Diseases affecting the eye.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.
Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.
Inflammation of the eyelids.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.
Persons with loss of vision such that there is an impact on activities of daily living.
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
Application of tests and examinations to identify visual defects or vision disorders occurring in specific populations, as in school children, the elderly, etc. It is differentiated from VISION TESTS, which are given to evaluate/measure individual visual performance not related to a specific population.
The sebaceous glands situated on the inner surface of the eyelids between the tarsal plates and CONJUNCTIVA.
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
Vision considered to be inferior to normal vision as represented by accepted standards of acuity, field of vision, or motility. Low vision generally refers to visual disorders that are caused by diseases that cannot be corrected by refraction (e.g., MACULAR DEGENERATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, etc.).
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.
Eyelid diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or appearance of the eyelids, including inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, congenital, and traumatic disorders, which can impact vision, comfort, and overall ocular health.
Diseases of the cornea.
Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Retinal diseases refer to a diverse group of vision-threatening disorders that affect the retina's structure and function, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular edema, among others.
Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.
A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.
The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses.
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.
Color of the iris.
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined.
1861-1865 conflict between the Union (Northern states) and the 11 Southern states that seceded and were organized as the Confederate States of America.
Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye, resulting in symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, discharge, and increased sensitivity to light.
Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Centers for storing various parts of the eye for future use.
The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Inflammation, often mild, of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of viral agents. Conjunctival involvement may be part of a systemic infection.
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.
Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.
1976 accidental release of DIOXINS from a manufacturing facility in Seveso, ITALY following an equipment failure.
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Plastic surgery performed, usually by excision of skin, for the elimination of wrinkles from the skin.
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
Curved rows of HAIR located on the upper edges of the eye sockets.
Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.
Inflammation of the cornea.
Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms live and breed in skin and subcutaneous tissues. Onchocercal microfilariae may also be found in the urine, blood, or sputum.
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.
A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
A form of herpetic keratitis characterized by the formation of small vesicles which break down and coalesce to form recurring dendritic ulcers, characteristically irregular, linear, branching, and ending in knoblike extremities. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Baltimore" doesn't have a specific medical definition as it is commonly associated with a city in Maryland, USA, or it could refer to various unrelated medical concepts which are not substantial or standard enough to be considered as a formal medical term.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Light sensory organ in ARTHROPODS consisting of a large number of ommatidia, each functioning as an independent photoreceptor unit.
An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Personal devices for protection of the eyes from impact, flying objects, glare, liquids, or injurious radiation.
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
The administration of therapeutic agents drop by drop, as eye drops, ear drops, or nose drops. It is also administered into a body space or cavity through a catheter. It differs from THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION in that the irrigate is removed within minutes, but the instillate is left in place.
(LA) is not a medical term; it is a region, specifically the second most populous city in the United States, located in Southern California, which contains several world-renowned hospitals and medical centers that offer advanced healthcare services and cutting-edge medical research.
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Relatively bright light, or the dazzling sensation of relatively bright light, which produces unpleasantness or discomfort, or which interferes with optimal VISION, OCULAR. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
The response of cells in sensing a difference in OSMOTIC PRESSURE between the inside and outside of the cell. This response includes signaling from osmotic sensors to activate transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of osmocompensatory genes, all functioning to maintain CELL VOLUME and the water concentration inside the cells.
A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.
A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.
A quality-of-life scale developed in the United States in 1972 as a measure of health status or dysfunction generated by a disease. It is a behaviorally based questionnaire for patients and addresses activities such as sleep and rest, mobility, recreation, home management, emotional behavior, social interaction, and the like. It measures the patient's perceived health status and is sensitive enough to detect changes or differences in health status occurring over time or between groups. (From Medical Care, vol.xix, no.8, August 1981, p.787-805)
A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.
'Eye proteins' are structural or functional proteins, such as crystallins, opsins, and collagens, located in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and aqueous humor, that contribute to maintaining transparency, refractive power, phototransduction, and overall integrity of the visual system.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Optic disk bodies composed primarily of acid mucopolysaccharides that may produce pseudopapilledema (elevation of the optic disk without associated INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION) and visual field deficits. Drusen may also occur in the retina (see RETINAL DRUSEN). (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p355)
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
A chronic infection of the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.
A lipocalin that was orignally characterized from human TEARS. It is expressed primarily in the LACRIMAL GLAND and the VON EBNER GLANDS. Lipocalin 1 may play a role in olfactory transduction by concentrating and delivering odorants to the ODORANT RECEPTORS.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.
Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.
The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.
The back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the VITREOUS HUMOR; RETINA; CHOROID; and OPTIC NERVE.
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the CHOROID.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a broad range of disorders that affect the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer layer of the eyeball, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, irritation, discharge, and/or inflammation.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
Recording of electric potentials in the retina after stimulation by light.
The distance between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye, measured either by ULTRASONOGRAPHY or by partial coherence interferometry.
The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.
An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in URINARY INCONTINENCE, in MOTION SICKNESS, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary THYROTROPIN (also named thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) and trigger intracellular changes of the target cells. TSH receptors are present in the nervous system and on target cells in the thyroid gland. Autoantibodies to TSH receptors are implicated in thyroid diseases such as GRAVES DISEASE and Hashimoto disease (THYROIDITIS, AUTOIMMUNE).
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
A glandular epithelial cell or a unicellular gland. Goblet cells secrete MUCUS. They are scattered in the epithelial linings of many organs, especially the SMALL INTESTINE and the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.
The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.
A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Persons living in the United States of Mexican (MEXICAN AMERICANS), Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin. The concept does not include Brazilian Americans or Portuguese Americans.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
Materials used in closing a surgical or traumatic wound. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Images seen by one eye.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
A numerical system of measuring the rate of BLOOD GLUCOSE generation from a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. Foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar swings.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.
Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.
The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.
The surgical removal of the inner contents of the eye, leaving the sclera intact. It should be differentiated from ORBIT EVISCERATION which removes the entire contents of the orbit, including eyeball, blood vessels, muscles, fat, nerve supply, and periosteum.
The aperture in the iris through which light passes.
The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

