bacterial cell wall polymers directly stimulated collagen alpha1 (I), TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and IL-6 mRNA expression in the intestinal myofibroblasts derived from both normal and inflamed cecum. Neutralization of endogenous TGF-beta1 inhibited in vitro collagen gene expression. From our results, we conclude that increased exposure to luminal bacterial products can directly activate intestinal mesenchymal cells, which accumulate in areas of chronic intestinal inflammation, thus stimulating intestinal fibrosis in genetically susceptible hosts.  (+info)

Enterocolitis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the small intestine (enteritis) and large intestine (colitis). This condition can affect people of all ages, but it is most commonly seen in infants and young children. The symptoms of enterocolitis may include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration.

There are several types of enterocolitis, including:

1. Infectious Enterocolitis: This type is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection in the intestines. Common causes include Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and norovirus.
2. Antibiotic-Associated Enterocolitis: This type is caused by an overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the intestines following the use of antibiotics that kill off beneficial gut bacteria.
3. Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis: This is a severe form of antibiotic-associated enterocolitis caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (C. diff).
4. Necrotizing Enterocolitis: This is a serious condition that primarily affects premature infants, causing inflammation and damage to the intestinal tissue, which can lead to perforations and sepsis.
5. Ischemic Enterocolitis: This type is caused by reduced blood flow to the intestines, often due to conditions such as mesenteric ischemia or vasculitis.
6. Radiation Enterocolitis: This type occurs as a complication of radiation therapy for cancer treatment, which can damage the intestinal lining and lead to inflammation.
7. Eosinophilic Enterocolitis: This is a rare condition characterized by an excessive buildup of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the intestinal tissue, leading to inflammation and symptoms similar to those seen in inflammatory bowel disease.

Treatment for enterocolitis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. It may include antibiotics, antiparasitic medications, probiotics, or surgery in severe cases.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants. It is characterized by the inflammation and death of intestinal tissue, which can lead to perforations (holes) in the bowel wall. Here's a brief medical definition:

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEK-roh-tiz-ing en-ter-koh-li-TIE-tis): A gastrointestinal emergency in which the inner lining of the intestinal wall undergoes necrosis (tissue death) due to inflammation, often affecting premature infants. The condition may result in bowel perforations, sepsis, and other systemic complications, requiring surgical intervention and intensive care management.

The exact cause of NEC is not fully understood, but it's thought to be associated with factors such as prematurity, formula feeding, intestinal immaturity or injury, and disturbed blood flow in the intestines. Symptoms may include abdominal distention, bloody stools, feeding intolerance, lethargy, and temperature instability. Early recognition and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes in affected infants.

Neutropenic enterocolitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur in individuals with severely compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer treatment. It is also known as typhlitis or neutropenic colitis.

The condition is characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the small intestine and colon (enterocolitis), which occurs in the absence of adequate numbers of white blood cells, particularly neutrophils, that are necessary to fight off infection. As a result, the intestinal tract becomes vulnerable to bacterial or fungal invasion, leading to inflammation, tissue damage, and potentially necrosis (tissue death).

Symptoms of neutropenic enterocolitis may include fever, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bloody stools. The condition can progress rapidly and lead to sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response that can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis of neutropenic enterocolitis typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, and laboratory tests to assess the severity of neutropenia and identify any underlying infectious agents. Treatment usually involves administering broad-spectrum antibiotics and antifungal medications to treat or prevent infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and maintain hydration and nutrition. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove necrotic tissue and prevent further complications.

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the small intestine (enteritis) and large intestine (colitis), resulting in the formation of pseudomembranes – raised, yellowish-white plaques composed of fibrin, mucus, and inflammatory cells. The condition is most commonly caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), which can overgrow in the gut following disruption of the normal gut microbiota, often after antibiotic use. Symptoms may include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and dehydration. Severe cases can lead to complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death if left untreated. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending antibiotic, administering oral metronidazole or vancomycin to eliminate C. difficile, and managing symptoms with supportive care. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be considered as a treatment option.

A "premature infant" is a newborn delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. They are at greater risk for various health complications and medical conditions compared to full-term infants, due to their immature organ systems and lower birth weight. Some common diseases and health issues that premature infants may face include:

1. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): A lung disorder caused by the lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the lungs inflated. Premature infants, especially those born before 34 weeks, are at higher risk for RDS.
2. Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH): Bleeding in the brain's ventricles, which can lead to developmental delays or neurological issues. The risk of IVH is inversely proportional to gestational age, meaning that the earlier the infant is born, the higher the risk.
3. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): A gastrointestinal disease where the intestinal tissue becomes inflamed and can die. Premature infants are at greater risk for NEC due to their immature digestive systems.
4. Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by an accumulation of bilirubin, a waste product from broken-down red blood cells. Premature infants may have higher rates of jaundice due to their liver's immaturity.
5. Infections: Premature infants are more susceptible to infections because of their underdeveloped immune systems. Common sources of infection include the mother's genital tract, bloodstream, or hospital environment.
6. Anemia: A condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or insufficient hemoglobin. Premature infants may develop anemia due to frequent blood sampling, rapid growth, or inadequate erythropoietin production.
7. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): An eye disorder affecting premature infants, where abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the retina. Severe ROP can lead to vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly.
8. Developmental Delays: Premature infants are at risk for developmental delays due to their immature nervous systems and environmental factors such as sensory deprivation or separation from parents.
9. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects two major arteries in the fetal heart, fails to close after birth. Premature infants are at higher risk for PDA due to their immature cardiovascular systems.
10. Hypothermia: Premature infants have difficulty maintaining body temperature and are at risk for hypothermia, which can lead to increased metabolic demands, poor feeding, and infection.

A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

'Cronobacter sakazakii' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is part of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing severe invasive infections such as meningitis and sepsis, particularly in newborns, infants, and immunocompromised individuals. The bacterium has been found in various environmental sources, including dried foods like powdered infant formula, herbs, and spices. Proper hygiene practices and the safe handling, preparation, and storage of food and feeding utensils can help prevent Cronobacter sakazakii infections.

A very low birth weight (VLBW) infant is a baby born weighing less than 1500 grams (3 pounds, 5 ounces). This category includes babies who are extremely preterm (born at or before 28 weeks of gestation) and/or have intrauterine growth restriction. VLBW infants often face significant health challenges, including respiratory distress syndrome, brain bleeds, infections, and feeding difficulties. They may require extended hospital stays in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and have a higher risk of long-term neurodevelopmental impairments compared to infants with normal birth weights.

Enteral nutrition refers to the delivery of nutrients to a person through a tube that is placed into the gastrointestinal tract, specifically into the stomach or small intestine. This type of nutrition is used when a person is unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as swallowing difficulties, malabsorption, or gastrointestinal disorders.

Enteral nutrition can be provided through different types of feeding tubes, including nasogastric tubes, which are inserted through the nose and down into the stomach, and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes, which are placed directly into the stomach or small intestine through a surgical incision.

The nutrients provided through enteral nutrition may include commercially prepared formulas that contain a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, or blenderized whole foods that are pureed and delivered through the feeding tube. The choice of formula or type of feed depends on the individual's nutritional needs, gastrointestinal function, and medical condition.

Enteral nutrition is a safe and effective way to provide nutrition support to people who are unable to meet their nutritional needs through oral intake alone. It can help prevent malnutrition, promote wound healing, improve immune function, and enhance overall health and quality of life.

Hirschsprung disease is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine, specifically the section known as the colon. This condition is congenital, meaning it is present at birth. It occurs due to the absence of ganglion cells (nerve cells) in the bowel's muscular wall, which are responsible for coordinating muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

The affected segment of the colon cannot relax and propel the contents within it, leading to various symptoms such as constipation, intestinal obstruction, or even bowel perforation in severe cases. Common diagnostic methods include rectal suction biopsy, anorectal manometry, and contrast enema studies. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the aganglionic segment and reattachment of the normal colon to the anus (known as a pull-through procedure).

