Enterovirus Infections are acute viral illnesses caused by various Enterovirus serotypes, primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, manifesting as a wide range of clinical symptoms, from asymptomatic or mild self-limiting fever to severe and potentially life-threatening conditions, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness, depending on the age, immune status, and serotype of the infected individual.
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. It is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus B.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 10 serotypes, mostly coxsackieviruses.
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including HERPANGINA, aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC), a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia (PLEURODYNIA, EPIDEMIC) and a serious MYOCARDITIS.
Herpangina is a mild, self-limiting viral infection predominantly affecting children during summer and fall, characterized by the sudden onset of fever, sore throat, and small vesicles or ulcers on the posterior palate and tonsillar pillars.
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)
Infectious disease processes, including meningitis, diarrhea, and respiratory disorders, caused by echoviruses.
Species of ENTEROVIRUS causing mild to severe neurological diseases among pigs especially in Eastern Europe. Mild strains are also present in Canada, U.S., and Australia. Specific species include Porcine enterovirus A and Porcine enterovirus B.
Transmembrane proteins that form the beta subunits of the HLA-DQ antigens.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and consisting of 2 serotypes: Human enterovirus 68 and Human enterovirus 70.
A species in the family ENTEROVIRUS infecting cattle.
A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)
A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
An infant during the first month after birth.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS associated with outbreaks of aseptic meningitis (MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC).

Detection of adenoviral genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction. (1/727)

BACKGROUND: The use of molecular biological techniques has demonstrated the importance of enteroviral infection of the myocardium in the pathogenesis of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in adults and adenovirus and enterovirus infection in children. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of adenoviral infection of the myocardium of adults with impaired left ventricular function of unknown origin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used to determine the frequency of detection of adenoviral DNA and enteroviral RNA in myocardial tissue samples from 94 adult patients with idiopathic left ventricular dysfunction and 14 control patients. Histological and immunohistological analyses were performed to detect myocardial inflammation. Adenoviral genomic DNA was detected by nPCR in 12 of the 94 patients with left ventricular dysfunction (in each case, adenovirus type 2), whereas enteroviral RNA was detected in another 12 patients. All control samples were negative for both viruses. In all patients, active myocarditis was excluded according to the Dallas criteria. However, there was significantly decreased CD2, CD3, and CD45RO T lymphocyte counts in the adenovirus-positive group compared with the adenovirus-negative group (P<0.05), whereas no differences were associated with enterovirus infection. CONCLUSIONS: Although enteroviruses are an important causative agent in the pathogenesis of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, this study shows that adenovirus infection is also important in the pathogenesis of left ventricular failure in adults. However, the pathogenetic basis of disease associated with adenovirus infection may be different than that after infection with other agents, particularly with respect to activation of the host immune response.  (+info)

Pulmonary enterovirus infections in stem cell transplant recipients. (2/727)

In recent years, it has been recognised that the community respiratory viruses are a frequent cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts such as bone marrow transplant recipients. By contrast, infections by non-polio enteroviruses have rarely been reported after stem cell transplantation. We present four cases of acute respiratory illness with enterovirus isolated as the sole pathogen from bronchoalveolar lavage. All four patients developed pneumonia and three died of progressive pneumonia, which reflects the severity of this complication. We conclude that enteroviral pulmonary infections may be a cause of severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts.  (+info)

Tracheal aspirate as a substrate for polymerase chain reaction detection of viral genome in childhood pneumonia and myocarditis. (3/727)

BACKGROUND: Infectious respiratory disorders are important causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. Viral causes are common and may lead to rapid deterioration, requiring mechanical ventilation; myocardial dysfunction may accompany respiratory decompensation. The etiologic viral diagnosis may be difficult with classic methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a diagnostic method for identification of causative agents. METHODS AND RESULTS: PCR was used to amplify sequences of viruses known to cause childhood viral pneumonia and myocarditis. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify specific sequences of DNA virus (adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus) and RNA virus (enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A, and influenza B) genomes. Tracheal aspirate samples were obtained from 32 intubated patients and nucleic acid extracted before PCR. PCR results were compared with results of culture, serology, and antigen detection methods when available. In cases of myocarditis (n=7), endomyocardial biopsy samples were analyzed by PCR and compared with tracheal aspirate studies. PCR amplification of viral genome occurred in 18 of 32 samples (56%), with 3 samples PCR positive for 2 viral genomes. Amplified viral sequences included RSV (n=3), enterovirus (n=5), cytomegalovirus (n=4), adenovirus (n=3), herpes simplex virus (n=2), Epstein-Barr virus (n=1), influenza A (n=2), and influenza B (n=1). All 7 cases of myocarditis amplified the same viral genome from heart as found by tracheal aspirate. CONCLUSIONS: PCR is a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool in cases of viral pneumonia with or without myocarditis, and tracheal aspirate appears to be excellent for analysis.  (+info)

External quality assessment of enterovirus detection and typing. European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. (4/727)

Reported are the results of a study of an enterovirus proficiency panel for use in isolation and serotyping and/or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) carried out by 12 laboratories in nine European countries. Eleven laboratories reported results of virus isolation and serotyping. In addition, four laboratories reported results of a PCR for enterovirus detection. Correct virus isolation results were obtained for 105 of 110 samples (95.5%, four false-negatives, one false-positive), and correct PCR results for 39 of 40 (97.5%, one false-negative). The highest isolation rate (87.5%) was observed in primary and tertiary monkey kidney cells; on monkey kidney cell lines, human diploid fibroblasts or human heteroploid cells the isolation rate varied between 64% and 71.4%. Serotyping results were less satisfactory. Only 63 of 106 (59.4%) isolated viruses were typed correctly. Major problems were seen with samples containing mixtures of enteroviruses and with enterovirus 71 or echovirus 4, with 9%, 50%, and 55% correct results, respectively. These results underline the need for improvement of enterovirus typing, especially in view of the poliomyelitis eradication initiative.  (+info)

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to enterovirus 70 in India. (5/727)

An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in Delhi, India, during August and September 1996. The etiologic agent was confirmed as enterovirus type 70 by a modified centrifugation-enhanced culture method followed by immunofluorescence and neutralization tests. After nearly a decade, this virus is reemerging as a cause of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in India.  (+info)

Sentinel surveillance for enterovirus 71, Taiwan, 1998. (6/727)

Outbreaks of enterovirus 71 have been reported around the world since 1969. The most recent outbreak occurred in Taiwan during April-July 1998. This hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic was detected by a sentinel surveillance system in April at the beginning of the outbreak, and the public was alerted.  (+info)

Clinical spectrum of enterovirus 71 infection in children in southern Taiwan, with an emphasis on neurological complications. (7/727)

An outbreak of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection occurred in Taiwan in 1998. The clinical spectrums and laboratory findings for 97 patients with virus culture-proven EV71 infections were analyzed. Eighty-seven percent of the patients were younger than age 5 years. Hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome occurred in 79% of the children and central nervous system (CNS) involvement in 35%, including nine fatal cases. The predominant neurological presentations were myoclonus (68%), vomiting (53%), and ataxia (35%). Brain stem encephalitis was the cardinal feature of EV71 CNS involvement during this outbreak. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings illustrated that the midbrain, pons, and medulla were the target areas. EV71 brain stem encephalitis can present either with cerebellar signs and an initially mild, reversible course or with overwhelming neurogenic shock and neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) resulting in a fatal outcome. Brain stem encephalitis that progressed abruptly to neurogenic shock and NPE was indicative of poor prognosis in this epidemic. Early aggressive treatment and close monitoring of the neurological signs are mandatory to improve the chance of survival.  (+info)

Community respiratory virus infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. (8/727)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The main difficulty of PCR-based clonality studies for B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (B-LPD) is discrimination between monoclonal and polyclonal PCR products, especially when there is a high background of polyclonal B cells in the tumor sample. Actually, PCR-based methods for clonality assessment require additional analysis of the PCR products in order to discern between monoclonal and polyclonal samples. Heteroduplex analysis represents an attractive approach since it is easy to perform and avoids the use of radioactive substrates or expensive equipment. DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied the sensitivity and specificity of heteroduplex PCR analysis for monoclonal detection in samples from 90 B-cell non Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) patients and in 28 individuals without neoplastic B-cell disorders (negative controls). Furthermore, in 42 B-NHL and in the same 28 negative controls, we compared heteroduplex analysis vs the classical PCR technique. We also compared ethidium bromide (EtBr) vs. silver nitrate (AgNO(3)) staining as well as agarose vs. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). RESULTS: Using two pair consensus primers sited at VH (FR3 and FR2) and at JH, 91% of B-NHL samples displayed monoclonal products after heteroduplex PCR analysis using PAGE and AgNO(3) staining. Moreover, no polyclonal sample showed a monoclonal PCR product. By contrast, false positive results were obtained when using agarose (5/28) and PAGE without heteroduplex analysis: 2/28 and 8/28 with EtBr and AgNO(3) staining, respectively. In addition, false negative results only appeared with EtBr staining: 13/42 in agarose, 4/42 in PAGE without heteroduplex analysis and 7/42 in PAGE after heteroduplex analysis. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that AgNO(3) stained PAGE after heteroduplex analysis is the most suitable strategy for detecting monoclonal rearrangements in B-NHL samples because it does not produce false-positive results and the risk of false-negative results is very low.  (+info)

Enterovirus infections are viral illnesses caused by enteroviruses, which are a type of picornavirus. These viruses commonly infect the gastrointestinal tract and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type of enterovirus and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. Some enterovirus infections may be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms, while others can lead to more severe illnesses.

