Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Lung
Total Lung Capacity
Respiratory Function Tests
Vital Capacity
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A comparison of a new transtelephonic portable spirometer with a laboratory spirometer. (1/36)
The Spirophone is a new, portable transtelephonic spirometer which records the slow and the forced expiratory vital capacity tests. Data can be transmitted via the telephone to a remote receiving centre, where a volume-time curve and the flow-volume curve are displayed on screen in real time. The aim of this study was to compare the newly developed transtelephonic spirometer, with a laboratory spirometer according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) testing guidelines. Spirometry indices (slow vital capacity (SVC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow at 25, 50 and 75% of FVC (FEF25, FEF50, and FEF75, respectively)) were measured from the SVC and the FVC tests in 45 subjects (30 patients, 15 healthy volunteers) according to the ATS standards. The data obtained with the laboratory system were compared to those from the Spirophone. The Spirophone measurements of SVC, FVC, FEV1, PEF, FEF25, FEF50 and FEF75 correlated closely (r=0.91-0.98) to those from the laboratory system, whereas FEF25, FEF50, and FEF75 were significantly higher with the Spirophone. It is concluded that the Spirophone is comparable to the standard spirometry for home monitoring of slow vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow. The validity of the manoeuvre can be assessed on screen in real time. (+info)Dynamic hyperinflation and flow limitation during methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. (2/36)
Although persistent activation of the inspiratory muscles and narrowing of the glottic aperture during expiration have been indicated as relevant mechanisms leading to dynamic hyperinflation in acute asthma, expiratory flow limitation (EFL) has recently been proposed as a possible triggering factor for increasing endexpiratory lung volume (EELV). To establish whether the attainment of maximal flow rate during tidal expiration could elicit dynamic elevation of EELV, breathing pattern, change in EELV by measuring inspiratory capacity (IC) and occurrence of EFL by the negative expiratory pressure (NEP) method were monitored in 10 stable asthmatic subjects during methacholine-induced, progressive bronchoconstriction in seated position. Change in dyspnoea was scored using the Borg scale. At maximum response forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) fell on average by 45+/-2% (p<0.001 versus control), while IC decreased 29+/-2%, (by 0.89+/-0.07 L, (p<0.01 versus control)). Only 2 subjects exhibited EFL at the end of methacholine challenge. In 7 subjects EELV started to increase before the occurrence of EFL. Dyspnoea, which increased from 0.2+/-0.1 to 5.5+/-1.0 (Borg scale) at maximum response (p<0.001), was significantly related to the level of bronchoconstriction as assessed by change in (delta)FEV1 (r=0.72; p<0.001) and to dynamic hyperinflation as measured by deltaIC (r=0.50; p<0.001). However, for both deltaFEV1 and deltaIC the slope of the relationship with increasing dyspnoea was highly variable among the subjects. It is concluded that in acute methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction, dynamic hyperinflation may occur in the absence of expiratory flow limitation and that expiratory flow limitation does not represent the triggering factor to generate dynamic hyperinflation. In these circumstances, dyspnoea appears to be related to the increase in end-expiratory lung volume and not to the onset of expiratory flow limitation. (+info)Response of respiratory motor output to varying pressure in mechanically ventilated patients. (3/36)
It has been shown in mechanically ventilated patients that pressure support (PS) unloads the respiratory muscles in a graded fashion depending on the PS level. The downregulation of respiratory muscles could be mediated through chemical or load-related reflex feedback. To test this hypothesis, 8 patients with acute lung injury mechanically ventilated on PS mode (baseline PS) were studied. In Protocol A, PS was randomly decreased or increased by at least 5 cmH2O for two breaths. During this time, which is shorter than circulation delay, only changes in load-related reflex feedback were operating. Sixty trials where PS increased (high PS) for two breaths and 62 trials where PS decreased (low PS), also for two breaths were analysed. Thereafter, the patients were assigned randomly to baseline, low or high PS and ventilated in each level for 30 min (Protocol B). The last 2 min of each period were analysed. Respiratory motor output was assessed by total pressure generated by the respiratory muscles (Pmus), computed from oesophageal pressure (Poes). In Protocol A, alteration in PS caused significant changes