A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14)
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic (i.e., occurring secondary to known disease processes such as infections, hypoxic-ischemic injuries, trauma, etc.).
Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)
A disorder characterized by the onset of myoclonus in adolescence, a marked increase in the incidence of absence seizures (see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), and generalized major motor seizures (see EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). The myoclonic episodes tend to occur shortly after awakening. Seizures tend to be aggravated by sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Hereditary and sporadic forms have been identified. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p323)
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the FRONTAL LOBE. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact location of the seizure focus. Frontal lobe seizures may be idiopathic (cryptogenic) or caused by an identifiable disease process such as traumatic injuries, neoplasms, or other macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the frontal lobes (symptomatic frontal lobe seizures). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp318-9)
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
An autosomal dominant inherited partial epilepsy syndrome with onset between age 3 and 13 years. Seizures are characterized by PARESTHESIA and tonic or clonic activity of the lower face associated with drooling and dysarthria. In most cases, affected children are neurologically and developmentally normal. (From Epilepsia 1998 39;Suppl 4:S32-S41)
Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)
An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
A neurosurgical procedure that removes the anterior TEMPORAL LOBE including the medial temporal structures of CEREBRAL CORTEX; AMYGDALA; HIPPOCAMPUS; and the adjacent PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS. This procedure is generally used for the treatment of intractable temporal epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TEMPORAL LOBE).
A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.
A heterogeneous group of primarily familial disorders characterized by myoclonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, ataxia, progressive intellectual deterioration, and neuronal degeneration. These include LAFORA DISEASE; MERRF SYNDROME; NEURONAL CEROID-LIPOFUSCINOSIS; sialidosis (see MUCOLIPIDOSES), and UNVERRICHT-LUNDBORG SYNDROME.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.
A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Abnormalities in the development of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These include malformations arising from abnormal neuronal and glial CELL PROLIFERATION or APOPTOSIS (Group I); abnormal neuronal migration (Group II); and abnormal establishment of cortical organization (Group III). Many INBORN METABOLIC BRAIN DISORDERS affecting CNS formation are often associated with cortical malformations. They are common causes of EPILEPSY and developmental delay.
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Treatment of chronic, severe and intractable psychiatric disorders by surgical removal or interruption of certain areas or pathways in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobes.
A condition marked by recurrent seizures that occur during the first 4-6 weeks of life despite an otherwise benign neonatal course. Autosomal dominant familial and sporadic forms have been identified. Seizures generally consist of brief episodes of tonic posturing and other movements, apnea, eye deviations, and blood pressure fluctuations. These tend to remit after the 6th week of life. The risk of developing epilepsy at an older age is moderately increased in the familial form of this disorder. (Neurologia 1996 Feb;11(2):51-5)
A course of food intake that is high in FATS and low in CARBOHYDRATES. This diet provides sufficient PROTEINS for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins.
The repeated weak excitation of brain structures, that progressively increases sensitivity to the same stimulation. Over time, this can lower the threshold required to trigger seizures.
An adjunctive treatment for PARTIAL EPILEPSY and refractory DEPRESSION that delivers electrical impulses to the brain via the VAGUS NERVE. A battery implanted under the skin supplies the energy.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.
An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)
A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.
Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.
Heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms, commonly in 1,2,4 or 1,3,5 or 2,4,6 formats. Some are used as HERBICIDES.
A disorder characterized by recurrent localized paroxysmal discharges of cerebral neurons that give rise to seizures that have motor manifestations. The majority of partial motor seizures originate in the FRONTAL LOBE (see also EPILEPSY, FRONTAL LOBE). Motor seizures may manifest as tonic or clonic movements involving the face, one limb or one side of the body. A variety of more complex patterns of movement, including abnormal posturing of extremities, may also occur.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)
Registered nurses who hold Master's degrees in nursing with an emphasis in clinical nursing and who function independently in coordinating plans for patient care.
An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.
GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.
A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.
A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.
A characteristic symptom complex.
An antiepileptic agent related to the barbiturates; it is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite. Adverse effects are reported to be more frequent than with PHENOBARBITAL. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p309)
Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
An act of employing sorcery (the use of power gained from the assistance or control of spirits), especially with malevolent intent, and the exercise of supernatural powers and alleged intercourse with the devil or a familiar. (From Webster, 3d ed)
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Axons of certain cells in the DENTATE GYRUS. They project to the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and to the proximal dendrites of PYRAMIDAL CELLS of the HIPPOCAMPUS. These mossy fibers should not be confused with mossy fibers that are cerebellar afferents (see NERVE FIBERS).
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.
The largest portion of the CEREBRAL CORTEX in which the NEURONS are arranged in six layers in the mammalian brain: molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layers.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Famous Persons" is not a term that has a medical definition. It refers to individuals who are widely known and recognized in various fields such as entertainment, politics, sports, science, and arts. If you have any medical or health-related terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD): a comprehensive review. (1/244)

Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD) represents a well-recognized clinical problem with a reported incidence among individuals with a diagnosis of intractable epilepsy as high as 36%. A failure to identify this disorder may lead to certain risks for the patient including polypharmacy, anticonvulsant toxicity, hazardous intervention, social and economic demands and a lack of recognition or neglect of any underlying psychological distress. This review provides a description of NEAD in an historic and societal context and discusses the variety of terminology which has been applied to this psychophysiological phenomenon. Epidemiology and associated methodological limitations; and diagnostic and classification issues related to NEAD in comparison to epilepsy are considered. The problems of failure to recognize NEAD in comparison to epilepsy are considered. The problems of failure to recognize NEAD are outlined, and theoretical and empirical aetiological issues are discussed.  (+info)

Evidence for linkage of adolescent-onset idiopathic generalized epilepsies to chromosome 8-and genetic heterogeneity. (2/244)

Several loci and candidate genes for epilepsies or epileptic syndromes map or have been suggested to map to chromosome 8. We investigated families with adolescent-onset idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), for linkage to markers spanning chromosome 8. The IGEs that we studied included juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), epilepsy with only generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurring either randomly during the day (random grand mal) or on awakening (awakening grand mal), and juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE). We looked for a gene common to all these IGEs, but we also investigated linkage to specific subforms of IGE. We found evidence for linkage to chromosome 8 in adolescent-onset IGE families in which JME was not present. The maximum multipoint LOD score was 3.24 when family members with IGE or generalized spike-and-waves (SW) were considered affected. The LOD score remained very similar (3.18) when clinically normal family members with SW were not considered to be affected. Families with either pure grand mal epilepsy or absence epilepsy contributed equally to the positive LOD score. The area where the LOD score reaches the maximum encompasses the location of the gene for the beta3-subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNB3), thus making this gene a possible candidate for these specific forms of adolescent-onset IGE. The data excluded linkage of JME to this region. These results indicate genetic heterogeneity within IGE and provide no evidence, on chromosome 8, for a gene common to all IGEs.  (+info)

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. (3/244)

Excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission is reduced in lethargic (Cacnb4(lh)) and tottering (Cacna1atg) mouse thalami. Recent studies of the homozygous tottering (Cacna1atg) and lethargic mouse (Cacnb4(lh)) models of absence seizures have identified mutations in the genes encoding the alpha1A and beta4 subunits, respectively, of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). beta subunits normally regulate Ca2+ currents via a direct interaction with alpha1 (pore-forming) subunits of VGCCs, and VGCCs are known to play a significant role in controlling the release of transmitter from presynaptic nerve terminals in the CNS. Because the gene mutation in Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes results in loss of the beta4 subunit's binding site for alpha1 subunits, we hypothesized that synaptic transmission would be altered in the CNS of Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes. We tested this hypothesis by using whole cell recordings of single cells in an in vitro slice preparation to investigate synaptic transmission in one of the critical neuronal populations that generate seizure activity in this strain, the somatosensory thalamus. The primary finding reported here is the observation of a significant decrease in glutamatergic synaptic transmission mediated by both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors in somatosensory thalamic neurons of Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes compared with matched, nonepileptic mice. In contrast, there was no significant decrease in GABAergic transmission in Cacnb4(lh) homozygotes nor was there any difference in effects mediated by presynaptic GABAB receptors. We found a similar decrease in glutamatergic but not GABAergic responses in Cacna1atg homozygotes, suggesting that the independent mutations in the two strains each affected P/Q channel function by causing defective neurotransmitter release specific to glutamatergic synapses in the somatosensory thalamus. This may be an important factor underlying the generation of seizures in these models.  (+info)

Ataxic mouse mutants and molecular mechanisms of absence epilepsy. (4/244)

Mouse genetic models for common human diseases have been studied for most of the 20th century. Although many polygenic strain differences and spontaneous single gene mutants have been extensively characterized over the years, knowing their innermost secrets ultimately requires the identity of the mutated genes. One group of neurological mutants, detected initially due to cerebellar dysfunction, was identified as models for epilepsy when they were unexpectedly found to have spike-wave seizures associated with behavioral arrest, a central feature of absence or petit-mal epilepsy. A further surprise was that recently identified defective genes encode different subunits of voltage-gated Ca(2+)channels (VGCCs), implying common seizure mechanisms. In this review we first consider these spontaneous mutants with VGCC defects in the context of other mouse models for epilepsy. Then, from the new wave of genetic and functional studies of these mutants we discuss their prospects for yielding insight into the molecular mechanisms of epilepsy.  (+info)

A neurological disease caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in the TATA-binding protein gene: a new polyglutamine disease? (5/244)

To investigate whether the expansion of CAG repeats of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) gene is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, we have screened 118 patients with various forms of neurological disease and identified a sporadic-onset patient with unique neurologic symptoms consisting of ataxia and intellectual deterioration associated with de novo expansion of the CAG repeat of the TBP gene. The mutant TBP with an expanded polyglutamine stretch (63 glutamines) was demonstrated to be expressed in lymphoblastoid cell lines at a level comparable with that of wild-type TBP. The CAG repeat of the TBP gene consists of impure CAG repeat and the de novo expansion involves partial duplication of the CAG repeat. The present study provides new insights into sporadic-onset trinucleotide repeat diseases that involve de novo CAG repeat expansion.  (+info)

Tiagabine-induced absence status in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. (6/244)

Several medications such as baclofen, amitriptyline and even antiepileptic drugs such as carbamazepine or vigabatrin are known to induce absence status epilepticus in patients with generalized epilepsies. Tiagabine (TGB) is effective in patients with focal epilepsies. However, TGB has also been reported to induce non-convulsive status epilepticus in several patients with focal epilepsies and in one patient with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. In animal models of generalized epilepsy, TGB induces absence status with 3-5 Hz spike-wave complexes. We describe a 32-year-old patient with absence epilepsy and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures since 11 years of age, who developed her first absence status epilepticus while treated with 45 mg of TGB daily. Administration of lorazepam and immediate reduction in TGB dosage was followed by complete clinical and electroencephalographic remission. This case demonstrates that TGB can induce typical absence status epilepticus in a patient with primary generalized epilepsy.  (+info)

Reciprocal inhibitory connections regulate the spatiotemporal properties of intrathalamic oscillations. (7/244)

Mice with an inactivated GABA(A) receptor beta(3) subunit gene have features of Angelman syndrome, including absence-like seizures. This suggests the occurrence of abnormal hypersynchrony in the thalamocortical system. Within the thalamus, the efficacy of inhibitory synapses between thalamic reticular (RE) neurons is selectively compromised, and thalamic oscillations in vitro are prolonged and lack spatial phase gradients (). Here we used computational models to examine how intra-RE inhibition regulates intrathalamic oscillations. A major effect is an abbreviation of network responses, which is caused by long-lasting intra-RE inhibition that shunts recurrent excitatory input. In addition, differential activation of RE cells desynchronizes network activity. Near the slice center, where many cells are initially activated, there is a resultant high level of intra-RE inhibition. This leads to RE cell burst truncation in the central region and a gradient in the timing of thalamocortical cell activity similar to that observed in vitro. Although RE cell burst durations were shortened by this mechanism, there was very little effect on the times at which RE cells began to burst. The above results depended on widespread stimuli that activated RE cells in regions larger than the diameter of intra-RE connections. By contrast, more focal stimuli could elicit oscillations that lasted several cycles and remained confined to a small region. These results suggest that intra-RE inhibition restricts intrathalamic activity to particular spatiotemporal patterns to allow focal recurrent activity that may be relevant for normal thalamocortical function while preventing widespread synchronization as occurs in seizures.  (+info)

Ictal and interictal SPECT findings in childhood absence epilepsy. (8/244)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the informative value of single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in relation to the pathophysiological functioning of the brain during absence seizures and the origin of ictal discharges in idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs). Six patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) were selected for the study and two consecutive SPECT sessions were performed concomitant with EEG recordings revealing normal results and during hyperventilation (HV) studies where the ictal discharges were induced either alone or accompanied by clinical absence seizures. All six patients had ictal discharges in their EEGs during HV and two of them also had clinical absences. SPECT findings during HV revealed an overall increase in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) with significantly higher values as compared to the baseline data. There was no indication for any focal origin in either the interictal or the ictal SPECT findings. Results of the study were supportive for the concept of subcortical origin for the absence seizures and they were also promising for the diagnostic value of ictal SPECT in epileptic cases with undetermined origin as to whether they were localization-related or generalized.  (+info)

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.