Common symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches, and skin rashes. In some cases, enteroviruses can cause more serious complications such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), and paralysis.

Enterovirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission. They can also be spread through contaminated surfaces or objects. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

There are no specific antiviral treatments for enterovirus infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage symptoms. Prevention efforts include vaccination against poliovirus and surveillance for emerging enteroviruses.

An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.

While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.

Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.

Enterovirus B, Human (HEVB) is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family and are named after the Greek word "pico" meaning small. They are further classified into several species, including Human Enterovirus B (HEV-B).

HEVB includes several serotypes, such as Coxsackievirus A9, A16, and B types, and Echoviruses. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.

HEVB infections are common worldwide, and people of all ages can be affected. However, young children and individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for severe illness. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. There is no specific treatment for HEVB infections, and most cases resolve on their own within a few days to a week. However, hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases.

Enterovirus A, Human is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, and they are divided into several species, including Enterovirus A, B, C, D, and Rhinovirus.

Enterovirus A includes several important human pathogens, such as polioviruses (which have been largely eradicated thanks to vaccination efforts), coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enterovirus 71. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.

Poliovirus, which is the most well-known member of Enterovirus A, was responsible for causing poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease that can lead to irreversible paralysis. However, due to widespread vaccination programs, wild poliovirus transmission has been eliminated in many parts of the world, and only a few countries still report cases of polio caused by vaccine-derived viruses.

Coxsackieviruses and echoviruses can cause various symptoms, including fever, rash, mouth sores, muscle aches, and respiratory illnesses. In some cases, they can also lead to more severe diseases such as meningitis or myocarditis. Enterovirus 71 is a significant pathogen that can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, which is a common childhood illness characterized by fever, sore throat, and rash on the hands, feet, and mouth. In rare cases, enterovirus 71 can also lead to severe neurological complications such as encephalitis and polio-like paralysis.

Prevention measures for enterovirus A infections include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and practicing safe food handling. Vaccination is available for poliovirus and can help prevent the spread of vaccine-derived viruses. No vaccines are currently available for other enterovirus A infections, but research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against these viruses.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection common in infants and children but can sometimes occur in adults. The disease is often caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.

The name "hand, foot and mouth" comes from the fact that blister-like sores usually appear in the mouth (and occasionally on the buttocks and legs) along with a rash on the hands and feet. The disease is not related to foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects cattle, sheep, and swine.

HFMD is spread through close personal contact, such as hugging and kissing, or through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching objects and surfaces that have the virus on them and then touching the face. People with HFMD are most contagious during the first week of their illness but can still be contagious for weeks after symptoms go away.

There is no specific treatment for HFMD, and it usually resolves on its own within 7-10 days. However, over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers may help alleviate symptoms. It's important to encourage good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of HFMD.

Coxsackievirus infections are a type of viral illness caused by Coxsackie A and B viruses, which belong to the family Picornaviridae. These viruses can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain and the age and overall health of the infected individual.

The most common types of Coxsackievirus infections are hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. HFMD is characterized by fever, sore throat, and a rash that typically appears on the hands, feet, and mouth. Herpangina is similar but is usually marked by painful sores in the back of the mouth or throat.

Other possible symptoms of Coxsackievirus infections include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain

In some cases, Coxsackievirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pleurodynia (also known as "devil's grip," a painful inflammation of the chest and abdominal muscles).

Coxsackievirus infections are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or by touching contaminated surfaces. The viruses can also be spread through fecal-oral transmission.

There is no specific treatment for Coxsackievirus infections, and most people recover on their own within a week or two. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as fluids and pain relief. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with sick individuals.

Herpangina is a mild, self-limiting viral infection that primarily affects children under the age of 10. It is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, sore throat, and small vesicles or ulcers (

Viral meningitis is a form of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by viral infections, such as enteroviruses, herpesviruses, and HIV. The infection enters the body through the respiratory system or the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to the central nervous system.

Symptoms of viral meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia (intolerance to light), and altered mental status. In some cases, patients may also experience vomiting, seizures, or skin rash. However, viral meningitis is generally less severe than bacterial meningitis and has a lower mortality rate.

Most cases of viral meningitis resolve on their own within 7-10 days, and treatment typically involves supportive care such as hydration, pain relief, and fever reduction. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, so they are not used to treat viral meningitis. In some cases, antiviral medications may be prescribed for certain types of viral meningitis, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) meningitis.

Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. There is also a vaccine available to protect against enterovirus D68, which can cause viral meningitis in some cases.

Echovirus infections refer to diseases caused by infection with an echovirus, which is a type of enterovirus. Echoviruses are named for their ability to cause “echo” diseases, or symptoms that resemble those caused by other viruses. They are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through respiratory droplets or fecal-oral transmission.

Echovirus infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the specific strain of the virus and the age and overall health of the person infected. Some common symptoms include fever, rash, mouth sores, muscle aches, and respiratory symptoms such as cough and runny nose. In severe cases, echovirus infections can cause more serious complications, such as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), or pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart).

Echovirus infections are typically diagnosed based on symptoms, as well as laboratory tests that can detect the presence of the virus in samples such as stool, throat swabs, or cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment for echovirus infections is generally supportive and aimed at managing symptoms, as there is no specific antiviral treatment available. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Enteroviruses, Porcine are a group of viruses that belong to the family Picornaviridae and include several species that can infect pigs. These viruses are typically associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in pigs, although some strains have been linked to reproductive problems and neurological disorders as well.

Some of the enteroviruses that can infect pigs include Porcine Enterovirus A (PEVA), Porcine Enterovirus B (PEVB), Porcine Enterovirus C (PEVC), Porcine Enterovirus D (PEVD), and Porcine Enterovirus E (PEVE). These viruses are usually spread through the fecal-oral route, and they can cause a range of clinical signs depending on the specific virus and the age and health status of the infected pig.

In general, porcine enteroviruses are not considered to be a significant threat to human health, although there have been rare reports of transmission from pigs to humans in cases where proper biosecurity measures were not followed. However, further research is needed to fully understand the potential risks associated with these viruses and their impact on both animal and human health.

HLA-DQ beta-chains are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule found on the surface of cells in the human body. The HLAs are a group of proteins that play an important role in the immune system by helping the body recognize and respond to foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria.

The HLA-DQ beta-chains are part of the HLA-DQ complex, which is a heterodimer made up of two polypeptide chains: an alpha chain (HLA-DQ alpha) and a beta chain (HLA-DQ beta). These chains are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region.

The HLA-DQ complex is involved in presenting peptides to CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response. The peptides presented by the HLA-DQ complex are derived from proteins that have been processed within the cell, and they are used to help the CD4+ T cells recognize and respond to infected or abnormal cells.

Variations in the genes that encode the HLA-DQ beta-chains can affect an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases, including autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases.

Enterovirus D, human (HEV-D) is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family and are characterized by their ability to grow in the intestines of infected individuals. HEV-D includes several serotypes, such as EV-D68 and EV-D70, which can cause a range of illnesses, from mild respiratory symptoms to severe neurological diseases.

HEV-D viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, such as through coughing or sneezing, or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth or nose. They can also be transmitted through fecal-oral transmission, particularly in children who are not yet toilet trained.

Some of the symptoms associated with HEV-D infections include fever, runny nose, cough, and muscle aches. In more severe cases, HEV-D can cause neurological complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a rare but serious condition that affects the spinal cord and can lead to paralysis.

There is no specific treatment for HEV-D infections, and most people recover on their own within a few weeks. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases, particularly those involving neurological complications. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and cleaning and disinfecting surfaces regularly.

Bovine enterovirus refers to a group of viruses that are part of the family Picornaviridae and genus Enterovirus. These viruses primarily infect cattle and can cause various clinical manifestations such as respiratory illness, diarrhea, and reproductive problems. However, some bovine enteroviruses have been found to infect humans on rare occasions, causing mild respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. It is important to note that bovine enteroviruses are not the same as human enteroviruses, which include poliovirus and coxsackievirus, among others.

HLA-DQ antigens are a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that are found on the surface of cells in our body. They are a part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, which play a crucial role in the immune system by presenting pieces of proteins from outside the cell to CD4+ T cells, also known as helper T cells. This presentation process is essential for initiating an appropriate immune response against potentially harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

HLA-DQ antigens are encoded by genes located on chromosome 6p21.3 in the HLA region. Each individual inherits a pair of HLA-DQ genes, one from each parent, which can result in various combinations of HLA-DQ alleles. These genetic variations contribute to the diversity of immune responses among different individuals.