Enterocytes are the absorptive cells that line the villi of the small intestine. They are a type of epithelial cell and play a crucial role in the absorption of nutrients from food into the bloodstream. Enterocytes have finger-like projections called microvilli on their apical surface, which increases their surface area and enhances their ability to absorb nutrients. They also contain enzymes that help digest and break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed. Additionally, enterocytes play a role in the absorption of ions, water, and vitamins.

Intestinal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the lining of the intestine. This can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or stomach. Intestinal perforation allows the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes and bacteria, to leak into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to a serious inflammatory response known as peritonitis.

Intestinal perforation can be caused by various factors, including:

* Mechanical trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stab wounds)
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
* Diverticulitis
* Appendicitis
* Intestinal obstruction
* Infections (e.g., typhoid fever, tuberculosis)
* Certain medications (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids)
* Radiation therapy
* Ischemic bowel disease (lack of blood flow to the intestines)

Symptoms of intestinal perforation may include sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and decreased bowel movements. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the perforation and remove any damaged tissue. Antibiotics are also administered to prevent infection. In severe cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary.

Infant formula is a manufactured food designed and marketed for feeding to babies and infants under 12 months of age, but may also be used as a supplementary feedings for older children. It is usually derived from cow's milk, but can also be made from soy or other proteins. Infant formulas are designed to provide a well-balanced diet with appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals to support growth and development in infants who are not breastfed. They come in various forms such as powder, concentrate, or ready-to-feed liquid and must meet strict nutritional and safety standards set by regulatory agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC).

A "newborn infant" refers to a baby in the first 28 days of life outside of the womb. This period is crucial for growth and development, but also poses unique challenges as the infant's immune system is not fully developed, making them more susceptible to various diseases.

"Newborn diseases" are health conditions that specifically affect newborn infants. These can be categorized into three main types:

1. Congenital disorders: These are conditions that are present at birth and may be inherited or caused by factors such as infection, exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy, or chromosomal abnormalities. Examples include Down syndrome, congenital heart defects, and spina bifida.

2. Infectious diseases: Newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their immature immune systems. Common infectious diseases in newborns include sepsis (bloodstream infection), pneumonia, and meningitis. These can be acquired from the mother during pregnancy or childbirth, or from the environment after birth.

3. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the normal growth and development of the newborn infant. Examples include cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, and vision or hearing impairments.

It is important to note that many newborn diseases can be prevented or treated with appropriate medical care, including prenatal care, proper hygiene practices, and timely vaccinations. Regular check-ups and monitoring of the newborn's health by a healthcare provider are essential for early detection and management of any potential health issues.

The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

An "Extremely Low Birth Weight" (ELBW) infant is a newborn with a birth weight below 1000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces), according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This classification is part of the broader category of low birth weight infants, which includes those born weighing less than 2500 grams (about 5.5 pounds). ELBW infants often face significant health challenges due to their prematurity and small size, which can include issues with breathing, feeding, temperature regulation, and potential long-term neurodevelopmental impairments. It is crucial for these infants to receive specialized care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to optimize their chances of survival and promote healthy development.

Feeding methods refer to the various ways that infants and young children receive nutrition. The most common feeding methods are breastfeeding and bottle-feeding, although some infants may require more specialized feeding methods due to medical conditions or developmental delays.

Breastfeeding is the act of providing human milk to an infant directly from the breast. It is the natural and normal way for infants to receive nutrition and has numerous benefits for both the mother and the baby, including improved immunity, reduced risk of infections, and enhanced bonding between parent and child.

Bottle-feeding involves providing an infant with expressed human milk or formula in a bottle with a rubber nipple. This method can be useful for mothers who are unable to breastfeed due to medical reasons, work commitments, or personal preference. However, it is important to ensure that the bottle and nipple are properly sterilized and that the infant is held in an upright position during feeding to reduce the risk of ear infections and other complications.

For infants who have difficulty breastfeeding or bottle-feeding due to medical conditions such as cleft lip or palate, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or neurological impairments, specialized feeding methods may be necessary. These may include the use of specially designed bottles, nipples, or feeding tubes that deliver nutrition directly to the stomach or small intestine.

In all cases, it is important to ensure that infants and young children receive adequate nutrition for healthy growth and development. Parents should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate feeding method for their child based on their individual needs and circumstances.

A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a specialized hospital unit that provides advanced, intensive care for newborn babies who are born prematurely, critically ill, or have complex medical conditions. The NICU staff includes neonatologists, neonatal nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals trained to provide specialized care for these vulnerable infants.

The NICU is equipped with advanced technology and monitoring systems to support the babies' breathing, heart function, temperature regulation, and nutrition. The unit may include incubators or radiant warmers to maintain the baby's body temperature, ventilators to assist with breathing, and intravenous lines to provide fluids and medications.

NICUs are typically classified into levels based on the complexity of care provided, ranging from Level I (basic care for healthy newborns) to Level IV (the highest level of care for critically ill newborns). The specific services and level of care provided in a NICU may vary depending on the hospital and geographic location.

Probiotics are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." They are often referred to as "good" or "friendly" bacteria because they help keep your gut healthy. Probiotics are naturally found in certain foods such as fermented foods like yogurt, sauerkraut, and some cheeses, or they can be taken as dietary supplements.

The most common groups of probiotics are lactic acid bacteria (like Lactobacillus) and bifidobacteria. They can help restore the balance of bacteria in your gut when it's been disrupted by things like illness, medication (such as antibiotics), or poor diet. Probiotics have been studied for their potential benefits in a variety of health conditions, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and even mental health disorders, although more research is needed to fully understand their effects and optimal uses.

An enterostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening from the intestine to the abdominal wall, which allows for the elimination of waste from the body. This opening is called a stoma and can be temporary or permanent, depending on the individual's medical condition. There are several types of enterostomies, including colostomy, ileostomy, and jejunostomy, which differ based on the specific location in the intestine where the stoma is created.

The purpose of an enterostomy may vary, but it is often performed to divert the flow of waste away from a diseased or damaged section of the intestine, allowing it to heal. Common reasons for an enterostomy include inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, trauma, and birth defects.

After the surgery, patients will need to wear a pouching system over the stoma to collect waste. They will also require specialized care and education on how to manage their stoma and maintain their overall health. With proper care and support, individuals with an enterostomy can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Human milk, also known as breast milk, is the nutrient-rich fluid produced by the human female mammary glands to feed and nourish their infants. It is the natural and species-specific first food for human babies, providing all the necessary nutrients in a form that is easily digestible and absorbed. Human milk contains a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immunity of newborns and young infants. Its composition changes over time, adapting to meet the changing needs of the growing infant.

Lymphocytic colitis is a type of microscopic colitis, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the large intestine (colon). In lymphocytic colitis, there is an increased number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the lining of the colon. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as chronic watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and urgency. The exact cause of lymphocytic colitis is not known, but it is thought to be related to an immune response to an environmental trigger in genetically susceptible individuals. It is more common in women than men and typically affects people over the age of 40. Treatment may include medications such as anti-diarrheal agents, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive drugs. In some cases, dietary modifications or elimination of certain foods from the diet may also be helpful in managing symptoms.

Cronobacter is a genus of facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria that are motile by means of peritrichous flagella. These bacteria were previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii and can be found in various environments such as water, soil, and dry food products.

Cronobacter species are known to cause severe invasive infections in newborns and infants, including meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. They have also been associated with rare cases of bacteremia, wound infections, and pneumonia in adults with weakened immune systems.

The bacteria can be transmitted through contaminated food or water, and powdered infant formula has been identified as a significant source of infection. To reduce the risk of Cronobacter infection, it is recommended to follow strict hygiene practices during preparation and handling of infant formula and other susceptible foods.

The ileum is the third and final segment of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum (the beginning of the large intestine). It plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly for vitamin B12 and bile salts. The ileum is characterized by its thin, lined walls and the presence of Peyer's patches, which are part of the immune system and help surveil for pathogens.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Dysbiosis is a term used to describe an imbalance in the microbiota, or the community of microorganisms, that normally live on and inside the body. These microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes. In a healthy state, these microorganisms exist in a balanced relationship with each other and with their human host. However, when this balance is disrupted, it can lead to an overgrowth of harmful microbes and a decrease in the number of beneficial ones. This imbalance can occur in different parts of the body, such as the gut, skin, or mouth, and can contribute to various health problems.