Failing firefighters: a survey of causes of death and ill-health retirement in serving firefighters in Strathclyde, Scotland from 1985-94. (1/1584)

During the decade beginning 1 January 1985, 887 full-time firefighters, all male, left the service of Strathclyde Fire Brigade (SFB). There were 17 deaths--compared to 64.4 expected in the Scottish male population aged 15-54 years--giving a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 26, and 488 ill-health retirements (IHR). None of the deaths was attributable to service, the major causes being: myocardial infarction--five, (expected = 17.3; SMR = 29); cancers--three (colon, kidney and lung) (expected = 13.6; SMR = 22); road traffic accidents--two (expected = 4.17; SMR = 48) and suicide--two (expected = 4.9; SMR = 41). Amalgamating the deaths and IHRs showed that the six most common reasons for IHR were musculoskeletal (n = 202, 40%), ocular (n = 61, 12.1%), 'others' (n = 58, 11.5%), injuries (n = 50, 9.9%), heart disease (n = 48, 9.5%) and mental disorders (n = 45, 8.9%). Over 300 IHRs (over 60%) occurred after 20 or more years service. When the IHRs were subdivided into two quinquennia, there were 203 and 302 in each period. Mean length of service during each quinquennium was 19.4 vs. 21.3 years (p = 0.003) and median length was 21 years in both periods; interquartile range was 12-26 years in the first and 17-27 years in the second period (p = 0.002), but when further broken down into diagnostic categories, the differences were not statistically significant, with the exception of means of IHRs attributed to mental disorders (14.5 vs. 19 years, p = 0.03).  (+info)

Dose-loading with hydroxychloroquine improves the rate of response in early, active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind six-week trial with eighteen-week extension. (2/1584)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) dose-loading to increase the percentage of responders or rate of response in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Two hundred twelve patients with early RA (mean duration 1.5 years) were enrolled in a 24-week trial. Patients were stabilized with 1,000 mg naproxen/day and then began a 6-week, double-blind trial comparing treatment with HCQ at 400 mg/day (n = 71), 800 mg/day (n = 71), and 1,200 mg/day (n = 66), followed by 18 weeks of open-label HCQ treatment at 400 mg/day. RESULTS: All patients had mild, active disease at the time of initiation of HCQ treatment (31-43% rheumatoid factor positive; no previous disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; mean swollen joint count 8.6-10.4). Based on the Paulus criteria, response during the 6-week double-blind portion of the study was 47.97%, 57.7%, and 63.6% in the 400 mg/day, 800 mg/day, and 1,200 mg/day groups, respectively (P = 0.052). Discontinuations for adverse events were dose related (3 in the 400 mg/day group, 5 in the 800 mg/day group, 6 in the 1,200 mg/day group). Most involved the gastrointestinal (GI) system, with the background naproxen treatment possibly contributing. Ocular abnormalities occurred in 17 of 212 patients (8%) but were not dose related. CONCLUSION: Dose-loading with HCQ increased the degree of response at 6 weeks in this group of patients with early, predominantly seronegative RA. Adverse GI events were dose related, while adverse ocular events were not.  (+info)

Histologic analysis of photochemical lesions produced in rhesus retina by short-wave-length light. (3/1584)

The photopathology of retinal lesions produced by extended exposure (1000 sec) to low corneal power levels (62 microW) of blue light (441 nm) was investigated by light microscopy in 20 rhesus eyes over an interval ranging from 1 hr to 90 days after exposure. Results indicate a nonthermal type of photochemical lesion originating in the retinal pigment epithelium and leading to a histological response with hypopigmentation which requires 48 hr to appear. This type of lesion helps to explain solar retinitis and eclipse blindness and has significance for aging and degenerative changes in the retina.  (+info)

Disrupted retinal development in the embryonic belly spot and tail mutant mouse. (4/1584)

The Belly spot and tail (Bst) semidominant mutation, mapped to mouse Chromosome 16, leads to developmental defects of the eye, skeleton, and coat pigmentation. In the eye, the mutant phenotype is characterized by the presence of retinal colobomas, a paucity of retinal ganglion cells, and axon misrouting. The severity of defects in the Bst/+ retina is variable among individuals and is often asymmetric. In order to determine the role of the Bst locus during retinal morphogenesis, we searched for the earliest observable defects in the developing eye. We examined the retinas of Bst/+ and +/+ littermates from embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) through E13.5 and measured retinal size, cell density, cell death, mitotic index, and cell birth index. We have found that development of the Bst/+ retina is notably dilatory by as early as E10.5. The affected retinas are smaller than their wildtype counterparts, and optic fissure fusion is delayed. In the mutant, there is a marked lag in the exit of retinal cells from the mitotic cycle, even though there are no observable differences in the rate of cellular proliferation or cell death between the two groups. We hypothesize that Bst regulates retinal cell differentiation and that variability of structural defects in the mutant, such as those affecting optic fissure fusion, is a reflection of the extent of developmental delay brought about by the Bst mutation.  (+info)

Vitrectomy in 125 eyes with diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. (5/1584)

A total of 125 consecutive eyes, all registered blind with diabetic vitreous haemorrhage, underwent pars plana vitrectomy with the vitrophage. Sixty-six per cent experienced some improvement in their visual acuity; 24 per cent were unchanged and 10 per cent were worse postoperatively. The major surgical complication was controllable haemorrhage (23 per cent). No retinal dialysis occurred. Significant postoperative complications were transient (71 per cent) and persistent (11 per cent) corneal oedema, early (8 per cent) and late (13 per cent) vitreous haemorrhage, transient (30 per cent) and persistent (6 per cent) rise in intraocular pressure, and rubeosis iridis (5 per cent).  (+info)

Perifoveal vascular leakage and macular oedema after intracapsular cataract extraction. (6/1584)