Generalized epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by seizures that involve both halves of the brain (generalized onset) from the beginning of the seizure. These types of seizures include tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures, absence (petit mal) seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Generalized epilepsy can be caused by genetic factors or brain abnormalities, and it is typically treated with medication. People with generalized epilepsy may experience difficulties with learning, memory, and behavior, and they may have a higher risk of injury during a seizure. It's important for individuals with generalized epilepsy to work closely with their healthcare team to manage their condition and reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of focal (localized) epilepsy that originates from the temporal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain and are involved in processing sensory information, memory, and emotion. TLE is characterized by recurrent seizures that originate from one or both temporal lobes.

The symptoms of TLE can vary depending on the specific area of the temporal lobe that is affected. However, common symptoms include auras (sensory or emotional experiences that occur before a seizure), strange smells or tastes, lip-smacking or chewing movements, and memory problems. Some people with TLE may also experience automatisms (involuntary movements such as picking at clothes or fumbling with objects) during their seizures.

Treatment for TLE typically involves medication to control seizures, although surgery may be recommended in some cases. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures and improve quality of life.

Myoclonic epilepsies are a group of epilepsy syndromes characterized by the presence of myoclonic seizures. A myoclonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves quick, involuntary muscle jerks or twitches. These seizures can affect one part of the body or multiple parts simultaneously and may vary in frequency and severity.

Myoclonic epilepsies can occur at any age but are more common in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Some myoclonic epilepsy syndromes have a genetic basis, while others may be associated with brain injury, infection, or other medical conditions.

Some examples of myoclonic epilepsy syndromes include:

1. Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME): This is the most common type of myoclonic epilepsy and typically begins in adolescence. It is characterized by myoclonic jerks, often occurring upon awakening or after a period of relaxation, as well as generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
2. Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies (PME): These are rare inherited disorders that typically begin in childhood or adolescence and involve both myoclonic seizures and other types of seizures. PMEs often progress to include cognitive decline, movement disorders, and other neurological symptoms.
3. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS): This is a severe form of epilepsy that typically begins in early childhood and involves multiple types of seizures, including myoclonic seizures. LGS can be difficult to treat and often results in cognitive impairment and developmental delays.
4. Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy (MAE): Also known as Doose syndrome, MAE is a childhood epilepsy syndrome characterized by myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures (brief periods of muscle weakness or loss of tone), and other types of seizures. It often responds well to treatment with antiepileptic drugs.

The management of myoclonic epilepsies typically involves a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and, in some cases, dietary modifications. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of myoclonic epilepsy and its underlying cause.

Anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used primarily to treat seizure disorders, also known as epilepsy. These medications work by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to their use in treating epilepsy, anticonvulsants are sometimes also prescribed for other conditions, such as neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches.

Anticonvulsants can work in different ways to reduce seizure activity. Some medications, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, work by blocking sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize nerve cell membranes and prevent excessive electrical activity. Other medications, such as valproic acid and gabapentin, increase the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on nerve cells and helps to reduce seizure activity.

While anticonvulsants are generally effective at reducing seizure frequency and severity, they can also have side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, these side effects may be managed by adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments.

Reflex epilepsy is a type of epilepsy in which seizures are consistently triggered by specific, recurring sensory stimuli. These triggers can vary widely and may include visual patterns, flashes of light, touch, sound, or even emotional experiences. When the brain receives input from these triggers, it responds with an abnormal electrical discharge that can lead to a seizure.

Reflex epilepsy is relatively rare, accounting for only about 5-10% of all epilepsy cases. It's important to note that not everyone who experiences seizures in response to these triggers has reflex epilepsy; the defining characteristic of this condition is the consistent and reproducible nature of the seizure response to a specific stimulus.

There are several different types of reflex epilepsy, each characterized by its own unique set of triggers. For example, some people with this condition may experience seizures in response to visual patterns or flashes of light (known as photosensitive epilepsy), while others may have seizures triggered by certain sounds or tactile sensations.

Treatment for reflex epilepsy typically involves identifying and avoiding triggers whenever possible, as well as using medication to control seizures. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain that is responsible for the abnormal electrical activity. With proper treatment and management, many people with reflex epilepsy are able to lead full and active lives.

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a genetic condition that is characterized by the occurrence of myoclonic seizures, which are sudden, brief, shock-like jerks of muscles typically occurring in the arms and legs. These seizures usually begin in adolescence or early adulthood, between 12 to 18 years of age.

JME is a type of generalized epilepsy, meaning that it involves abnormal electrical activity throughout the brain rather than just one area. In addition to myoclonic seizures, individuals with JME may also experience absence seizures (brief periods of staring and unresponsiveness) and/or tonic-clonic seizures (generalized convulsions).

The condition is often inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation from a parent with JME. However, not all cases are familial, and some may result from new genetic changes (mutations) that occur spontaneously.

JME is typically treated with anticonvulsant medications such as valproate or lamotrigine to control seizures. Lifestyle modifications, including avoiding sleep deprivation, stress, and excessive alcohol consumption, may also help reduce the frequency of seizures. With appropriate treatment, most individuals with JME can lead normal or near-normal lives.

Tonic-clonic epilepsy, also known as grand mal epilepsy, is a type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain. This type of epilepsy is characterized by two distinct phases: the tonic phase and the clonic phase.

During the tonic phase, which usually lasts for about 10-20 seconds, the person loses consciousness and their muscles stiffen, causing them to fall to the ground. This can result in injuries if the person falls unexpectedly or hits an object on the way down.

The clonic phase follows immediately after the tonic phase and is characterized by rhythmic jerking movements of the limbs, face, and neck. These movements are caused by alternating contractions and relaxations of the muscles and can last for several minutes. The person may also lose bladder or bowel control during this phase.

After the seizure, the person may feel tired, confused, and disoriented. They may also have a headache, sore muscles, and difficulty remembering what happened during the seizure.

Tonic-clonic epilepsy can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain injury, infection, or stroke. It is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or dietary changes, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the seizures.

Complex partial epilepsy, also known as temporal lobe epilepsy or focal impaired awareness epilepsy, is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in the temporal lobe or other localized areas of the brain. These seizures typically involve alterations in consciousness or awareness, and may include automatisms (involuntary, repetitive movements), such as lip smacking, fidgeting, or picking at clothes. Complex partial seizures can last from a few seconds to several minutes and may be followed by a post-ictal period of confusion or fatigue.

Complex partial epilepsy is often associated with structural abnormalities in the brain, such as hippocampal sclerosis, tumors, or malformations. It can also be caused by infectious or inflammatory processes, vascular disorders, or genetic factors. The diagnosis of complex partial epilepsy typically involves a thorough neurological evaluation, including a detailed history of seizure symptoms, neuroimaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity during and between seizures.

Treatment for complex partial epilepsy usually involves medication therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective in controlling seizures or if there is a structural lesion that can be safely removed. Other treatment options may include dietary modifications, such as the ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation.

Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of focal epilepsy, which means that the seizures originate from a specific area in the brain called the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is located at the front part of the brain and is responsible for various functions such as motor function, problem-solving, decision making, emotional expression, and social behavior.

In frontal lobe epilepsy, seizures can be quite varied in their presentation, but they often occur during sleep or wakefulness and may include symptoms such as:

* Brief staring spells or automatisms (such as lip smacking, chewing, or fumbling movements)
* Sudden and frequent falls or drops
* Vocalizations or sounds
* Complex behaviors, such as agitation, aggression, or sexual arousal
* Auras or warning sensations before the seizure

Frontal lobe epilepsy can be difficult to diagnose due to the varied nature of the seizures and their occurrence during sleep. Diagnostic tests such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and imaging studies like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves medication, but in some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective or cause significant side effects.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.

Rolandic epilepsy, also known as benign focal epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BFEC), is a type of epilepsy that primarily affects children. It is called "Rolandic" because the seizures often originate in or near the Rolandic area of the brain, which is involved in speech and motor function.

The hallmark feature of Rolandic epilepsy is focal seizures that typically involve tingling or numbness sensations on one side of the face, tongue, or mouth, followed by speech difficulties and sometimes weakness or jerking movements on one side of the body. These seizures usually occur during sleep or drowsiness and can cause awakening from sleep.

Rolandic epilepsy is typically outgrown by adolescence, and many children with this condition do not require long-term treatment. However, some children may experience cognitive or behavioral difficulties that warrant evaluation and management.

It's important to note that while Rolandic epilepsy is considered benign, it can still have a significant impact on a child's quality of life and daily functioning. Proper diagnosis and management are essential to ensure the best possible outcomes for children with this condition.

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a type of epilepsy that is caused by brain injury or trauma. The head injury can be either traumatic (such as from a car accident, fall, or physical assault) or non-traumatic (such as stroke, infection, or brain tumor).

In PTE, the first seizure occurs within one week to one year after the initial injury. The seizures may be immediate (within the first 24 hours of the injury) or delayed (occurring more than one week after the injury).

PTE is characterized by recurrent seizures that are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can vary in severity and frequency, and may cause a range of symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or emotions.

The diagnosis of PTE is typically made based on the patient's history of head trauma, along with the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for PTE may include medication to control seizures, as well as surgery or other interventions in some cases.

Sclerosis is a medical term that refers to the abnormal hardening or scarring of body tissues, particularly in the context of various degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system. The term "sclerosis" comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard. In these conditions, the normally flexible and adaptable nerve cells or their protective coverings (myelin sheath) become rigid and inflexible due to the buildup of scar tissue or abnormal protein deposits.

There are several types of sclerosis, but one of the most well-known is multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, leading to scarring and damage that disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. This results in a wide range of symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision problems, balance issues, and cognitive impairment.

Other conditions that involve sclerosis include:

1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, stiffness, and atrophy.
2. Systemic sclerosis: A rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and internal organs due to excessive collagen deposition.
3. Plaque psoriasis: A chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by red, scaly patches (plaques) resulting from rapid turnover and accumulation of skin cells.
4. Adhesive capsulitis: Also known as frozen shoulder, this condition involves stiffening and thickening of the shoulder joint's capsule due to scarring or inflammation, leading to limited mobility and pain.

Febrile seizures are a type of seizure that occurs in young children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and is often associated with fever. A febrile seizure is defined as a convulsion or seizure that is brought on by a high fever, usually greater than 100.4°F (38°C), but can also occur in response to a rapid rise in body temperature. The seizures can vary in length and may involve shaking of the entire body, jerking of the arms and legs, or just twitching of one part of the body. They can be quite alarming to witness, but they are usually harmless and do not cause any long-term neurological problems.

Febrile seizures are most commonly caused by viral infections, such as a cold or flu, but they can also occur with bacterial infections, such as a urinary tract infection or ear infection. In some cases, the fever and seizure may be the first signs that a child is ill.

While febrile seizures are generally harmless, it is important to seek medical attention if your child has a seizure. This is because a small percentage of children who have febrile seizures may go on to develop epilepsy, a condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Additionally, some serious underlying conditions, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can cause fever and seizures, so it is important to rule out these possibilities with a thorough medical evaluation.

If your child has a febrile seizure, the best course of action is to remain calm and make sure they are in a safe place where they cannot injure themselves. Do not try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth. Instead, gently turn them onto their side to prevent choking and call for medical help. Most febrile seizures last only a few minutes and resolve on their own without any treatment. After the seizure, your child may be sleepy or confused, but they should return to their normal state within a short period of time.

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication that is primarily used to treat seizure disorders (epilepsy) and neuropathic pain. It works by decreasing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Carbamazepine may also be used off-label for other conditions such as bipolar disorder and trigeminal neuralgia.

The medication is available in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, chewable tablets, and suspension. It is usually taken two to four times a day with food to reduce stomach upset. Common side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait.

It is important to note that carbamazepine can interact with other medications, including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and birth control pills, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine levels in the blood may need to be monitored regularly to ensure that the medication is working effectively and not causing toxicity.

Status epilepticus is a serious and life-threatening medical condition characterized by an ongoing seizure activity or a series of seizures without full recovery of consciousness between them, lasting for 30 minutes or more. It is a neurological emergency that requires immediate medical attention to prevent potential complications such as brain damage, respiratory failure, or even death.

The condition can occur in people with a history of epilepsy or seizure disorders, as well as those without any prior history of seizures. The underlying causes of status epilepticus can vary and may include infection, trauma, stroke, metabolic imbalances, toxins, or other medical conditions that affect the brain's normal functioning. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological damage and improve outcomes in patients with this condition.

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used in the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by radiation therapy or Sjögren's syndrome, as well as in the management of glaucoma due to its ability to construct the pupils and reduce intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions and chronic bronchitis. It is available in various forms, including tablets, ophthalmic solutions, and topical gels.

Anterior Temporal Lobectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a portion of the anterior (front) part of the temporal lobe of the brain. This procedure is often performed to treat certain types of epilepsy that are resistant to medication, as well as other conditions such as tumors or degenerative diseases that affect this area of the brain.

The temporal lobe is located on each side of the brain and is involved in several important functions, including hearing, memory, emotion, and language comprehension. The anterior portion of the temporal lobe contains structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus, which are critical for the formation and retrieval of memories.

During an anterior temporal lobectomy, a neurosurgeon will make an incision in the skull and remove a portion of the brain tissue that is causing seizures or other symptoms. The size and location of the resection will depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's needs. After the surgery, patients may require rehabilitation to help them recover from any cognitive or physical deficits caused by the procedure.