HLA-DQ antigens consist of two noncovalently associated polypeptide chains: an alpha (DQA) chain and a beta (DQB) chain. There are several isotypes of HLA-DQ antigens, including DQ1, DQ2, DQ3, DQ4, DQ5, DQ6, DQ7, DQ8, and DQ9, which are determined by the specific combination of DQA and DQB alleles.

Certain HLA-DQ genotypes have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain autoimmune diseases, such as celiac disease (DQ2 and DQ8), type 1 diabetes (DQ2, DQ8), and rheumatoid arthritis (DQ4). Understanding the role of HLA-DQ antigens in these conditions can provide valuable insights into disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that invades the body through the mouth, usually from contaminated water or food. The virus multiplies in the intestine and can invade the nervous system, causing paralysis.

The medical definition of Poliomyelitis includes:

1. An acute viral infection caused by the poliovirus.
2. Characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poliomyelitis), leading to muscle weakness, and in some cases, paralysis.
3. The disease primarily affects children under 5 years of age.
4. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by respiratory droplets.
5. The virus enters the body via the mouth, multiplies in the intestines, and can invade the nervous system.
6. There are three types of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), each capable of causing paralytic polio.
7. Infection with one type does not provide immunity to the other two types.
8. The disease has no cure, but vaccination can prevent it.
9. Two types of vaccines are available: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
10. Rare complications of OPV include vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart wall. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's pumping function. Myocarditis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and drugs.

In myocarditis, the inflammation can damage the cardiac muscle cells, leading to decreased heart function, arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), and in severe cases, heart failure or even sudden death. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen.

The diagnosis of myocarditis is often based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications to support heart function, reduce inflammation, control arrhythmias, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

Aseptic meningitis is a type of meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) that is not caused by bacterial infection. Instead, it can be due to viral infections, fungal infections, or non-infectious causes such as certain medications, chemical irritants, or underlying medical conditions. In aseptic meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may show increased white blood cells, typically lymphocytes, but no bacterial growth on culture. Common viral causes include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, antiviral medications, or immunosuppressive therapy in some cases.

Poliovirus is a human enterovirus, specifically a type of picornavirus, that is the causative agent of poliomyelitis (polio). It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. There are three serotypes of Poliovirus (types 1, 2 and 3) which can cause different degrees of severity in the disease. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route and infects the gastrointestinal tract, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis.

The Poliovirus has an icosahedral symmetry, with a diameter of about 30 nanometers. It contains a single stranded RNA genome which is encapsidated in a protein shell called capsid. The capsid is made up of 60 units of four different proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4).

Poliovirus has been eradicated from most countries of the world through widespread vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, it still remains endemic in a few countries and is considered a major public health concern.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Virus cultivation, also known as virus isolation or viral culture, is a laboratory method used to propagate and detect viruses by introducing them to host cells and allowing them to replicate. This process helps in identifying the specific virus causing an infection and studying its characteristics, such as morphology, growth pattern, and sensitivity to antiviral agents.

The steps involved in virus cultivation typically include:

1. Collection of a clinical sample (e.g., throat swab, blood, sputum) from the patient.
2. Preparation of the sample by centrifugation or filtration to remove cellular debris and other contaminants.
3. Inoculation of the prepared sample into susceptible host cells, which can be primary cell cultures, continuous cell lines, or embryonated eggs, depending on the type of virus.
4. Incubation of the inoculated cells under appropriate conditions to allow viral replication.
5. Observation for cytopathic effects (CPE), which are changes in the host cells caused by viral replication, such as cell rounding, shrinkage, or lysis.
6. Confirmation of viral presence through additional tests, like immunofluorescence assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or electron microscopy.

Virus cultivation is a valuable tool in diagnostic virology, vaccine development, and research on viral pathogenesis and host-virus interactions. However, it requires specialized equipment, trained personnel, and biosafety measures due to the potential infectivity of the viruses being cultured.

Echovirus 9 is a type of enterovirus, which is a single-stranded RNA virus that can infect humans. The name "echovirus" stands for "enteric cytopathic human orphan virus," as these viruses were initially discovered in the intestines and were not known to cause any specific diseases. However, it is now known that some echoviruses, including echovirus 9, can cause a range of illnesses, particularly in children.

Echovirus 9 is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. Once inside the body, the virus can infect various organs and tissues, including the respiratory system, central nervous system, and skin.

The symptoms of echovirus 9 infection can vary widely depending on the age and overall health of the infected person, as well as the severity of the infection. In some cases, people may not experience any symptoms at all. However, in others, the virus can cause a range of illnesses, including:

* Common cold-like symptoms, such as runny nose, sore throat, and cough
* Fever and fatigue
* Skin rashes or mouth ulcers
* Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
* Neurological symptoms, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or paralysis

In severe cases, echovirus 9 infection can lead to serious complications, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluids and medication to manage fever and pain. There is no specific antiviral treatment for echovirus 9 infection. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contact with sick individuals.

