Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. The harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid.
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
A form of necrotizing non-granulomatous inflammation occurring primarily in medium-sized ARTERIES, often with microaneurysms. It is characterized by muscle, joint, and abdominal pain resulting from arterial infarction and scarring in affected organs. Polyarteritis nodosa with lung involvement is called CHURG-STRAUSS SYNDROME.
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).
Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use.
An acquired or spontaneous abnormality in which there is communication between CAVERNOUS SINUS, a venous structure, and the CAROTID ARTERIES. It is often associated with HEAD TRAUMA, specifically basilar skull fractures (SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR). Clinical signs often include VISION DISORDERS and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION.
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).

Orbital dirofilariasis: MR findings. (1/184)

Dirofilariasis is a helminthic zoonosis occurring in many parts of the world. We report the findings in a 61-year-old woman who had painless right exophthalmos caused by orbital dirofilariasis. A vivid worm was embedded inside an inflammatory nodule in the right orbit. On T1-weighted MR images, the parasite was visible as a discrete, low-intensity, tubular signal in the center of the nodule surrounded by contrast-enhancing inflammatory tissue.  (+info)

Nodular fasciitis causing unilateral proptosis. (2/184)

A case report of an unusual case of nodular fasciitis in the orbit presenting with unilateral proptosis is described, and the radiological features are outlined. The histological features are discussed and the benign nature of the lesion stressed. Nodular fasciitis arising in the orbit and presenting as unilateral proptosis has not previously been reported in the literature.  (+info)

Serum levels of soluble Fas in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. (3/184)

AIM: To assess levels of soluble Fas (sFas) in the sera of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. METHODS: The subjects in this study were 43 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and 11 normal subjects. Serum levels of sFas were determined by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, serum levels of thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAB) were also measured in all the patients. RESULTS: The mean serum level of sFas was 1.35 (SD 2.03) ng/ml in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy, and 0.93 (0.32) ng/ml in normal subjects. Serum levels of sFas in the subgroup of 24 patients with diplopia (1.98 (2.56) ng/ml) were significantly higher than those in the subgroup of 19 patients without diplopia (0.56 (0.24) ng/ml) and normal subjects (p <0.001). Serum levels of sFas in the subgroup of 27 patients with extraocular muscle hypertrophy (1.81 (2. 46) ng/ml) were significantly higher than those in the subgroup of 16 patients without extraocular muscle hypertrophy (0.58 (0.26) ng/ml) among the patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and normal subjects (p <0.001). Serum levels of sFas were not significantly different between the subgroup of 24 patients with proptosis (1.15 (0.98) ng/ml) and the subgroup of 19 patients without proptosis (1. 61 (2.88)). In contrast, the serum levels of TSAB in the subgroup of patients with proptosis (723% (1161%)) were significantly higher than those in the subgroup of patients without proptosis (194% (122%)) (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated sFas levels were associated with extraocular muscle disorders but not with proptosis. On the other hand, elevated TSAB levels were associated with proptosis but not with extraocular muscle disorders, suggesting different immunological mechanisms for the extraocular muscle disorders and proptosis in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Determination of the serum levels of sFas and TSAB could provide useful markers for evaluation of the immunological processes involved in the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy.  (+info)

Recurrent proptotic diplopia due to congestive expansion of cavernous haemangioma with relapsing right-sided cardiac failure. (4/184)

A 75-year-old man with a recent history of pulmonary embolism, presented with collapse followed by a gran mal seizure and right-sided non-pulsatile proptosis. On recovery, he had diplopia on lateral and upward gaze and signs of congestive cardiac failure. Further pulmonary embolism was proven by lung scintigraphy. Computed tomography of his orbits confirmed a contrast-enhancing space-occupying lesion of the medial wall of the right orbit, with no intracranial abnormality. The patient was investigated for metastatic tumour as a possible cause of the space-occupying lesion and the unprovoked thromboembolic event, but no evidence of malignancy was found. The orbital lesion was not biopsied because of the risk of bleeding from anticoagulation. Three weeks later, the patient represented with recurrent cardiac failure, proptosis, and diplopia. A transorbital ultrasound confirmed an encapsulated, well-defined vascular lesion, with typical appearances and Doppler flow characteristics of a cavernous haemangioma. Diuretic therapy abolished the proptosis and diplopia in tandem with relief of the cardiac failure. This is the first description of recurrent proptosis with diplopia due to recurrent congestive expansion of an orbital cavernous haemangioma.  (+info)