Piracetam is a nootropic drug, which is primarily used in the treatment of cognitive disorders. It is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Piracetam is believed to work by reducing the permeability of cell membranes in the brain, which may enhance communication between neurons and improve memory and learning.

Medically, piracetam is used off-label for a variety of conditions related to cognitive decline or impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and age-related cognitive decline. It has also been studied in the treatment of myoclonus (involuntary muscle jerks), dyslexia, and other neurological disorders.

It is important to note that while piracetam has shown some promise in improving cognitive function in certain populations, its effectiveness is still a subject of ongoing research and debate. Additionally, piracetam is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use, although it is available as a dietary supplement in the United States.

As with any medication or supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking piracetam to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for your individual needs.

Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsies (PME) is a group of rare, genetic disorders characterized by myoclonus (rapid, involuntary muscle jerks), tonic-clonic seizures (also known as grand mal seizures), and progressive neurological deterioration. The term "progressive" refers to the worsening of symptoms over time.

The myoclonic epilepsies are classified as progressive due to the underlying neurodegenerative process that affects the brain, leading to a decline in cognitive abilities, motor skills, and overall functioning. These disorders usually begin in childhood or adolescence and tend to worsen with age.

Examples of PMEs include:

1. Lafora disease: A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the EPM2A or NHLRC1 genes, leading to the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates called Lafora bodies in neurons. Symptoms typically start between ages 6 and 16 and include myoclonus, seizures, and progressive neurological decline.
2. Unverricht-Lundborg disease: Also known as Baltic myoclonus, this is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CSTB gene. It is characterized by progressive myoclonic epilepsy, ataxia (loss of coordination), and cognitive decline. Symptoms usually begin between ages 6 and 18.
3. Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCLs): A group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipopigments in neurons. Several types of NCLs can present with progressive myoclonic epilepsy, including CLN2 (late-infantile NCL), CLN3 (juvenile NCL), and CLN6 (early juvenile NCL).
4. Myoclonus Epilepsy Associated with Ragged Red Fibers (MERRF): A mitochondrial disorder caused by mutations in the MT-TK gene, leading to myoclonic epilepsy, ataxia, and ragged red fibers on muscle biopsy.
5. Dentatorubral-Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA): An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the ATN1 gene, characterized by myoclonic epilepsy, ataxia, chorea (involuntary movements), and dementia.

These are just a few examples of disorders that can present with progressive myoclonic epilepsy. It is essential to consult a neurologist or epileptologist for proper diagnosis and management.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Sudden death is a term used to describe a situation where a person dies abruptly and unexpectedly, often within minutes to hours of the onset of symptoms. It is typically caused by cardiac or respiratory arrest, which can be brought on by various medical conditions such as heart disease, stroke, severe infections, drug overdose, or trauma. In some cases, the exact cause of sudden death may remain unknown even after a thorough post-mortem examination.

It is important to note that sudden death should not be confused with "sudden cardiac death," which specifically refers to deaths caused by the abrupt loss of heart function (cardiac arrest). Sudden cardiac death is often related to underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or electrical abnormalities in the heart.

Valproic acid is a medication that is primarily used as an anticonvulsant, which means it is used to treat seizure disorders. It works by increasing the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, a neurotransmitter that helps to reduce abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In addition to its use as an anticonvulsant, valproic acid may also be used to treat migraines and bipolar disorder. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions, and is usually taken by mouth. As with any medication, valproic acid can have side effects, and it is important for patients to be aware of these and to discuss them with their healthcare provider.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Malformations of Cortical Development (MCDs) are a group of congenital brain abnormalities that occur during the development and organization of the cerebral cortex, which is the brain region responsible for higher cognitive functions. These malformations result from disruptions in neuronal migration, proliferation, or organization, leading to varying degrees of cortical thickness, folding, and structural integrity.

MCDs can be classified into several subtypes based on their distinct neuroimaging and histopathological features. Some common MCD subtypes include:

1. Lissencephaly (smooth brain): A severe malformation characterized by the absence of normal gyral and sulcal patterns, resulting in a smooth cortical surface. This is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
2. Polymicrogyria (many small folds): A condition where the cortex has an excessive number of small, irregular gyri, leading to thickened and disorganized cortical layers. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during mid to late development.
3. Schizencephaly (cleft brain): A malformation characterized by a linear cleft or gap in the cerebral cortex, extending from the pial surface to the ventricular system. This can be unilateral or bilateral and is caused by disruptions in neuronal migration and/or cortical organization during early development.
4. Heterotopias (misplaced cells): A condition where groups of neurons are abnormally located within the white matter or at the gray-white matter junction, instead of their normal position in the cerebral cortex. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
5. Focal cortical dysplasia (abnormal localized tissue): A condition characterized by abnormal cortical architecture, including disorganized lamination, enlarged neurons, and heterotopic neurons. This can be focal or multifocal and is caused by defects in cortical organization during late development.

MCDs are often associated with neurological symptoms such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. The severity of these symptoms depends on the type, location, and extent of the malformation.

The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.

This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.

Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.

The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain, located on each side of the head roughly level with the ears. It plays a major role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion. The temporal lobe contains several key structures including the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for analyzing sounds, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can result in various neurological symptoms such as hearing loss, memory impairment, and changes in emotional behavior.

Psychosurgery is a surgical intervention aimed at modifying or altering brain functions to treat severe and disabling mental disorders. It involves the deliberate destruction or disconnection of specific areas of the brain, typically through procedures such as lobotomy or stereotactic neurosurgery. These interventions are usually considered a last resort when other treatments have failed, and they are reserved for individuals with extreme cases of mental illness, such as intractable depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or severe anxiety disorders.

It's important to note that psychosurgery is a highly controversial and stigmatized field, and its use has declined significantly since the mid-20th century due to concerns about its effectiveness, ethics, and potential for harm. Today, psychosurgery is tightly regulated and subject to strict ethical guidelines in most countries.

Benign neonatal epilepsy is a rare and specific type of epilepsy that affects newborns within the first few days of life. The term "benign" in this context refers to the relatively favorable prognosis compared to other forms of neonatal epilepsy, rather than the severity of the seizures themselves.

The condition is typically characterized by the presence of brief, recurrent seizures that may appear as repetitive jerking movements, staring spells, or subtle changes in muscle tone or behavior. These seizures are often triggered by routine handling or stimulation and can be difficult to distinguish from normal newborn behaviors, making diagnosis challenging.

Benign neonatal epilepsy is typically associated with specific genetic mutations that affect the electrical activity of brain cells. The most common form of this condition, known as Benign Familial Neonatal Epilepsy (BFNE), is caused by mutations in genes such as KCNQ2 or KCNQ3, which encode potassium channels in neurons.

While the seizures associated with benign neonatal epilepsy can be alarming, they are generally not harmful to the developing brain and tend to resolve on their own within a few months. Treatment is often focused on managing the seizures with antiepileptic medications to reduce their frequency and severity, although some infants may require no treatment at all.

Overall, while benign neonatal epilepsy can be a concerning condition for parents and caregivers, its favorable prognosis and relatively mild impact on long-term neurological development make it one of the more manageable forms of neonatal epilepsy.

A ketogenic diet is a type of diet that is characterized by a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake and an increase in fat intake, with the goal of inducing a metabolic state called ketosis. In ketosis, the body shifts from using glucose (carbohydrates) as its primary source of energy to using ketones, which are produced by the liver from fatty acids.

The typical ketogenic diet consists of a daily intake of less than 50 grams of carbohydrates, with protein intake moderated and fat intake increased to make up the majority of calories. This can result in a rapid decrease in blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have various health benefits for some individuals, such as weight loss, improved blood sugar control, and reduced risk factors for heart disease.

However, it is important to note that a ketogenic diet may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with certain medical conditions or who are taking certain medications. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new diet plan.

Kindling, in the context of neurology, refers to a process of neural sensitization where repeated exposure to sub-convulsive stimuli below the threshold for triggering a seizure can eventually lower this threshold, leading to an increased susceptibility to develop seizures. This concept is often applied in the study of epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

The term "kindling" was first introduced by Racine in 1972 to describe the progressive increase in the severity and duration of behavioral responses following repeated electrical stimulation of the brain in animal models. The kindling process can occur in response to various types of stimuli, including electrical, chemical, or even environmental stimuli, leading to changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in certain brain regions, particularly the limbic system.

Over time, repeated stimulation results in a permanent increase in neural hypersensitivity, making it easier to induce seizures with weaker stimuli. This phenomenon has been implicated in the development and progression of some forms of epilepsy, as well as in the underlying mechanisms of certain mood disorders and other neurological conditions.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves the use of a device to send electrical signals to the vagus nerve, which is a key part of the body's autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls various automatic functions of the body, such as heart rate and digestion.

In VNS, a small generator is implanted in the chest, and thin wires are routed under the skin to the vagus nerve in the neck. The generator is programmed to send electrical signals to the vagus nerve at regular intervals. These signals can help regulate certain body functions and have been found to be effective in treating a number of conditions, including epilepsy and depression.

The exact mechanism by which VNS works is not fully understood, but it is thought to affect the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that transmit signals in the brain. This can help reduce seizure activity in people with epilepsy and improve mood and other symptoms in people with depression.

VNS is typically used as a last resort for people who have not responded to other treatments. It is generally considered safe, but like any medical procedure, it does carry some risks, such as infection, bleeding, and damage to the vagus nerve or surrounding tissues.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

I apologize, but "video recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of capturing and storing moving visual images on electronic media, which is used in various medical fields for different purposes such as surgical training, telemedicine consultations, or monitoring patient conditions. However, there is no unique medical meaning associated with this term.

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug, primarily used in the treatment of seizures and prevention of seizure recurrence. It works by reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain and stabilizing the electrical activity of neurons. Phenytoin is also known to have anti-arrhythmic properties and is occasionally used in the management of certain cardiac arrhythmias.

The drug is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and a liquid formulation. Common side effects of phenytoin include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait. Regular monitoring of blood levels is necessary to ensure that the drug remains within the therapeutic range, as both low and high levels can lead to adverse effects.

It's important to note that phenytoin has several potential drug-drug interactions, particularly with other anticonvulsant medications, certain antibiotics, and oral contraceptives. Therefore, it is crucial to inform healthcare providers about all the medications being taken to minimize the risk of interactions and optimize treatment outcomes.

Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat certain types of seizures in adults and children. It works by reducing the abnormal excitement in the brain. The medical definition of Vigabatrin is: a irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, which results in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. This medication is used as an adjunctive treatment for complex partial seizures and is available in oral form for administration.

It's important to note that Vigabatrin can cause serious side effects, including permanent vision loss, and its use should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional. It is also classified as a pregnancy category C medication, which means it may harm an unborn baby and should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, is a rare but serious type of epilepsy that affects infants typically between 4-8 months of age. The spasms are characterized by sudden, brief, and frequent muscle jerks or contractions, often involving the neck, trunk, and arms. These spasms usually occur in clusters and may cause the infant to bend forward or stretch out. Infantile spasms can be a symptom of various underlying neurological conditions and are often associated with developmental delays and regression. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.

Neurosurgery, also known as neurological surgery, is a medical specialty that involves the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders of the nervous system. This includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgeons use both traditional open and minimally invasive techniques to treat various conditions such as tumors, trauma, vascular disorders, infections, stroke, epilepsy, pain, and congenital anomalies. They work closely with other healthcare professionals including neurologists, radiologists, oncologists, and critical care specialists to provide comprehensive patient care.

Convulsants are substances or agents that can cause seizures or convulsions. These can be medications, toxins, or illnesses that lower the seizure threshold and lead to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions and relaxation. Examples of convulsants include bromides, strychnine, organophosphate pesticides, certain antibiotics (such as penicillin or cephalosporins), and alcohol withdrawal. It is important to note that some medications used to treat seizures can also have convulsant properties at higher doses or in overdose situations.

Triazines are not a medical term, but a class of chemical compounds. They have a six-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. Some triazine derivatives are used in medicine as herbicides, antimicrobials, and antitumor agents.

Epilepsy, partial, motor is a type of focal epilepsy, which means that the seizures originate from a specific area in one hemisphere of the brain. In this case, the area affected is the motor cortex, which is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. As a result, partial motor seizures typically cause abnormal movements or altered sensations on one side of the body.

There are two types of partial motor seizures: simple and complex. Simple partial motor seizures involve involuntary contractions or twitching of specific muscles, while complex partial motor seizures may also include impaired consciousness or awareness, along with involuntary movements. The symptoms of a partial motor seizure can vary depending on the location and extent of the brain tissue involved.

It's important to note that partial motor seizures are just one type of epilepsy, and there are many other forms of the condition that can affect different areas of the brain and cause varying symptoms. If you or someone else is experiencing symptoms that may be related to epilepsy, it's important to seek medical attention from a qualified healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.

Intellectual disability (ID) is a term used when there are significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.

Intellectual functioning, also known as intelligence, refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and other cognitive skills. Adaptive behavior includes skills needed for day-to-day life, such as communication, self-care, social skills, safety judgement, and basic academic skills.

Intellectual disability is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. It can be mild, moderate, severe, or profound, depending on the degree of limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

It's important to note that people with intellectual disabilities have unique strengths and limitations, just like everyone else. With appropriate support and education, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities in many ways.

Implanted electrodes are medical devices that are surgically placed inside the body to interface directly with nerves, neurons, or other electrically excitable tissue for various therapeutic purposes. These electrodes can be used to stimulate or record electrical activity from specific areas of the body, depending on their design and application.