In medical terms, dysbiosis is often used to describe an alteration in the composition of the gut microbiota that has been associated with a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and even some neurological disorders. The exact mechanisms by which dysbiosis contributes to these conditions are not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the metabolic activities of the microbiota, as well as their interactions with the host's immune system.

It's important to note that while dysbiosis has been linked to various health issues, it does not necessarily mean that it is the cause of those conditions. More research is needed to fully understand the role of dysbiosis in human health and disease.

Bifidobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, non-motile, often branching anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals, as well as in fermented foods. These bacteria play an important role in maintaining the health and balance of the gut microbiota by aiding in digestion, producing vitamins, and preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.

Bifidobacteria are also known for their probiotic properties and are often used as dietary supplements to improve digestive health, boost the immune system, and alleviate symptoms of various gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.

There are over 50 species of Bifidobacterium, with some of the most common ones found in the human gut being B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve, and B. adolescentis. These bacteria are characterized by their ability to ferment a variety of carbohydrates, including dietary fibers, oligosaccharides, and sugars, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, lactate, and formate as end products.

Bifidobacteria have a complex cell wall structure that contains unique polysaccharides called exopolysaccharides (EPS), which have been shown to have prebiotic properties and can stimulate the growth of other beneficial bacteria in the gut. Additionally, some strains of Bifidobacterium produce antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, further contributing to their probiotic effects.

Overall, Bifidobacterium is an important genus of beneficial bacteria that play a crucial role in maintaining gut health and promoting overall well-being.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

Clostridium infections are caused by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, and often anaerobic organisms. These bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human gastrointestinal tract. Some Clostridium species can cause severe and potentially life-threatening infections in humans. Here are some of the most common Clostridium infections with their medical definitions:

1. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI): An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile. It typically occurs after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut microbiota, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that cause diarrhea, colitis, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death.
2. Clostridium tetani infection: Also known as tetanus, this infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The spores of this bacterium are commonly found in soil and animal feces. They can enter the body through wounds, cuts, or punctures, germinate, and produce a potent exotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the neck and jaw (lockjaw), which can lead to difficulty swallowing, breathing, and potentially fatal complications.
3. Clostridium botulinum infection: This infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and results in botulism, a rare but severe paralytic illness. The bacteria produce neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) that affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, botulism can lead to respiratory failure and death.
4. Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens infection): A rapidly progressing soft tissue infection caused by Clostridium perfringens or other clostridial species. The bacteria produce potent exotoxins that cause tissue destruction, gas production, and widespread necrosis. Gas gangrene is characterized by severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge. If left untreated, it can lead to sepsis, multi-organ failure, and death.
5. Clostridioides difficile infection (C. difficile infection): Although not caused by a typical clostridial species, C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those who have recently taken antibiotics. The bacteria produce toxins A and B, which damage the intestinal lining and contribute to inflammation and diarrhea. C. difficile infection can range from mild to life-threatening, with complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, and bowel perforation.

The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, located at the junction of the small and large intestines. It is a pouch-like structure that connects to the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the ascending colon (the first part of the large intestine). The cecum is where the appendix is attached. Its function is to absorb water and electrolytes, and it also serves as a site for the fermentation of certain types of dietary fiber by gut bacteria. However, the exact functions of the cecum are not fully understood.

The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a medical term used to describe the delivery of nutrients directly into a patient's bloodstream through a vein, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is a specialized medical treatment that is typically used when a patient cannot receive adequate nutrition through enteral feeding, which involves the ingestion and digestion of food through the mouth or a feeding tube.

PN can be used to provide essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes to patients who have conditions that prevent them from absorbing nutrients through their gut, such as severe gastrointestinal tract disorders, malabsorption syndromes, or short bowel syndrome.

PN is administered through a catheter that is inserted into a vein, typically in the chest or arm. The nutrient solution is prepared under sterile conditions and delivered through an infusion pump to ensure accurate and controlled delivery of the solution.

While PN can be a life-saving intervention for some patients, it also carries risks such as infection, inflammation, and organ damage. Therefore, it should only be prescribed and administered by healthcare professionals with specialized training in this area.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may relate to various physiological processes and phenomena related to infant nutrition.

To try and provide some clarity, I can offer a brief explanation of the individual terms:

1. Infant: A young child, typically under one year of age.
2. Nutritional: Relating to food or nourishment, particularly in relation to energy and the balance of essential nutrients required for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions.
3. Physiological: Describing processes and functions that occur within a living organism as part of normal bodily function, including biochemical reactions, organ function, and responses to environmental stimuli.
4. Phenomena: Observable events or occurrences.

So, "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could refer to observable events or processes related to an infant's nutrition and physiology. However, without further context, it is difficult to provide a more precise definition. Examples of such phenomena might include the development of feeding skills, growth patterns, or changes in metabolism related to dietary intake.

Asphyxia is a medical condition that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen supply or excessive carbon dioxide buildup in the body, leading to impaired respiration and oxygenation of organs. This can result in unconsciousness, damage to internal organs, and potentially death if not treated promptly.

Asphyxia can be caused by various factors such as strangulation, choking, smoke inhalation, chemical exposure, or drowning. Symptoms of asphyxia may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes), rapid heartbeat, confusion, and eventually loss of consciousness.

Immediate medical attention is required for individuals experiencing symptoms of asphyxia. Treatment may involve providing supplemental oxygen, removing the source of obstruction or exposure to harmful substances, and supporting respiratory function with mechanical ventilation if necessary. Prevention measures include avoiding hazardous environments, using proper safety equipment, and seeking prompt medical attention in case of suspected asphyxiation.

A milk bank, also known as a human milk bank or breastmilk bank, is a service that collects, screens, pasteurizes, and stores donated human breast milk. The milk is then distributed to hospitals, outpatient facilities, or directly to individuals in need, such as premature infants or those with medical conditions that prevent them from receiving their own mother's milk. Milk banks follow strict protocols to ensure the safety and quality of the donated milk, including blood tests for disease screening and pasteurization to kill any potential viruses or bacteria. The goal of a milk bank is to provide a safe and reliable source of human breast milk to promote the health and well-being of vulnerable infants.

Mucin-3, also known as MUC3A or CA15-3, is a type of mucin protein that is heavily glycosylated and found on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a transmembrane protein that plays a role in protecting the epithelial surface from damage, infection, and inflammation. Mucin-3 has been identified as a tumor antigen and its expression is often upregulated in various types of cancer, including colon, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers. The soluble form of Mucin-3 can be measured in the blood and used as a tumor marker to monitor the progression of certain cancers.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect in which the ductus arteriosus, a normal fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta, fails to close after birth. The ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the lungs while the fetus is still in the womb, but it should close shortly after birth as the newborn begins to breathe and oxygenate their own blood.

If the ductus arteriosus remains open or "patent," it can result in abnormal blood flow between the pulmonary artery and aorta. This can lead to various cardiovascular complications, such as:

1. Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs)
2. Congestive heart failure
3. Increased risk of respiratory infections

The severity of the symptoms and the need for treatment depend on the size of the PDA and the amount of blood flow that is shunted from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. Small PDAs may close on their own over time, while larger PDAs typically require medical intervention, such as medication or surgical closure.

Mucin-2, also known as MUC2, is a type of mucin that is primarily produced by the goblet cells in the mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal tract. It is a large, heavily glycosylated protein that forms the gel-like structure of mucus, which provides lubrication and protection to the epithelial surfaces. Mucin-2 is the major component of intestinal mucus and plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier by preventing the adhesion and colonization of harmful microorganisms. Additionally, it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may play a role in regulating immune responses in the gut.

Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) is a malabsorption disorder that occurs when a significant portion of the small intestine has been removed or is functionally lost due to surgical resection, congenital abnormalities, or other diseases. The condition is characterized by an inability to absorb sufficient nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food, leading to diarrhea, malnutrition, dehydration, and weight loss.