... Foundation (2018). "SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF AN ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION". Enterovirus Foundation. Schwartz RA (2018-10- ... Enterovirus H (formerly Simian enterovirus A) Enterovirus I Enterovirus J Enterovirus K Enterovirus L Rhinovirus A (formerly ... formerly Human enterovirus C) Enterovirus D (formerly Human enterovirus D) Enterovirus E (formerly Bovine enterovirus group A) ... Enterovirus A (formerly Human enterovirus A) Enterovirus B (formerly Human enterovirus B) Enterovirus C ( ...
Enterovirus infections are not rare; there are millions of isolated infections every year. One possibility is that CDC began ... "Non-Polio Enterovirus Infection: States with Lab-confirmed Enterovirus D68 - CDC". Archived from the original on 12 October ... "Enterovirus D68 infections in North America". www.virology.ws. "Redirect CDC - EV-D68 in the United States 2014". Archived from ... "4 Things We've Learned About Enterovirus D68, And 1 Mystery". NPR.org. "Enterovirus D68: How Did the Current Outbreak Begin?". ...
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Coxsackie B infections have been reported to account for nearly a quarter of all enterovirus infections. Nearly half of all ... Coxsackie B3 (CB3) infections are the most common enterovirus cause of myocarditis and sudden cardiac death. CB3 infection ... Chapman, Nora M. (2022-05-12). "Persistent Enterovirus Infection: Little Deletions, Long Infections". Vaccines. 10 (5): 770. ... Enterovirus infection is diagnosed mainly via serological tests such as ELISA and from cell culture. Because the same level and ...
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Infection of Naturally Insusceptible Cells with Enterovirus Ribonucleic Acid". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 110 (1): 65-80 ... Sustained Infection of HeLa Cells by Coxsackie B3 Virus and Effect on Superinfection". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 113 (2 ... "Cortisone and Roentgen Radiation in Combination as Synergistic Agents for Production of Lethal Infections". Experimental ...
Lin TY, Chu C, Chiu CH (October 2002). "Lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells ... Enterovirus 71 (EV71), also known as Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), is a virus of the genus Enterovirus in the Picornaviridae family ... Enterovirus 71 infrequently causes polio-like syndrome permanent paralysis. This virus is a member of the enterovirus species A ... mouth blisters that can be caused by enteroviruses "Human enterovirus 71 polyprotein gene, complete cds". 2001-04-30. Archived ...
More than 90% of recent cases have followed a mild viral infection such as from enteroviruses. While polio can cause AFM, since ... audio) Enterovirus D68 and Paralysis (2014-10-03). "Enterovirus D68 and Paralysis". The Disease Daily/Outbreak News/Healthmap. ... "Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus-D68 infection in an otherwise healthy child". Virol J. 14 (1): 4. doi: ... members of the enterovirus D and enterovirus A species, respectively, as suspected causes. Some evidence supports a causal role ...
... may be involved in responses to viral infections such as the enteroviruses coxsackievirus B and poliovirus in epithelial ... "Comparative RNAi screening reveals host factors involved in enterovirus infection of polarized endothelial monolayers". Cell ... Morosky S, Lennemann NJ, Coyne CB (May 2016). "BPIFB6 Regulates Secretory Pathway Trafficking and Enterovirus Replication". ... Like other BPI-fold family members involved in defense from infection, ...
Chen LL, Kung YA, Weng KF, Lin JY, Horng JT, Shih SR (2013). "Enterovirus 71 infection cleaves negative regulator for viral ... However, upon virus infection, FBP2 was cleaved and the truncated FBP2 without C-terminal domain becomes a positive regulator. ... Shin-Ru Shih (Chinese: 施信如) is the director of the Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections and holds a professorship in ... She also established the Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections at Chang Gung University in 2009, and took the lead as ...
A mouse line deficient in SETD3 expression was shown to be immune to enterovirus infection. This could pave the way for the ... December 2019). "Enterovirus pathogenesis requires the host methyltransferase SETD3". Nature Microbiology. 4 (12): 2523-2537. ... It is a methyl transferase implicated in the replication of all enteroviruses. ...
July 2016). "The nuclear protein Sam68 is recruited to the cytoplasmic stress granules during enterovirus 71 infection". ... Fitzgerald KD, Semler BL (September 2013). "Poliovirus infection induces the co-localization of cellular protein SRp20 with TIA ...
While the specific cause is unknown, it is thought to result from an excessive immune system response to an infection in ... enterovirus); staphylococcal and streptococcal toxin-mediated diseases such as scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome; drug ... A plausible explanation is that it may be caused by an infection that triggers an inappropriate immunologic cascade in a small ... Various candidates have been implicated, including upper respiratory tract infection by some novel RNA virus. Despite intensive ...
In children, it may be a response following an infection with enterovirus, adenovirus or Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Rare non- ... Though urinary tract infections in men are rare, bacterial infection is the most common cause of acute epididymitis. The ... Hospitalisation is indicated for severe cases, and check-ups can ensure the infection has cleared up. Surgical removal of the ... Since bacteria that cause urinary tract infections are often the cause of epididymitis in children, co-trimoxazole or suited ...
... and enterovirus CNS infections. Examination shows lymphoid hypoplasia (tonsils and adenoids, no splenomegaly or lymphadenopathy ... With treatment, the number and severity of infections is reduced. With IVIg, XLA patients may live a relatively healthy life. A ... Patients with untreated XLA are prone to develop serious and even fatal infections. A mutation occurs at the Bruton's tyrosine ... Although the symptoms of a XLA and other primary immune diseases (PID) include repeated and often severe infections, the ...
These results challenge the idea that enterovirus infections are modulated solely by a homotypic humoral immune response. ... Infection of cultured cells with human rhinovirus 1A results in the cleavage of the integral component IPS-1 (MAVS, Cardif). In ... These viruses include enteroviruses D68 (EV-D68) and 70 (EV70), human rhinovirus, coxsackievirus A21 and echovirus 1. ... of enterovirus D68 associated acute flaccid myelitis suggests multiple means by which paralysis may result from virus infection ...
An upstream protein-coding region in enteroviruses modulates virus infection in gut epithelial cells. Nature Microbiology, 2019 ... "An upstream protein-coding region in enteroviruses modulates virus infection in gut epithelial cells". Nature Microbiology. 4 ( ... Manipulation of the unfolded protein response: A pharmacological strategy against coronavirus infection. PLoS Pathogens, 2021. ... Hybrid gene origination creates human-virus chimeric proteins during infection. Cell, 2020. ...
The most common cause of aseptic meningitis is a viral infection, specifically by enteroviruses. In fact, 90 percent of all ... Bacteria Lyme disease Syphilis Leptospirosis Fungi Cryptococcal infection Coccidioidal infection Drug-induced aseptic ... Viral meningitis Enterovirus (EV) caused meningitis. This is the most common cause of viral meningitis, with 90% of viral ... Symptoms of meningitis caused by an acute viral infection last between one and two weeks. When aseptic meningitis is caused by ...
Dual infection with other enteroviruses or adenovirus does not increase the risk of neurological complications. HFMD outbreaks ... Up to 71% of EV-71 infections are asymptomatic. EV-71 infection can be divided into four stages. Stage 1 of EV-71 infection is ... However, Cosackie A virus infection does not provide immunity against EV-71 virus infection. Questions remain about whether an ... Enterovirus may persist in the environment for three days under room temperatures such as in sewage and water systems. ...
The boy was also found to have a compromised immune system, which the enterovirus came through in infection. This case is ... The cytomegalovirus infection was found of relevance towards compromised immune patients, as previous cases show that immune ... The conclusion made by the journal was that the owl's eye had relevance to cytomegalovirus infection. In 2019, a four-year-old ... In 2015, a review journal wrote on herpes infection. It made a finding that owl's eye appearance was found in most organs ...
McMinn P, Stratov I, Nagarajan L, Davis S (January 2001). "Neurological manifestations of enterovirus 71 infection in children ...
The disease is caused by infection with a member of the genus Enterovirus known as poliovirus (PV). This group of RNA viruses ... A rare condition with a similar presentation, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with enteroviruses other ... In most people with a normal immune system, a poliovirus infection is asymptomatic. In about 25% of cases, the infection ... Encephalitis, an infection of the brain tissue itself, can occur in rare cases, and is usually restricted to infants. It is ...
May 2012). "Human SCARB2-dependent infection by coxsackievirus A7, A14, and A16 and enterovirus 71". Journal of Virology. 86 ( ... In most individuals, infection is asymptomatic or causes only mild symptoms. In others, infection produces short-lived (7-10 ... Most Coxsackie A virus infections are mild and self-limiting meaning the infection has the ability to resolve on its own ... Since Coxsackie A is a viral infection, antibiotics will have no effect on the infection as they only work on bacterial ...
... and enterovirus infections". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 47 (6): 783-789. doi:10.1086/591129. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 18680414. ... Although initial infections with VZV during pregnancy, causing chickenpox, may lead to infection of the fetus and complications ... active infection, has not been proven to occur in VZV infections. Although VZV has been detected in autopsies of nervous tissue ... chronic infection or reactivation in shingles are not associated with fetal infection. There is a slightly increased risk of ...
... and Enterovirus Infections". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 47 (6): 783-9. doi:10.1086/591129. PMID 18680414. Kasper, Dennis L ... The concentration of viruses in CSF during subclinical infection might be very low. Investigations include blood tests ( ... "Real-time PCR detection of Human Herpesvirus 1-5 in patients lacking clinical signs of a viral CNS infection". BMC Infectious ... Cases of Mollaret's resulting from varicella zoster virus infection, diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been ...
Those causing neuroinvasive disease symptoms include the enterovirus infection and bacterial meningitis. Accounting for ... West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. In about 80% of infections ... A severe infection can last weeks and can, rarely, cause permanent brain damage. Death may ensue if the central nervous system ... Jozan, M; Evans R; McLean R; Hall R; Tangredi B; Reed L; Scott J (Fall 2003). "Detection of West Nile virus infection in birds ...
... enterovirus 71 and other brain infections such as meningitis. His science communication work as the "Running Mad Professor" ... He is also an expert on enterovirus 71, which causes hand foot and mouth disease and encephalitis. He works on improving the ... Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool Retrieved 2014-06-06 "Professor of Neurology Tom Solomon leads brain ... "About - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences - University of Liverpool". www.liverpool.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 ...
His pathological diagnosis at the time was cryptosporidiosis and enterovirus infection, but an analysis of his stored serum in ... less severe symptoms and slower progression to AIDS than HIV-1 alone or the co-infection. In co-infection, however, this is ... Co-infection seems to be a growing problem globally as time progresses, with most cases being identified in West African ... With 'M' for "major", this is by far the most common type of HIV, with more than 90% of HIV/AIDS cases caused from infection ...