There are several types of implanted electrodes, including:

1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) electrodes: These are placed deep within the brain to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. DBS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that modulate abnormal neural activity in targeted brain regions.
2. Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) electrodes: These are implanted along the spinal cord to treat chronic pain syndromes. SCS electrodes emit low-level electrical pulses that interfere with pain signals traveling to the brain, providing relief for patients.
3. Cochlear Implant electrodes: These are surgically inserted into the cochlea of the inner ear to restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve directly, bypassing damaged hair cells within the cochlea.
4. Retinal Implant electrodes: These are implanted in the retina to treat certain forms of blindness caused by degenerative eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa. The electrodes convert visual information from a camera into electrical signals, which stimulate remaining retinal cells and transmit the information to the brain via the optic nerve.
5. Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) electrodes: These are placed near the sacral nerves in the lower back to treat urinary or fecal incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. SNS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that regulate the function of the affected muscles and nerves.
6. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) electrodes: These are wrapped around the vagus nerve in the neck to treat epilepsy and depression. VNS electrodes provide intermittent electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve, which has connections to various regions of the brain involved in these conditions.

Overall, implanted electrodes serve as a crucial component in many neuromodulation therapies, offering an effective treatment option for numerous neurological and sensory disorders.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.

However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.

In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.

Neurocysticercosis is a neurological disorder caused by the infection of the brain's tissue with larval stages of the parasitic tapeworm, Taenia solium. The larvae, called cysticerci, can invade various parts of the body including the brain and the central nervous system, leading to a range of symptoms such as seizures, headaches, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disorders.

The infection typically occurs when a person ingests tapeworm eggs through contaminated food or water, and the larvae hatch and migrate to various tissues in the body. In neurocysticercosis, the cysticerci can cause inflammation, swelling, and damage to brain tissue, leading to neurological symptoms that can vary depending on the location and number of cysts in the brain.

Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis typically involves a combination of imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans, blood tests, and sometimes lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to examine cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment may involve anti-parasitic medications to eliminate the cysts, anti-inflammatory drugs to manage swelling and inflammation, and symptomatic treatment for seizures or other neurological symptoms.

A Nurse Clinician, also known as Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), is an advanced practice registered nurse who has completed a master's or doctoral degree in nursing with a focus on clinical expertise. They are experts in their specific clinical specialty area, such as pediatrics, gerontology, critical care, or oncology.

Nurse Clinicians demonstrate advanced levels of knowledge and skills in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of patients' health conditions. They provide direct patient care, consult with other healthcare professionals, coordinate care, and often serve in leadership and education roles within their healthcare organizations. Their work includes developing and implementing evidence-based practice guidelines, participating in quality improvement initiatives, and mentoring staff nurses.

Nurse Clinicians play a critical role in improving patient outcomes, enhancing the quality of care, and promoting cost-effective care delivery. They are licensed and regulated by their state's Board of Nursing and may hold national certification in their clinical specialty area.

Ethosuximide is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called anticonvulsants or anti-seizure medications. It is primarily used to treat absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, which are a type of seizure characterized by brief, sudden lapses in consciousness.

Ethosuximide works by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. It does this by inhibiting the formation of sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize the electrical impulses and reduce the likelihood of seizure activity.

Like all medications, ethosuximide can have side effects, including stomach upset, dizziness, headache, and sleepiness. It is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking this medication and to report any bothersome or persistent side effects promptly. Ethosuximide may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ethosuximide therapy.

The dentate gyrus is a region of the brain that is located in the hippocampal formation, which is a part of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is characterized by the presence of densely packed granule cells, which are a type of neuron. The dentate gyrus is involved in the formation of new memories and the integration of information from different brain regions. It is also one of the few areas of the adult brain where new neurons can be generated throughout life, a process known as neurogenesis. Damage to the dentate gyrus has been linked to memory impairments, cognitive decline, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy.

Kainic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a compound that has been widely used in scientific research, particularly in neuroscience. It is a type of excitatory amino acid that acts as an agonist at certain types of receptors in the brain, specifically the AMPA and kainate receptors.

Kainic acid is often used in research to study the effects of excitotoxicity, which is a process that occurs when nerve cells are exposed to excessive amounts of glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters, leading to cell damage or death. Kainic acid can induce seizures and other neurological symptoms in animals, making it a valuable tool for studying epilepsy and related disorders.

While kainic acid itself is not a medical treatment or diagnosis, understanding its effects on the brain has contributed to our knowledge of neurological diseases and potential targets for therapy.

Channelopathies are genetic disorders that are caused by mutations in the genes that encode for ion channels. Ion channels are specialized proteins that regulate the flow of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, across cell membranes. These ion channels play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the body.

Channelopathies can affect various organs and systems in the body, depending on the type of ion channel that is affected. For example, mutations in sodium channel genes can cause neuromuscular disorders such as epilepsy, migraine, and periodic paralysis. Mutations in potassium channel genes can cause cardiac arrhythmias, while mutations in calcium channel genes can cause neurological disorders such as episodic ataxia and hemiplegic migraine.

The symptoms of channelopathies can vary widely depending on the specific disorder and the severity of the mutation. Treatment typically involves managing the symptoms and may include medications, lifestyle modifications, or in some cases, surgery.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is not primarily considered a medical treatment, but rather a research compound used in neuroscience and neurology to study seizure activity and chemically induce seizures in animals for experimental purposes. It is classified as a proconvulsant agent. Medically, it has been used in the past as a medication to treat epilepsy, but its use is now largely historical due to the availability of safer and more effective anticonvulsant drugs.

In a medical or scientific context, Pentylenetetrazole can be defined as:

A chemical compound with the formula C6H5N5O2, which is used in research to investigate seizure activity and induce convulsions in animals. It acts as a non-competitive GABAA receptor antagonist and can lower the seizure threshold. Historically, it has been used as a medication to treat epilepsy, but its use for this purpose is now limited due to the development of safer and more effective anticonvulsant drugs.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Cerebral dominance is a concept in neuropsychology that refers to the specialization of one hemisphere of the brain over the other for certain cognitive functions. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language functions such as speaking and understanding spoken or written language, while the right hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal functions such as spatial ability, face recognition, and artistic ability.

Cerebral dominance does not mean that the non-dominant hemisphere is incapable of performing the functions of the dominant hemisphere, but rather that it is less efficient or specialized in those areas. The concept of cerebral dominance has been used to explain individual differences in cognitive abilities and learning styles, as well as the laterality of brain damage and its effects on cognition and behavior.

It's important to note that cerebral dominance is a complex phenomenon that can vary between individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and experience. Additionally, recent research has challenged the strict lateralization of functions and suggested that there is more functional overlap and interaction between the two hemispheres than previously thought.

Amobarbital is a barbiturate drug that is primarily used as a sedative and sleep aid. It works by depressing the central nervous system, which can lead to relaxation, drowsiness, and reduced anxiety. Amobarbital is also sometimes used as an anticonvulsant to help control seizures.

Like other barbiturates, amobarbital has a high potential for abuse and addiction, and it can be dangerous or even fatal when taken in large doses or mixed with alcohol or other drugs. It is typically prescribed only for short-term use due to the risk of tolerance and dependence.

It's important to note that the use of barbiturates like amobarbital has declined in recent years due to the development of safer and more effective alternatives, such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine sleep aids.

Drug resistance, also known as antimicrobial resistance, is the ability of a microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand the effects of a drug that was originally designed to inhibit or kill it. This occurs when the microorganism undergoes genetic changes that allow it to survive in the presence of the drug. As a result, the drug becomes less effective or even completely ineffective at treating infections caused by these resistant organisms.

Drug resistance can develop through various mechanisms, including mutations in the genes responsible for producing the target protein of the drug, alteration of the drug's target site, modification or destruction of the drug by enzymes produced by the microorganism, and active efflux of the drug from the cell.

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms pose significant challenges in medical treatment, as they can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents, as well as poor infection control practices, contribute to the development and dissemination of drug-resistant strains. To address this issue, it is crucial to promote prudent use of antimicrobials, enhance surveillance and monitoring of resistance patterns, invest in research and development of new antimicrobial agents, and strengthen infection prevention and control measures.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain. These magnetic fields are detected by very sensitive devices called superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which are cooled to extremely low temperatures to enhance their sensitivity. MEG provides direct and real-time measurement of neural electrical activity with high temporal resolution, typically on the order of milliseconds, allowing for the investigation of brain function during various cognitive, sensory, and motor tasks. It is often used in conjunction with other neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, to provide complementary information about brain structure and function.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Primidone is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used in the treatment of seizure disorders. It is a barbiturate derivative that has sedative and muscle relaxant properties. Primidone is metabolized in the body into two other anticonvulsants, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA). Together, these active metabolites help to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.

Primidone is used primarily for generalized tonic-clonic seizures and complex partial seizures. It may also be considered for use in absence seizures, although other medications are typically preferred for this type of seizure. The medication works by decreasing abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to prevent or reduce the occurrence of seizures.

Like all anticonvulsant medications, primidone carries a risk of side effects, including dizziness, drowsiness, and unsteady gait. It may also cause rash, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite in some individuals. In rare cases, primidone can cause more serious side effects such as blood disorders, liver damage, or suicidal thoughts.

It is important for patients taking primidone to be closely monitored by their healthcare provider to ensure that the medication is working effectively and to monitor for any potential side effects. Dosages of primidone may need to be adjusted over time based on the patient's response to treatment and any adverse reactions that occur.

GABA-A receptors are ligand-gated ion channels in the membrane of neuronal cells. They are the primary mediators of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. When the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binds to these receptors, it opens an ion channel that allows chloride ions to flow into the neuron, resulting in hyperpolarization of the membrane and decreased excitability of the neuron. This inhibitory effect helps to regulate neural activity and maintain a balance between excitation and inhibition in the nervous system. GABA-A receptors are composed of multiple subunits, and the specific combination of subunits can determine the receptor's properties, such as its sensitivity to different drugs or neurotransmitters.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for "witchcraft" as it is generally considered to be a cultural or religious practice, not a medical condition. Witchcraft often refers to the practice of magical skills, spells, and the ability to communicate with spirits, which are beliefs that are deeply rooted in various cultures and religions around the world.

However, in some historical contexts, particularly during the early modern period in Europe, accusations of witchcraft were used as a pretext for persecuting and punishing individuals who were perceived as social or religious outsiders. These witch trials often resulted in severe physical and psychological harm, including executions, and can be considered a medical and human rights issue due to the trauma and violence inflicted upon those accused.

It's important to note that modern medicine recognizes the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity in providing care to patients from diverse backgrounds, including those who may practice witchcraft or other forms of traditional healing.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Mossy fibers in the hippocampus are a type of axon that originates from granule cells located in the dentate gyrus, which is the first part of the hippocampus. These fibers have a distinctive appearance and earn their name from the numerous small branches or "spines" that cover their surface, giving them a bushy or "mossy" appearance.

Mossy fibers form excitatory synapses with pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and spatial navigation. These synapses are unique because they have a high degree of plasticity, meaning that they can change their strength in response to experience or learning. This plasticity is thought to be important for the formation and storage of memories.

Mossy fibers also release neurotransmitters such as glutamate and contribute to the regulation of hippocampal excitability. Dysfunction in mossy fiber function has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous (benign) tumors to grow in many parts of the body. These tumors can affect the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, eyes, and lungs. The signs and symptoms of TSC can vary widely, depending on where the tumors develop and how severely a person is affected.

The condition is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, which regulate a protein that helps control cell growth and division. When these genes are mutated, the protein is not produced correctly, leading to excessive cell growth and the development of tumors.

TSC is typically diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, medical imaging, and genetic testing. Treatment for TSC often involves a multidisciplinary approach, with specialists in neurology, dermatology, cardiology, nephrology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology working together to manage the various symptoms of the condition. Medications, surgery, and other therapies may be used to help control seizures, developmental delays, skin abnormalities, and other complications of TSC.