Perifoveal capillary leakage of fluorescein was demonstrated in 60 per cent of 50 eyes when angiography was performed two weeks after cataract extraction. Repeat angiography six weeks postoperatively in 17 eyes demonstrated persistence of already established leakage in 11 of 12 eyes and no new leakage in five eyes previously negative. Cystoid macular oedema with visual acuity of less than 20/40 six weeks postoperatively occurred in five eyes (10 per cent). Eyes of patients with vascular disease and those patients of 60 years or older were found to have altered vascular permeability significantly more frequently. Inflammation was no more severe or prevalent in those patients who demonstrated leakage and no inflammation was clinically apparent in 10 of 11 eyes demonstrating dye leakage six weeks postoperatively. We conclude that the constitutional factors of age and vascular disease are of prime importance in causing altered vascular permeability in the early postoperative period after cataract extraction; factors causing sustained leakage with reduction of visual acuity were not demonstrated.  (+info)

A prospective study of xenon arc photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion. (7/1584)

Twenty patients with central retinal vein occlusion were randomly divided into two groups in a prospective study to evaluate the effects of xenon are photocoagulation in central retinal vein occlusion. The patients in one group were treated with 360 degrees scatter xenon photocoagulation and the others received no treatment. The average follow-up was 18 months. There were no cases of rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma in the treated group. Two patients in the untreated group developed rubeosis with subsequent neovascular glaucoma. There was no significant difference in the visual prognosis or in fundus neovascularization between the groups.  (+info)

Comparison of PCR, virus isolation, and indirect fluorescent antibody staining in the detection of naturally occurring feline herpesvirus infections. (8/1584)

Cats with clinical signs suggestive of ocular infection with feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV 1) and cats without such signs were assayed by 3 methods to detect FHV. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, and indirect fluorescent antibody staining techniques for the detection of FHV demonstrated higher sensitivity of PCR in detecting this common infectious agent of cats. Compared with PCR, sensitivity and specificity for virus isolation was 49% and 100%, respectively, and those of indirect immunofluorescence were 29% and 96%, respectively. FHV was detected in 13.7% of client-owned cats with conjunctivitis and in 31% of shelter cats with no ocular signs. The use of FHV PCR as a diagnostic test for FHV-associated disease is limited because of the occurrence of healthy carriers.  (+info)

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

Dry eye syndrome, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition characterized by insufficient lubrication and moisture of the eyes. This occurs when the tears produced by the eyes are not sufficient in quantity or quality to keep the eyes moist and comfortable. The medical definition of dry eye syndromes includes the following symptoms:

1. A gritty or sandy sensation in the eyes
2. Burning or stinging sensations
3. Redness and irritation
4. Blurred vision that improves with blinking
5. Light sensitivity
6. A feeling of something foreign in the eye
7. Stringy mucus in or around the eyes
8. Difficulty wearing contact lenses
9. Watery eyes, which may seem contradictory but can be a response to dryness
10. Eye fatigue and discomfort after prolonged screen time or reading

The causes of dry eye syndromes can include aging, hormonal changes, certain medical conditions (such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome), medications (antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, birth control pills), environmental factors (dry air, wind, smoke, dust), and prolonged screen time or reading.

Treatment for dry eye syndromes depends on the severity of the condition and its underlying causes. It may include artificial tears, lifestyle changes, prescription medications, and in some cases, surgical procedures to improve tear production or drainage.

Hereditary eye diseases refer to conditions that affect the eyes and are passed down from parents to their offspring through genetics. These diseases are caused by mutations or changes in an individual's DNA that are inherited from their parents. The mutations can occur in any of the genes associated with eye development, function, or health.

There are many different types of hereditary eye diseases, some of which include:

1. Retinitis Pigmentosa - a group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina.
2. Macular Degeneration - a progressive disease that damages the central portion of the retina, impairing vision.
3. Glaucoma - a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an increase in pressure inside the eye.
4. Cataracts - clouding of the lens inside the eye, which can lead to blurry vision and blindness.
5. Keratoconus - a progressive eye disease that causes the cornea to thin and bulge outward into a cone shape.
6. Color Blindness - a condition where an individual has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors.
7. Optic Neuropathy - damage to the optic nerve, which can result in vision loss.

The symptoms and severity of hereditary eye diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the individual's genetic makeup. Some conditions may be present at birth or develop in early childhood, while others may not appear until later in life. Treatment options for these conditions may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes, and are often most effective when started early.

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a medical condition that affects the central part of the retina, called the macula. The macula is responsible for sharp, detailed vision, which is necessary for activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces.

In AMD, there is a breakdown or deterioration of the macula, leading to gradual loss of central vision. There are two main types of AMD: dry (atrophic) and wet (exudative). Dry AMD is more common and progresses more slowly, while wet AMD is less common but can cause rapid and severe vision loss if left untreated.

The exact causes of AMD are not fully understood, but risk factors include age, smoking, family history, high blood pressure, obesity, and exposure to sunlight. While there is no cure for AMD, treatments such as vitamin supplements, laser therapy, and medication injections can help slow its progression and reduce the risk of vision loss.

Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves' eye disease or thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune condition that affects the eyes. It often occurs in individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). However, it can also occur in people without Graves' disease.

In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the immune system attacks the tissue behind the eyes, causing inflammation and enlargement of the muscles, fatty tissue, and connective tissue within the orbit (eye socket). This leads to symptoms such as:

1. Protrusion or bulging of the eyes (exophthalmos)
2. Redness and swelling of the eyelids
3. Double vision (diplopia) due to restricted eye movement
4. Pain and discomfort, especially when looking up, down, or sideways
5. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
6. Tearing and dryness in the eyes
7. Vision loss in severe cases

The treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy depends on the severity of the symptoms and may include medications to manage inflammation, eye drops or ointments for dryness, prisms to correct double vision, or surgery for severe cases.

Blepharitis is a common inflammatory condition that affects the eyelids, specifically the eyelash follicles and the edges of the eyelids (called the "eyelid margins"). It can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, and a crusty or flaky buildup on the lashes. Blepharitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infection, skin disorders like seborrheic dermatitis or rosacea, and meibomian gland dysfunction. It is often a chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment to manage symptoms and prevent recurrence.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:

1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.

Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.

Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.

In medical terms, "tears" are a clear, salty liquid that is produced by the tear glands (lacrimal glands) in our eyes. They serve to keep the eyes moist, protect against dust and other foreign particles, and help to provide clear vision by maintaining a smooth surface on the front of the eye. Tears consist of water, oil, and mucus, which help to prevent evaporation and ensure that the tears spread evenly across the surface of the eye. Emotional or reflexive responses, such as crying or yawning, can also stimulate the production of tears.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Refractive errors are a group of vision conditions that include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), astigmatism, and presbyopia. These conditions occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, causing blurred or distorted vision.

Myopia is a condition where distant objects appear blurry while close-up objects are clear. This occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it.

Hyperopia, on the other hand, is a condition where close-up objects appear blurry while distant objects are clear. This happens when the eye is too short or the cornea is not curved enough, causing light to focus behind the retina.

Astigmatism is a condition that causes blurred vision at all distances due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens.

Presbyopia is a natural aging process that affects everyone as they get older, usually around the age of 40. It causes difficulty focusing on close-up objects and can be corrected with reading glasses, bifocals, or progressive lenses.

Refractive errors can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and are typically corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the white of the eye (sclera). The uvea consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis can cause redness, pain, and vision loss. It can be caused by various systemic diseases, infections, or trauma. Depending on the part of the uvea that's affected, uveitis can be classified as anterior (iritis), intermediate (cyclitis), posterior (choroiditis), or pan-uveitis (affecting all layers). Treatment typically includes corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs to control inflammation.

Eye infections, also known as ocular infections, are conditions characterized by the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in any part of the eye or its surrounding structures. These infections can affect various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis), cornea (keratitis), eyelid (blepharitis), or the internal structures of the eye (endophthalmitis, uveitis). The symptoms may include redness, pain, discharge, itching, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. The cause can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic, and the treatment typically involves antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals, depending on the underlying cause.

Diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology refer to the various methods and tests used by eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to examine, evaluate, and diagnose conditions related to the eyes and visual system. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Visual Acuity Testing: This is a basic test to measure the sharpness of a person's vision. It typically involves reading letters or numbers from an eye chart at a specific distance.
2. Refraction Test: This test helps determine the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by measuring how light is bent as it passes through the cornea and lens.
3. Slit Lamp Examination: A slit lamp is a microscope that allows an ophthalmologist to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, in great detail.
4. Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure) to detect conditions like glaucoma. Common methods include applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry.
5. Retinal Imaging: Several techniques are used to capture images of the retina, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tests help diagnose conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments.
6. Color Vision Testing: This test evaluates a person's ability to distinguish between different colors, which can help detect color vision deficiencies or neurological disorders affecting the visual pathway.
7. Visual Field Testing: This test measures a person's peripheral (or side) vision and can help diagnose conditions like glaucoma, optic nerve damage, or brain injuries.
8. Pupillary Reactions Tests: These tests evaluate how the pupils respond to light and near objects, which can provide information about the condition of the eye's internal structures and the nervous system.
9. Ocular Motility Testing: This test assesses eye movements and alignment, helping diagnose conditions like strabismus (crossed eyes) or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
10. Corneal Topography: This non-invasive imaging technique maps the curvature of the cornea, which can help detect irregularities, assess the fit of contact lenses, and plan refractive surgery procedures.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

Eye abnormalities refer to any structural or functional anomalies that affect the eye or its surrounding tissues. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as injury, disease, or aging. Some examples of eye abnormalities include:

1. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes, strabismus is a condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
2. Nystagmus: This is an involuntary movement of the eyes that can be horizontal, vertical, or rotatory.
3. Cataracts: A cataract is a clouding of the lens inside the eye that can cause vision loss.
4. Glaucoma: This is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss.
5. Retinal disorders: These include conditions such as retinal detachment, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
6. Corneal abnormalities: These include conditions such as keratoconus, corneal ulcers, and Fuchs' dystrophy.
7. Orbital abnormalities: These include conditions such as orbital tumors, thyroid eye disease, and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
8. Ptosis: This is a condition where the upper eyelid droops over the eye.
9. Color blindness: A condition where a person has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors.
10. Microphthalmia: A condition where one or both eyes are abnormally small.

These are just a few examples of eye abnormalities, and there are many others that can affect the eye and its functioning. If you suspect that you have an eye abnormality, it is important to consult with an ophthalmologist for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Medical definitions for visual impairment often vary, but according to the World Health Organization (WHO), visually impaired persons are those who have a best-corrected visual acuity of less than 0.3 (6/12) in their better eye or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in their better eye. This includes people who are blind, as well as those with partial sight.

Visual impairment can range from mild to severe and may result from a variety of causes, including genetic disorders, diseases, trauma, or aging. It is important to note that visual impairment does not necessarily mean total blindness; many visually impaired individuals have some remaining vision and can benefit from low vision services and assistive devices.

Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects the eyes. It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).

At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. Eventually, it can cause blindness. The condition usually affects both eyes.

There are two main stages of diabetic retinopathy:

1. Early diabetic retinopathy. This is when the blood vessels in the eye start to leak fluid or bleed. You might not notice any changes in your vision at this stage, but it's still important to get treatment because it can prevent the condition from getting worse.
2. Advanced diabetic retinopathy. This is when new, abnormal blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These vessels can leak fluid and cause severe vision problems, including blindness.

Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with laser surgery, injections of medication into the eye, or a vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye). It's important to get regular eye exams to detect diabetic retinopathy early and get treatment before it causes serious vision problems.

Fluorophotometry is a medical diagnostic technique that measures the concentration of fluorescein dye in various tissues, particularly the eye. This technique utilizes a specialized instrument called a fluorophotometer which emits light at a specific wavelength that causes the fluorescein to emit light at a longer wavelength. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of fluorescein in the tissue.