The small intestine plays a crucial role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, and when more than 50% of its length is affected, the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients becomes compromised. The severity of SBS depends on the extent of the remaining small intestine, the presence or absence of the ileocecal valve (a sphincter that separates the small and large intestines), and the functionality of the residual intestinal segments.

Symptoms of Short Bowel Syndrome include:

1. Chronic diarrhea
2. Steatorrhea (fatty stools)
3. Dehydration
4. Weight loss
5. Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies (A, D, E, and K)
6. Electrolyte imbalances
7. Malnutrition
8. Anemia
9. Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine
10. Osteoporosis due to calcium and vitamin D deficiencies

Treatment for Short Bowel Syndrome typically involves a combination of nutritional support, medication, and sometimes surgical interventions. Nutritional management includes oral or enteral feeding with specially formulated elemental or semi-elemental diets, as well as parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding) to provide essential nutrients that cannot be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Medications such as antidiarrheals, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotics may also be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, intestinal transplantation might be considered for severe SBS patients who do not respond to other treatments.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Lactobacillus reuteri is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that belongs to the lactic acid bacteria group. It is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals, as well as in some fermented foods.

Lactobacillus reuteri has been studied for its potential probiotic benefits, including its ability to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, stimulate the immune system, and promote digestive health. It produces several antimicrobial compounds, such as lactic acid, reuterin, and bacteriocins, which help maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms in the gut.

Lactobacillus reuteri has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, which may be beneficial in treating conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and eczema. Additionally, it may help prevent dental cavities by inhibiting the growth of harmful oral bacteria.

It's worth noting that while Lactobacillus reuteri has shown promise in various studies, more research is needed to fully understand its potential health benefits and safety.

Paneth cells are specialized epithelial cells located in the small intestine, specifically in the crypts of Lieberkühn. They play an essential role in the immune function and maintenance of the intestinal environment. Paneth cells are characterized by their large, granulated secretory vesicles that contain antimicrobial peptides and proteins, such as defensins and lysozyme. These substances help to control the growth of bacteria in the small intestine and maintain a balanced microbiota. Additionally, Paneth cells secrete other factors that support the function and survival of stem cells located in the crypts. They are also involved in the inflammatory response by producing cytokines and chemokines, which help to recruit immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.

The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.

The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.

Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). It's often defined as a birth weight of 2,499 grams or less. This can be further categorized into very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams). Low birth weight is most commonly caused by premature birth, but it can also be caused by growth restriction in the womb. These babies are at risk for numerous health complications, both in the short and long term.

Butyrivibrio is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including ruminants and humans. These bacteria play an important role in the digestion of plant material by producing enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars, which can then be fermented to produce butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that serves as an energy source for the host animal.

The name Butyrivibrio is derived from the Latin word "butyrum," meaning butter, and the Greek word "vibrios," meaning rod-shaped. This reflects the fact that these bacteria are known to produce butyrate, which is a fatty acid that is commonly found in butter and other dairy products.

Butyrivibrio species are generally considered to be beneficial members of the gut microbiota, as they help to maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms in the digestive tract and contribute to the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food. However, like all bacteria, they can potentially cause disease if they enter other parts of the body or if they overgrow and disrupt the normal balance of the gut microbiota.

Bacterial translocation is a medical condition that refers to the migration and establishment of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to normally sterile sites inside the body, such as the mesenteric lymph nodes, bloodstream, or other organs. This phenomenon is most commonly associated with impaired intestinal barrier function, which can occur in various clinical settings, including severe trauma, burns, sepsis, major surgery, and certain gastrointestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and liver cirrhosis.

The translocation of bacteria from the gut to other sites can lead to systemic inflammation, sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which can be life-threatening in severe cases. The underlying mechanisms of bacterial translocation are complex and involve several factors, such as changes in gut microbiota, increased intestinal permeability, impaired immune function, and altered intestinal motility.

Preventing bacterial translocation is an important goal in the management of patients at risk for this condition, and strategies may include optimizing nutritional support, maintaining adequate fluid and electrolyte balance, using probiotics or antibiotics to modulate gut microbiota, and promoting intestinal barrier function through various pharmacological interventions.

A "term birth" is a medical term that refers to a delivery or pregnancy that has reached 37 weeks or more. It is the normal length of a full-term pregnancy and is considered a healthy and low-risk period for childbirth. Babies born at term have the best chance of being healthy and not experiencing any significant medical issues, compared to those born preterm (before 37 weeks) or postterm (after 42 weeks). The different types of term births are:

* Early Term: Between 37 weeks and 38 weeks, 6 days.
* Full Term: Between 39 weeks and 40 weeks, 6 days.
* Late Term: Between 41 weeks and 41 weeks, 6 days.
* Postterm: 42 weeks or later.

It is important to note that while a term birth is generally considered low-risk, there can still be variations in the health of babies born at different points within this range. For example, research has shown that babies born at 39 weeks have better outcomes than those born at 37 or 38 weeks. Therefore, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider for individualized guidance and recommendations regarding pregnancy and childbirth.

Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the human gut and surrounding environment. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae can occur when these bacteria enter parts of the body where they are not normally present, such as the bloodstream, urinary tract, or abdominal cavity.

Enterobacteriaceae infections can cause a range of symptoms depending on the site of infection. For example:

* Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Enterobacteriaceae may cause symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or burning during urination, and lower abdominal pain.
* Bloodstream infections (bacteremia) caused by Enterobacteriaceae can cause fever, chills, and sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory response to infection.
* Pneumonia caused by Enterobacteriaceae may cause cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Intra-abdominal infections (such as appendicitis or diverticulitis) caused by Enterobacteriaceae can cause abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits.

Enterobacteriaceae infections are typically treated with antibiotics, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains of these bacteria has made treatment more challenging in recent years. Preventing the spread of Enterobacteriaceae in healthcare settings and promoting good hygiene practices can help reduce the risk of infection.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is a medical term used to describe a specialized nutritional support system that is delivered through a vein (intravenously). It provides all the necessary nutrients that a patient needs, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. TPN is typically used when a patient cannot eat or digest food through their gastrointestinal tract for various reasons, such as severe malabsorption, intestinal obstruction, or inflammatory bowel disease. The term "total" indicates that the nutritional support is complete and meets all of the patient's nutritional needs.

Neonatal Intensive Care (NIC) is a specialized medical care for newborn babies who are born prematurely, have low birth weight, or have medical conditions that require advanced medical intervention. This can include monitoring and support for breathing, heart function, temperature regulation, and nutrition. NICUs are staffed with healthcare professionals trained in neonatology, nursing, respiratory therapy, and other specialized areas to provide the highest level of care for these vulnerable infants.

The goal of NICU is to stabilize the newborn's condition, treat medical problems, promote growth and development, and support the family throughout the hospitalization and transition to home. The level of care provided in a NICU can vary depending on the severity of the infant's condition, ranging from basic monitoring and support to complex treatments such as mechanical ventilation, surgery, and medication therapy.

In general, NICUs are classified into different levels based on the complexity of care they can provide. Level I NICUs provide basic care for infants born at or near term who require minimal medical intervention. Level II NICUs provide more advanced care for premature or sick newborns who require specialized monitoring and treatment but do not need surgery or complex therapies. Level III NICUs provide the highest level of care, including advanced respiratory support, surgical services, and critical care for critically ill infants with complex medical conditions.

Ischemic colitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to reduced blood flow to the area. This reduction in blood flow, also known as ischemia, can be caused by various factors such as narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels that supply the colon, low blood pressure, or certain medications.

Symptoms of ischemic colitis may include sudden abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fever. In severe cases, it can lead to tissue death, perforation of the colon, and sepsis. Treatment typically involves supportive care such as fluid replacement, bowel rest, and antibiotics. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or restore blood flow to the area.

Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) is a type of protein found on the surface of some cells in the human body, including immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. It belongs to a class of proteins called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play a crucial role in the innate immune system's response to infection.

TLR4 recognizes and responds to specific molecules found on gram-negative bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin. When TLR4 binds to LPS, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of immune cells, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and initiation of the adaptive immune response.