The neocortex, also known as the isocortex, is the most recently evolved and outermost layer of the cerebral cortex in mammalian brains. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as sensory perception, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, language, and memory. The neocortex is characterized by its six-layered structure and is divided into several functional regions, including the primary motor, somatosensory, and visual cortices. It is highly expanded in humans and other primates, reflecting our advanced cognitive abilities compared to other animals.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Famous Persons" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to individuals who are widely known and recognized in the public sphere due to their achievements, contributions, or notoriety in various fields such as entertainment, politics, science, sports, and arts. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

... (CAE), formerly known as pyknolepsy, is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy which occurs in otherwise ... Hirsch E, Thomas P, Panayiotopoulos C (2007). "Childhood and absence epilepsies". Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook: 2397-2411 ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group (2010-03-04). "Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence ... It seems clear that the pathophysiology of absence seizures differs from other epilepsies which may, in part, explain the ...
Epilepsy Research. 136: 35-45. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.07.009. PMID 28753498. S2CID 21414331. "Absence Seizures". www. ... Epilepsy is classified according to seizure types, epilepsy types, and epilepsy syndromes. The seizure types include focal ... As for the third condition that is a diagnosed epilepsy syndrome. Epilepsy syndromes are notably different than epilepsy types ... "Talking about epilepsy: Challenges parents face when communicating with their child about epilepsy and epilepsy-related issues ...
Less serious examples are benign rolandic epilepsy (2.8 per 100,000), childhood absence epilepsy (0.8 per 100,000) and juvenile ... Wikiquote has quotations related to Epilepsy. "Epilepsy Basics: An Overview for Behavioral Health Providers". YouTube. Epilepsy ... Bromfield EB (2006). "Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy". An Introduction to Epilepsy. American Epilepsy ... Global Campaign against Epilepsy; International League against Epilepsy (2005). Atlas, epilepsy care in the world, 2005 (PDF). ...
Some examples of epilepsy syndromes include benign rolandic epilepsy (2.8 per 100,000), childhood absence epilepsy (0.8 per ... Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a genetic generalized epilepsy that affects children between the ages of 4 and 12 years of ... Juvenile absence epilepsy is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy with later onset than CAE, typically in prepubertal adolescence ... Catamenial epilepsy is the term denoting seizures linked to the menstrual cycle. Primary reading epilepsy is a reflex epilepsy ...
Marini C, Harkin L, Wallace R, Mulley J, Scheffer I, Berkovic S (2003). "Childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures: a ... absence, atonic seizures and myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. Individuals may also present with SMEI, characterized by generally ... "A deletion in SCN1B is associated with febrile seizures and early-onset absence epilepsy". Neurology. 61 (6): 854-6. doi: ... receptor gamma2-subunit in childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures". Nat Genet. 28 (1): 49-52. doi:10.1038/88259. PMID ...
The person may also have atypical absences and atonic and complex partial seizures. In Myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red ... Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al ... Therefore, in the early stages of PME the symptoms and EEG may appear like Generalized epilepsy, Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, ... Several conditions can cause progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Unverricht-Lundborg disease (Baltic myoclonus) Myoclonus epilepsy ...
... syndromes are childhood absence epilepsy, epilepsy with myoclonic absences, juvenile absence epilepsy and ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a type of idiopathic epilepsy characterized by its non- ... Juvenile Absence Epilepsy Juvenile Absence Epilepsy is considered an Idiopathic GED (Idiopathic Major Epilepsy) Syndrome and is ... "Absence Seizures". Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2013. V. Crunelli, N. Leresche Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, ...
In the absence of glucose, the body produces ketones, a chemical by-product of fat metabolism that has been known to inhibit ... Myoclonic astatic epilepsy (MAE), also known as myoclonic atonic epilepsy or Doose syndrome, is a generalized idiopathic ... 1989, it was classified as a symptomatic generalized epilepsy by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). SLC6A1 ... Myoclonic-astatic epilepsy was first described and identified in 1970 by Hermann Doose as an epilepsy syndrome, hence its ...
Peeters BWMM; Kerbusch JML; van Luijtelaar ELJM; Vossen JMH; Coenen AML (May 1990). "Genetics of absence epilepsy in rats". ...
Approximately 15% of children with childhood absence epilepsy and juvenile absence epilepsy subsequently develop JME. In most ... Progressive myoclonus epilepsies Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla ... The name Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy was proposed in 1975 and adopted by the International League Against Epilepsy. Stand-up ... Camfield CS, Striano P, Camfield PR (1 July 2013). "Epidemiology of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy". Epilepsy & Behavior. 28 ( ...
Shin has also shown that the same mutant mouse was resistant to absence epilepsy, a disease characterized by a brief loss of ... Shin, Hee-sup (13 June 2006). "T-type Ca2+ channels and absence epilepsy". Cell Calcium. 40 (2): 191-196. doi:10.1016/j.ceca. ... which are related to epilepsy and paralysis. Leaving POSTECH in 2001, he went to the Korea Institute of Science and Technology ...
This epilepsy is characterized by absence seizures concurrent with myoclonic jerks, typically occurring several times daily. ... Originally called Doose syndrome, epilepsy with myoclonic-astatic seizures accounts for ~2% of childhood epilepsies. Children ... This form of epilepsy is very rare, representing less than 1% of cases, and is twice as prevalent in boys compared to girls. ... This rare epilepsy has a wide age range of presentation (from the first year of life through the early teens). ...
Factors like unresponsiveness to beta-blockers and absence of certain tremors can help with the diagnosis. Consider progressive ... Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is responsible for 7% of cases of epilepsy. Seizures usually begin around puberty and usually have ... Myoclonic epilepsy refers to a family of epilepsies that present with myoclonus. When myoclonic jerks are occasionally ... Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a prevalent and typical form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) syndrome. However, ...
A study on genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) found that poor GABA uptake by GAT1 caused an increase in ... In the two most understood forms of absence epilepsy, synaptic GABAA receptors including GAT1 play a major role in seizure ... December 2009). "Enhanced tonic GABAA inhibition in typical absence epilepsy". Nature Medicine. 15 (12): 1392-1398. doi:10.1038 ... in the GABAergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases such as epilepsy, ...
The spike-and-wave pattern is most commonly researched in absence epilepsy, but is common in several epilepsies such as Lennox- ... which has been known to be a genetic factor involved in the causation of absence epilepsy. These absence seizure prone mice ... generalized EEG pattern seen particularly during absence epilepsy, also known as 'petit mal' epilepsy. The basic mechanisms ... "Electroencephalographic differences between WAG/Rij and GAERS rat models of absence epilepsy". Epilepsy Research. 89 (2-3): 185 ...
... childhood absence epilepsy, absence epilepsy, infantile spasms (West's syndrome), Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut ... Generalized epilepsy is a form of epilepsy characterised by generalised seizures with no apparent cause. Generalized seizures, ... Most generalized epilepsy starts during childhood. While some patients outgrow their epilepsy during adolescence and no longer ... "Comprehensive Epilepsy Center , NYU Langone Medical Center". Med.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2016-12-16. "Primary Generalized Epilepsy ...
Experiments on the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat of Strasbourg (GAERS) suggested that absence epilepsy in the rat was linked to ... but also in other forms of epilepsy as well. The first-line treatments for childhood absence epilepsy, valproate and ... The major disease that involves the T-type calcium channel is absence epilepsy. This disease is caused by mutations of T-type ... Pharmacological evidence of T-type calcium channels suggest that they play a role in several forms of cancer, absence epilepsy ...
Blumenfeld, Hal (2005). "Consciousness and epilepsy: why are patients with absence seizures absent?". The Boundaries of ... "Impaired attention and network connectivity in childhood absence epilepsy". NeuroImage. 56 (4): 2209-2217. doi:10.1016/j. ... "Resting functional connectivity between the hemispheres in childhood absence epilepsy". Neurology. 76 (23): 1960-1967. doi: ... He is an expert on brain mechanisms of consciousness and on altered consciousness in epilepsy. As director of the Yale Clinical ...
March 2010). "Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy". The New England Journal of Medicine ... "Paroxysmal tonic upgaze of childhood with co-existent absence epilepsy". Epileptic Disorders. 9 (3): 332-336. doi:10.1684/epd. ... Studies have shown this risk of PCOS is higher in women with epilepsy compared to those with bipolar disorder. Weight gain is ... It is used primarily to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is also used to prevent migraine headaches. Valproate has a ...
2004). "Gating effects of mutations in the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel associated with childhood absence epilepsy". J. Biol. ... Studies suggest certain mutations in this gene lead to childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). Variants of Cav3.2 with increased ... "Association between genetic variation of CACNA1H and childhood absence epilepsy". Ann. Neurol. 54 (2): 239-43. doi:10.1002/ana. ... but are not sufficient to induce epilepsy on their own. The SFARIgene database lists CACNA1H with an autism score of 2.1, ...
Epilepsy Currents. Chicago, Illinois, United States of America: American Epilepsy Society/SAGE Journals. 8 (2): 31-34. doi: ... Absence seizures do not produce a postictal state and some seizure types may have very brief postictal states. Otherwise, the ... An Introduction to Epilepsy. West Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America: American Epilepsy Society. PMID 20821849. ... a neglected entity in the management of epilepsy". Epilepsy & Behavior. Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Elsevier Inc. 1 (1): ...
"Long-term prognosis in two forms of childhood epilepsy: typical absence seizures and epilepsy with rolandic (centrotemporal) ... Benign Rolandic epilepsy or self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (formerly benign childhood epilepsy with ... Benign Rolandic epilepsy. Retrieved August 8, 2008. Beaussart, Marc (December 1972). "Benign epilepsy of children with Rolandic ... Learning can remain unimpaired while a child is afflicted with Rolandic epilepsy. Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes is ...
2007). "Linkage and association analysis of CACNG3 in childhood absence epilepsy". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 15 (4): 463-72. doi: ... This protein is similar to the mouse stargazin protein, mutations in which have been associated with absence seizures, also ...
Some patients may also have epilepsy, most commonly childhood absence epilepsy. Mild mental retardation may also occur. In some ... Mutations in this gene can cause GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, idiopathic generalized epilepsy 12, ... Seizure types include juvenile myoclonic seizures, absence seizures, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. In some EIG12 ... a disorder characterized by recurring generalized seizures in the absence of detectable brain lesions and/or metabolic ...
Reduced expression of the beta-3 subunit is a potential contributor to childhood absence epilepsy. GABAA receptor Heritability ... "Hyperglycosylation and reduced GABA currents of mutated GABRB3 polypeptide in remitting childhood absence epilepsy". American ... "A GABRB3 promoter haplotype associated with childhood absence epilepsy impairs transcriptional activity". Human Molecular ... Defects in GABA transmission has often been implicated in epilepsy within animal models and human syndromes. Patients that are ...
... or absence seizures. Epilepsy syndromes characterized by repeated reflex seizures are known as reflex epilepsies. ... Reflex epilepsy is found in approximately 5% of people who have epilepsy. Photosensitive epilepsy is the most common type of ... Reading epilepsy is recognized as another distinct kind of reflex epilepsy. Thinking epilepsy usually results in generalized ... Musicogenic epilepsy is a rare reflex epilepsy that is thought to be an abnormal sensitivity of the brain to musical stimuli, ...
"A splice-site mutation in GABRG2 associated with childhood absence epilepsy and febrile convulsions". Archives of Neurology. 59 ... receptor gamma 2 subunit gene in Chinese patients with childhood absence epilepsy". Neuroscience Letters. 332 (2): 75-78. doi: ... receptor gamma2-subunit in childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures". Nature Genetics. 28 (1): 49-52. doi:10.1038/88259 ... Mutations in this gene have been associated with epilepsy and febrile seizures. Alternative splicing of this gene results in ...
This was demonstrated by its effect on Strasbourg genetic absence epilepsy rats (GAERS). This model had an ED50 of 0.15 mg/kg i ... as a method to reduce the suppression of spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges that are often associated with absence epilepsy ... Seletracetam has been tested on various animal models for epilepsy, with mixed results. Unlike drugs that act on voltage-gated ... These reductions in in vitro epilepsy symptoms were present at extracellular concentrations of 3.2 μM. This is approximately 10 ...
However, it can aggravate absence seizures, and so is not used in epilepsy. gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Phenibut 4- ...
Epilepsy affects over one-third individuals with Beck-Fahrner syndrome; generalized tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial ... seizures, absence seizures, epileptic spasms and electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep have been seen. ... Neurology would be involved when the patient develops epilepsy or if there is an indication for anticonvulsant therapy. ... epilepsy and dysmorphic features. It is diagnosed using molecular and genetic testing in setting of typical symptoms. ...
A study has also shown that a type of Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE) causing febrile seizures may be linked to a splice site ... "A Splice-Site Mutation in GABRG2 Associated With Childhood Absence Epilepsy and Febrile Convulsions". Arch Neurol. 59 (7): 1137 ... Some types of epilepsy may be brought on due to a splice site mutation. In addition to a mutation in a stop codon, a splice ... Individuals suffering from Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsy possess a mutated form of this gene, which results in decreased ...
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), formerly known as pyknolepsy, is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy which occurs in otherwise ... Hirsch E, Thomas P, Panayiotopoulos C (2007). "Childhood and absence epilepsies". Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook: 2397-2411 ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group (2010-03-04). "Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence ... It seems clear that the pathophysiology of absence seizures differs from other epilepsies which may, in part, explain the ...
... epilepsy). Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this condition. ... Childhood absence epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures ( ... Genetic Testing Registry: Epilepsy, childhood absence, JRK related *Genetic Testing Registry: Epilepsy, childhood absence, ... medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/childhood-absence-epilepsy/ Childhood absence epilepsy. ...
EEG showed absence seizures of sudden onset with 3 Hz spike-and-waves that also correlated with the clinical absences. The ... We report a case of a girl who presented with typical absence seizures at age of 4.5 years. ... Absence epilepsy and periventricular nodular heterotopia Seizure. 2010 Sep;19(7):450-2. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2010.06.013. ... EEG showed absence seizures of sudden onset with 3 Hz spike-and-waves that also correlated with the clinical absences. The ...
absence epilepsycerebral cortexEpilepsyGABAergic neuronsNeurologystem cell researchvisual cortex ... Absence epilepsy primarily affects children. These seizures differ from "clonic-tonic" seizures in that they dont cause muscle ... The work may help identify the areas of the human brain affected in absence epilepsy and lead to new therapies for sufferers. ... Around one-third of patients with absence epilepsy fail to respond to medication, demonstrating the complexity of the disease. ...
Electroclinical features of absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy. L. G. Sadleir, K. Farrell, S. Smith, M. B. Connolly ... Electroclinical features of absence seizures in childhood absence epilepsy. L. G. Sadleir, K. Farrell, S. Smith, M. B. Connolly ... Long-term prognosis of typical childhood absence epilepsy. Remission or progression to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. E. C. ... Genetics of epilepsy syndromes in families with photosensitivity. Isabella Taylor, Samuel F. Berkovic, Ingrid E. Scheffer et al ...