Fluorophotometry is often used in ophthalmology to assess the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier, which can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and uveitis. It may also have applications in other medical fields for measuring the concentration of fluorescent markers in various tissues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "photography" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Photography refers to the art, application, or process of creating images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

If you're looking for a medical term related to imaging, there are several terms that might be relevant, such as:

1. Radiography: This is a technique using X-rays to visualize the internal structures of the body.
2. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a diagnostic imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body.
3. Computed Tomography (CT): A type of imaging that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
5. Nuclear Medicine: This is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and treat diseases.

If you have any questions related to medical definitions or topics, feel free to ask!

Vision screening is a quick and cost-effective method used to identify individuals who are at risk of vision problems or eye diseases. It is not a comprehensive eye examination, but rather an initial evaluation that helps to determine if a further, more in-depth examination by an eye care professional is needed. Vision screenings typically involve tests for visual acuity, distance and near vision, color perception, depth perception, and alignment of the eyes. The goal of vision screening is to detect potential vision issues early on, so that they can be treated promptly and effectively, thereby preventing or minimizing any negative impact on a person's overall vision and quality of life.

Meibomian glands are sebaceous glands located in the eyelids, specifically at the rim of the eyelid near the lashes. They produce an oily substance called meibum that forms the outermost layer of the tear film, helping to prevent evaporation and keep the eye surface lubricated. The Meibomian glands play a crucial role in maintaining the health and comfort of the eyes by providing stability to the tear film and protecting the eye from irritants and dryness.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eye, also known as the sclera. It helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants. The conjunctiva can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye).

Low vision is a term used to describe significant visual impairment that cannot be corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses, medication or surgery. It is typically defined as visual acuity of less than 20/70 in the better-seeing eye after best correction, or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in the better-seeing eye.

People with low vision may have difficulty performing everyday tasks such as reading, recognizing faces, watching television, driving, or simply navigating their environment. They may also experience symptoms such as sensitivity to light, glare, or contrast, and may benefit from the use of visual aids, assistive devices, and rehabilitation services to help them maximize their remaining vision and maintain their independence.

Low vision can result from a variety of causes, including eye diseases such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or cataracts, as well as congenital or inherited conditions, brain injuries, or aging. It is important for individuals with low vision to receive regular eye examinations and consult with a low vision specialist to determine the best course of treatment and management.

Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.

The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.

It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.

Exophthalmos is a medical condition that refers to the abnormal protrusion or bulging of one or both eyes beyond the normal orbit (eye socket). This condition is also known as proptosis. Exophthalmos can be caused by various factors, including thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy), tumors, inflammation, trauma, or congenital abnormalities. It can lead to various symptoms such as double vision, eye discomfort, redness, and difficulty closing the eyes. Treatment of exophthalmos depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Xerophthalmia is a medical condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to vitamin A deficiency. It can lead to eye damage, including night blindness (nyctalopia) and, if left untreated, potentially irreversible blindness. Xerophthalmia is often associated with malnutrition and affects children in low-income countries disproportionately.

Eyelid diseases refer to a variety of medical conditions that affect the function and/or appearance of the eyelids. These can include structural abnormalities, such as entropion (inward turning of the eyelid) or ectropion (outward turning of the eyelid), as well as functional issues like ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Other common eyelid diseases include blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), chalazion (a blocked oil gland in the eyelid), and cancerous or benign growths on the eyelid. Symptoms of eyelid diseases can vary widely, but often include redness, swelling, pain, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light. Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific diagnosis and may range from self-care measures and medications to surgical intervention.

Corneal diseases are a group of disorders that affect the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in focusing vision, and any damage or disease can cause significant visual impairment or loss. Some common types of corneal diseases include:

1. Keratoconus: A progressive disorder in which the cornea thins and bulges outward into a cone shape, causing distorted vision.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: A genetic disorder that affects the inner layer of the cornea called the endothelium, leading to swelling, cloudiness, and decreased vision.
3. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, causing discomfort, redness, and blurred vision.
4. Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be caused by infection, trauma, or other factors.
5. Herpes simplex keratitis: A viral infection of the cornea that can cause recurrent episodes of inflammation, scarring, and vision loss.
6. Corneal dystrophies: Inherited disorders that affect the structure and clarity of the cornea, leading to visual impairment or blindness.
7. Bullous keratopathy: A condition in which the endothelium fails to pump fluid out of the cornea, causing it to swell and form blisters.
8. Corneal trauma: Injury to the cornea caused by foreign objects, chemicals, or other factors that can lead to scarring, infection, and vision loss.

Treatment for corneal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity of the disease. Options may include eyedrops, medications, laser surgery, corneal transplantation, or other treatments.

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, also known as dry eye syndrome, is a condition characterized by decreased quality and/or quantity of tears to lubricate and nourish the eye. This can result in discomfort, visual disturbance, and potentially damage to the ocular surface. It is often associated with inflammation of the conjunctiva and the cornea. The symptoms may include dryness, scratchiness, burning, foreign body sensation, pain, redness, blurred vision, and light sensitivity.

Vision tests are a series of procedures used to assess various aspects of the visual system, including visual acuity, accommodation, convergence, divergence, stereopsis, color vision, and peripheral vision. These tests help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage vision disorders, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, amblyopia, strabismus, and eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Common vision tests include:

1. Visual acuity test (Snellen chart or letter chart): Measures the sharpness of a person's vision at different distances.
2. Refraction test: Determines the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by assessing how light is bent as it passes through the eye.
3. Color vision test: Evaluates the ability to distinguish between different colors and color combinations, often using pseudoisochromatic plates or Ishihara tests.
4. Stereopsis test: Assesses depth perception and binocular vision by presenting separate images to each eye that, when combined, create a three-dimensional effect.
5. Cover test: Examines eye alignment and the presence of strabismus (crossed eyes or turned eyes) by covering and uncovering each eye while observing eye movements.
6. Ocular motility test: Assesses the ability to move the eyes in various directions and coordinate both eyes during tracking and convergence/divergence movements.
7. Accommodation test: Evaluates the ability to focus on objects at different distances by using lenses, prisms, or dynamic retinoscopy.
8. Pupillary response test: Examines the size and reaction of the pupils to light and near objects.
9. Visual field test: Measures the peripheral (side) vision using automated perimetry or manual confrontation techniques.
10. Slit-lamp examination: Inspects the structures of the front part of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber, using a specialized microscope.