in tidal volume (VT) without any effect on Pmus waveform except for neural expiratory time (ntE). ntE increased significantly with increasing PS. In Protocol B, Pmus was significantly down-regulated with increasing PS. Carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood (Pa,CO2) measured at the end of each period increased with decreasing PS. There was not any further alteration in ntE beyond that observed in Protocol A. These results indicate that the effect of load-related reflex on respiratory motor output is limited to timing. The downregulation of pressure generated by the respiratory muscles with steady-state increase in pressure support is due to a slow feedback system, which is probably chemical in nature. (+info)Flow-dependency of exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma and cystic fibrosis. (4/36)
The concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled air, a marker of airway inflammation, depends critically on the flow of exhalation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of varying the flow on end-expiratory NO concentration and NO output in children with asthma or cystic fibrosis (CF) and in healthy children. Nineteen children with stable asthma, 10 with CF, and 20 healthy children exhaled from TLC while controlling expiratory flow by means of a biofeedback signal at approximately 2, 5, 10 and 20% of their vital capacity per second. NO was measured in exhaled air with a chemiluminescence analyser. Comparisons between the three groups were made by analysing the NO concentration at the endexpiratory plateau and by calculating NO output at different flows. Exhaled NO decreased with increasing flow in all children. Children with asthma had significantly higher NO concentrations than healthy children, but only at the lowest flows. Asthmatics using inhaled steroids (n=13) tended to have lower median exhaled NO than those without steroids. The slope of linearized (log-log transformed) NO/flow plots was significantly steeper in asthmatics than in healthy controls. CF patients had a significantly lower NO concentration and output over the entire flow range studied, compared to asthmatic and control subjects, with a similar NO/flow slope as control subjects. In conclusion, the nitric oxide concentration in exhaled air is highly flow-dependent, and the nitric oxide-flow relationship differs between asthmatics versus cystic fibrosis patients and control subjects. Assessment of the nitric oxide/flow relationship may help in separating asthmatics from normal children. (+info)Lung volume and its correlation to nocturnal apnoea and desaturation. (5/36)
The cross-sectional area of the upper airway is known to be lung volume dependent. If, and to what extent, lung volume variables correlate to nocturnal obstructive apnoeas and oxygen desaturations independently of other factors known to affect lung volumes and sleep disordered breathing is still unclear. A total of 92 subjects were examined by ambulatory recording of nocturnal obstructive apnoeas and desaturations. Sixty-nine of the subjects had a history of snoring and 23 were healthy subjects without complaints of snoring and daytime sleepiness. All subjects performed static and dynamic spirometry for measurements of lung volumes. To evaluate the correlation between lung volume variables and apnoea index (AI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI), simple and multiple regression analysis was performed. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) was found to be lower in subjects with snoring and apnoeas (ERV = 1.0 l) than in non-snoring subjects (ERV = 1.7 l), (P<0.001). Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)/vital capacity (VC) was slightly, but significantly (P = 0.031), lower in subjects with snoring and nocturnal apnoeas and desaturations. In the multiple regression analysis ERV was found to be independently correlated to both AI (R2=0.13; P=0.001) and ODI (R2 = 0.11; P = 0.002). Multiple regression analysis also revealed that ERV, body mass index (BMI) and habitual smoking together accounted for 43% of the variation in AI and 48% of the variation in ODI. We find a significant independent association between ERV and nocturnal obstructive apnoea and oxygen desaturation frequency. Our results indicate that ERV is correlated to these events to a similar extent, as is obesity. (+info)Perception of bronchoconstriction in smokers with airflow limitation. (6/36)