Juvenile absence epilepsy was not seperated from other absence epilepsies, and a high variation of results was noted (Bouma et ... The word "symptoms of Epilepsy juvenile absence" is the more general meaning; see symptoms of Epilepsy juvenile absence. The ... and may not be the full list of Epilepsy juvenile absence signs or Epilepsy juvenile absence symptoms. Furthermore, signs and ... Epilepsy juvenile absence: A rare form of epilepsy that occurs around the time of puberty. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures ...
Towards a better understanding of cognitive deficits in absence epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fonseca Wald, ... Dive into the research topics of Correction to: Towards a Better Understanding of Cognitive Deficits in Absence Epilepsy: a ... 2 is added to the original article: "Towards a Better Understanding of Cognitive Deficits in Absence Epilepsy: a Systematic ... 2 is added to the original article: "Towards a Better Understanding of Cognitive Deficits in Absence Epilepsy: a Systematic ...
In children with absence epilepsy, these highly disruptive episodes are known as absence seizures. Children experience brief ... The team observed that not only do the rats response to external stimuli mimic those of children with absence epilepsy, but ... Using a genetic model known as Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats of Strasbourg (GAERS), Yale researchers have identified the ... Defining four types of neuronal activity could result in more customized treatment for children with absence epilepsy, ...
Kids with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have myoclonic seizures that usually begin during the teenage years. Seizures may happen ... Absence Seizures. An absence seizure starts suddenly in the middle of activity and ends abruptly. During the seizure, a child: ... What Causes Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy?. The cause of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy isnt known, but it tends to run in families ... What Is Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy?. Kids with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have myoclonic seizures that usually begin during ...
Absence epilepsy. Generalized absence seizures have an abrupt onset with no aura, usually last less than 30 seconds, and have ... Epilepsy occurs in all age groups, but it has been underrecognized in elderly persons. Epilepsy in elderly persons may not be ... encoded search term (Temporal Lobe Epilepsy) and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy What to Read Next on Medscape ... South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, University Hospital System; Director of the San Antonio Veterans Affairs Epilepsy ...
Absence seizures (spike-wave discharges) are marked as SWD and episodes of proepileptic activity are marked as ProEpi. ... Spike-wave seizures and proepileptic activity in WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy as recorded in the cortex, hippocampus ... www.researchgate.net/project/Proepileptic-EEG-activity-in-WAG-Rij-rats-with-absence-epilepsy. is related to this dataset ... Absence seizures (spike-wave discharges) are marked as SWD and episodes of proepileptic activity are marked as ProEpi. ...
Diagnosis of absence seizures can sometimes be difficult, as seizure symptoms like staring and spacing out can go unnoticed ... This type of epilepsy can easily go unnoticed. Time to compare three basic symptoms of absence seizures and normal child ... Her son had epilepsy and unfortunately had passed away. I have also talked to school which had an Epilepsy Awareness Day ... Just the beginning of my epilepsy journey. Now, I am a 33-year-old woman with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (which I can ...
Our current knowledge of the role of different mGlu receptor subtypes in absence epilepsy is outlined in this article. [ ... Metabotropic glutamate receptors as drug targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy ... as they currently show the most promise as novel anti-absence epilepsy drugs. The rational design of novel selective positive ... Metabotropic glutamate receptors as drug targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 38 . ...
... and Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy - Absence Triggers - EEG Findings ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE). Childhood Absence Epilepsy is one of the most common epilepsy syndromes of the childhood. ... Symptoms of Childhood Absence Epilepsy. Absences. The main symptom is hundreds or thousands of typical absence seizures per day ... Treatment of Childhood Absence Epilepsy. Ethosuxemide. Ethosuximide is the drug of choice in childhood absence epilepsy. ...
Absence Epilepsy. About the Disease. Childhood Absence Epilepsy, also known as pyknolepsy, is related to juvenile absence ... absence attacks and absence seizures. An important gene associated with Childhood Absence Epilepsy is PCDH19 (Protocadherin 19 ... Note: If youd like to get a target analysis report for Absence Epilepsy, or if you are interested to learn how our AI-powered ... above against the disease of Absence Epilepsy at a cost 90% lower than traditional approaches, please feel free to contact us ...
Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N. Engl. J. ... Epilepsy Behav. 2009, 15, 404-412. *Guilhoto, L.M. Absence epilepsy: Continuum of clinical presentation and epigenetics? ... Vining, E.P.G.; Thio, L.L. Absence in childhood absence epilepsy: The horse is out of the barn. Neurology 2013, 81, 1564-1565. ... Coexistence of childhood absence epilepsy and benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes: A case series. Eur. J. Paediatr. ...
What is Childhood Absence Epilepsy? Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a form of epilepsy that is characterized by absence ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy (Epilepsy Foundation). National organization with local chapters that provides information and ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy Assessment and management information for the primary care clinician caring for the child with ... Absence seizures start between 4 and 10 years of age with the peak age at 6 to 7 years. Children may grow out of absence ...
... and differential diagnosis of absence seizures and childhood absence epilepsy. Childhood Absence Epilepsy (OMIM). Information ... Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a form of genetically determined, generalized epilepsy that is characterized by absence ... such as juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). In JAE, absence seizures start after age 10 and ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy (FAQ) Answers to questions families often have about caring for their child with childhood epilepsy. ...
... and in the well-established rodent model of absence epilepsy, the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg (GAERS) (David ... 1995) Impairment of intracortical GABAergic inhibition in a rat model of absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 22:43-51, doi:10.1016/ ... 2002) Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:371-382, doi:10.1038/nrn811, pmid: ... 1998) The role of basal ganglia in the control of generalized absence seizures. Epilepsy Res 32:213-223, doi:10.1016/S0920-1211 ...
... encompasses a group of challenging epilepsy syndromes. As a group, SGE has 3 main features: (1) multiple seizure types, ... Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic status and epilepsy with myoclonic absence. These can essentially be viewed as variants of ... Epilepsy with myoclonic absences. Brain Dev. 2005 Apr. 27(3):178-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Genton P, Bureau M. Epilepsy with myoclonic absences. CNS Drugs. 2006. 20(11):911-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
... to absence epilepsy-related spike-and-wave discharges (SWD) and play an important role in the development of chronic pain. ...
Glut1 deficiency syndrome: Absence epilepsy and La Soupe du Jour Message subject: (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Real-life survey of pitfalls and successes of precision medicine in genetic epilepsies. Simona Balestrini et al., Journal of ... Recent advances in the molecular genetics of epilepsy. Michael S Hildebrand et al., Journal of Medical Genetics, 2013 ... Investigating adults with early-onset epilepsy and intellectual or physical disability. Lina Nashef et al., Practical Neurology ...
... is an essential component in the evaluation of epilepsy. The EEG provides important information about background EEG and ... Childhood Absence Epilepsy. Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) presents between ages 3 and 5 years and usually remits by ages 10- ... Absence status epilepticus vs childhood absence epilepsy. Absence status epilepticus occurs in about 10% of patients with ... Unlike juvenile absence epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy is usually not associated with tonic-clonic seizures. ...
Learn more about epilepsy and seizures from our educational videos. ... These are just a few of our educational videos related to epilepsy and seizures.. For more Epilepsy Toronto videos, please ... People often wonder what life with epilepsy is like and how people are impacted by epilepsy and seizures. The truth is, people ... Epilepsy Toronto offers services on the traditional territory of many nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the ...
This double dichotomy conveniently allows the epilepsy classification system to be presented in a simple and clear... ... The International Classification of Epileptic Syndromes and Epilepsies classifies the epilepsies along 2 dichotomies: (1) ... 12, 13] The major and well-defined types of idiopathic generalized epilepsies include childhood absence epilepsy, [14, 15, 16, ... This is typical of idiopathic (ie, genetic) generalized epilepsies, such as absence epilepsy. 3-Hz SWC is often faster at onset ...
... advised that patients who require continued-dose escalation should be transitioned to a first-line therapy for absence epilepsy ... Clinical use and efficacy of levetiracetam for childhood and juvenile absence epilepsies. Presented at: 2017 American Epilepsy ... Low-dose Levetiracetam Associated With High Treatment Success in Childhood Absence Epilepsy. Brandon May ... Investigators conducted a systematic chart review of pediatric patients who were treated for new-onset absence epilepsies. A ...
Epilepsy can be genetic. People may inherit it, or they may be born with a new genetic mutation. Learn more about genetic ... Certain epilepsy syndromes are also more likely to be due to genetic factors, including:. *childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) ... www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/understanding-seizures/who-gets-epilepsy. *. Wirrell, E. (n.d.). Genetic causes of epilepsy. ... epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/what-epilepsy/causes-epilepsy. *. Dreier, J. W., et al. (2021). Epilepsy risk in ...
Absence seizure . This is also called petit mal seizure. This seizure causes a brief changed state of consciousness and staring ... Seizures Epilepsy What is epilepsy in children? Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes a child to have seizures. It is one ... How can I help my child live with epilepsy? You can help your child with epilepsy manage his or her health. Make sure to: * If ... Children and Epilepsy: Everything a Family Needs to Know Pediatric epilepsy specialists Dr. Dody Robinson and Dr. Sarah Kelley ...
CaV2.3 Channels Are Critical for Oscillatory Burst Discharges in the Reticular Thalamus and Absence Epilepsy. Neuron. 2011 Apr ... CaV2.3 Channels Are Critical for Oscillatory Burst Discharges in the Reticular Thalamus and Absence Epilepsy. In: Neuron. 2011 ... CaV2.3 Channels Are Critical for Oscillatory Burst Discharges in the Reticular Thalamus and Absence Epilepsy. / Zaman, Tariq; ... CaV2.3 Channels Are Critical for Oscillatory Burst Discharges in the Reticular Thalamus and Absence Epilepsy. ...
For those who are new to being a caregiver, learning as much as you can about epilepsy is vital. Not only will this help you ... They provide hope, guidance, and help to members of the epilepsy community. ... Absence Seizures: A seizure that causes a short period of "blanking out" or staring into space. An absence seizure is a ... Understanding Epilepsy Main Menu * What Is Epilepsy? * Understanding Seizures * Who Can Get Epilepsy?. ...
  • In CAE, there is only one seizure type observed at time of diagnosis: typical absence seizure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typical absence seizure is a generalized onset seizure characterized by an abrupt arrest of the activity associated with an awareness impairment. (wikipedia.org)
  • A typical absences seizure usually last between 10 and 30 seconds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mild automatisms could be seen during the course of the absence and stop with the end of the absence seizure. (wikipedia.org)
  • When an EEG is recorded during the typical absence seizure, a 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges is recorded starting with the start of the arrest of the activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • New research from North Carolina State University pinpoints the areas of the cerebral cortex that are affected in mice with absence epilepsy and shows that transplanting embryonic neural cells into these areas can alleviate symptoms of the disease by reducing seizure activity. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Absence seizure activity in treated animals decreased dramatically, and the mice gained more weight and survived longer than untreated mice. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Approximately 82% of cases will become seizure-free with the traditional anti-absence drugs such as succinimides and valproate (Wolf and Inoue 1984). (checkorphan.org)
  • This kind of seizure is the most common type in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and is the hallmark of this condition. (kidshealth.org)
  • An absence seizure starts suddenly in the middle of activity and ends abruptly. (kidshealth.org)
  • Seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy for temporal lobe epilepsy: a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Trans-middle temporal gyrus selective amygdalohippocampectomy for medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in adults: Seizure response rates, complications, and neuropsychological outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • This is what John Hopkins Medicine has to say: "An absence seizure causes you to blank out or stare into space for a few seconds. (epilepsydisease.com)
  • Let's hear from John Hopkins Medicine again on this: "The easiest way to spot an absence seizure is to look for a blank stare that lasts for a few seconds. (epilepsydisease.com)
  • People in the midst of having an absence seizure don't speak, listen, or appear to understand. (epilepsydisease.com)
  • An absence seizure doesn't typically cause you to fall down. (epilepsydisease.com)
  • The majority of children are either partially or completely unaware of the absence seizure. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • Absence seizures are just one type of seizure. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • With an absence seizure, your child may seem to be staring or not paying attention, and they will not respond to you. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • If you think your child is having seizures, it is a good idea to take a video recording of a suspected absence seizure to show the doctor. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • good signs that this may happen are an earlier age at onset and absence seizures as the only seizure type (no generalized tonic-clonic seizures). (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • About 10% of children with absence seizures will also have a grand-mal seizure. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Children with absence epilepsy don't usually respond to the triad of touch, voice, and eye contact when someone tries to stop the seizure. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Lamotrigine is considered second-line therapy for absence seizures but may be helpful when there are other seizure types. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • In JAE, absence seizures start after age 10 and are the most common seizure type, but they often have a shorter duration and occur less frequently than those seen in CAE. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • The absence seizures involved in this syndrome are often prolonged, with bilateral limb myoclonus, differentiating it from idiopathic childhood absence seizures, for which seizure duration involves seconds and can be accompanied with only mild jerks of eyes, eyelids, or eyebrows. (medscape.com)
  • Although] levetiracetam is prescribed for a broad spectrum of seizure types, it does not have a specific indication for absence epilepsy," reported the investigators. (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • The investigators stated, "Lack of seizure control requiring continued-dose escalation should prompt early consideration of a therapeutic medication transition from levetiracetam to a first-line absence epilepsy medication. (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • It is also possible for both parents to have epilepsy and for a child to be seizure-free. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An absence seizure is a generalized onset seizure, which means it begins in both sides of the brain at the same time. (epilepsy.com)
  • These are the most common type of seizure experienced by people with epilepsy. (epilepsy.com)
  • Previously referred to as "refractory epilepsy," some seizures are not controlled with or by seizure medications. (epilepsy.com)
  • Theoretical mechanisms underlying the progression from a seizure occurring only with external induction to a seizure occurring spontaneously (epilepsy) are also discussed. (benthamscience.com)
  • Largescale genomic studies are beginning to reveal that many genes likely contribute to seizure induction and the loss of synaptic plasticity observed in epilepsy. (benthamscience.com)
  • Further research and understanding of fundamental seizure mechanisms will likely lead to the discovery of novel and more effective methods by which to treat and ultimately prevent seizure or epilepsy development. (benthamscience.com)