Sebaceous adenoma in the region of the medial canthus causing proptosis. (5/184)

A case of sebaceous adenoma in the region of the medial canthus causing proptosis is presented along with a review of the medical literature. The clinicopathological aspects of the tumour are discussed. The mode of treatment was surgical excision. A six month follow-up showed a reduction in the proptosis with no recurrence.  (+info)

Weber-Christian disease presenting with proptosis: a case report. (6/184)

Weber-Christian disease (WCD) is a rare inflammatory disease of adipose tissue, which is characterized by painful cutaneous nodules and constitutional symptoms. Although any area of the body containing fat can be affected by WCD, the involvement of retrobulbar fat is uncommon and proptosis is a rare presenting manifestation. We report a case who presented with proptosis of the right eye which is accompanied by painful subcutaneous nodules, high fever and myalgia. Biopsies of retrobulbar tissue and suprapubic nodule showed lobular panniculitis with mixed cellular infiltration, mainly composed of histiocytes and lymphocytes. He responded well to high-dose glucocorticoid.  (+info)

Thyroid-stimulating antibody in a patient with euthyroid Graves' disease. (7/184)

We report an 11-year-old girl with euthyroid Graves' disease. She was referred to our clinic because of left exophthalmos without other symptoms suggestive of hyperthyroidism. Her serum concentration of free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were normal, but thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was below normal and impaired TSH response to TSH releasing hormone (TRH) was found. Although the sera were positive for anti-TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) and thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb), both titers were not as high as usually observed in Graves' disease. Three months later, she developed hyperthyroidism and was treated with propylthiouracil. Within 2 weeks of the initiation of therapy, all symptoms except exophthalmos disappeared, and after 2 months of treatment TRAb was negative though TSAb remained positive. TSAb is therefore a good indicator to use in the diagnosis and follow-up of euthyroid Graves' disease and should be measured in patients with exophthalmos of unknown origin, even in children.  (+info)

Colour Doppler imaging of the orbital vasculature in Graves' disease with computed tomographic correlation. (8/184)

AIMS: To evaluate alterations in orbital blood flow parameters and their correlations with extraocular muscle enlargement, proptosis, and intraocular pressure in patients with Graves' disease. METHODS: In this multicentre study blood flow parameters in the ophthalmic artery, superior ophthalmic vein, central retinal artery and vein were determined by colour Doppler imaging in 111 patients with Graves' disease in two groups (A and B) and 46 normal control subjects. Group A consisted of 42 patients with Graves' disease without ophthalmopathy; group B of 69 patients with Graves' disease with ophthalmopathy as detected by orbital computed tomographic scanning. RESULTS: Peak systolic and end diastolic velocities in the ophthalmic artery, peak systolic velocity in the central retinal artery, and maximal and minimal velocities in the central retinal vein in patients in group B were statistically significantly higher than those in group A and the normal controls, whereas maximal and minimal velocities in the superior ophthalmic vein in patients in group B were statistically significantly lower than those in group A and the control subjects. Peak systolic and end diastolic velocities in the ophthalmic artery, peak systolic velocity in the central retinal artery, and maximal and minimal velocities in the central retinal vein also correlated with the sum of all extraocular muscle diameters in group B (r > or =0.31, p< or =0.021). Blood flow parameters had no consistent correlation with proptosis or intraocular pressure (p>0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in resistivity indices between the groups (p>0.05). Reversed blood flow was noted in nine (13%) superior ophthalmic veins in group B. CONCLUSION: Orbital blood flow velocities are altered in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and may be detected by colour Doppler imaging. Some of these changes also correlate with the enlargement of extraocular muscles. The increased blood flow velocities in arteries may be secondary to orbital inflammation.  (+info)

Exophthalmos is a medical condition that refers to the abnormal protrusion or bulging of one or both eyes beyond the normal orbit (eye socket). This condition is also known as proptosis. Exophthalmos can be caused by various factors, including thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy), tumors, inflammation, trauma, or congenital abnormalities. It can lead to various symptoms such as double vision, eye discomfort, redness, and difficulty closing the eyes. Treatment of exophthalmos depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Orbital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the orbit, which is the bony cavity that contains the eyeball, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the orbit.

Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, limited eye movement, pain, swelling, and numbness in the face. In some cases, orbital neoplasms may not cause any noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small and slow-growing.