To our knowledge, no data have been provided as to whether and to what extent dynamic hyperinflation, through its deleterious effect on inspiratory muscle function, affects the perception of dyspnoea during induced bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. We hypothesized that dynamic hyperinflation accounts in part for the variability in dyspnoea during acute bronchoconstriction. We therefore studied 39 consecutive clinically stable patients whose pulmonary function data were as follows (% of predicted value): vital capacity (VC), 97.8% (S.D. 16.0%); functional residual capacity, 105.0% (18.8%); actual forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1))/VC ratio, 56.1% (6.3%). Perception of dyspnoea using the Borg scale was assessed during a methacholine-induced fall in FEV(1). The clinical score and the treatment score, the level of bronchial hyper-responsiveness and the cytological sputum differential count were also assessed. In each patient, the percentage fall in FEV(1) and the concurrent Borg rating were linearly related, with the mean slope (PD slope) being 0.09 (0.06). The percentage fall in FEV(1) accounted for between 41% and 94% of the variation in the Borg score. At a 20% fall in FEV(1), the decrease in inspiratory capacity (Delta IC) was 0.156 (0.050) litres. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to the PD slope (arbitrary units/% fall in FEV(1)): subgroup I [eight hypoperceivers; PD slope 0.026 (0.005)], subgroup II [26 moderate perceivers; 0.090 (0.037)] and subgroup III [five hyperperceivers; 0.200 (0.044)]. By applying stepwise multiple regression analysis with the PD slope as the dependent variable, and other characteristics (demographic, clinical and functional characteristics, smoking history, level of bronchial hyper-responsiveness and sputum cytological profile) as independent variables, Delta IC (r(2)=45%, P<0.00001) and to a lesser extent treatment score (r(2)=17.3%, P<0.0006), and to an even lesser extent age (r(2)=3%, P<0.05), independently predicted a substantial amount (r(2)=65.27%, P<0.00001) of the variability in the Borg slope. Thus acute hyperinflation, and to a lesser extent treatment score and age, account in part for the variability in the perception of dyspnoea after accounting for changes in FEV(1) during bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. (+info)Tidal expiratory flow limitation and chronic dyspnoea in patients with cystic fibrosis. (7/36)
Cystic fibrosis (CF) eventually leads to hyperinflation linked to tidal expiratory flow limitation (FL) and ventilatory failure. Presence of FL was assessed at rest in 22 seated children and adults with CF (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) range: 16-92% predicted), using both the negative expiratory pressure (NEP) technique and the "conventional" method based on comparison of tidal and maximal expiratory flow/volume curves. In addition, chronic dyspnoea was scored with the modified Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Measurements were made before and 15 min after inhalation of salbutamol. With NEP, FL was present in only three malnourished patients, who had the lowest FEV1 values (16-27% pred) and claimed very severe dyspnoea (MRC score 5). By contrast, an additional seven patients were classified as FL with the conventional method. Six of these patients had little or no dyspnoea (MRC scores 0-1). Salbutamol administration had no effect on the extent of FL, and the concomitant decrease in functional residual capacity (FRC) was too small to play any clinically significant role. This study concluded that in seated patients with cystic fibrosis, expiratory flow limitation is absent at rest, unless the forced expiratory volume in one second is <30% predicted. If present, expiratory flow limitation is associated with severe chronic dyspnoea. The conventional method for assessing expiratory flow limitation is not reliable and bronchodilator administration has little effect on expiratory flow limitation. (+info)Volume effect and exertional dyspnoea after bronchodilator in patients with COPD with and without expiratory flow limitation at rest. (8/36)
BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to investigate whether bronchodilators are associated with less breathlessness at rest and during light exercise in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with resting tidal expiratory flow limitation (EFL; flow limited (FL)) compared with those without EFL (non-flow limited (NFL)). METHODS: Twenty subjects (13 men) of mean (SD) age 65 (8) years (range 43-77) suffering from COPD with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) 47 (18)% predicted were studied before and after inhalation of salbutamol (400 microg). Routine pulmonary function tests were performed in the seated position at rest. EFL was assessed by the negative expiratory pressure (NEP) method and changes in end expiratory lung volume (EELV) were inferred from variations in inspiratory capacity (IC). Dyspnoea was measured using the Borg scale at rest and at the end of a 6 minute steady state exercise test at 33% of the maximal predicted workload. RESULTS: EFL occurred in 11 patients. Following salbutamol IC did not change in NFL patients but increased by 24% (95% CI 15 to 33) in FL patients (p<0.001). Maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) improved at