  • It is important for your child's teachers to know about their epilepsy because they may need to provide care for your child if they have a seizure during school. (childrensmercy.org)
  • To receive an epilepsy diagnosis, a healthcare provider will examine whether your child has more than one seizure that isn't caused by an underlying medical condition. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • You might hear your child's healthcare provider refer to their condition as pediatric epilepsy or seizure disorder. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • During an absence epilepsy seizure, your child won't be able to respond if you talk to them. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The objectives of this work were to evaluate the existence of psychiatric and cognitive impairments among patients with typical CAE and to correlate their possible relation to seizure frequency, duration of epilepsy, IISL, and valproate therapy. (springeropen.com)
  • For people with epilepsy, doing yoga may help reduce feelings of stigma about the disease along with reducing seizure frequency and anxiety, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A person with epilepsy can have more than one type of seizure. (cdc.gov)
  • An absence seizure, also known as a petit mal seizure, is a type of epilepsy characterized by brief, sudden lapses in consciousness. (yalemedicine.org)
  • During an absence seizure, the individual may appear to be staring blankly into space and may not respond to external stimuli. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Absence seizures usually can be controlled with anti-seizure medicines. (yalemedicine.org)
  • A child having an absence seizure may appear to the onlooker as if they are day dreaming or just staring into space. (stason.org)
  • Usual behavioral characteristics of a absence seizure may include: eye blinking, chewing of the mouth, and perhaps a slight rhythmic movement of the facial muscles, head, or arms. (stason.org)
  • Seizure description is the most critical information needed for the diagnosis of canine epilepsies. (akcchf.org)
  • Most of the studies (47 of the 54) focused on asthma or seizure disorders/epilepsy, and their relationship to academic achievement (Table 2). (cdc.gov)
  • Epilepsy/seizure disorders were the focus of 24 studies. (cdc.gov)
  • If you know someone living with epilepsy, you might have to care for them during or after a seizure. (cdc.gov)
  • Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Childhood Absence Epilepsy is one of the most common epilepsy syndromes of the childhood. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • Absence seizures may occur in other epileptic syndromes, such as juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Epilepsy syndromes that are included in the category of SGE are discussed below. (medscape.com)
  • Specific syndromes of progressive myoclonic epilepsy with key clinical features include Unverricht-Lundborg disease (Baltic myoclonus), myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF), neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease), and sialidoses (cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome). (medscape.com)
  • Epilepsy syndromes include symptomatic, cryogenic, and idiopathic epilepsy. (medscape.com)
  • EEG characteristics of these specific electroclinical epilepsy syndromes are discussed in this article. (medscape.com)
  • WASHINGTON, DC - An association between low doses of levetiracetam and higher rates of treatment success in children with absence epilepsy syndromes has been found, according to findings presented at the 2017 American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting December 1-5, 2017 in Washington, DC. (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • According to 2017 research , there are 84 genes that researchers consider to be epilepsy genes, as they cause either epilepsy or syndromes that feature epilepsy as the main symptom. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • T-WAVE (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03406702 ) is an open-label 15-patient Phase 2a epilepsy clinical trial assessing the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CX-8998 in adolescents and adults with generalized epileptic syndromes with absence seizures. (businesswire.com)
  • Epilepsy syndromes are classified based on clinical, electrographic, neuroimaging, age-dependent features of onset and the possibility of remission. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, we review the self-limited epilepsy syndromes and developmental and epileptic encephalopathies that begin in the neonatal-infantile period with an emphasis on genetic etiology and the shifting landscape of treatment options based on genetic findings. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, some affected individuals continue to have absence seizures into adulthood, or they may develop generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which cause muscle rigidity, convulsions, and loss of consciousness, or myoclonic seizures, which are characterized by rapid, uncontrolled muscle jerks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Factors associated with suboptimal control include absences with mild clonic components, more than 10 generalized tonic-clonic seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures during sleep and at random, history of absence status, developmental delay, mental retardation, spike-wave bursts of more than 5 seconds, asymmetry of spike-waves, persistance of absences beyond age 25, and persistance of absences for more than 12 years (Wolf and Inoue 1984). (checkorphan.org)
  • They may also have absence seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures . (kidshealth.org)
  • Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a form of epilepsy that is characterized by absence seizures and, in 10% of cases, generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • If a child with absence seizures also has generalized tonic-clonic seizures, consider valproate instead of ethosuximide. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Epilepsy Foundation: "Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy," "Absence Seizures," "Tonic-Clonic Seizures. (webmd.com)
  • A 13-year-old boy with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome characterized by absence, myoclonic, complex-partial, and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, presents with progressive obtundation and loss of motor and verbal skills over a 2-day period. (researchgate.net)
  • RATIONALE: Phantom absences refer to mild and short-lasting absence seizures, which are usually accompanied by infrequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures and absence status. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herein, we report the case of a young woman with idiopathic generalized epilepsy, phantom absences, absence status, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (bvsalud.org)
  • OUTCOMES: The frequency of absence seizures was significantly reduced and there were no generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (bvsalud.org)
  • LESSONS: Idiopathic generalized epilepsy with phantom absences, absence status, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures is an extremely rare condition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), formerly known as pyknolepsy, is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy which occurs in otherwise normal children. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diagnosis is made upon history of absence seizures during early childhood and the observation of ~3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges on an EEG. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prevalence of this childhood epilepsy syndrome is 10% or less. (wikipedia.org)
  • Childhood absence epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures (epilepsy). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some affected individuals have febrile seizures before they develop childhood absence epilepsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In most people with childhood absence epilepsy, the absence seizures disappear in adolescence. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Childhood absence epilepsy affects 2 to 8 in 100,000 children under age 15 each year. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The genetics of childhood absence epilepsy are complex and not completely understood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most genetic changes associated with childhood absence epilepsy are rare, having been found in only a small number of affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Several genes associated with childhood absence epilepsy provide instructions for making pieces (subunits) of the GABA A receptor protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Problems with another type of ion channel, called a calcium channel, are also associated with childhood absence epilepsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in other genes that do not provide instructions for making ion channels have also been associated with childhood absence epilepsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because childhood absence epilepsy appears to be a complex disease without a single genetic cause, it does not have a straightforward pattern of inheritance. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other types of seizures are uncommon in classical childhood absence epilepsy. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • Childhood Absence Epilepsy comprises 10% to 12% of all childhood epilepsies. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • Myoclonus (brief muscle contractions) in the rest of the face and body or more complex automatic behavior makes childhood absence epilepsy unlikely. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • It is a subject of debate if GTCS actually happen in childhood absence epilepsy. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • Ethosuximide is the drug of choice in childhood absence epilepsy. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • Childhood Absence Epilepsy, also known as pyknolepsy, is related to juvenile absence epilepsy and epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, and has symptoms including seizures, absence attacks and absence seizures. (silexon.tech)
  • An important gene associated with Childhood Absence Epilepsy is PCDH19 (Protocadherin 19), and among its related pathways/superpathways are CREB Pathway and Sweet Taste Signaling. (silexon.tech)
  • Rinaldi, V. Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/17389 (accessed December 06, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric generalized epileptic syndrome. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric generalized epileptic syndrome that affects between 10% to 17% of all school-aged children diagnosed with new onset epilepsy [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Although CAE is traditionally considered a benign self-limited epilepsy syndrome, data from the multicenter Childhood Absence Epilepsy Study Group have led to the review of this notion [ 15 ] [ 16 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Several medications are available to treat CAE (see Childhood Absence Epilepsy ). (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • CAE accounts for 10-15% of childhood epilepsy and is one of the genetic generalized epilepsies. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Given the common use of this drug in clinical practice, we sought to determine the real-world efficacy of levetiracetam for the treatment of childhood absence epilepsies (CAE) and juvenile absence epilepsies (JAE). (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • Nolan DA, Shellhaas R, Lester S, Rau S. Clinical use and efficacy of levetiracetam for childhood and juvenile absence epilepsies. (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • According to the Epilepsy Foundation , it is most common for epilepsy to start in early childhood or older age. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Neuronal networks underlying ictal and subclinical discharges in childhood absence epilepsy. (amedeo.com)
  • The description of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) a benign self-limited generalized epilepsy has become a matter of debate. (springeropen.com)
  • It is more common in girls than boys and constitutes about 10-15% of childhood-onset epilepsy with an estimated prevalence of 0.4-0.7 per 1000 population [ 2 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a type of epilepsy that starts in in childhood or the teen years. (webmd.com)
  • [ 1 ] This disorder has been termed benign childhood epilepsy and is thought to be secondary to central nervous system (CNS) immaturity. (medscape.com)
  • The generalized epilepsies discussed are limited to childhood absence epilepsy, which is also called pyknolepsy, and juvenile absence epilepsy, also known as epilepsy with nonpyknoleptic absences or epilepsy with spanioleptic absences. (medscape.com)
  • The benign partial epilepsies include benign partial epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes, benign occipital epilepsy, and benign epilepsy with affective symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Evaluation of Executive Functions in Patients With Childhood Absence Epilepsy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The truth is, people living with epilepsy and seizures often feel isolated and stigmatized, but otherwise, are able to live life to the fullest despite the challenges that seizures bring. (epilepsytoronto.org)
  • EEG in absence shows generalized, bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharges and photosensitivity. (medscape.com)
  • Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are expressed in key regions of the cortex and the thalamus and are known to regulate spike and wave discharges (SWDs), the electroclinical hallmarks of absence seizures. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • Electroencephalogram demonstrating polyspike and wave discharges seen in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. (medscape.com)
  • Electroencephalogram demonstrating polyspike and wave discharges, which can be seen in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. (medscape.com)
  • Neurons of the reticular thalamus (RT) display oscillatory burst discharges that are believed to be critical for thalamocortical network oscillations related to absence epilepsy. (korea.ac.kr)
  • These results provide strong evidence that Ca V 2.3 channels are critical for oscillatory burst discharges in RT neurons and for the expression of absence epilepsy. (korea.ac.kr)
  • Typical absence is characterized by the pathognomonic interictal 2.5-4 Hz generalized spike-wave discharges (SWD) on EEG which lasts 4-25 s [ 3 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • However, this may depend on the type of epilepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Infantile spasms are a severe type of epilepsy that affects infants when they fall asleep or wake up. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The age when epilepsy in children starts varies based on what type of epilepsy your child has. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • This type of epilepsy was previously known as CSWS, ESES, or epilepsy with continuous spike-wave during slow wave sleep. (epilepsy.com)
  • Only your doctor can provide adequate diagnosis of any signs or symptoms and whether they are indeed Epilepsy juvenile absence symptoms. (checkorphan.org)
  • The diagnosis is made on the basis of typical clinical picture: numerous typical absences with appropriate age of onset. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • Since a diagnosis of absence epilepsy generally results in 2 years of treatment with an antiseizure medication, it is important to have the correct diagnosis. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • This article looks at why genetic epilepsy may occur and how genetic testing may help in the diagnosis and treatment of genetic epilepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Epilepsy centers have experts in the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of epilepsy. (epilepsy.com)
  • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computer tomography) scans are two of the most common types of neuroimaging used in the diagnosis of epilepsy. (epilepsy.com)
  • Flexible thin-film electrodes placed directly on brain tissue show promise for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Determination of an appropriate treatment regimen for canine epilepsy depends on an accurate diagnosis of the type and cause of seizures, only after which appropriate therapeutic options can be identified. (akcchf.org)
  • Based on these findings, a diagnosis of idiopathic generalized epilepsy was made. (bvsalud.org)
  • Epilepsy juvenile absence: A rare form of epilepsy that occurs around the time of puberty. (checkorphan.org)
  • The phrase "signs of Epilepsy juvenile absence" should, strictly speaking, refer only to those signs and symptoms of Epilepsy juvenile absence that are not readily apparent to the patient. (checkorphan.org)
  • see symptoms of Epilepsy juvenile absence. (checkorphan.org)
  • The signs and symptom information on this page attempts to provide a list of some possible signs and symptoms of Epilepsy juvenile absence. (checkorphan.org)
  • This medical information about signs and symptoms for Epilepsy juvenile absence has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of Epilepsy juvenile absence signs or Epilepsy juvenile absence symptoms. (checkorphan.org)
  • Furthermore, signs and symptoms of Epilepsy juvenile absence may vary on an individual basis for each patient. (checkorphan.org)
  • Juvenile absence epilepsy was not seperated from other absence epilepsies, and a high variation of results was noted (Bouma et al 1996). (checkorphan.org)
  • The list of treatments mentioned in various sources for Epilepsy juvenile absence includes the following list. (checkorphan.org)
  • this confusing terminology will most likely be corrected in the upcoming International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification system. (medscape.com)
  • Time to compare three basic symptoms of absence seizures and normal child development/behaviors from newborn to age 16. (epilepsydisease.com)