There are many different types of orbital neoplasms, including:

1. Optic nerve glioma: a rare tumor that arises from the optic nerve's supportive tissue.
2. Orbital meningioma: a tumor that originates from the membranes covering the brain and extends into the orbit.
3. Lacrimal gland tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
4. Orbital lymphangioma: a non-cancerous tumor that arises from the lymphatic vessels in the orbit.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that develops from the skeletal muscle cells in the orbit.
6. Metastatic tumors: cancerous growths that spread to the orbit from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate.

The diagnosis and treatment of orbital neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI, are often used to visualize the tumor and determine its extent. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's type and grade. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

In medical terms, the orbit refers to the bony cavity or socket in the skull that contains and protects the eye (eyeball) and its associated structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and the lacrimal gland. The orbit is made up of several bones: the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, and palatine bone. These bones form a pyramid-like shape that provides protection for the eye while also allowing for a range of movements.

Myxedema is not a term used in modern medicine to describe a specific medical condition. However, historically, it was used to refer to the severe form of hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism, various body functions slow down, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and dry skin.

Myxedema specifically refers to the physical signs of severe hypothyroidism, including swelling (edema) and thickening of the skin, particularly around the face, hands, and feet, as well as a puffy appearance of the face. The term myxedema coma was used to describe a rare but life-threatening complication of long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism, characterized by altered mental status, hypothermia, and other systemic manifestations.

Nowadays, healthcare professionals use more precise medical terminology to describe these conditions, such as hypothyroidism or myxedematous edema, rather than the outdated term myxedema.

Orbital diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the orbit, which is the bony cavity in the skull that contains the eye, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as eyelid swelling, protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, pain, and limited extraocular muscle movement.

Orbital diseases can be broadly classified into inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic (benign or malignant), vascular, traumatic, and congenital categories. Some examples of orbital diseases include:

* Orbital cellulitis: a bacterial or fungal infection that causes swelling and inflammation in the orbit
* Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
* Orbital tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the orbit, such as optic nerve gliomas, lacrimal gland tumors, and lymphomas
* Carotid-cavernous fistulas: abnormal connections between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus, leading to pulsatile proptosis and other symptoms
* Orbital fractures: breaks in the bones surrounding the orbit, often caused by trauma
* Congenital anomalies: structural abnormalities present at birth, such as craniofacial syndromes or dermoid cysts.

Proper diagnosis and management of orbital diseases require a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, radiologists, and other specialists.

Leg dermatoses is a general term that refers to various skin conditions affecting the legs. This can include a wide range of inflammatory, infectious, or degenerative diseases that cause symptoms such as redness, itching, scaling, blistering, or pigmentation changes on the leg skin. Examples of specific leg dermatoses include stasis dermatitis, venous eczema, contact dermatitis, lichen planus, psoriasis, and cellulitis among others. Accurate diagnosis usually requires a thorough examination and sometimes a biopsy to determine the specific type of dermatosis and appropriate treatment.

The Harderian gland is a specialized exocrine gland located in many vertebrate species, including birds and mammals. In humans, it is rudimentary and not fully developed. However, in other animals like rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), and some reptiles, this gland plays a significant role.

The Harderian gland is primarily responsible for producing and secreting lipids, which help to lubricate the eye's surface and the nictitating membrane (third eyelid). This lubrication ensures that the eyes remain moist and protected from dryness and external irritants. Additionally, the secretions of the Harderian gland contain immunoglobulins, which contribute to the animal's immune defense system by providing protection against pathogens.

In some animals, the Harderian gland also has a role in pheromone production and communication. The study and understanding of this gland are particularly important in toxicological research, as it is often used as an indicator of environmental pollutant exposure and their effects on wildlife.

Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves' eye disease or thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune condition that affects the eyes. It often occurs in individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). However, it can also occur in people without Graves' disease.

In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the immune system attacks the tissue behind the eyes, causing inflammation and enlargement of the muscles, fatty tissue, and connective tissue within the orbit (eye socket). This leads to symptoms such as:

1. Protrusion or bulging of the eyes (exophthalmos)
2. Redness and swelling of the eyelids
3. Double vision (diplopia) due to restricted eye movement
4. Pain and discomfort, especially when looking up, down, or sideways
5. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
6. Tearing and dryness in the eyes
7. Vision loss in severe cases

The treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy depends on the severity of the symptoms and may include medications to manage inflammation, eye drops or ointments for dryness, prisms to correct double vision, or surgery for severe cases.