EELV from 45 (95% CI 26 to 63) to 55 (95% CI 31 to 79) cm H(2)O (p<0.05) in FL patients after salbutamol but remained unchanged in NFL patients. The workload performed during exercise amounted to 34 (95% CI 27 to 41) and 31 (95% CI 21 to 40) watts (NS) for patients without and with EFL, respectively. After salbutamol, dyspnoea did not change either at rest or during exercise in the NFL patients, but decreased from 0.3 (95% CI -0.1 to 0.8) to 0.1 (95% CI -0.1 to 0.4) at rest (NS) and from 3.7 (95% CI 1.7 to 5.7) to 2.6 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.0) at the end of exercise (p<0.01) in FL patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COPD with EFL may experience less breathlessness after a bronchodilator, at least during light exercise, than those without EFL. This beneficial effect, which is closely related to an increase in IC at rest, occurs even in the absence of a significant improvement in FEV(1) and is associated with a greater PImax. (+info)Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a normal tidal exhalation. It is the difference between the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the residual volume (RV). In other words, ERV is the extra volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a normal breath out, when one tries to empty the lungs as much as possible. This volume is an important parameter in pulmonary function tests and helps assess lung health and disease. A decreased ERV may indicate restrictive lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis or neuromuscular disorders affecting respiratory muscles.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the maximum amount of additional air that can be breathed in after a normal tidal inspiration, up to the total lung capacity. It is the volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled from the end-inspiratory level, when the lungs are already fully inflated to their maximum voluntary capacity.
In other words, IRV is the extra volume of air that can be inspired beyond the regular inspiratory volume (the amount of air that is usually inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing) and it is an important component of the total lung capacity. It helps to ensure adequate ventilation, especially during physical activities or situations that require increased oxygen demand.
The normal range for IRV varies depending on age, sex, height, and other factors, but it is typically around 2.5-3.0 liters in healthy adults. Abnormalities in the inspiratory reserve volume may indicate respiratory disorders such as restrictive lung diseases or neuromuscular weakness.
Dyspnea is defined as difficulty or discomfort in breathing, often described as shortness of breath. It can range from mild to severe, and may occur during rest, exercise, or at any time. Dyspnea can be caused by various medical conditions, including heart and lung diseases, anemia, and neuromuscular disorders. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing dyspnea, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.
Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:
1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).
It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.
Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory diseases characterized by airflow limitation that causes difficulty in completely emptying the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs during exhaling. This results in the trapping of stale air and prevents fresh air from entering the alveoli, leading to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and decreased exercise tolerance.
The most common obstructive lung diseases include:
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, often caused by smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. Symptoms can be triggered by various factors such as allergens, irritants, or physical activity.
3. Bronchiectasis: A condition in which the airways become abnormally widened, scarred, and thickened due to chronic inflammation or infection, leading to mucus buildup and impaired clearance.
4. Cystic Fibrosis: An inherited genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, resulting in thick and sticky mucus production in various organs, including the lungs. This can lead to chronic lung infections, inflammation, and airway obstruction.
5. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: A genetic condition characterized by low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein, which leads to uncontrolled protease enzyme activity that damages the lung tissue, causing emphysema-like symptoms.
Treatment for obstructive lung diseases typically involves bronchodilators (to relax and widen the airways), corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation), and lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or even lung transplantation may be considered.