TLR4 is an essential component of the body's defense against gram-negative bacterial infections, but its overactivation can also contribute to the development of various inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, atherosclerosis, and certain types of cancer.

'Clostridium' is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many species of Clostridium are anaerobic, meaning they can grow and reproduce in environments with little or no oxygen. Some species of Clostridium are capable of producing toxins that can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals.

Some notable species of Clostridium include:

* Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus (also known as lockjaw)
* Clostridium botulinum, which produces botulinum toxin, the most potent neurotoxin known and the cause of botulism
* Clostridium difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in people who have recently taken antibiotics
* Clostridium perfringens, which can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene.

It is important to note that not all species of Clostridium are harmful, and some are even beneficial, such as those used in the production of certain fermented foods like sauerkraut and natto. However, due to their ability to produce toxins and cause illness, it is important to handle and dispose of materials contaminated with Clostridium species carefully, especially in healthcare settings.

An extremely premature infant is a baby born alive before 28 weeks of gestation. This group of infants is at the highest risk for morbidity and mortality among preterm infants. They often require extensive medical support in the neonatal intensive care unit, including mechanical ventilation, surfactant replacement therapy, and total parenteral nutrition. Extremely premature infants are also at increased risk for long-term neurodevelopmental impairments, such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and vision and hearing problems. The survival rate for extremely premature infants has improved in recent decades due to advances in medical technology and care, but these infants remain a vulnerable population that requires close monitoring and specialized treatment.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants. It is defined as the need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days of life or beyond, due to abnormal development and injury to the lungs.

The condition was first described in the 1960s, following the introduction of mechanical ventilation and high concentrations of oxygen therapy for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). These treatments, while lifesaving, can also cause damage to the delicate lung tissue, leading to BPD.

The pathogenesis of BPD is complex and involves an interplay between genetic factors, prenatal exposures, and postnatal injury from mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lung development contribute to the development of BPD.

Infants with BPD typically have abnormalities in their airways, alveoli (air sacs), and blood vessels in the lungs. These changes can lead to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and poor growth. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, diuretics, and other medications to support lung function and minimize complications.

The prognosis for infants with BPD varies depending on the severity of the disease and associated medical conditions. While some infants recover completely, others may have long-term respiratory problems that require ongoing management.

A metagenome is the collective genetic material contained within a sample taken from a specific environment, such as soil or water, or within a community of organisms, like the microbiota found in the human gut. It includes the genomes of all the microorganisms present in that environment or community, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, whether they can be cultured in the lab or not. By analyzing the metagenome, scientists can gain insights into the diversity, abundance, and functional potential of the microbial communities present in that environment.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