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Osteosclerosis is a medical term that refers to an abnormal thickening and increased density of bone tissue. This condition can occur as a result of various diseases or conditions, such as certain types of bone cancer, Paget's disease of bone, fluoride poisoning, or chronic infection of the bone. Osteosclerosis can also be seen in some benign conditions, such as osteopetrosis, which is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an excessively hard and dense skeleton.

In some cases, osteosclerosis may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered on X-rays or other imaging studies. However, in other cases, it can lead to complications such as bone pain, fractures, or deformities. Treatment for osteosclerosis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, surgery, or other therapies.

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, systemic necrotizing vasculitis that affects medium-sized and small muscular arteries. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the walls of the arteries, leading to the formation of microaneurysms (small bulges in the artery wall) and subsequent narrowing or complete occlusion of the affected vessels. This can result in tissue ischemia (reduced blood flow) and infarction (tissue death), causing a wide range of clinical manifestations that vary depending on the organs involved.

The exact cause of PAN remains unclear, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response triggered by various factors such as infections or exposure to certain drugs. The diagnosis of PAN typically requires a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, often supported by histopathological examination of affected tissues. Treatment usually involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the arteries and organs.

The lacrimal apparatus is a complex system in the eye that produces, stores, and drains tears. It consists of several components including:

1. Lacrimal glands: These are located in the upper outer part of the eyelid and produce tears to keep the eye surface moist and protected from external agents.
2. Tear ducts (lacrimal canaliculi): These are small tubes that drain tears from the surface of the eye into the lacrimal sac.
3. Lacrimal sac: This is a small pouch-like structure located in the inner part of the eyelid, which collects tears from the tear ducts and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
4. Nasolacrimal duct: This is a tube that runs from the lacrimal sac to the nose and drains tears into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain the health and comfort of the eye by keeping it lubricated, protecting it from infection, and removing any foreign particles or debris.

Orbital pseudotumor, also known as orbital inflammatory syndrome or idiopathic orbital inflammation, is a non-specific term used to describe a group of conditions characterized by inflammation in the orbit (the bony cavity surrounding the eye) without any identifiable cause. It is not a true tumor, but rather an inflammatory reaction that can mimic the symptoms and signs of a tumor.

The condition can affect people of any age, although it is more common in middle-aged adults. The exact cause of orbital pseudotumor is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response or inflammation triggered by various factors such as infections, trauma, or autoimmune disorders.

Symptoms of orbital pseudotumor may include eye pain, redness, swelling, protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis), double vision, and decreased vision. Diagnostic tests such as imaging studies (CT or MRI scans) and biopsy may be used to rule out other causes of orbital inflammation. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, although other immunosuppressive medications may be necessary in severe cases. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own without treatment.

Plasmapheresis is a medical procedure where the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells. The plasma, which may contain harmful substances such as antibodies or toxins, is then removed and replaced with fresh plasma or a plasma substitute. The remaining blood cells are mixed with the new plasma and returned to the body. This process is also known as therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). It's used to treat various medical conditions including certain autoimmune diseases, poisonings, and neurological disorders.

A Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula (CCSF) is an abnormal connection between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, a venous structure in the skull. This connection can be either direct or indirect. Direct CCSFs are caused by trauma or rupture of an aneurysm, while indirect CCSFs are usually spontaneous and associated with conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, or connective tissue disorders.

Symptoms of a CCSF may include headache, eye redness, protrusion of the eyeball, double vision, hearing disturbances, and pulsatile tinnitus (a rhythmic sound in the ear). The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the size of the fistula and the pressure within the cavernous sinus.

Treatment options for CCSF include endovascular repair with stenting or coiling, surgical closure, or observation, depending on the type and size of the fistula and the presence of symptoms.

"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.

Some common examples of fish diseases include:

1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).

2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).

3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).

4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).

5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.

It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.