A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the maximum volume of air that can be contained within the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration. It includes all of the following lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. TLC can be measured directly using gas dilution techniques or indirectly by adding residual volume to vital capacity. Factors that affect TLC include age, sex, height, and lung health status.
Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.
RFTs include several types of tests, such as:
1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.
Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.
Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) in the interstitium, the tissue and space around the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. The interstitium is where the blood vessels that deliver oxygen to the lungs are located. ILDs can be caused by a variety of factors, including environmental exposures, medications, connective tissue diseases, and autoimmune disorders.
The scarring and inflammation in ILDs can make it difficult for the lungs to expand and contract normally, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and fatigue. The scarring can also make it harder for oxygen to move from the air sacs into the bloodstream.
There are many different types of ILDs, including:
* Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): a type of ILD that is caused by unknown factors and tends to progress rapidly
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an ILD that is caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled substances, such as mold or bird droppings
* Connective tissue diseases: ILDs can be a complication of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma
* Sarcoidosis: an inflammatory disorder that can affect multiple organs, including the lungs
* Asbestosis: an ILD caused by exposure to asbestos fibers
Treatment for ILDs depends on the specific type of disease and its underlying cause. Some treatments may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and oxygen therapy. In some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.
Vital capacity
Lung volumes
Prone position
Lung
Pulmonary function testing
Functional residual capacity
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy
ERV
List of MeSH codes (E01)
List of MeSH codes (G09)
Thoracentesis
Hypoxia (medical)
Pulmonary contusion
Acute inhalation injury
Positive airway pressure
Mechanical ventilation
Prostacyclin receptor
Central neurogenic hyperventilation
Altitude sickness
Respiratory arrest
Infant crying
Freediving blackout
Common ostrich
Cystic fibrosis
Human physiology of underwater diving
Chest radiograph
how does exercise affect expiratory reserve volume
Obliterative Bronchiolitis in Workers in a Coffee-Processing Facility - Texas, 2008-2012
Pulmonary function tests: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Restrictive Lung Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Pulmonary function tests
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Lung volumes - wikidoc
Residual15
- a Residual volume. (medscape.com)
- Measurements of absolute lung volumes, residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) are technically more challenging, which limits their use in clinical practice. (ersjournals.com)
- This is known as residual volume. (vervecollege.edu)
- At the end of a normal breath, the lungs contain the residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume, or around 2.4 litres. (wikidoc.org)
- If one then goes on and exhales as much as possible, only the residual volume of 1.2 litres remains). (wikidoc.org)
- Determination of the residual volume can be done by radiographic planemetry, body plethysmography , closed circuit dilution and nitrogen washout. (wikidoc.org)
- TLC is the sum of Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Residual Volume. (wikitechy.com)
- The functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of gas that remains in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration. (medicalexamprep.co.uk)
- It is the sum of the residual volume (RV) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). (medicalexamprep.co.uk)
- Residual volume decreases approximately 20 percent from 1500 mL to approximately 1200 mL. (mhmedical.com)
- This causes a 10- to 25-percent decrease in functional residual capacity -the sum of expiratory reserve and residual volumes. (mhmedical.com)
- Uses lung volumes to determine vital, inspiratory and functional residual capacity. (mdapp.co)
- based on inspiratory, tidal, expiratory reserve and residual volume that have been measured through spirometry. (mdapp.co)