Specific types of enterocolitis include: necrotizing enterocolitis (most common in premature infants) pseudomembranous ... Enterocolitis is an inflammation of the digestive tract, involving enteritis of the small intestine and colitis of the colon. ... "Necrotizing Enterocolitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 11 August 2021. Taxonomy. Lawson et al (2016). NCBI ... Among the causal agents of acute enterocolitis are:[citation needed] bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli (E. coli ...
... (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease that affects premature or very low birth weight infants. ...
... , also known as typhlitis, is an inflammation of the cecum (part of the large intestine) that may be ... King A, Rampling A, Wight DG, Warren RE (1984). "Neutropenic enterocolitis due to Clostridium septicum infection". J Clin ... whereas Clostridium septicum is responsible for most cases of neutropenic enterocolitis. Typhlitis most commonly occurs in ...
... (FPIES) is a systemic, non IgE-mediated response to a specific trigger within food ... Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome by cow's milk proteins passed through breast milk. The Journal of Allergy and ... "Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). Archived from the original on 19 ... Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Jarocka-Cyrta E, Moschione Castro A (2017). "Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome" (PDF). J Investig ...
Davila ML (January 2006). "Neutropenic enterocolitis". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 22 (1): 44-7. doi:10.1097/01.mog. ... Rodrigues, Fabio G; Dasilva, Giovanna; Wexner, Steven D (7 January 2017). "Neutropenic enterocolitis". World Journal of ... Due to immune system suppression, neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) is a "life-threatening gastrointestinal complication of ...
The term "autistic enterocolitis" was coined by Andrew Wakefield in 1998 after the publication of his now-retracted study in ... However, the concept of "autistic enterocolitis" has not been accepted in the medical community due to lack of rigorous studies ... ISBN 978-0-7382-1904-2. MacDonald TT, Domizio P (2007). "Autistic enterocolitis; is it a histopathological entity?". ... "autistic enterocolitis" was "speculative and unsupported by the weight of the evidence." Russo, A. J.; Krigsman, A.; Jepson, B ...
Autistic enterocolitis - is the name of a nonexistent medical condition proposed by discredited British gastroenterologist ... The existence of such an enterocolitis has been dismissed by experts as having "not been established". Wakefield's now- ... MacDonald TT, Domizio P (2007). "Autistic enterocolitis; is it a histopathological entity?". Histopathology. 50 (3): 371-379. ...
Autistic enterocolitis is a nonexistent medical condition proposed in 1998 by now-discredited British gastroenterologist Andrew ... The existence of such an enterocolitis has been dismissed by experts as having "not been established". Wakefield's fraudulent ... MacDonald TT, Domizio P (2007). "Autistic enterocolitis; is it a histopathological entity?". Histopathology. 50 (3): 371-9. doi ...
Cher J, Wu C, Adams S (2019). "Hirschsprung-Associated Enterocolitis". Gastrointestinal Diseases and their Associated ...
Enterocolitis is common in children. Sepsis occasionally occurs; it primarily occurs in patients with preexisting comorbidities ...
Chronic food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) has been observed in infants aged younger than three months who ... Nowak-Węgrzyn, A; Jarocka-Cyrta, E; Moschione Castro, APB (2017). "Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome". Journal of ...
Enterocolitis Singh, Amandeep (July 2010). "Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice Acute Gastroenteritis - An Update". Pediatric ... Lin, Z; Kotler, DP; Schlievert, PM; Sordillo, EM (May 2010). "Staphylococcal enterocolitis: forgotten but not gone?". Digestive ...
"Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Archived from the original on 19 ... Leonard SA, Pecora V, Fiocchi AG, Nowak-Wegrzyn A (7 February 2018). "Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: a review of ... Within non-IgE reactions, clinicians distinguish among:[citation needed] food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) ... April 2017). "International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis ...
The study proposed a new syndrome called autistic enterocolitis, and raised the possibility of a link between a novel form of ... 2010). "Retraction: Enterocolitis in Children With Developmental Disorders". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 105 (5 ... Deer, Brian (15 April 2010). "Wakefield's "autistic enterocolitis" under the microscope". BMJ. 340: c1127. doi:10.1136/bmj. ... of enterocolitis and regressive autism and associated this with MMR as an "apparent precipitating event." But in fact: Three of ...
"Infantile food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome". In David, Timothy J (ed.). Recent Advances in Paediatrics 22. London: ...
Dvorak B (March 2004). "Epidermal growth factor and necrotizing enterocolitis". Clinics in Perinatology. 31 (1): 183-92. doi: ...
Deer wrote an article in The BMJ casting doubt on the "autistic enterocolitis" that Wakefield claimed to have discovered. In ... Deer B (2010). "Wakefield's "autistic enterocolitis" under the microscope". The BMJ. 340 (apr15 2): c1127. doi:10.1136/bmj. ... "Response to feature Wakefield's "autistic enterocolitis" under the microscope from ESPGHAN". The BMJ. Archived from the ... of enterocolitis and regressive autism and associated this with MMR as an "apparent precipitating event." But in fact: Three of ...
Necrotizing enterocolitis is an intestinal condition that develops in some premature babies, and is characterized by ... Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants is mainly achieved through the addition of predetermined compounds ... The development of necrotizing enterocolitis has also been linked to the microbiome of the gut in the affected population. High ... Compounds such as immunoglobulins have been shown to reduce Necrotizing Enterocolitis incidence, as well as severity in those ...
The Merck Manual, 2008 Heird WC, Gomez MR (June 1994). "Total parenteral nutrition in necrotizing enterocolitis". Clinics in ... and certain pediatric GI disorders including congenital GI anomalies and necrotizing enterocolitis. There are physical, ...
Houghteling PD, Walker WA (2015). "From Birth to "Immunohealth," Allergies and Enterocolitis". Journal of Clinical ... and necrotizing enterocolitis, celiac disease, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease than formula-fed infants. Human breast ... dysbiosis in infants is strongly associated with immune-mediated diseases such as allergies and necrotizing enterocolitis. In ...
If untreated, the patient can develop enterocolitis.[citation needed] Risperidone, an anti-psychotic medication, can result in ...
Hapfelmeier S, Hardt WD (October 2005). "A mouse model for S. typhimurium-induced enterocolitis". Trends in Microbiology. 13 ( ...
Gastrointestinal geotrichosis is enterocolitis associated with glutamic therapy. The symptoms usually stop once the glutamic ...
February 2015). "Necrotizing enterocolitis: a clinical review on diagnostic biomarkers and the role of the intestinal ... The mechanism that links Paneth cells to necrotizing enterocolitis remains unclear, but it has been theorized that a bloom of ... This leaves preterm babies vulnerable to necrotizing enterocolitis. About mid-way though the development of the small intestine ... to necrotizing enterocolitis. It should furthermore be noted that early Paneth cells do not possess fully functional, mature ...
2014). Fatal necrotising enterocolitis due to mydriatic eye drops. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, ...
Conditions were exacerbated by a devastating epidemic of enterocolitis. Many people, terrified, went to shamans who, with their ...
In the bowel, it may manifest as mastocytic enterocolitis. However, normal ranges for mast cell counts in the gastrointestinal ... "mastocytic enterocolitis" truly represents a distinct entity. There are five types of systemic mastocytosis: Indolent systemic ...
Clostridial species may play a role in necrotizing enterocolitis. Management of these infection necessitates treating of the ...
Inflammation of the intestines is called enterocolitis, which may lead to diarrhea. Acute conditions affecting the bowels ... Other causes of illness include intestinal pseudoobstruction, and necrotizing enterocolitis.: 850-862, 895-903 Diseases of the ...
... and Synbiotics for the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis". Advances in Nutrition. 7 (5): 928-37. doi:10.3945/an. ... pasteurized breast milk are under preliminary clinical research for their potential to ameliorate necrotizing enterocolitis in ...
In neonatal intensive-care units, the syndrome of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis may be caused in a similar way by C. ... Kliegman, R. M.; Walker, W. A.; Yolken, R. H. (December 1993). "Necrotizing enterocolitis: research agenda for a disease of ... Neu, Josef; Walker, W. Allan (2011-01-20). "Necrotizing enterocolitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (3): 255-264. ... Kliegman, R. M.; Fanaroff, A. A. (1984-04-26). "Necrotizing enterocolitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 310 (17): 1093 ...
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Salmonella enterocolitis "Cholera." PubMed Health. US National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 28 Apr ...
Hackam specializes in necrotizing enterocolitis. "David Hackam, M.D., Ph.D." Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. ...
Within non-IgE cow's milk allergy, clinicians distinguish among food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), food ... Feuille E, Nowak-Węgrzyn A (August 2015). "Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome, Allergic Proctocolitis, and Enteropathy ... April 2017). "International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis ...
Specific types of enterocolitis include: necrotizing enterocolitis (most common in premature infants) pseudomembranous ... Enterocolitis is an inflammation of the digestive tract, involving enteritis of the small intestine and colitis of the colon. ... "Necrotizing Enterocolitis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 11 August 2021. Taxonomy. Lawson et al (2016). NCBI ... Among the causal agents of acute enterocolitis are:[citation needed] bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli (E. coli ...
If theres a story I neglected to mention last week that I should have, its that Andrew Wakefield is being a bully again, trying to use legal intimidation to silence his critics, namely Forbes.com blogger Emily Willingham. Of course, Wakefield has done this so many times that the fact that hes done it once again is hardly newsworthy, but that never stopped me before, because its important to document the pattern of legal harassment. The timing was bad. The antivaccine crank blog Age of Autism posted a copy of Wakefields letter after I had already finished Fridays post, and by the time ...
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the death of tissue in the intestine. It occurs most often in premature or sick babies. ... Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the death of tissue in the intestine. It occurs most often in premature or sick babies. ... Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the death of tissue in the intestine. It occurs most often in premature or sick babies. ... Necrotizing enterocolitis is a serious disease. Up to 40% of infants with NEC die from it. Early, aggressive treatment can help ...
... is an allergic disease with expression predominantly in the GI tract. Whats the ... Box 1. Clues in favor of a specific IgE role in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome pathogenesis. *. There are some ... Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome. From Practice to Theory. Stefano Miceli Sopo; Monica Greco; Serena Monaco; ...
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature newborns. Learn more about it here. ... Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal (GI) disease in which sections of the bowel become inflamed and begin to ... Enterocolitis is inflammation in the gut that affects the small intestine and colon. It causes fever, abdominal swelling, and ... Necrotizing enterocolitis is a gastrointestinal disease involving inflammation and damage to sections of bowel tissue. The ...
Neutropenic enterocolitis, also known as typhlitis (from the greek ... encoded search term (Neutropenic Enterocolitis) and Neutropenic Enterocolitis What to Read Next on Medscape ... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] Early recognition of neutropenic enterocolitis is paramount for potentially achieving a good outcome. ... Neutropenic enterocolitis, also known as typhlitis (from Greek typhlon ["blind"], referring to the cecum), is an acute life- ...
Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Newborn. What is necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn?. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is ...
Diseases : Enterocolitis: Necrotiziing. Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Interleukin-6 Downregulation, NF- ... Diseases : Enterocolitis: Necrotiziing. Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Interleukin-10 downregulation, ... 11 Abstracts with Enterocolitis: Necrotiziing Research. Filter by Study Type. Animal Study. ... Diseases : Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis, Enterocolitis: Necrotiziing, Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmacological Actions : Anti- ...
Necrotizing Enterocolitis: The Mystery Goes On Subject Area: Womens and Childrens Health ... Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has become one of the most dreaded diseases in neonatal intensive care units. In the US and ... Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has largely been present in neonatal intensive care units for the past 60 years. NEC prevalence ... Modi N: Probiotics and Necrotising Enterocolitis: the devil (as always) is in the detail. Commentary on N. Ofek Shlomai et al: ...
Learn the signs and symptoms of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Learn who it usually affects and discover ... Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES). Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES). Food protein-induced ... Food Protein Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) is a type of non-IgE mediated food allergy that can present with severe ... enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a type of gastrointestinal food allergy that affects mostly infants and young children. ...
Intestinal luminal microbiota likely contribute to the etiology of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a common disease in preterm ...
Risk Factors for Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Prospective Multicenter Case-Control Study Subject Area: Womens and Childrens ... Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common severe gastrointestinal disease in infants born preterm. A new guideline on ... Samuels N, van de Graaf RA, de Jonge RCJ, Reiss IKM, Vermeulen MJ: Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: a ... Seeman SM, Mehal JM, Haberling DL, Holman RC, Stoll BJ: Infant and maternal risk factors related to necrotising enterocolitis- ...
A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Article DOI: 10.3791/59194-v • 08:42 min April 10th, 2019 ... Journal / Immunology and Infection / A Novel Human Epithelial Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis… ... Given that the study of necrotizing enterocolitis and potential therapeutic agents is ethically challenging in human subjects, ... The protocol describes how to simulate an enteroid model of human necrotizing enterocolitis using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ...
... with the novel term mastocytic enterocolitis describing this condition. Si … ... Mastocytic enterocolitis: increased mucosal mast cells in chronic intractable diarrhea Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006 Mar;130(3):362 ... with the novel term mastocytic enterocolitis describing this condition. Similar increases in mast cells are not apparent in ...
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease associated with a high rate of mortality and long-term ... Image processing of infrared thermal images for the detection of necrotizing enterocolitis Author(s): Ruqia Nur; Monique Frize ...
The fever felt a bit different from the influenza, but I was relieved to get a quick diagnosis of Campylobacter enterocolitis ... Gram staining of faecal samples is an inexpensive, rapid and highly accurate method of diagnosing Campylobacter enterocolitis. ... Campylobacter enterocolitis was soon diagnosed, and oral azithromycin 500 mg per day was prescribed for 3 days, leading to a ... which raised suspicion of Campylobacter enterocolitis, and a stool culture was ordered. Initially, he described his bowel ...
Campylobacter enterocolitis: the importance of macroscopic and microscopic examination of stool ...
A reduction of necrotising enterocolitis at Groote Schuur Hospital nursery ... A reduction of necrotising enterocolitis at Groote Schuur Hospital nursery. Y Joolay, N R Rhoda, L Tooke, A R Horn, M C ... Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is an gastro-intestinal emergency occurring almost solely in preterm, low birth weight infants ... To the Editor: Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute gastrointestinal emergency occurring almost exclusively in preterm, ...
A Short Report of Food Protein Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome on Pediatric Oncall ... A SHORT REPORT OF FOOD PROTEIN INDUCED ENTEROCOLITIS SYNDROME ... Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Caused by Solid ... Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: an update on natural history and review of management. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol ... A Beef Case: A Short Report of Food Protein Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome. Full Text ...
Early Diagnosis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates Using an Electronic Nose Authors. * Mira Prabhakar Indiana University ... Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating clinical problem that often necessitates resection of necrotic ...
Lieff Cabraser & James J. Lee File Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) Injury Lawsuit Against Abbott Laboratories Relating to ... who has spent the majority of his almost four years of life fighting Necrotizing Enterocolitis ("NEC"), a horrific disease ...
"Necrotizing enterocolitis in the asphyxiated full-term infant." Am J Perinatol, vol. 1, no. 1, Oct. 1983, pp. 40-42. Pubmed, ... Goldberg, R. N., Thomas, D. W., & Sinatra, F. R. (1983). Necrotizing enterocolitis in the asphyxiated full-term infant. Am J ... Necrotizing enterocolitis in the asphyxiated full-term infant. Am J Perinatol. 1983 Oct;1(1):40-2. ... Necrotizing enterocolitis in the asphyxiated full-term infant. Am J Perinatol. 1983 Oct;1(1):40-42. ...
Perforated necrotising enterocolitis presenting as a rapidly expanding abdominal mass in a preterm neonate ... Perforated necrotising enterocolitis presenting as a rapidly expanding abdominal mass in a preterm neonate ...
Absent or reversed end diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery and necrotising enterocolitis. ... Absent or reversed end diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery and necrotising enterocolitis. ... Absent or reversed end diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery and necrotising enterocolitis. ...
Factors associated with the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in extremely preterm infants in Sweden between two ... OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential risk factors behind the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in Swedish ... OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential risk factors behind the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in Swedish ... Fetal and neonatal edition}}, title = {{Factors associated with the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in ...
I wonder why C. diff enterocolitis isnt on the list? Ive seen this illness cause more morbidity and mortality in the United ... Resolved: C. diff enterocolitis should be a reportable disease. Posted by Clark Venable on 3/29/2007 ...
A04.7: Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile * A04.70 Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile without toxic megacolon, ... A04.79 Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile, unspecified Note In outpatient care, the ICD code on medical documents is ... A04.71 Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile without toxic megacolon, with other organ complications ... A04.72 Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile with toxic megacolon, without other organ complications ...
Necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus: Does indomethacin increase the risk?. UNCG Author/ ... Necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus: Does indomethacin increase the risk?. PDF (Portable ... Abstract: Objectives: To examine any association of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and intestinal perforation (IP) in very low ...
  • Effects of probiotics and lactoferrin on necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Probiotics, in the form of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, fed enterally to preterm infants reduced the incidence of death or necrotizing enterocolitis. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential risk factors behind the increased incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in Swedish extremely preterm infants. (lu.se)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus: Does indomethacin increase the risk? (uncg.edu)
  • In this report, we describe 4 previously healthy, term and late-preterm infants admitted to the PICU with respiratory failure due to RSV bronchiolitis who developed necrotizing enterocolitis shortly after admission. (aap.org)
  • Clues in favor of a specific IgE role in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
  • Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a type of gastrointestinal food allergy that affects mostly infants and young children. (acaai.org)
  • A possible diagnosis of food protein induced enterocolitis (FPIES) was considered at this stage. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Executive summary-Workgroup Report of the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. (scienceopen.com)
  • Food protein-induced enterocolitis (FPIES) is a non-IgE cell- mediated food allergy that can be severe and lead to shock. (scienceopen.com)
  • Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal allergic disorder. (scienceopen.com)
  • Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy that presents with delayed vomiting after ingestion primarily in infants. (scienceopen.com)
  • These include spontaneous intestinal perforations (SIP), food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, and NEC that occurs from pre-existing conditions associated with term infancy or congenital anomalies. (signec.org)
  • In addition, because there is no gold standard of diagnosis for neutropenic enterocolitis, the inclusion criteria differ among studies. (medscape.com)
  • The fever felt a bit different from the influenza, but I was relieved to get a quick diagnosis of Campylobacter enterocolitis in the emergent department. (bmj.com)
  • An indication of whether a PATIENT DIAGNOSIS of Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) (a serious condition in which tissues in the bowel become inflamed) was made. (datadictionary.nhs.uk)
  • Gas bubbles were seen within the walls of the small and large intestines (Panel B), a finding consistent with the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis. (medizzy.com)
  • What role does laparoscopy play in the diagnosis and immediate treatment of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis? (indexindex.com)
  • If you believe your baby's formula caused them to develop necrotizing enterocolitis, the Birth Injury Center can help you. (birthinjurycenter.org)
  • A new case-control study shows an increase in Enterobacteriaceae not bound to IgA in infants who develop necrotizing enterocolitis compared with healthy controls, which could drive the disease onset. (gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com)
  • Scientific studies have shown that premature infants that have consumed Similac and/or Enfamil baby formula products are more likely to develop necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). (thebarnesfirm.com)
  • The clinical presentation of neutropenic enterocolitis can be dramatic, and the outcome may be devastating. (medscape.com)
  • [ 10 ] neutropenic enterocolitis has increasingly been reported in adults with a variety of myeloproliferative disorders or solid malignant tumors, as well as in the setting of immunosuppression with solid organ and bone marrow transplantation . (medscape.com)
  • Although the exact pathogenesis and progression of neutropenic enterocolitis are unknown, profound neutropenia appears to be the common denominator, in conjunction with intestinal mucosal injury and immune compromise. (medscape.com)
  • The pathologic process of neutropenic enterocolitis may involve the cecum alone, or it may extend to the ileum, the ascending colon, or both. (medscape.com)
  • Although cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents account for most cases of neutropenic enterocolitis, other conditions may also predispose some patients to develop this condition. (medscape.com)