Most sources define exophthalmos/proptosis as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm. The term exophthalmos is often used ... Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the pug, Boston terrier, Pekingese, and shih tzu. It is a common result of head trauma and ... Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor ... Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is seen in brachycephalic (short-nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. It ...
Hermann, Kate (2017-02-24). "Pituitary Exophthalmos". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 36 (1): 1-19. ISSN 0007-1161. PMC ...
This can cause exophthalmos. This may be treated by embolising the superior ophthalmic vein. Inferior ophthalmic vein Semmer, A ...
Exophthalmos due to chronic orbital myositic. Arch Ophthal . 30:446-466, 1943 Birch-Hirschfeld A. Zur diagnostic and pathologic ... IOI or orbital pseudotumor is the second most common cause of exophthalmos following Grave's orbitopathy and the third most ...
Haemorrhagic skin lesions and exophthalmos may develop. On postmortem examination there are normally signs of necrosis and ...
Protruding eyeballs (known as proptosis and exophthalmos). Diplopia (double vision) is common. Limitation of eye movement (due ... Ophthalmopatic findings are more common but less severe in children (severe infiltrative exophthalmos is virtually unknown ...
pioneered the radical orbital decompression procedure for severe dysthyroid exophthalmos. In 1985, they were the first to ... Maroon, J. C.; Kennerdell, J. S. (1982-02-01). "Radical orbital decompression for severe dysthyroid exophthalmos". Journal of ...
Defects in membranous bones, exophthalmos, and diabetes insipidus; an unusual syndrome of dyspituitarism. In: Contributions to ...
... has noticeable exophthalmos due to Graves' disease. For this reason, he always wears very dark glasses in public, which ... which he wears due to exophthalmos). He lives in the town of Bad Münstereifel, where he owned a café until June 2012. In his ...
Exophthalmos is the unilateral or bilateral bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit causing increased exposure of cornea ... Exophthalmometry can be used to measure degree of exophthalmos. If increased corneal exposure is detected, several preventive ...
It occurs in patients with exophthalmos in Graves disease. The sign is named after Alexis Joffroy. Woods, Alan (May 1946). "The ...
This is manifested by a progressive exophthalmos, a restrictive myopathy that restricts eye movements and an optic neuropathy. ... Bhargav PR, Sabaretnam M, Kumar SC, Zwalitha S, Devi NV (December 2017). "Regression of Ophthalmopathic Exophthalmos in Graves ... exophthalmos). It occurs most commonly in individuals with Graves' disease, and less commonly in individuals with Hashimoto's ... was the first to describe the association of a thyroid goitre with exophthalmos (proptosis) of the eye. Graves' ophthalmopathy ...
Exophthalmos, when present, may exacerbate hyperthyroid lid-lag and stare. Thyroid storm is a severe form of thyrotoxicosis ... note that not all exophthalmos is caused by Graves' disease, but when present with hyperthyroidism is diagnostic of Graves' ... Neither of these ocular signs should be confused with exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), which occurs specifically and ...
Ophthalmic: posterior sub-capsular cataracts, increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, and exophthalmos. Feedback of the ...
Exophthalmos associated with Grave's disease disappears when the thyrotoxicosis is corrected. Infiltrative ophthalmopathy at ... Infiltrative ophthalmopathy is found in 5-10% of patients with Graves disease and resembles exophthalmos, except that the ...
She was diagnosed with Graves' disease and exophthalmos in May 2007. She was initially married to manga artist, Nakatani D. ...
... can occur in the lower leg (pretibial myxedema) and behind the eyes (exophthalmos). Severe cases, requiring ... Myxedema can occur in: Hyperthyroidism, associated with pretibial myxedema and exophthalmos. Pretibial myxedema can occur in 1- ...
Additional clinical signs include abnormal behavior, exophthalmos, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, edema and ascites. Chronic ESC ...
Ophthalmic signs may include third eyelid protrusion, red eyes, and exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs). In chronic MMM there is ...
Carotid-cavernous DAVFs, on the other hand, are more closely associated with pulsatile exophthalmos. DAVFs may also be ...
Other signs and symptoms include lens subluxation, glaucoma, cataract, exophthalmos, buphthalmos, strabismus, and ptosis. ...
Exophthalmos occurs in some patients and is usually bilateral, symmetric and painless, and in most cases it occurs several ... ECD is not a common cause of exophthalmos but can be diagnosed by biopsy. However, like all biopsies, this may be inconclusive ... Bone pain Retroperitoneal fibrosis Diabetes insipidus Exophthalmos Xanthomas Neurological and central nervous system ...
... and exophthalmos. The term "Basedow's disease" was suggested by Georg Hirsch in his Klinische Fragmente. Karl Adolph von ...