These tests are typically performed by optometrists, ophthalmologists, or other vision care professionals during routine eye examinations or when visual symptoms are present.

Corneal opacity refers to a condition in which the cornea, the clear front part of the eye, becomes cloudy or opaque. This can occur due to various reasons such as injury, infection, degenerative changes, or inherited disorders. As a result, light is not properly refracted and vision becomes blurred or distorted. In some cases, corneal opacity can lead to complete loss of vision in the affected eye. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, corneal transplantation, or other surgical procedures.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

Allergic conjunctivitis is a type of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids) caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. It is often characterized by redness, itching, watering, and swelling of the eyes. In some cases, the eyes may also become sensitive to light. Allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious and can be treated with medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, or mast cell stabilizers.

Diplopia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person sees two images of a single object. It is commonly known as double vision. This can occur due to various reasons, such as nerve damage or misalignment of the eyes. Diplopia can be temporary or chronic and can affect one or both eyes. If you're experiencing diplopia, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

In medical terms, the orbit refers to the bony cavity or socket in the skull that contains and protects the eye (eyeball) and its associated structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and the lacrimal gland. The orbit is made up of several bones: the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, and palatine bone. These bones form a pyramid-like shape that provides protection for the eye while also allowing for a range of movements.

Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error in which the eye does not focus light directly on the retina when looking at a distant object. Instead, light is focused behind the retina, causing close-up objects to appear blurry. This condition usually results from the eyeball being too short or the cornea having too little curvature. It can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.

Retinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinal diseases can cause vision loss or even blindness, depending on their severity and location in the retina.

Some common retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive disease that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurred or distorted vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss.
3. Retinal detachment: A serious condition where the retina becomes separated from its underlying tissue, requiring immediate medical attention.
4. Macular edema: Swelling or thickening of the macula due to fluid accumulation, which can cause blurred vision.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited eye disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light, causing progressive vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small break in the macula that can cause distorted or blurry vision.
7. Retinal vein occlusion: Blockage of the retinal veins that can lead to bleeding, swelling, and potential vision loss.

Treatment for retinal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Some treatments include medication, laser therapy, surgery, or a combination of these options. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of retinal diseases.

Retinal drusen are yellow-white, deposits of extracellular material that accumulate beneath the retina, most commonly in the macula. They are a common age-related finding and can also be seen in various other conditions such as inherited retinal diseases. Drusen can vary in size and number, and their presence is often associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. However, not all individuals with drusen will develop AMD, and the significance of drusen depends on factors such as size, number, and location. It's important to monitor drusen and have regular eye examinations to assess any changes or progression that may indicate a higher risk for developing AMD.

Herpetic keratitis is a specific type of keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) that is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. It is further divided into two types: dendritic and disciform keratitis. Dendritic keratitis is characterized by the development of branching ulcers on the surface of the cornea, while disciform keratitis involves inflammation and opacity in the stroma (middle layer) of the cornea. Both types of herpetic keratitis can cause symptoms such as eye pain, redness, sensitivity to light, tearing, and blurred vision. If left untreated, herpetic keratitis can lead to serious complications, including blindness.

Fluorescein is not a medical condition or term, but rather a diagnostic dye used in various medical tests and procedures. Medically, it is referred to as Fluorescein Sodium, a fluorescent compound that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at another longer wavelength when excited.

In the field of ophthalmology (eye care), Fluorescein is commonly used in:

1. Fluorescein angiography: A diagnostic test to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid, often used to diagnose and manage conditions like diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vessel occlusions.
2. Tear film assessment: Fluorescein dye is used to evaluate the quality of tear film and diagnose dry eye syndrome by observing the staining pattern on the cornea.
3. Corneal abrasions/foreign body detection: Fluorescein dye can help identify corneal injuries, such as abrasions or foreign bodies, under a cobalt blue light.

In other medical fields, fluorescein is also used in procedures like:

1. Urinary tract imaging: To detect urinary tract abnormalities and evaluate kidney function.
2. Lymphangiography: A procedure to visualize the lymphatic system.
3. Surgical navigation: In some surgical procedures, fluorescein is used as a marker for better visualization of specific structures or areas.

Eye burns typically refer to injuries or damage to the eyes caused by exposure to harmful substances, extreme temperatures, or radiation. This can result in a variety of symptoms, including redness, pain, tearing, swelling, and blurred vision.

Chemical eye burns can occur when the eyes come into contact with strong acids, alkalis, or other irritants. These substances can cause damage to the cornea, conjunctiva, and other structures of the eye. The severity of the burn will depend on the type and concentration of the chemical, as well as the length of time it was in contact with the eye.

Thermal eye burns can result from exposure to hot or cold temperatures, such as steam, flames, or extreme cold. These types of burns can cause damage to the surface of the eye and may require medical attention to prevent further complications.

Radiation eye burns can occur after exposure to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) light, such as from welding torches, sun lamps, or tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to these sources can cause damage to the cornea and other structures of the eye, leading to symptoms like pain, redness, and sensitivity to light.

If you experience symptoms of an eye burn, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Treatment may include flushing the eyes with water or saline solution, administering medication to relieve pain and inflammation, or in severe cases, surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Lutein is a type of carotenoid, specifically a xanthophyll, that is naturally present in many fruits and vegetables. It is considered a dietary antioxidant with potential health benefits for the eyes. Lutein is not a vitamin, but it is often grouped with vitamins and minerals because of its importance to human health.

In the eye, lutein is selectively accumulated in the macula, a small area in the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It helps filter harmful blue light and protects the eye from oxidative damage, which may help maintain eye health and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in older adults.

It is important to note that lutein is not produced by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements. Foods rich in lutein include dark leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, as well as other fruits and vegetables, such as corn, orange pepper, and egg yolk.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error of the eye. It occurs when the eye is either too long or the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too curved. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects remain clear.