Viral shedding may occur for several months after initial infection. The virus has not been shown to transmit from animals to ... Enterovirus E (formerly bovine enterovirus (BEV)) is a picornavirus of the genus Enterovirus. The virus may also be referred to ... Smyth M, Fry E, Stuart D, Lyons C, Hoey E, Martin SJ (1993). "Preliminary crystallographic analysis of bovine enterovirus". J. ... Enteric signs include diarrhea and weight loss, and respiratory infection can produce a mucoid nasal discharge. As clinical ...
You can get infected with non-polio enteroviruses by having close contact with an infected person. Also spread by touching ... For more information, see Pregnancy & Non-Polio Enterovirus Infection.. Mothers who are breastfeeding should talk with their ... Pregnant women who get infected with a non-polio enterovirus shortly before delivery can pass the virus to their babies. ... doctor if they are sick or think they may have an infection. ... Non-polio enteroviruses can be found in an infected persons. * ...
Enterovirus infection_W15_2018.pdf. Enterovirus infection_W15_2018.pdf * 下載 ...
Enterovirus infection_Week 19:2021/05/09-2021/05/15.pdf. Enterovirus infection_Week 19:2021/05/09-2021/05/15.pdf * Download ...
Enterovirus 68 among Children with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, the Philippines Tadatsugu Imamura, Naoko Fuji, Akira ... Enterovirus 68 among Children with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection, the Philippines. ... Phylogenetic trees of selected enterovirus (EV) 68 strains, based on the nucleotide sequence of 2 genomic regions: A) partial 5 ...
... research focused on enterovirus infection of skeletal muscle. Studies demonstrated a higher frequency of enterovirus infection ... infection with some of the 70 known enteroviruses seemed not to trigger CFS/ME, but superinfection with a different enterovirus ... The role of enterovirus (EV) infection as a trigger and perpetuating factor in CFS/ME has been recognised for decades. In 1988 ... In conclusion, enterovirus stomach infection in patients with CFS/ME is described for the first time by John and Andrew Chia ( ...
Enterovirus C, Human Enterovirus Infections Genotype High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing Humans Letters To The Editor ... Respiratory Infection with Enterovirus Genotype C117, China and Mongolia. 20(6). Xiang, Zichun et al. "Respiratory Infection ... "Respiratory Infection with Enterovirus Genotype C117, China and Mongolia" vol. 20, no. 6, 2014. Export RIS Citation Information ... Human Enterovirus C105, China, 2017 Cite CITE. Title : Human Enterovirus C105, China, 2017 Personal Author(s) : Li, Maozhong; ...
Enterovirus Infections/genetics, Islets of Langerhans/metabolism. in Nature Communications. volume. 14. article number. 7630. ... Enterovirus Infections/genetics; Islets of Langerhans/metabolism}}, language = {{eng}}, month = {{11}}, pages = {{1--13}}, ... profiles in children prior to the appearance of type 1 diabetes-linked islet autoantibodies and following enterovirus infection ... profiles in children prior to the appearance of type 1 diabetes-linked islet autoantibodies and following enterovirus infection ...
Association between febrile seizures and enterovirus and parechovirus infection in the emergency room: A pilot study ... 01 May 2022 Association between febrile seizures and enterovirus and parechovirus infection in... ... Prevalence and characteristics of human parechovirus and enterovirus infection in febrile infants. ... Enteroviruses (EV) and human parechoviruses (HPeV) are RNA viruses from the Picornaviridae family that are very prevalent in ...
Infection 2001;29:138--42. *Thivierge B, Delage G. Infections of the central nervous system caused by enterovirus: 223 cases ... Enterovirus 68 Enterovirus 68 is unique among the enteroviruses because it has properties of both enteroviruses and ... Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:889--94 ... the Enterovirus Surveillance Program (15), is the only data source for nationwide trends in enterovirus infections in the ...
The enteroviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family of viruses and are traditionally divided into 5 subgenera based on ... The human enteroviruses are ubiquitous viruses that are transmitted from person to person via direct contact with virus shed ... Enteroviruses cause a wide range of infections. Poliovirus, the prototypical enterovirus, can cause a subclinical or mild ... Diagnosis of enterovirus infections is often clinical. Laboratory diagnosis can be achieved with the following:. * Serological ...
"Surveillance of enterovirus infections in Iowa 1957-62." 81, no. 6 (1966). Gravelle, C. R. et al. "Surveillance of enterovirus ... 1966). Surveillance of enterovirus infections in Iowa 1957-62.. 81(6). Gravelle, C. R. and Chin, Tom D. Y. and Heeren, R. H. " ... Title : Surveillance of enterovirus infections in Iowa 1957-62. Personal Author(s) : Gravelle, C. R.;Chin, Tom D. Y.;Heeren, R ... infections in Iowa 1957-62." vol. 81, no. 6, 1966. Export RIS Citation Information.. ...
By age 30 months, 28% of children had become seropositive because of natural infection. INTERPRETATION:EV-A71 maternal ... of children that have not had natural EV-A71 infection by that age. FUNDING:National Science Fund for Distinguished Young ... and mouth disease associated with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) have affected children younger than 5 years in the Asia-Pacific ... Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic ...
Overview of Enterovirus Infections - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Enterovirus D68 Acute flaccid myelitis (enterovirus D68) Enteroviruses are a group of viruses. Enterovirus infections affect ... Symptoms of Enterovirus Infections The bodys immune defenses stop many enterovirus infections, and the result is few or no ... There is no treatment to cure enterovirus infections. Treatment of enterovirus infections is directed at relieving symptoms. ...
Infection is potentially transmissible through blood or blood component transfusion from donor in the viremic phase before ... To investigate the threat to blood safety from enteroviruses, a large-scale survey of frequency and levels of viremia in blood ... STUDY DESIGNS AND METHODS: Blood donations from Scotland over a period of 22 calendar months were screened for enterovirus RNA ... RESULTS: From a total of 3658 pools of 95 donations tested, 73 samples that were enterovirus-positive were identified ( ...
Enterovirus infection is high in the cases of viral conjunctivitis lately seen in the country. ... Kathmandu, Aug 22: Enterovirus infection is high in the cases of viral conjunctivitis lately seen in the country. Of the ten ... 80 percent were of the cases of enterovirus infection, according to laboratory information officer, Krishna Prasad Jaisi. The ... In case of infection, it is recommended to employ cold compress by closing eyelids, to take plenty of water and nutritious food ...
"Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects." Int J Mol Sci 22, no ... "Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects." Int J Mol Sci, vol. ... Zhu P, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G, Jin Y. Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to ... Zhu P, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G, Jin Y. Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to ...
Molecular mechanism of enterovirus infection uncovered Researchers from the Nanoscience Center at the University of Jyväskylä ... New Vietnamese enterovirus C4 strains possibly more virulent than B5 strains A new study published in January 2020 in the ... Enterovirus 71 vaccine candidate strains exhibit good immunogenicity and cross-neutralization activity Announcing a new article ... and certain ions within the attacked host cells can affect the genetic workings of enteroviruses and enhance their infection. ...
Enterovirus Infections September Week 2: Enterovirus Infections. Articles:. 1. Pasquinelli L, et al. Enteroviral Infections. ... Enterovirus Infections. Peds in Review. Vol 19, No 6. June 1998.. 3. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/Enterovirus/hfmd-qa. ... Mom is concerned about the long term effects of this infection. What do you tell her? ...
title = "Enterovirus 71 infection: An experience in Korea, 2009",. abstract = "Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognized as a ... Enterovirus 71 infection: An experience in Korea, 2009. / Kim, Kyung Hyo. In: Korean Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 53, No. 5, ... Enterovirus 71 infection : An experience in Korea, 2009. In: Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2010 ; Vol. 53, No. 5. pp. 616-622. ... Enterovirus 71 infection: An experience in Korea, 2009. Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2010;53(5):616-622. doi: 10.3345/kjp. ...
... and proteomic analyses of rhabdomyosarcoma cells reveal differential cellular gene expression in response to enterovirus 71 ... analyses of rhabdomyosarcoma cells reveal differential cellular gene expression in response to enterovirus 71 infection. ... analyses of rhabdomyosarcoma cells reveal differential cellular gene expression in response to enterovirus 71 infection. ... following EV71 infection. Expression of several apoptosis-associated genes was modified, coinciding with apoptosis attenuation ...
Enterovirus Foundation (2018). "SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF AN ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION". Enterovirus Foundation. Schwartz RA (2018-10- ... Enterovirus H (formerly Simian enterovirus A) Enterovirus I Enterovirus J Enterovirus K Enterovirus L Rhinovirus A (formerly ... formerly Human enterovirus C) Enterovirus D (formerly Human enterovirus D) Enterovirus E (formerly Bovine enterovirus group A) ... Enterovirus A (formerly Human enterovirus A) Enterovirus B (formerly Human enterovirus B) Enterovirus C ( ...
EBV Infections see Infectious Mononucleosis * Egg Allergy see Food Allergy * Enterovirus see Viral Infections ...
Enterovirus D68 infection in a cluster of children with acute flaccid myelitis, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2016. European Journal ... Evaluation of antiviral therapies in respiratory and neurological disease models of Enterovirus D68 infection in mice. Virology ... Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus-D68 infection in an otherwise healthy child. Virology Journal. 2017;14:4. ... Enteroviruses cause chronic, severe central nervous system (CNS) infections in agammaglobulinemic children, suggesting humoral ...
The highest incidence of EV-A71 infections was observed in children aged 5-6 months. Our findings support EV-A71 vaccination ... Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)-related hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) imposes a substantial clinical burden in the Asia Pacific ... Seroepidemiology of enterovirus A71 infection in prospective cohort studies of children in southern China, 2013-2018. ... Juan Yang, Qiaohong Liao, Kaiwei Luo, Fengfeng Liu, Yonghong Zhou, et al.. Seroepidemiology of enterovirus A71 infection in ...
This increase suggests that besides genetical factors environmental perturbations (including viral infections) are also ... T1D has been associated with viral infections including enteroviruses, rubella, mumps, rotavirus, parvovirus and ... Viral infections as potential triggers of type 1 diabetes Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007 Mar;23(3):169-83. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.695 ... Data obtained in rodents and in vitro systems have improved our insight in the possible role of viral infections in the ...
Upsurge of Enterovirus D68 infection in the lower Hudson Valley, New York, 2016. ... Upsurge of Enterovirus D68 infection in the lower Hudson Valley, New York, 2016. Modern Pathology, 30 (Suppl. 2), 390A. ...
Gastric Enterovirus Infection: A Possible Causative Etiology of Gastroparesis. Barkin JA1, Czul F2, Barkin JS2, Klimas NG3, Rey ... Chronic enterovirus infection in patients with postviral fatigue syndrome.. Enteroviruses and postviral fatigue syndrome.. ... Gastric Enterovirus Infection: A Possible Causative Etiology of Gastroparesis.. Barkin JA1, Czul F2, Barkin JS2, Klimas NG3, ... The aim of this study is to document case reports of Enterovirus (EV) infection as a possible cause of IGP.. METHODS:. Eleven ...