Raine J, Winter RM, Davey A, Tucker SM (December 1989). "Unknown syndrome: microcephaly, hypoplastic nose, exophthalmos, gum ... Raine, J., Winter, R. M., Davey, A., & Tucker, S. M. (1989). Unknown syndrome: microcephaly, hypoplastic nose, exophthalmos, ...
Obstruction to this venous drainage can cause venous congestion in the eye, which may cause exophthalmos (bulging eye ball). ... Hudson, Henry L.; Levin, Lori; Feldon, Steven E. (1991-10-01). "Graves Exophthalmos Unrelated to Extraocular Muscle Enlargement ...
... is a sign of infrequent or incomplete blinking associated with exophthalmos or Graves orbitopathy. It is ...
Occasionally the patient may present with a feeling of protrusion of one or both eyeballs (exophthalmos). The cause of Tolosa- ...
Exophthalmos is a normal condition in brachycephalic (short nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. However, it can ...
Increased pressure within the nasal cavity, as seen during sneezing, for example, leads to temporary exophthalmos. The porous ...
It should not be confused with its opposite, exophthalmos, which is the anterior displacement of the eye. It may be a ...
Most sources define exophthalmos/proptosis as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm. The term exophthalmos is often used ... Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the pug, Boston terrier, Pekingese, and shih tzu. It is a common result of head trauma and ... Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor ... Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is seen in brachycephalic (short-nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. It ...
Exophthalmos is defined in Dorlands Medical Dictionary as an ... Exophthalmos is defined in Dorlands Medical Dictionary as an " ... encoded search term (Exophthalmos (Proptosis)) and Exophthalmos (Proptosis) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Exophthalmos (Proptosis). Updated: Jan 22, 2020 * Author: Michael Mercandetti, MD, MBA, FACS; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy, Sr, MD ... Exophthalmos of patients with Graves disease in Chinese of Taiwan. Eye (Lond). 2006 May. 20(5):569-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Twenty-three patients with exophthalmos and 16 healthy volunteers were recruited from a single clinic in Switzerland, and all ... A smartphone-based tool could be an alternative to the Hertel exophthalmometer in measuring eye protrusion (exophthalmos). ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
What is exophthalmos?. Exophthalmos is the term we use in ophthalmology to define eyes that protrude from their normal position ... Exophthalmos is a more common condition in women - although it can also affect men -, and different diseases and disorders can ... However, to be sure and differentiate non-pathological bulging eyes from an exophthalmos, we must look at the amount of sclera ... Exophthalmos does not give eye symptoms as such (although it can cause double vision). Since the shape and size of the eyes are ...
"Exophthalmos" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Exophthalmos" by people in this website by year, and whether " ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Exophthalmos" by people in Profiles. ...
02, 2023 11:42 am ��������� ���������: If requires pain; apparently input: dilators exophthalmos.. ...
Concomitant seizures and exophthalmos in the context of a temporal dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) has not been described ... Here, we report a 55-year-old-male who presented with an 8-month history of progressive painless exophthalmos of his left eye, ... Here, we report a 55-year-old-male who presented with an 8-month history of progressive painless exophthalmos of his left eye, ... Here, we report a 55-year-old-male who presented with an 8-month history of progressive painless exophthalmos of his left eye, ...
Contact Lyfboat to Get an Expert Second Opinion and Personalised Quote for Exophthalmos from the best Exophthalmos hospitals in ... We enable patients to connect, communicate and find quality healthcare for Exophthalmos in Malaysia. ... Searching for the cost of Exophthalmos in Malaysia? ... Exophthalmos. Exophthalmos In malaysia. malaysia is one of the ... Best Exophthalmos Hospitals and Cost in Malaysia. Choose from 4 best Exophthalmos. hospitals in Malaysia. ...
Bulging eyes is the abnormal protrusion (bulging out) of one or both eyeballs.
Exophthalmos. Butt S, Patel BC. Butt S, et al. 2023 Jun 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls ...
Ophthalmic: Posterior subcapsular cataracts; increased intraocular pressure; glaucoma; exophthalmos. Metabolic: Negative ...
Ophthalmic: Exophthalmos; glaucoma; increased intraocular pressure; posterior subcapsular cataracts.. Other: Increased appetite ...
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) was initially described by Bright in 1831 as a complication of epidural and subdural infections. The dural sinuses are grouped into the sagittal, lateral (including the transverse, sigmoid, and petrosal sinuses), and cavernous sinuses.