- Decreased ventilatory muscle strength with a reduction in vital capacity is often observed, and this can be caused by a reduction in inspiratory muscle strength alone or in combination with a reduction in expiratory muscle strength with an increase in residual volume. (rcjournal.com)
- It could be observed that children diagnosed with BPD in early childhood showed expiratory flow limitation and reduced functional residual capacity. (bvsalud.org)
Inspiratory capacity3
- The maximum volume of gas that can be inspired from FRC is referred to as the inspiratory capacity (IC). (ersjournals.com)
- The tidal volume , vital capacity , inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume can be measured directly with a spirometer . (wikidoc.org)
- vital capacity (VC) = 4.5 L inspiratory capacity (IC) = 3.3 L calculate expiratory reserve volume. (justaaa.com)
FEV14
- Significant differences in measurement sessions M2-M5 between groups in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), maximal static inspiratory/expiratory pressures (MIP, MEP) and UEMS were proved. (nel.edu)
- The mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was 85.6±23.6%, and body mass index (BMI) was 17.5±3.0 kg/m2. (bvsalud.org)
- When comparing the two periods (Δ1 and Δ2), there was a significant increase in the FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (p=0.013) and in the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) (p=0.037) in the pandemic period. (bvsalud.org)
- Spirometry was performed in all patients in sitting and supine positions to assess forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, forced expiratory flow (FEF) 50%, FEF 25-75%, maximum forced inspiratory flow and expiratory reserve volume. (elsevierpure.com)
Vital capacity8
- Measures of expiratory airflow are preserved and airway resistance is normal and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 )/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio is increased. (medscape.com)
- Static lung volumes and capacities based on a volume-time spirogram of an inspiratory vital capacity (IVC). (ersjournals.com)
- The vital capacity (VC) is the volume change at the mouth between the positions of full inspiration and complete expiration. (ersjournals.com)
- a. tidal volume b. inspiratory reserve volume c. expiratory reserve volume d. vital capacity e. (quizlet.com)
- The values that were measured were the tidal volume (TV), the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and vital capacity (VC). (ukessays.com)
- Background: Vital Capacity (VC) is defined as a change in volume of lung after maximal inspiration followed by maximal expiration is called Vital Capacity of lungs. (darkskiesfilm.com)
- The most commonly used measurement is vital capacity, which is a global assessment of respiratory muscle capacity that includes both inspiratory and expiratory muscle function. (rcjournal.com)
- Vital capacity indicates respiratory function based on the following three pulmonary volumes. (orygenvalve.com)
Maximal4
- RV refers to the volume of gas remaining in the lung after maximal exhalation (regardless of the lung volume at which exhalation was started). (ersjournals.com)
- TLC refers to the volume of gas in the lungs after maximal inspiration, or the sum of all volume compartments. (ersjournals.com)
- The volume of gas contained in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration. (wikidoc.org)
- They highlight the potential for injury when synchronizing machine with patient breaths, and note that high positive end-expiratory pressure and maximal recruitment will optimize fluid vs solid lung behavior (thus distributing positive and negative pressure changes evenly across the lung). (medscape.com)
Functional3
- Functional reserve capacity (FRC) is the volume of air in the lungs when the respiratory muscles are fully relaxed and no airflow is present. (medscape.com)
- The role of lung volume measurements in the assessment of disease severity, functional disability, course of disease and response to treatment remains to be determined in infants, as well as in children and adults. (ersjournals.com)
- A functional volume is an air that reaches the breathing zone and contributes to gas exchange. (vervecollege.edu)
Pulmonary4
- Evaluation of lung function in recovered patients will en- onset [6], with the younger patient (aged 20 years) showing able better understanding of the prognostic characteristics of complete recovery on both radiology and pulmonary function COVID-19 [3]. (sagepub.com)
- Lung volumes and capacities that are measured directly to assess pulmonary pathophysiology may be significantly altered. (mhmedical.com)
- Restrictive pulmonary diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or pneumothorax, decrease lung volumes therefore decrease pulmonary capacity. (mdapp.co)
- Pathological increases in lung volumes are observed in obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (mdapp.co)