  • Genetic epilepsy can cause many different types of seizures, which have a range of signs and symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What are the symptoms of epilepsy in children? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • At what age do epilepsy symptoms start in children? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • These patients typically develop symptoms of myoclonic epilepsy , visual problems, and ataxia in the second or third decade of life. (medscape.com)
  • The following article is part of live conference coverage from the 2017 American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting in Washington, DC. (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • Presented at: 2017 American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting. (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • Patients and HCS were selected from the epilepsy clinic in the Neurology and Psychiatry Center, Tanta University Hospitals, from the period 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2019. (springeropen.com)
  • It seems clear that the pathophysiology of absence seizures differs from other epilepsies which may, in part, explain the unique efficacy of ethosuximide in this syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • The new classification of the epilepsy syndrome provides mandatory and exclusionary criteria, as well as some points that signs that should be considered as alerts There are evidenced based data for the treatment of CAE. (wikipedia.org)
  • Loss of muscle tone, falls, gradual onset of los of awareness and recovery, as well as absences lasting longer than 20 seconds are the signs of some other epilepsy syndrome. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • If the child is not responding to the antiseizure medication, refer to a pediatric neurologist to determine if the child has a different epilepsy syndrome and needs changes in treatment. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Cryptogenic epilepsy consists of seizures that occur without an identifiable cause in a patient with cognitive impairment or with neurologic deficits (eg, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), infantile spasms [see the first image below], and myoclonic astatic epilepsy of Doose. (medscape.com)
  • While some generalized epileptic syndrome patients with absence seizures respond to first line antiepileptic drugs and have a generally good prognosis, a significant proportion fail to achieve adequate control with existing therapeutics or experience intolerable side effects. (businesswire.com)
  • The EEG in children with this epilepsy syndrome is very abnormal, especially as they enter sleep. (epilepsy.com)
  • Some medications may worsen this epilepsy syndrome, including carbamazepine (Tegretol) or oxcarbazepine (Trileptal). (epilepsy.com)
  • While cognitive and behavioral functioning may improve, children who have this epilepsy syndrome for many months or years can be left with permanent intellectual disability. (epilepsy.com)
  • EEG showed absence seizures of sudden onset with 3 Hz spike-and-waves that also correlated with the clinical absences. (nih.gov)
  • Partial complex seizures are often refractory to antiepileptic medications and may require epilepsy surgery for control. (researchgate.net)
  • One-third of epilepsies are refractory to standard antiseizure medications. (bvsalud.org)
  • Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus Calcium channel Spike and Wave Perez-Reyes E (2006). (wikipedia.org)
  • Investigators conducted a systematic chart review of pediatric patients who were treated for new-onset absence epilepsies. (neurologyadvisor.com)
  • In this article, the term benign epilepsy is used to refer to a group of pediatric epileptic disorders in which remission and lack of significant neurologic sequelae are expected in the vast majority of patients. (medscape.com)
  • Cryptogenic epilepsy is epilepsy assumed to be due to a specific cause, but whose specific cause is currently unknown. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most idiopathic epilepsies are generalized, but a few genetic epilepsies are focal. (medscape.com)
  • Neurologic examination and imaging in the essential idiopathic, typically genetic, epilepsies are usually normal. (medscape.com)
  • This is typical of primary (ie, idiopathic, genetic) epilepsies. (medscape.com)
  • Perhaps most importantly, Blumenfeld said, the recordings of electrical brain signals from this study could help epilepsy specialists prevent seizures in the first place and treat patients before their onset. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • Generalized absence seizures have an abrupt onset with no aura, usually last less than 30 seconds, and have no postictal state. (medscape.com)
  • Absences have abrupt onset and abrupt termination. (doctorstrizhak.com)
  • When the history is suggestive of absence seizures (e.g., a 5-year-old with 10-second spells of inattentiveness that have an abrupt onset and offset), the provider can have the child hyperventilate in clinic by having them blow on a paper towel for 2-3 minutes. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • If hyperventilation elicits a behavioral arrest lasting about 10 seconds with an abrupt onset and abrupt offset, then the child almost certainly has absence seizures. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Seizures can be predicted more than 30 minutes before onset in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, opening the door to a therapy using electrodes that could be activated to prevent seizures from happening, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The various types of epilepsy differ in many aspects, including (1) age of onset, (2) semiology, (3) EEG findings, and (4) outcome. (medscape.com)
  • These epilepsies are presented according to the age of onset, starting from the neonatal period. (medscape.com)
  • Familial temporal lobe epilepsy: a common disorder identified in twins. (medscape.com)
  • Early surgical therapy for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a randomized trial. (medscape.com)
  • Some researchers believe it is likely that genetics play a part in all cases of epilepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • DEE-SWAS is a rare form of epilepsy, affecting 1 out of 200 (0.5%) children with epilepsy. (epilepsy.com)
  • The first descriptions of CAE date back to the last century in German medical literature and in 1916 Sauer presented the term pyknolepsy, from the Greek word piknoz (πικνός), meaning "very frequent or grouped", to describe absence seizures with daily recurrences [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • [ Glauser: 2010 ] In addition to attention deficit disorder, inattentiveness may be due to ongoing absence seizures or to the side effects of antiseizure medications. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Drug and alcohol use are strongly discouraged not only due to the law, but also due to the potential harm it can cause to a child with epilepsy or on antiepileptic medications. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Epilepsies are a diverse group of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures. (bvsalud.org)
  • A randomized controlled trial including 453 children showed that valproate and ethosuximide had similar absence-free rate after 16 weeks of treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Valproate would be proposed if ethosuximide does not provide full absence control. (wikipedia.org)
  • CX-8998 was more effective than the commonly prescribed anti-epileptic drug ethosuximide in reducing absence seizures in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS), a highly predictive model of absence epilepsy. (businesswire.com)
  • Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? (medscape.com)
  • Zayan is one of the 60% of people where the cause of epilepsy is unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Epileptologists are neurologists that specialize in the treatment of epilepsy. (epilepsy.com)
  • The recommended range for the treatment of epilepsy is 50-100 µg/mL total valproic acid. (medscape.com)
  • CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va. & CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Cavion, Inc., a clinical stage biotechnology company developing novel therapeutics for neurological diseases, announced today that their first-in-class T-type calcium channel modulator CX-8998 significantly suppressed seizures in two translational animal models of absence epilepsy. (businesswire.com)
  • Spikes and sharp waves are sharp transients that have a strong association with epilepsy. (medscape.com)
  • The pathophysiology of absence seizures has been linked to oscillatory thalamic-cortical potentials, calcium currents, and the interaction of GABAergic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 'GABAergic' interneurons were recently shown by others to be defective in the mice with absence seizures, and we surmised that these malfunctioning neurons might be part of the problem, especially in the visual and somatosensory cortical areas. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Most neurons showed sustained decreases in activity during seizures, explaining the decreased brain function and the impaired consciousness seen during absence seizures in both rats and children," Blumenfeld said. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • Cian McCafferty et al, Decreased but diverse activity of cortical and thalamic neurons in consciousness-impairing rodent absence seizures, Nature Communications (2023). (crunchtime-records.com)
  • In co-culture with human cortical neurons and after transplantation (AT) into human brain tissue resected from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, light-activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expressing hdINs induced postsynaptic currents in human neurons, strongly suggesting functional efferent synapse formation. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, absence seizures result principally from disruptions in thalamocortical pathways involving T-type calcium channels and antiepileptic drugs effective against absence seizures among other mechanisms, exert their effect principally at these channels [ 13 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Kids with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have myoclonic seizures that usually begin during the teen years. (kidshealth.org)
  • Seizures in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy typically happen within 30 minutes of waking up in the morning or after a nap. (kidshealth.org)
  • The cause of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy isn't known, but it tends to run in families. (kidshealth.org)
  • How Is Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Diagnosed? (kidshealth.org)
  • How Is Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Treated? (kidshealth.org)
  • Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is a lifelong condition. (kidshealth.org)
  • Common during puberty, myoclonic epilepsy seizures cause uncontrolled muscle movements like twitching and jerking their arms around. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • NIH Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center: "Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. (webmd.com)
  • However, interictal background EEG frequencies that are slower than normal for age usually suggest a symptomatic epilepsy (ie, epilepsy secondary to brain insult). (medscape.com)
  • Symptomatic epilepsy is defined as seizures resulting from an identifiable cerebral disorder. (medscape.com)
  • Different types of seizures can happen in juvenile myoclonic (my-uh-KLON-ik) epilepsy. (kidshealth.org)
  • Children have absence seizures which although brief (~4-20 seconds), they occur frequently, sometimes in the hundreds per day. (wikipedia.org)
  • In CAE, absence seizures start between 4-12 years of age, have a peak occurrence at 6-7 years, and occur many times a day. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Genetic epilepsy may also occur due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Slow waves that usually only occur in the brain during sleep are also present during wakefulness in people with epilepsy and may protect against increased brain excitability associated with the condition, finds a new study. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Some genetic conditions, such as tuberous sclerosis, can also cause epilepsy as a symptom. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Reports about alleged symptom-alleviating effects of listening to Mozart's Sonata KV448 in epilepsy attracted a lot of public attention. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Based on this promising preclinical research, Cavion is conducting T-WAVE, an open-label Phase 2a clinical trial assessing the safety, tolerability and efficacy of CX-8998 in adolescents and adults with absence seizures," said Margaret Lee PhD, Cavion's Senior Vice President, Preclinical and Translational Sciences. (businesswire.com)
  • Since then, basic and clinical researchers in epilepsy have gathered together about every 14 years to assess where epilepsy research has been, what it has accomplished, and where it should go. (nih.gov)
  • Advances in genetic testing technology and improved access to clinical genetic testing, including whole exome sequencing, have facilitated a fundamental shift in gene discovery of monogenetic and polygenetic epilepsy, leading to precision medicine therapy and improved outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain. (cdc.gov)
  • Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder seen in dogs, and has been estimated to affect approximately 0.75% of the canine population 3 . (akcchf.org)
  • Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain that triggers recurrent seizures. (cdc.gov)
  • Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder characterised by a tendency to have recurrent, spontaneous, seizures. (bvsalud.org)
  • A person has a higher risk of inheriting epilepsy from a mother with epilepsy than from a father with epilepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Children may have a higher risk of inheriting epilepsy if they have parents who have generalized seizures rather than focal seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Absence seizures are characterized by brief interruptions of conscious experience accompanied by oscillations of activity synchronized across many brain areas. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Absence seizures are characterized by brief interruptions of consciousness accompanied by abnormal brain oscillations persisting tens of seconds. (jneurosci.org)
  • This section answers some frequently asked questions about genetics and epilepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Affected children have absence seizures (also known as petit mal seizures), which are brief episodes of impaired consciousness that look like staring spells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Absence epilepsy primarily affects children. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • In children with absence epilepsy, these highly disruptive episodes are known as absence seizures. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • The team observed that not only do the rats' response to external stimuli mimic those of children with absence epilepsy, but the rats also revealed four different types of neuronal activity during seizures. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • Defining four types of neuronal activity could result in more customized treatment for children with absence epilepsy, selectively targeting a certain type of neuron and causing fewer side effects. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • Having completed this first-of-its-kind study with a rat model, Blumenfeld and his team hope that children whose everyday lives are disrupted by losses of consciousness during absence epilepsy seizures will be able to regain a sense of normalcy and return to the activities they enjoy. (crunchtime-records.com)
  • Absence seizures are most common in children and typically don't cause any long-term problems. (epilepsydisease.com)
  • Children may grow out of absence seizures. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • While some children with CAE may need a 504 plan (see 504 Plan ), most will not need school services other than observation to make sure that absence seizures are not happening more than usual or affecting learning or self-confidence, and that parents are aware of any developing problems. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • Families and teachers of children with absence epilepsy almost always note an interruption of the child's activity during the event. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • The primary care clinician can diagnose and manage most children with absence seizures who are developing typically and have a normal physical exam without neurologic consultation. (medicalhomeportal.org)
  • It is more common for children to develop epilepsy in the first year of life. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What is epilepsy in children? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Epilepsy in children is a condition that causes seizures. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • While epilepsy causes seizures, not all seizures are the result of epilepsy in children. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Affecting an estimated 15% of children diagnosed with epilepsy, Rolandic epilepsy seizures happen when falling asleep or waking up. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How common is epilepsy in children? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Uncontrolled electrical activity in your child's brain causes epilepsy in children. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Exclusion criteria comprised of children with atypical absence epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, developmental delay, premorbid psychiatric problems, neuro-metabolic disorders, or those receiving drugs with a negative impact on cognition. (springeropen.com)
  • Similar failings exist in other major therapeutic areas such as treatment of chronic disease in children, including epilepsy and diabetes, and management of terminal diseases. (who.int)
  • In some cases the lack of available medicine is due to the absence of appropriate dosage forms of essential medicines for children. (who.int)
  • Absence seizures , sometimes called petit mal seizures, can cause rapid blinking or a few seconds of staring into space. (cdc.gov)