Exophthalmos. Bulging eyes. See Thyrotoxicosis.. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. You must be logged in to post a comment. ...
Exophthalmos. Additional Reactions Urticaria and other allergic, anaphylactic or hypersensitivity reactions ...
Ophthalmic: Exophthalmos; glaucoma; increased intraocular pressure; posterior subcapsular cataracts.. Other: Increased appetite ...
Clinical.─Exophthalmos. Mydriasis. Stool, bilious. Vision, dim.. Characteristics.─Tully and Terry (C. D. P.) experimented with ...
Kelly W. Exophthalmos in Cushings syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;45(2):167-70. ...
... exophthalmos, atonia, paresis) were also observed at these dose levels. No effects of treatment were observed at 215 mg/kg bw. ... exophthalmos, atonia, paresis) were also observed at these dose levels. No effects of treatment were observed at 215 mg/kg bw. ... exophthalmos, atonia, paresis (for details see table below). Gross pathology:. - Animals that died: general congestion in some ...
César A. Briceño, MD | Advisory Dean | Ophthalmology | Penn Medicine
Exophthalmos. Encrustation. Lacrimation. Condition of the coat.. Presence of salivation.. Overall ease of handling. ...
Refer 62 60 00 Exophthalmos NOS 62 60 58 Exophthalmos, endocrine 62 60 58 Exophthalmos, dysthyroid 62 61 00 Exophthalmos, ... Exophthalmos 1 - OD 3 2 - OS 1 3 - OU 25 Blank 10098 355 Microphthalmos 1 - OD 0 2 - OS 1 3 - OU 3 Blank 10123 356 Other 1 - OD ... 62 19 00 Exophthalmos, congenital 62 19 00 Hypertelorism 62 20 00 Inflammation, orbit (acute) (chronic) (subacute) 62 21 00 ... pulsating NOS 62 61 74 Exophthalmos, pulsating, due to cavernous sinus thrombosis 62 62 00 Enophthalmos (senile) 62 62 40 ...
Examples of disease as shown in artworks will be examined, from the medical and surgical point of view as well as the historical and artistic ones, particularly visual loss as portrayed by artists from pre-historic times.
Thyrotoxic Exophthalmos * Thyrotoxicosis * Toxic Diffuse Goiter * Toxic Nodular Goiter * Type 1 Diabetes ...
orbit: Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos. Conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Pinguecula - Subconjunctival hemorrhage. Sclera ...
The other options, exophthalmos, nystagmus, and arcus senilis, are unrelated to jaundice and do not involve yellowing of the ...
Exophthalmos or a lid lag, thyroid enlargement, tenderness, or palpable nodules and presence of a tremor or anxiousness may ... Anxiety, diarrhea, exophthalmos, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremor. Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating hormone. Cough, ...
2.2.1.4.3. exophthalmos (protruding eyes). 2.2.1.4.4. nervousness, weakness, restlessness, anxiety ...
exophthalmos (bulging eyes). *goiter (enlarged thyroid gland). Hyperthyroidism can be caused by nodules composed of thyroid ...
  • Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most sources define exophthalmos/proptosis as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm. (wikipedia.org)
  • The term exophthalmos is often used when describing proptosis associated with Graves' disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the etiology of exophthalmos or proptosis is established, the appropriate specialists should partake in the patient's care. (medscape.com)
  • Proptosis in the same reference is defined as exophthalmos. (medscape.com)
  • Another resource suggests that the terms exophthalmos and proptosis can be used to describe eyes appearing to bulge out of the face due to an increase in the volume of the tissue behind the eyes. (medscape.com)
  • Proptosis can describe any organ that is displaced forward, while exophthalmos refers to only the eyes. (medscape.com)
  • Henderson reserves the use of the word exophthalmos for those cases of proptosis secondary to endocrinological dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] Therefore, this dictum will be followed, and non-endocrine-mediated globe protrusion will be referred to as proptosis and exophthalmos will be reserved for protrusion secondary to endocrinopathies. (medscape.com)
  • Exophthalmos (also known as proptosis) is the protrusion of one eye or both anteriorly out of the orbit. (ranchinewsdesk.in)
  • Presentation may include proptosis, pulsatile exophthalmos, dilated conjunctival and episcleral vessels, elevated intraocular pressure, or enlarged EOM depending on the amount of flow through the fistula and the degree of congestion. (uiowa.edu)
  • The internationally renowned journal Chinese Journal of Cellular and Molecular Immunology recently issued the latest research achievement in hyperthyroidism exophthalmos conducted by Professor Shi Bingyin's team of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. (xjtu.edu.cn)
  • By single cell sequencing technology, Professor Shi's team analyzed the blood of patients with hyperthyroidism exophthalmos and discovered that the important role of CD4 T lymphocyte subsets with positive toxicity in the pathogenesis of hyperthyroid exophthalmos is closely related to the efficacy of steroid pulse therapy. (xjtu.edu.cn)