  • The exact incidence and prevalence of neutropenic enterocolitis are unknown, because many patients survive and are never diagnosed with this condition. (medscape.com)
  • [ 20 ] Data regarding neutropenic enterocolitis in adults are sparse. (medscape.com)
  • An even greater paucity of information regarding the international incidence and prevalence rates of neutropenic enterocolitis exists in the published literature. (medscape.com)
  • Neutropenic Enterocolitis and Sepsis" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11060 (accessed December 01, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE), which in the past was also known as typhlitis or ileocecal syndrome for the segment of the gastrointestinal tract most affected, is a nosological entity that is difficult to diagnose and whose pathogenesis is not fully known to date. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE), as the phrase used to identify it suggests, is a severe inflammatory bowel disease that occurs in neutropenic patients. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Five fatal cases of neutropenic enterocolitis , inflammation of the mucosa of the small intestine and colon, have been reported in patients treated with docetaxel , French oncologists were informed in a letter dated February 15 by the ANSM (French National Drug and Health Product Safety Agency). (medscape.com)
  • 2017;23:42-47 ) notes that neutropenic enterocolitis is a severe condition that usually affects immunocompromised patients. (medscape.com)
  • Specific types of enterocolitis include: necrotizing enterocolitis (most common in premature infants) pseudomembranous enterocolitis (also called "Pseudomembranous colitis") Treatment depends on aetiology e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is an acute inflammation of the intestinal mucosa that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the small intestine ( pseudomembranous enteritis ) and the large intestine ( pseudomembranous colitis ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Pathogens that have been implicated to cause pseudomembranous enterocolitis include Clostridium difficile , Clostridium perfringens , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella oxytoca , Salmonella species , and Candida species . (wikidoc.org)
  • Time to occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis and its predictors among low birth weight neonates admitted at neonatal intensive care unit of felege hiwot compressive specialized hospital BahirDar, Ethiopia, 2021: A retrospective follow-up study. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Given that the study of necrotizing enterocolitis and potential therapeutic agents is ethically challenging in human subjects, especially children, it is highly desirable to utilize this novel, biologically relevant enteroid model of necrotizing enterocolitis using human neonatal tissue. (jove.com)
  • Hunter, Catherine J. / The science and necessity of using animal models in the study of necrotizing enterocolitis . (northwestern.edu)
  • Five full term infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, confirmed histologically, presented in the first five days of life. (duke.edu)
  • Although it has received a degree of notoriety as a cause for antibiotic-associated enterocolitis (AAE), the role of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the pathogenesis of this disease remains enigmatic despite a multitude of efforts, and previous studies have failed to conclude whether MRSA can cause AAE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although numerous papers have been published to date on methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), its role in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated enterocolitis remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In more recent years, the majority of cases involving antibiotic-associated enterocolitis (AAE) are considered to be caused by Clostridium difficile . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to elucidate the true causality of MRSA for antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, and bridge the divide on the understanding of AAE among different nations, we conducted a systematic review on MRSA enterocolitis associated with the use of antibiotics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ABSTRACT La enterocolitis de tipo alérgica es una reacción no mediada por inmunoglobulina E producida por la proteína de leche de vaca, muestra un cuadro clínico grave caracterizado por: vómitos y diarrea profusa, palidez, letargia, acidemia, distensión abdominal y shock. (scienceopen.com)
  • Kudin O, Neu J. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Berberine may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Berberine reduces the occurrence of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis by reducing the inflammatory response. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Frequency of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis at a pediatric hospital]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile is an inflammation of the intestines that is predominantly associated with antibiotic use. (cdc.gov)
  • The figure above shows the age-adjusted death rate for enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile for 1999 through 2006, by sex and white or black race. (cdc.gov)
  • In chronic intractable diarrhea, colonic or duodenal biopsy specimens may appear unremarkable on routine hematoxylin-eosin staining, but increased mast cells may be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for mast cell tryptase, with the novel term mastocytic enterocolitis describing this condition. (nih.gov)
  • Mastocytic enterocolitis (entero = small intestine, colitis-colon + -itis = inflammation) is a relatively new term for a subgroup of irritable bowel syndrome characterized by an increase in mast cells in the intestine. (healthanddietblog.com)
  • Mastocytic enterocolitis is diagnosed when there are excess mast cells in the small or large intestine. (healthanddietblog.com)
  • The most specific therapy for mastocytic enterocolitis is one of two drugs that stabilize mast cells. (healthanddietblog.com)
  • Get emergency medical care if any symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis develop. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Campylobacter enterocolitis was soon diagnosed, and oral azithromycin 500 mg per day was prescribed for 3 days, leading to a complete resolution of his symptoms. (bmj.com)
  • The symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis can be divided into three main categories: gastrointestinal, feeding, and general. (sneedmitchell.com)
  • Enterocolitis is an inflammation of the digestive tract, involving enteritis of the small intestine and colitis of the colon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is an inflammation or infection of the bowel in babies who have Hirschsprung disease (HD). (cvs.com)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating clinical problem that often necessitates resection of necrotic intestine, leaving infants with a suboptimal length of intestine to absorb nutrition. (iupui.edu)
  • In 1978, Dr. Martin Bell and colleagues proposed the first clinical staging for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). (signec.org)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis is a serious disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal (GI) disease in which sections of the bowel become inflamed and begin to die. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating intestinal disease associated with a high rate of mortality and long-term morbidity. (spie.org)
  • Clostridioides difficile , inflammatory bowel disease , irritable bowel syndrome , gastroenteritis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants. (medscape.com)
  • however, certain conditions, such as congenital cardiac disease, can confer a predisposition to necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term infants. (medizzy.com)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a neonatal bowel disease that can cause a hole to develop in an infant's intestine, allowing its contents to spill into their abdomen. (birthinjurycenter.org)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis is an acquired disease, primarily of preterm or sick neonates, characterized by mucosal or even deeper intestinal necrosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this case series, we describe development of necrotizing enterocolitis in otherwise healthy neonates with severe RSV disease in the absence of traditional risk factors. (aap.org)
  • If you're using formula with cow's milk, your child could be at risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gastrointestinal disease that primarily occurs in premature infants. (misnylaw.com)
  • Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute gastrointestinal emergency occurring almost exclusively in preterm, low birth weight infants, and carrying a high mortality and morbidity in affected infants. (samj.org.za)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains one of the highest causes of mortality and of acute and long-term morbidity in premature infants. (northwestern.edu)
  • Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus acidophilus reduces the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is an gastro-intestinal emergency occurring almost solely in preterm, low birth weight infants. (samj.org.za)
  • Absent or reversed end diastolic flow velocity in the umbilical artery and necrotising enterocolitis. (bmj.com)
  • This includes malrotation-volvulus, intestinal atresias, necrotising enterocolitis. (litfl.com)
  • Su incidencia es sumamente desconocida e inusual en el periodo neonatal y en muchos casos suele ser confundida con la enterocolitis necrotizante. (scienceopen.com)
  • Further questioning revealed that he had eaten food containing chicken every day prior to the presentation, which raised suspicion of Campylobacter enterocolitis, and a stool culture was ordered. (bmj.com)
  • Gram staining of faecal samples is an inexpensive, rapid and highly accurate method of diagnosing Campylobacter enterocolitis. (bmj.com)
  • It had been speculated, and is now proven, that various Similac and Enfamil baby formula products can cause a dangerous medical condition in premature infants known as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). (thebarnesfirm.com)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal problem that typically affects premature infants. (thebarnesfirm.com)
  • In 2022, thousands of parents have began filing claims against Similac and Enfamil due to these popular baby formulas causing premature infants to develop a serious gastrointestinal infection called necrotizing enterocolitis. (sneedmitchell.com)
  • Frecuencia de enterocolitis necrosante neonatal en un hospital pediátrico. (bvsalud.org)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which typically occurs in the second to third week of life in premature, formula-fed infants, is characterized by variable damage to the intestinal tract, ranging from mucosal injury to full-thickness necrosis and perforation (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has become one of the most dreaded diseases in neonatal intensive care units. (karger.com)
  • Objectives: To examine any association of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and intestinal perforation (IP) in very low birth weight neonates with indomethacin treatment, cumulative dose or maximum plasma concentrations. (uncg.edu)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis is a condition that kills the tissue of the intestinal wall, sometimes resulting in the perforation of an infant's bowels. (birthinjurycenter.org)
  • The reports on the so-called MRSA enterocolitis in Japan may have misrepresented C. difficile infection (CDI), since routine stool cultures often fail to identify C. difficile . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The protocol describes how to simulate an enteroid model of human necrotizing enterocolitis using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of enteroids generated from neonatal tissue. (jove.com)
  • In previous years, oral vancomycin remained the only treatment method available, and many physicians could have mistakenly prescribed a treatment regimen for "MRSA enterocolitis" when in fact they were treating CDI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What is the cost of medical treatment for necrotizing enterocolitis? (sneedmitchell.com)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis continues to be a common and life-threatening gastrointestinal emergency in the low birth weight infant. (indexindex.com)
  • Background Immune-related enterocolitis (irEC) is the most common serious complication from checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). (bmj.com)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the death of tissue in the intestine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious, life-threatening illness in newborns. (uhhospitals.org)