Enterovirus D68 Infections May Be Linked to 4 Deaths, 10 Paralysis Cases. October 06, 2014 By: Martha Garcia ... Enterovirus D68 Most Likely Cause Of Polio-Like Child Paralysis, Some Scientists Say. October 30, 2018 By: Martha Garcia ... Tag Archives: Enterovirus. * CDC Warns About Child Respiratory Disease Cases Due to Virus Linked to Child Paralysis Cases. ... Enterovirus Spreads To Children Across More Than Half The U.S.: CDC. September 24, 2014 By: Martha Garcia ...
  • Coxsackievirus A16, echoviruses 11 and 30, and enterovirus 71 were most often identified. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A committee sponsored by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis categorized EVs and other enteroviruses (ie, coxsackievirus group A and group B, polioviruses) together in 1957. (medscape.com)
  • Epidemic hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) viral infections are usually caused by members of the Enterovirus genus, most commonly, coxsackievirus A16, A6, or enterovirus 71. (medscape.com)
  • The high incidence of mixed infections with enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus 16 (17.6% of the total coxsackievirus 16-infected cases) has never before been observed in China. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] A high incidence of mixed infections with enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus 16 was also observed. (medscape.com)
  • Coxsackievirus infection is highly contagious. (medscape.com)
  • Coxsackievirus B5 infection induces dysregulation of microRNAs predicted to target known type 1 diabetes risk genes in human pancreatic islets. (nature.com)
  • In the United States, the most common cause of HFMD is infection with an enterovirus called coxsackievirus A16. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Health officials in the United Kingdom previously reported a similarly unusual increase in severe myocarditis, or heart inflammation, among 10 babies who had another enterovirus called coxsackievirus. (nbcnews.com)
  • 2 3 Research studies have identified various features relevant to the pathogenesis of CFS/ME such as viral infection, immune abnormalities and immune activation, exposure to toxins, chemicals and pesticides, stress, hypotension, lymphocyte abnormalities and neuroendocrine dysfunction. (bmj.com)
  • Common Cold The common cold is a viral infection of the lining of the nose, sinuses, and throat. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The possible benefits of the use of corticosteroids to manage spinal cord edema or white matter involvement in AFM should be balanced with the potential harm due to immunosuppression in the setting of possible viral infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Although correlations between clinical presentation with T1D and the occurrence of a viral infection that precedes the development of overt disease have been recognized, causalities between viruses and the diabetogenic process are still elusive and difficult to prove in humans. (nih.gov)
  • www.unboundmedicine.com/icd/view/ICD-10-CM/885193/all/B34_9___Viral_infection__unspecified. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Important functions of islet β cells, such as glucose sensing, insulin release and apoptosis, are regulated by miRNAs, and Kim and colleagues hypothesized that CVB5 infection in human islets would alter miRNA expression, providing a mechanistic link between viral infection and the development of T1DM. (nature.com)
  • In its statement, the WHO said that the most common cause of myocarditis is viral infection, including infection from enteroviruses, which are among the world's most prevalent class of viruses. (politifact.com)
  • Antibiotics should not be used because they are useless against any viral infection, including enterovirus. (everydayhealth.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , the most common cause of a sore throat is a viral infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • When I began to realize this COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic was not as advertised, and there had to be a reason why the first symptoms of COVID, unlike any other viral infection, involved the nervous system - loss of sense of smell and taste and abnormal heart rate and breathing issues, I suspected something other than a virus. (knowledgeofhealth.com)
  • An alarming fact is that a frank vitamin B1 deficiency, called beriberi, may be misdiagnosed as a viral infection, pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis, and the patient may die before the correct diagnosis is made . (knowledgeofhealth.com)
  • Enteroviruses are common human viruses associated with various clinical syndromes, from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions (e.g., aseptic meningitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis). (cdc.gov)
  • Enteroviruses (genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae ) are among the most common viruses infecting humans worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • The human enteroviruses are ubiquitous viruses that are transmitted from person to person via direct contact with virus shed from the gastrointestinal or upper respiratory tract. (medscape.com)
  • The nonpolio viruses (group A and B coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses) are responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases in persons of all ages, although infection and illness occur most commonly in infants. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] In Karachi, enteric viruses were commonly found, with human enteroviruses documented in 43% of tap water samples. (medscape.com)
  • More than 90% of infections caused by nonpolio entero viruses are asymptomatic or result only in an undifferentiated febrile illness. (medscape.com)
  • Enteroviruses are a group of viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Enterovirus infections may be caused by different strains in this group of viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses are non-enveloped, frequently pathogenic RNA viruses infecting humans. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Enteroviruses (EVs) are common RNA viruses that can cause various types of human diseases and conditions such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), myocarditis, meningitis, sepsis, and respiratory disorders. (duke.edu)
  • Enterovirus is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the basis of their pathogenesis in humans and animals, the enteroviruses were originally classified into four groups, polioviruses, Coxsackie A viruses (CA), Coxsackie B viruses (CB), and echoviruses, but it was quickly realized that there were significant overlaps in the biological properties of viruses in the different groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 81 non-polio types, there are 22 Coxsackie A viruses, 6 Coxsackie B viruses, 28 echoviruses, and 25 other enteroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enteroviruses are members of the picornavirus family, a large and diverse group of small RNA viruses characterized by a single positive-strand genomic RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enteroviruses are a group of ubiquitous viruses that cause a number of infections which are usually mild. (wikipedia.org)
  • Future studies will hopefully reveal which human viruses are causally involved in the induction of T1D and this knowledge may provide directions on how to deal with viral infections in diabetes-susceptible individuals in order to delay or even prevent the diabetogenic process. (nih.gov)
  • Echoviruses (EVs) are RNA viruses of the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. (medscape.com)
  • While it was decided to keep the name 'enterovirus' for this group of viruses, it is certainly confusing and I would argue that it should be replaced by a more descriptive name. (virology.ws)
  • It results from infection with non-polio enteroviruses such as coxsackie viruses A16, A4, A5, A9, A10, B2 and B5 and enterovirus 71. (canada.ca)
  • Non-polio enteroviruses are common ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) viruses that are found worldwide. (canada.ca)
  • Between June 2022 and April 2023 in Wales, 10 newborns under 28 days old developed myocarditis associated with infections from enterovirus, some of the most prevalent viruses in the world, according to the World Health Organization and the Welsh minister for health and social services. (politifact.com)
  • While there are antiviral drugs that may be used against viruses including enterovirus, none of them have been proven useful against enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) - the strain of enterovirus responsible for the 2014 outbreak - according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (everydayhealth.com)
  • The flu vaccine is important to protect against the influenza viruses that cause the flu, but it will not protect against enteroviruses. (everydayhealth.com)
  • We know that AFM can be caused by different viral pathogens including non-polio enteroviruses, flaviviruses, herpes viruses, and adenoviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Enteroviruses are a family of viruses that are responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • I think the field has been divided regarding the potential role of viruses, especially enterovirus, in the development of type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusions The findings of this study highlight the importance of respiratory viruses (mainly RSV and rhinovirus) in children with CAP and show the characteristics of both the single infections and co-infections associated with the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Duration of post-vaccination immunity against yellow fever lence and viral etiology of enterovirus infections among in adults. (cdc.gov)
  • Enteroviruses are associated with diverse clinical syndromes ranging from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions (e.g., aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis) and could be linked with the development of some chronic diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes and dilated cardiomyopathy) ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The letter by Dr. Batra and Dr. Smith highlights the morbidity and mortality of neonatal herpes infection, and in a broader sense, calls to our attention the differential diagnosis and treatment of culture-negative neonatal sepsis. (bmj.com)
  • Though enteroviruses are common, cases of neonatal enteroviral sepsis have historically been rare. (nbcnews.com)
  • Rarely, parechovirus infection can lead to more severe illness in young infants such as sepsis (severe blood infection) or neurological conditions such as seizures or meningitis/encephalitis (infection of the brain). (luriechildrens.org)
  • Infants can have fever, upper respiratory symptoms, diarrhea, or rash but may also develop more severe symptoms such as sepsis (severe blood infection) or neurological conditions such as seizures or meningitis or encephalitis (infection of the brain). (luriechildrens.org)
  • The genus picornavirus includes enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Years later the rhinoviruses, which do not replicate in the enteric tract, were added to the enterovirus genus based on nucleotide sequence comparisons. (virology.ws)
  • Clinical manifestations of enteroviral infection differ by viral type. (medscape.com)
  • This type of illness is by far the most common enteroviral infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An enteroviral infection starts when material contaminated with the virus is swallowed. (everydayhealth.com)
  • There is no vaccine for enteroviral infection. (everydayhealth.com)
  • A recent analysis also found low-grade enteroviral infection with live virus in islets from six adults recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, thereby providing rationale for an investigation of the antiviral treatment approach, Mynarek said. (medscape.com)
  • Lastly, we show that control children present transcriptional signatures consistent with robust immune responses to enterovirus infection, whereas children who later developed islet autoimmunity do not. (lu.se)
  • Sims, who studies teplizumab , also noted, "I think optimally it would be great if you could catch people early on in the process, when enterovirus is initiating their autoimmunity, if that's what's initiating their autoimmunity…The more people we can screen, the better. (medscape.com)