Respiration3
- Lung volumes refer to physical differences in lung volume, while lung capacities represent different combinations of lung volumes, usually in relation to respiration and exhalation. (wikidoc.org)
- The main aim of the practical was to assess, what affects did light exercise have on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, tidal volume, minute volume and percentage of gas. (studymode.com)
- The volume of air which is circulated through inhalation and expiration during one normal respiration. (mdapp.co)
Capacities5
- Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- Lung volumes are directly measured, whereas lung capacities are inferred from volumes. (wikipedia.org)
- Significantly reduced expiratory reserve volumes were demonstrated at 18 months in both 15mg/m3 groups, with a suggested trend toward increased inspiratory capacities. (cdc.gov)
- This report in particular focuses on the specific lung volumes and capacities of an athlete and a non-athlete. (ukessays.com)
- Which of the following lung volumes or capacities is the most important store of oxygen in the body? (medicalexamprep.co.uk)
Ventilation3
- Minute ventilation increases 30 to 40 percent due to increased tidal volume. (mhmedical.com)
- However, the tidal volume increases to support the ventilation requirement. (mdapp.co)
- Cite this: Evidence Lacking for Volume-Controlled Ventilation in Critical Care - Medscape - Mar 24, 2017. (medscape.com)
Decrease3
- 2. Did the tidal volume increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? (studymode.com)
- The expiratory reserve volume decrease with exercise. (studymode.com)
- Increased red cell production does not play a role in acute acclimatization, although a decrease in plasma volume over the first few days does increase hemoglobin concentration. (cdc.gov)
Diaphragm1
- Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding INHALATION. (lookformedical.com)
Breaths1
- Electrical impedance tomography in diseased lungs (animal or human) showed evidence of volume shift from nondependent to dependent areas of the lung (pendelluft) during spontaneous breaths. (medscape.com)
Expiration2
- The FRC is the volume of gas present in the lung at end-expiration during tidal breathing. (ersjournals.com)
- The volume of air which can be exhaled forcefully after a normal expiration. (mdapp.co)
Airway3
- The advantages of triple therapy are observed across a range of physiologically important parameters, including airway conductance and lung volumes. (bmj.com)
- Non-therapeutic positive end-expiratory pressure occurring frequently in patients with severe airway obstruction. (lookformedical.com)
- Reduction in expiratory muscle strength also reduces FVC, but more importantly it reduces the intra-airway gas compression that is responsible for the explosive exhalation of gas during the exhalatory phase of cough. (rcjournal.com)
Computed tomography2
- Inspiratory and expiratory high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest showed diffuse bronchial wall thickening, a prominent mosaic pattern, mild cylindrical bronchiectasis, and a small amount of fibrotic upper lobe scarring. (cdc.gov)
- Lung volumes derived from computed tomography (CT) scans can include estimates of abnormal lung tissue volumes, in addition to normal lung tissue volumes and the volume of gas within the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
Body plethysmography2
- The term "lung volume" usually refers to the volume of gas within the lungs, as measured by body plethysmography, gas dilution or washout. (ersjournals.com)
- Since this term is too nonspecific, it is recommended that its use should be discontinued and replaced with more specific terminology, for example, plethysmographic lung volume (abbreviated at V L,pleth ), and FRC by body plethysmography or TGV at FRC (FRC pleth ). (ersjournals.com)
Spirometry1
- Inspired and expired lung volumes measured by spirometry are useful for detecting, characterising and quantifying the severity of lung disease. (ersjournals.com)
Decreases1
- Expiratory reserve volume decreases from 1300 mL to approximately 1100 mL. (mhmedical.com)
Airways2
- The volume of the conducting airways. (wikidoc.org)
- Reduction in inspiratory muscle strength leads to a reduction in the volume of intrathoracic gas available to remove secretions from airways. (rcjournal.com)
Significantly1
- It was therefore hypothesized that due to their increased amount of aerobic or anaerobic activity, an athlete would exhibit greater lung volumes and have a significantly greater lung capacity than a non-athlete. (ukessays.com)
Pregnancy3
- hormonal changes, increase in the total blood volume, weight gain, and increase in foetus size as the pregnancy progresses. (physio-pedia.com)