  • Signs of hyperthyroidism include sinus tachycardia, systolic hypertension, frightened stare, an enlarged goiter, a fine resting tremor, and exophthalmos (only if hyperthyroidism is secondary to Graves disease). (mhmedical.com)
  • Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). (wikipedia.org)
  • In adults, thyroid orbitopathy is the most common cause of unilateral and bilateral exophthalmos. (wikidoc.org)
  • Bilateral exophthalmos and upper lid retraction secondary to Graves disease. (medscape.com)
  • We report the case of a 15-year-old girl with KSS that was uniquely associated with bilateral, symmetrical exophthalmos. (nih.gov)
  • In many cases, exophthalmos Is a symptom of Graves disease, a disorder affecting the thyroid gland. (simplyhealth.io)
  • RÉSUMÉ La première description des pathologies thyroïdiennes, telles qu'on les connaît aujourd'hui, a été celle de la maladie de Graves par Caleb Parry en 1786, mais la pathogenèse de l'affection thyroïdienne n'a pas été découverte avant 1882-1886. (who.int)
  • Protruding eyeballs, or exophthalmos, is a symptom of Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease that results in inflammation of the muscles and other tissues around the eyes. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • Monitoring exophthalmos and how far the eyes are bulging out is routine part of the care of people with Graves' disease. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • Your eyes may also appear quite prominent, which is a sign of exophthalmos, a condition that's related to Graves' disease. (icnr.com)
  • Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients should be monitored in intervals tailored to the degree of exophthalmos and complications arising from this ocular malady. (medscape.com)
  • Vision may be disturbed if the optic nerve is compressed in conjunction with the underlying etiology of exophthalmos. (ranchinewsdesk.in)
  • Allergic conjunctivitis - While both can cause excess tearing and conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis tends to be acute in onset from a new exposure, causes itching, can have papillary conjunctival reaction, and is not associated with eyelid retraction or exophthalmos (Figure 18). (uiowa.edu)
  • If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eyelids to fail to close during sleep, leading to corneal dryness and damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • If left untreated, exophthalmos irritates the eyes, and you may experience severe discomfort that's challenging to manage. (simplyhealth.io)
  • DelveInsight's "Exophthalmos- Market Insights, Epidemiology, and Market Forecast-2032" report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Exophthalmos, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the Exophthalmos market trends in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom) and Japan. (ranchinewsdesk.in)
  • A 69-year-old woman was admitted for left-sided exophthalmos, chemosis, and dilated episcleral vessels. (ajnr.org)
  • Depending on the underlying cause, exophthalmos may be accompanied by systemic symptoms. (ranchinewsdesk.in)
  • Another name for this symptom is exophthalmos , which refers specifically to the eyes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Medical care for patients with exophthalmos is directed at reversing the problem and minimizing ocular complications. (medscape.com)
  • Orbital myositis: characterized by diplopia (the perception of 2 images of a single object), pain with eye movements and exophthalmos (a bulging of the eyes). (glutenfreesociety.org)
  • Other causes of exophthalmos include cancers and vascular problems that affect the area around the eye. (managedhealthcareexecutive.com)
  • Express delivery, facial manifestations include exophthalmos the cycle of birth had no explanations. (omnewyork.com)
  • Depending on the severity, exophthalmos may cause issues with your vision due to corneal dryness, which may result in other complications and diseases such as conjunctivitis. (simplyhealth.io)
  • 12. ["Therapy refractory" exophthalmos. (nih.gov)
  • The calculated market data are presented with relevant tables and graphs to give a clear view of the market at first sight.According to DelveInsight, the Exophthalmos market in 7MM is expected to change in the study period 2019-2032. (ranchinewsdesk.in)
  • A study of exophthalmos and tissue changes resulting from the administration of various thyrotropic hormone preparations. (nih.gov)
  • Available at http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/exophthalmos . (medscape.com)
  • Exophthalmos describes a medical condition where your eyeballs start to remove themselves from the eye socket, giving a bulging appearance. (simplyhealth.io)
  • The Exophthalmos market outlook of the report helps to build the detailed comprehension of the historic, current, and forecasted Exophthalmos market trends by analyzing the impact of current therapies on the market, unmet needs, drivers and barriers and demand of better technology. (ranchinewsdesk.in)
  • The research, for the first time in the world, confirms that CD4 T lymphocyte subsets with positive toxicity play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperthyroid exophthalmos. (xjtu.edu.cn)