  • In Analysis of partial VP1 sequences showed that almost all rare situations, enterovirus infection can lead to severe (99.4%, 162/163) of EV-A71 was subgenogroup B5: only neurologic complications, notably aseptic meningitis, 2 samples were subgenogroup C4 (Figure 1A). (cdc.gov)
  • Infection can result in a wide variety of symptoms, including those of: mild respiratory illness (the common cold), hand, foot and mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, severe neonatal sepsis-like disease, acute flaccid paralysis, and the related acute flaccid myelitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In south-western Europe, Toscana virus infection accounts for the most frequent cause of aseptic meningitis together with enteroviruses and herpesviruses [2]. (europa.eu)
  • Multiple enterovirus serotypes exist. (cdc.gov)
  • Predominant serotypes and ranking of individual enteroviruses changed over time. (cdc.gov)
  • Serologic studies have distinguished 71 human enterovirus serotypes on the basis of antibody neutralization tests. (wikipedia.org)
  • To date, 67 serotypes of enterovirus have been identified, 32 of which belong to the echovirus group. (medscape.com)
  • however, serotyping was not commonly performed and therefore true prevalence of cases associated with specific enterovirus serotypes are not known to this date. (avma.org)
  • and, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpan- Enteroviruses were identified in 67.4% (325/482) of sam- gina, caused primarily by enterovirus A, commonly ples. (cdc.gov)
  • A new study published in January 2020 in the journal Scientific Reports reports the presence of a new lineage of enterovirus responsible for the hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). (news-medical.net)
  • Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been recognized as a frequent cause of epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with severe neurological symptoms. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Most symptomatic EV71 infections commonly result in HFMD or herpangina. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Recent large outbreaks of HFMD in China have shown that 95% on infections occur in children younger than 5 years. (medscape.com)
  • It should be noted that infection with EV 71 may result in complications without producing clinically-evident HFMD. (canada.ca)
  • Parechovirus is closely related to enteroviruses, which commonly cause childhood infections. (luriechildrens.org)
  • There are 81 non-polio and 3 polio enteroviruses that can cause disease in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a study from China in 2011 showed that the neutralizing antibody response was not correlated with disease severity, suggesting that cellular immune response, besides neutralizing antibodies, could play a critical role in controlling the outcome of enterovirus 71 infection in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Nonetheless, many other viral infections can affect the oral cavity in humans, either as localized or systemic infections. (medscape.com)
  • Expression of several apoptosis-associated genes was modified, coinciding with apoptosis attenuation observed in poliovirus infection. (drugbank.com)
  • Historically, poliomyelitis was the most significant disease caused by an enterovirus, namely poliovirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the ten sample tests conducted in the National Public Health Laboratory, 80 percent were of the cases of enterovirus infection, according to laboratory information officer, Krishna Prasad Jaisi. (enewspolar.com)
  • Most cases of enterovirus get better on their own with common at-home supportive measures, such as rest, fluids, and the use of nonprescription drugs to help with symptoms, such as ibuprofen (Advil/Motrin) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) for pain. (everydayhealth.com)
  • From June 2022 to April 2023 in Wales, 10 newborns younger than 28 days old who were hospitalized and tested positive for enterovirus infections also developed myocarditis, according to the WHO . (politifact.com)
  • Human Intestinal Organoids Recapitulate Enteric Infections of Enterovirus and Coronavirus. (stembook.org)
  • During the 2002-2004 SARS outbreak, another coronavirus, there were a number of infections in previously healthy patients who developed SARS pneumonia and were later found to have acute diabetes. (iflscience.com)
  • The role of enterovirus (EV) infection as a trigger and perpetuating factor in CFS/ME has been recognised for decades. (bmj.com)
  • The importance of gastrointestinal symptoms in CFS/ME 13 - 15 and the known ability of enteroviruses to cause gastrointestinal infections, 16 led John and Andrew Chia to study the role of enterovirus infection in the stomach of patients with CFS/ME. (bmj.com)
  • The role of enterovirus in type 1 diabetes has been controversial until recently, Knip noted. (medscape.com)
  • Microbes which have been shown to trigger CFS/ME include enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Chlamydia pneumoniae , parvovirus B19, Coxiella burnetii , Borna disease virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6). (bmj.com)
  • Chronic microbial infections which have been documented in patients with CFS/ME include C burnetii , parvovirus B19, C pneumoniae , hepatitis C, enteroviruses and human retroviruses. (bmj.com)
  • The results strengthen the possible link between enteroviruses and the development of type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • There has been increasing evidence of an association between enterovirus infections, the appearance of autoantibodies, and the subsequent onset of type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • An oligo-based microarray was employed to analyse mRNAs from rhabdomyosarcoma cells infected with the MS/7423/87 strain of enterovirus 71 (EV71) at 20 h post infection. (drugbank.com)
  • Four deaths and a number of cases of paralysis may be linked to the enterovirus D68 outbreak affecting hundreds of children nationwide. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • A number of cases of child paralysis may be linked to the enterovirus outbreak sweeping the country. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • For updated epidemiologic information on the 2014 enterovirus 68 outbreak, see Frequency. (medscape.com)
  • Although we do not have routine surveillance of enteroviruses, CDC does have other surveillance systems that we use to monitor and quickly assess signals for outbreaks and increases in specific types of enteroviruses," Dr. Janell Routh, the head of the CDC's division of viral diseases, said in a statement. (nbcnews.com)
  • Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of the small air sacs of the lungs (alveoli) and the tissues around them. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We aim to investigate the impact of implemented infectious control strategies on the incidences of influenza, enterovirus infection, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. (jmir.org)
  • We utilized the electronic database of the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System and extracted incidences of COVID-19, influenza virus, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia. (jmir.org)
  • Using this national epidemiological database, we found a significant decrease in cases of influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. (jmir.org)
  • BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection causes respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Background Little is known about the prevalence of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). (medscape.com)
  • Co-infections showed radiographic evidence of alveolar pneumonia significantly more frequently than single infections (OR 1·72, 95% CI 1·05-2·81). (medscape.com)
  • Herein, the authors focus on recent advances in the understanding of ncRNAs in EV infection from basic viral pathogenesis to clinical prospects, providing a reference basis and new ideas for disease prevention and research directions. (duke.edu)
  • This increase suggests that besides genetical factors environmental perturbations (including viral infections) are also involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. (nih.gov)
  • Data obtained in rodents and in vitro systems have improved our insight in the possible role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of human T1D. (nih.gov)
  • GP can present acutely after a viral-like gastrointestinal illness resulting in speculation that in some patients, neurologic damage caused by the infection might underlie the pathogenesis of idiopathic gastroparesis (IGP). (healthrising.org)
  • The epidemiological pattern varies by geographical region and climate, but the incidence of infection is higher in the summer and autumn months in temperate climates while remaining prevalent year-round in tropical climates. (canada.ca)
  • The National Enterovirus Surveillance System (NESS) is a voluntary, passive surveillance system that has monitored trends in circulating enteroviruses since 1961. (cdc.gov)
  • Efforts to increase laboratory participation in NESS should continue to allow for more complete and accurate surveillance for enteroviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Surveillance of enterovirus infections in Iowa 1957-62. (cdc.gov)
  • Gravelle, C. R. and Chin, Tom D. Y. and Heeren, R. H. "Surveillance of enterovirus infections in Iowa 1957-62. (cdc.gov)
  • The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) in Winnipeg performs typing for enteroviruses and asks that provinces and territories send all isolates to NML as part of ongoing enterovirus surveillance. (canada.ca)
  • The reported increase in severe myocarditis associated with enterovirus infection among newborns was unusual, the WHO reported . (politifact.com)
  • Infectious disease experts in the U.S. report a slight rise in enterovirus infections among newborns. (nbcnews.com)
  • Phylogenetic trees of selected enterovirus (EV) 68 strains, based on the nucleotide sequence of 2 genomic regions: A) partial 5′ nontranslated region and B) partial viral protein 1. (cdc.gov)
  • Enterovirus infections affect many parts of the body and may be caused by any of several different viral strains. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some strains of enterovirus also cause a generalized, nonitchy rash on the skin or sores inside the mouth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 3 ] Enterovirus 71 infection does not provide immunity to other strains. (medscape.com)
  • HPV infections have received particular attention in recent years, as high-risk strains have been linked to some cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Although EV infections in most patients are generally mild and self-limiting, a small number of young children can develop serious complications such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and cardiorespiratory failure, resulting in fatalities. (duke.edu)
  • A four-fold rise in the level of neutralizing antibody in blood specimens collected during the acute and convalescent phases of illness can provide evidence of recent infection. (canada.ca)
  • HHV-6, which can produce acute infection in CD4 + T lymphocytes, causes roseola infantum , a febrile illness that affects young children. (medscape.com)
  • On the basis of its physical, chemical, and biological properties, the virus was classified as an enterovirus in the picornavirus family. (virology.ws)
  • The phenomenon has been seen in patients with mumps and enterovirus infections. (iflscience.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The detection of enterovirus-positive blood units indicates the potential for enteroviral transmission by blood components. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To prevent the spread of infection, preschools where transmission persists for more than 2 incubation periods, have been recommended for closure, and trigger criteria for voluntary closure was instituted. (ewha.ac.kr)
  • Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine ('enteric' meaning intestinal). (wikipedia.org)
  • Transmission of enteroviruses may be increased by poor hygiene and overcrowded living conditions. (canada.ca)