- Plasma volume increases by 45-50%, and red cell mass increases by 20-30%, resulting in anemia of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
- Exercise increases CO, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and respiratory volume/min more during pregnancy than at other times. (msdmanuals.com)
Chest wall2
- Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by reduced lung volumes, either because of an alteration in lung parenchyma or because of a disease of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus. (medscape.com)
- The volume of FRC is determined by the balance of the inward elastic recoil of the lungs and the outward elastic recoil of the chest wall. (medscape.com)
Tidal volume increases1
- Tidal volume increases approximately 40 percent as a result of respiratory stimulation by progesterone. (mhmedical.com)
Increases4
- Maternal blood volume increases progressively, peaking at a value of approximately 40% above baseline by the third trimester. (medscape.com)
- The increased blood volume is associated with elevated cardiac output, which increases by 30-50% above baseline levels by 25 weeks. (medscape.com)
- volume of the uteroplacental circulation increases markedly, and circulation within the intervillous space acts partly as an arteriovenous shunt. (msdmanuals.com)
- To increase CO, heart rate increases from the normal 70 to as high as 90 beats/min, and stroke volume increases. (msdmanuals.com)
Alveolar1
- The thoracic gas volume (TGV or V TG ) is the absolute volume of gas in the thorax at any point in time and any level of alveolar pressure. (ersjournals.com)
Breath1
- Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath. (studymode.com)
Thoracic cage2
- Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a reduction in FRC and other lung volumes because of pathology in the lungs, pleura, or structures of the thoracic cage. (medscape.com)
- In contrast, lung volumes derived from conventional chest radiographs are usually based on the volumes within the outlines of the thoracic cage, and include the volume of tissue (normal and abnormal), as well as the lung gas volume. (ersjournals.com)
Measurement1
- In contrast to the relative simplicity of spirometric volumes, a variety of disparate techniques have been developed for the measurement of absolute lung volumes. (ersjournals.com)
Litres1
- In an average human, the tidal volume is about 0.5litres, while the lungs can hold up to ten times more than this. (studymode.com)
Maximum5
- The inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of gas that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level during tidal breathing. (ersjournals.com)
- The total volume of the lung (i.e.: the volume of air in the lungs after maximum inspiration). (wikidoc.org)
- The maximum volume of air that can be voluntarily moved in and out of the respiratory system. (wikidoc.org)
- The maximum volume of air that can be inspired in addition to the tidal volume. (wikidoc.org)
- The air left in the lungs after you breathe out the maximum amount as air as you'll, e.g. air contained in the lungs after you breathe out the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). (wikitechy.com)
Reduction1
- The many disorders that cause reduction or restriction of lung volumes may be divided into two groups based on anatomical structures. (medscape.com)
Inhaled or exhaled1
- The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during the respiratory cycle is called the tidal volume (TV or V T ). (ersjournals.com)
Respiratory volume1
- Which respiratory volume was calculated? (studymode.com)
Compartments1
- the nose clip was used for the lung function testing to prevent leakage with the nasal compartments when giving respiratory volumes to be tested. (studymode.com)
Total2
- What is the total volume of wood in the main trunk of a Douglas fir tree that will meet your needs? (quizlet.com)
- Total lung capacity minus expiratory reserve volume, 3. (ecstaticdancetraining.org)
Ratio1
- The ratio of the volume of Cylinder A to the volume of Cylinder B is 1:5. (quizlet.com)
Liters1
- Expressed in these terms, the volume of the tank is x raised to 3y raised to (-2) z liters. (quizlet.com)
Amount of air2
- This is the amount of air that can be forced over the tidal volumes. (vervecollege.edu)
- Minute volume, is the amount of air or fluid moved per minute. (studymode.com)
Level2
- The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume of gas that can be maximally exhaled from the end-expiratory level during tidal breathing ( i.e. from the FRC). (ersjournals.com)
- The amount of additional air that can be breathed out after the end expiratory level of normal breathing. (wikidoc.org)
Forcibly1
- The additional air that you just can forcibly breathe into your lungs after you breathe in the tidal volume in normal breathing. (wikitechy.com)