  • Given that viral circulation has been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, we remain vigilant to any changes in enterovirus transmission. (nbcnews.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HIV-1 transmission trends and the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on newly diagnosed HIV infections in Geneva, Switzerland. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS: Among 142 newly diagnosed individuals during 2008-2010, 49% had a recent infection and 42% were included in transmission clusters. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: MSM with recent HIV infection are a significant source of onward transmission. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Essential Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Enterovirus Infection: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Prospects. (duke.edu)
  • Herpesviruses establish latent permanent infections in their hosts, although clinical signs of disease may not be detected. (medscape.com)
  • Based on the typical clinical features, differential diagnosis for infection by Zika virus is widespread. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stay home if you have symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Keep your children home if they have upper respiratory infection symptoms. (everydayhealth.com)
  • There is no vaccine to prevent EV-D68 infection, nor is antiviral therapy available to treat infected patients. (virology.ws)
  • Enterovirus detections by serotype with specimen type, collection date, and demographic information are reported monthly by participating laboratories to CDC, which summarizes the data and disseminates the results. (cdc.gov)
  • Frequency, viral loads, and serotype identification of enterovirus infections in Scottish blood donors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Enteroviruses can infect all tissues of the human body. (medscape.com)
  • More than 100 types of enteroviruses can infect people, according to the CDC. (nbcnews.com)
  • Symptoms of enterovirus infections include fever, headache, respiratory illness, and sore throat and sometimes mouth sores or a rash. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment of enterovirus infections is aimed at relieving symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The body's immune defenses stop many enterovirus infections, and the result is few or no symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment of enterovirus infections is directed at relieving symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Red and itchy eye, tearing or discharge of pus or mucus, red and swollen eyelid, problem to see in sunlight are among the symptoms of this viral eye infection. (enewspolar.com)
  • Those with a history of flu-like symptoms or gastroenteritis prior to onset of GP symptoms had gastric biopsies taken during upper endoscopy to assess for the presence of gastric mucosal EV infection . (healthrising.org)
  • Infectious mononucleosis , or "mono," is the medical term for a group of symptoms that typically result from infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These are typically children in the first few days or week or two of life who are exposed to an enterovirus and for reasons that we don't fully understand get very sick from what typically causes nothing more than coldlike symptoms," Creech said. (nbcnews.com)
  • Strategic testing of persons without symptoms but at higher risk of infection, such as those exposed to SARS-CoV-2 or who have frequent unavoidable contact with the public, provides another opportunity to limit ongoing spread. (bvsalud.org)
  • BACKGROUND:Since 1997, epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) have affected children younger than 5 years in the Asia-Pacific region, including mainland China. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Infections are highly contagious and typically affect many people in a community, sometimes causing epidemics. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Infections usually occur as isolated events, but epidemics occur regularly. (medscape.com)
  • except in large epidemics caused by human enterovirus 71 in which neurologic complications and death have been reported, especially in children. (medscape.com)
  • But the myocarditis cases were associated with enterovirus infections, not COVID-19 or the vaccines. (politifact.com)
  • In very young babies, enterovirus can, on rare occasions, lead to a severe complication called myocarditis - which causes inflammation of the heart," Ladhani said. (politifact.com)
  • echovirus 1-33 and enterovirus B69-113. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has been recognized as a pan-echovirus receptor expressed on intestinal enterocytes (primary site of infection) and liver hepatocytes and microvascular endothelial cells lining the blood-brain barrier (secondary sites of infection). (medscape.com)
  • On Friday, the WHO confirmed that at least 26 infants in Croatia, France, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom had been infected with a rare type of enterovirus, called echovirus-11. (nbcnews.com)
  • People often refer to such illnesses as the "summer flu," although only infection with the influenza virus (which is not an enterovirus) actually causes the flu (influenza). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Infants, especially younger than 6 months of age, are most at risk for developing severe disease and complications from the infection. (luriechildrens.org)
  • Ig levels and NK phenotype are distinct from gamma common chain deficiency, clinically the patients are indistinguishable, with severe and persistent viral and protozoal infections. (lu.se)
  • Infection is usually asymptomatic or associated with a mild non-specific illness. (canada.ca)
  • HHV-4, also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), causes the primary infection infectious mononucleosis , and it is implicated in various diseases, such as African Burkitt lymphoma , other immunoproliferative disorders, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Enterovirus had increased by week 18 in 2017-2019, but this was not observed in 2020. (jmir.org)
  • The disease is considered benign and self-limited but complications may arise, particularly when the illness results from infection with EV 71. (canada.ca)
  • Untreated group A strep infections can lead to complications, such as rheumatic fever , and antibiotics may be necessary to prevent such complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Correct, the current test uses PCR with pan-enterovirus primers, followed by sequencing to determine the genotype. (virology.ws)
  • Meningitis is the leading infectious syndrome that affects the central nervous system, and most cases are caused by viral infections, mainly enterovirus. (bvsalud.org)
  • A descriptive study was conducted based on data from a CSF reference service, located in São Paulo, Brazil, on 202 individuals who had enterovirus meningitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Its most common causes are coxsackie virus A16 (CAV 16) and enterovirus 71 (EV 71). (canada.ca)
  • CVB5-infected human islets at 3 days after infection. (nature.com)
  • The researchers cultured human cadaveric pancreatic islets obtained from two donors and infected the cultured cells with CVB5 or a mock-infection control. (nature.com)
  • Most cases of infection result in asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic forms, with mainly febrile illness, leading to a massive underestimation of cases. (europa.eu)
  • By age 30 months, 28% of children had become seropositive because of natural infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Catch-up vaccination between ages 6 months to 5 years could provide protection to the approximately 30-90% of children that have not had natural EV-A71 infection by that age. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Enteroviral infections are most common among children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The CDC warns that increasing cases of polio-like paralysis affecting children in the U.S. may be caused by a number of viral infections. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Enterovirus has stricken children in more than half the states in the country, according to the CDC. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • An unknown number of children have been stricken by a respiratory illness brought on by Enterovirus D68 - a type of virus that typically causes skin rash and diarrhea. (kjrh.com)
  • The CDC had special advice for parents of children with asthma to prepare for the possibility of EV-D68 infection. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Doctors interviewed across the country are seeing a small increase in enterovirus cases, especially among children. (nbcnews.com)
  • We highly appreciate the authors' contribution to the full picture of pathogens causing systemic late-onset neonatal infection. (bmj.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention doesn't have an active reporting system for neonatal enteroviral disease or enteroviruses in general. (nbcnews.com)
  • No specific antiviral agent is available for therapy or prophylaxis of EV 71 infection. (canada.ca)
  • Enterovirus infections are most common in the summer. (kjrh.com)
  • Hymes said while infection from D68 virus is rare, the rates of admissions to the ICU do not appear worse than more common respiratory infections. (kjrh.com)
  • Dr. Shamez Ladhani, a consultant pediatrician at the U.K. Health Security Agency, described enterovirus as "a common infection of childhood," in a statement to PolitiFact. (politifact.com)
  • HHV infections are common in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • 6 Using a monoclonal antibody, enterovirus VP1 protein was detected in the circulation of 44 of 87 patients with CFS/ME. (bmj.com)
  • In this issue, they describe a systematic study of enterovirus infection in the stomach of 165 patients with CFS/ME, demonstrating a detection rate of EV VP1 protein of 82% in patients with CFS/ME compared with 20% in normal controls. (bmj.com)
  • evidence for efficacy is based on early treatment in animal models infected with enterovirus (EV) D68 and it has not been given in a systematic manner to AFM patients to allow for measurements of efficacy. (cdc.gov)
  • Gastric EV infection was frequently detected (82 %) in patients undergoing investigation for IGP. (healthrising.org)
  • See Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease and Cutaneous Manifestations of Hepatitis C for information on these viral infections. (medscape.com)
  • Rarely, an enterovirus progresses from this stage to attack a particular organ. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Subsequently named enterovirus D68, it has been rarely reported in the United States (there were 79 isolations from 2009-2013). (virology.ws)
  • enterovirus infection of skeletal muscle was therefore proposed as the likely disease mechanism. (bmj.com)
  • NESS data allowed identification and description of a core group of consistently circulating enteroviruses that probably determine the disease burden associated with enterovirus infections. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed infections of D68 in Chicago, Illinois and Kansas City, Missouri. (kjrh.com)
  • Toscana virus infection is not a notifiable disease at the EU/EEA level and there is no EU case definition. (europa.eu)
  • We're hearing reports from around the country of all of our children's hospitals having some degree of significant enterovirus this summer," said Dr. Buddy Creech, a pediatric infectious disease doctor at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. (nbcnews.com)
  • In the last few months, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has received reports of more cases of brain infection related to parechovirus in infants than in a typical year. (luriechildrens.org)
  • HHV-2, also known as HSV-2, causes genital herpes and occasionally causes oral disease that is clinically similar to that of HHV-1 infection. (medscape.com)
  • HHV-3, also known as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), causes the primary infection chickenpox and the secondary reactivation disease herpes zoster. (medscape.com)
  • Readers might wonder why a virus that causes respiratory illness is called an enterovirus. (virology.ws)
  • All enteroviruses contain a genome of approximately 7,500 bases and are known to have a high mutation rate due to low-fidelity replication and frequent recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enteroviruses can severely affect newborns, whose immune systems aren't mature enough to fight off infection. (nbcnews.com)