Myopia typically develops during childhood and can progress gradually or rapidly until early adulthood. It can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Regular eye examinations are essential for people with myopia to monitor any changes in their prescription and ensure proper correction.

While myopia is generally not a serious condition, high levels of nearsightedness can increase the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and myopic degeneration. Therefore, it's crucial to manage myopia effectively and maintain regular follow-ups with an eye care professional.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

Strabismus is a condition of the ocular muscles where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions. One eye may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward while the other one remains fixed and aligns normally. This misalignment can occur occasionally or constantly. Strabismus is also commonly referred to as crossed eyes or walleye. The condition can lead to visual impairments such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and depth perception problems if not treated promptly and effectively, usually through surgery, glasses, or vision therapy.

Viral eye infections are caused by viruses that invade different parts of the eye, leading to inflammation and irritation. Some common types of viral eye infections include conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis, and dendritic ulcers. These infections can cause symptoms such as redness, watering, soreness, sensitivity to light, and discharge. In some cases, viral eye infections can also lead to complications like corneal scarring and vision loss if left untreated. They are often highly contagious and can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or respiratory droplets. Antiviral medications may be used to treat certain types of viral eye infections, but in many cases, the infection will resolve on its own over time. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes can help reduce the risk of viral eye infections.

Optometry is a healthcare profession that involves examining, diagnosing, and treating disorders related to vision. Optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners who specialize in prescribing and fitting eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia. They also diagnose and manage various eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration. Optometrists may provide low vision care services to individuals with visual impairments and can offer pre- and post-operative care for patients undergoing eye surgery.

Optometry is a regulated profession that requires extensive education and training, including the completion of a Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) degree program and passing national and state licensing exams. In some jurisdictions, optometrists may also prescribe certain medications to treat eye conditions and diseases.

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Eye enucleation is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the entire eyeball, leaving the eye muscles, eyelids, and orbital structures intact. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe eye conditions or injuries, such as uncontrollable pain, blindness, cancer, or trauma. After the eyeball is removed, an implant may be placed in the socket to help maintain its shape and appearance. The optic nerve and other surrounding tissues are cut during the enucleation procedure, which means that vision cannot be restored in the affected eye. However, the remaining eye structures can still function normally, allowing for regular blinking, tear production, and eyelid movement.

In medical terms, the iris refers to the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It is a circular structure composed of thin, contractile muscle fibers (radial and circumferential) arranged in a regular pattern. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and can adjust the size of the pupil in response to changes in light intensity or emotional arousal. By constricting or dilating the iris, the amount of light entering the eye can be regulated, which helps maintain optimal visual acuity under various lighting conditions.

The color of the iris is determined by the concentration and distribution of melanin pigments within the iris stroma. The iris also contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that support its structure and function. Anatomically, the iris is continuous with the ciliary body and the choroid, forming part of the uveal tract in the eye.

Ocular albinism is a type of albinism that primarily affects the eyes. It is a genetic disorder characterized by the reduction or absence of melanin, the pigment responsible for coloring the skin, hair, and eyes. In ocular albinism, melanin production is deficient in the eyes, leading to various eye abnormalities.

The main features of ocular albinism include:

1. Nystagmus: Rapid, involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eyes.
2. Iris transillumination: The iris appears translucent due to the lack of pigment, allowing light to pass through easily. This can be observed using a light source shone into the eye.
3. Foveal hypoplasia: Underdevelopment or absence of the fovea, a small pit in the retina responsible for sharp, central vision.
4. Photophobia: Increased sensitivity to light due to the lack of pigment in the eyes.
5. Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes, which can result in double vision or lazy eye.
6. Reduced visual acuity: Decreased ability to see clearly, even with corrective lenses.

Ocular albinism is typically inherited as an X-linked recessive trait, meaning it primarily affects males, while females can be carriers of the condition. However, there are also autosomal recessive forms of ocular albinism that can affect both males and females equally. Treatment for ocular albinism usually involves managing symptoms with corrective lenses, low-vision aids, and vision therapy to improve visual skills.

Eye color is a characteristic determined by variations in a person's genes. The color of the eyes depends on the amount and type of pigment called melanin found in the eye's iris.

There are three main types of eye colors: brown, blue, and green. Brown eyes have the most melanin, while blue eyes have the least. Green eyes have a moderate amount of melanin combined with a golden tint that reflects light to give them their unique color.

Eye color is a polygenic trait, which means it is influenced by multiple genes. The two main genes responsible for eye color are OCA2 and HERC2, both located on chromosome 15. These genes control the production, transport, and storage of melanin in the iris.

It's important to note that eye color can change during infancy and early childhood due to the development of melanin in the iris. Additionally, some medications or medical conditions may also cause changes in eye color over time.

Keratoconjunctivitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of both the cornea (the clear, outer layer at the front of the eye) and the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye).

The condition can cause symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, watery eyes, and a gritty or burning sensation in the eyes. Keratoconjunctivitis can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or environmental irritants like dust, smoke, or chemical fumes.

Treatment for keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications such as antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-inflammatory agents to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, artificial tears or lubricants may also be recommended to help keep the eyes moist and comfortable.

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It plays a crucial role in focusing vision. The cornea protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms, and it also serves as a barrier against UV light. Its transparency allows light to pass through and get focused onto the retina. The cornea does not contain blood vessels, so it relies on tears and the fluid inside the eye (aqueous humor) for nutrition and oxygen. Any damage or disease that affects its clarity and shape can significantly impact vision and potentially lead to blindness if left untreated.

Ophthalmoscopy is a medical examination technique used by healthcare professionals to observe the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor. This procedure typically involves using an ophthalmoscope, a handheld device that consists of a light and magnifying lenses. The healthcare provider looks through the ophthalmoscope and directly observes the internal structures of the eye by illuminating them.

There are several types of ophthalmoscopy, including direct ophthalmoscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they may be used in different situations depending on the specific clinical situation and the information needed.

Ophthalmoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring a wide range of eye conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and other retinal disorders. It can also provide valuable information about the overall health of the individual, as changes in the appearance of the retina or optic nerve may indicate the presence of systemic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes.

Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:

1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.

2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.

Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.

Retinoscopy is a diagnostic technique used in optometry and ophthalmology to estimate the refractive error of the eye, or in other words, to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses. This procedure involves shining a light into the patient's pupil and observing the reflection off the retina while introducing different lenses in front of the patient's eye. The examiner then uses specific movements and observations to determine the amount and type of refractive error, such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia. Retinoscopy is a fundamental skill for eye care professionals and helps ensure that patients receive accurate prescriptions for corrective lenses.

The American Civil War (1861-1865) was a significant military conflict in the United States, primarily fought over the issue of slavery and its expansion into the western territories. The war was waged between the Northern states (known as the Union) and the Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed their own government, known as the Confederacy.

The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln, was committed to preserving the country's unity and ending slavery, while the Confederacy, led by President Jefferson Davis, aimed to preserve its agrarian-based economy, social system, and states' rights, including the right to own slaves.

The war resulted in a Union victory, the abolition of slavery with the 13th Amendment, and the reunification of the country. However, it also left deep scars on the nation, causing significant loss of life, property damage, and social unrest that would take decades to heal.

Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy is a medical condition that affects the eye's cornea. It is a slowly progressing disorder that causes the endothelium, a thin layer of cells lining the inner surface of the cornea, to deteriorate and eventually fail to function properly. This results in swelling of the cornea, leading to cloudy vision, distorted vision, and sensitivity to light.

The condition is typically inherited and tends to affect both eyes. It is more common in women than in men and usually becomes apparent after the age of 50. There is no cure for Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy, but treatments such as corneal transplantation can help improve vision and alleviate symptoms.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure within the eye, specifically within the anterior chamber, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber, is constantly produced and drained, maintaining a balance that determines the IOP. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mmHg, with average values around 15-16 mmHg. Elevated IOP is a key risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively. Regular monitoring of IOP is essential in diagnosing and managing glaucoma and other ocular health issues.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. The condition can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing, discomfort, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. It can also result in a discharge that can be clear, yellow, or greenish.

Conjunctivitis can have various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants (such as smoke, chlorine, or contact lens solutions), and underlying medical conditions (like dry eye or autoimmune disorders). Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medications, or warm compresses.

It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices, like washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, to prevent spreading conjunctivitis to others. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's recommended that you consult an eye care professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Eyelids are the thin folds of skin that cover and protect the front surface (cornea) of the eye when closed. They are composed of several layers, including the skin, muscle, connective tissue, and a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva. The upper and lower eyelids meet at the outer corner of the eye (lateral canthus) and the inner corner of the eye (medial canthus).

The main function of the eyelids is to protect the eye from foreign particles, light, and trauma. They also help to distribute tears evenly over the surface of the eye through blinking, which helps to keep the eye moist and healthy. Additionally, the eyelids play a role in facial expressions and non-verbal communication.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

An Eye Bank is an organization that collects, stores, and distributes donated human eyes for corneal transplantation and other ocular medical research purposes. The eye bank's primary function is to ensure the quality of the donated tissue and make it available for those in need of sight-restoring procedures.

The cornea, the clear front part of the eye, can be surgically transplanted from a deceased donor to a recipient with corneal damage or disease, thereby improving or restoring their vision. The eye bank's role includes obtaining consent for donation, retrieving the eyes from the donor, evaluating the tissue for suitability, preserving it properly, and then allocating it to surgeons for transplantation.

Eye banks follow strict medical guidelines and adhere to ethical standards to ensure the safety and quality of the donated tissues. The process involves screening potential donors for infectious diseases and other conditions that may affect the quality or safety of the cornea. Once deemed suitable, the corneas are carefully removed, preserved in specific solutions, and stored until they are needed for transplantation.

In addition to corneal transplants, eye banks also support research and education in ophthalmology by providing human eye tissues for various studies aimed at advancing our understanding of eye diseases and developing new treatments.

The oculomotor muscles are a group of extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. They include:

1. Superior rectus: This muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and helping with inward rotation (intorsion) when looking downwards.
2. Inferior rectus: It depresses the eye and helps with outward rotation (extorsion) when looking upwards.
3. Medial rectus: This muscle adducts, or moves, the eye towards the midline of the face.
4. Inferior oblique: The inferior oblique muscle intorts and elevates the eye.
5. Superior oblique: It extorts and depresses the eye.

These muscles work together to allow for smooth and precise movements of the eyes, enabling tasks such as tracking moving objects, reading, and maintaining visual fixation on a single point in space.

Viral conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera) and the inner surface of the eyelids, caused by a viral infection. The condition is often characterized by redness, watering, gritty or burning sensation in the eyes, and a clear, watery discharge. In some cases, it may also cause swelling of the eyelids and light sensitivity.

The most common viruses that can cause conjunctivitis are adenoviruses, which are responsible for about 65-90% of all viral conjunctivitis cases. Other viruses that can cause the condition include herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus (which causes chickenpox and shingles), and picornaviruses.

Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious and can spread easily through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. It typically affects one eye first and then spreads to the other eye within a few days. The condition usually resolves on its own within 1-2 weeks, although in some cases it may take longer to clear up completely.

There is no specific treatment for viral conjunctivitis, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. However, cool compresses and artificial tears can help alleviate symptoms such as discomfort and dryness. It is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding touching the eyes, to prevent the spread of the virus to others.

Retinal vessels refer to the blood vessels that are located in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. The retina contains two types of blood vessels: arteries and veins.

The central retinal artery supplies oxygenated blood to the inner layers of the retina, while the central retinal vein drains deoxygenated blood from the retina. These vessels can be visualized during a routine eye examination using an ophthalmoscope, which allows healthcare professionals to assess their health and any potential abnormalities.

Retinal vessels are essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, and any damage or changes to these vessels can affect vision and lead to various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and hypertensive retinopathy.

The lacrimal apparatus is a complex system in the eye that produces, stores, and drains tears. It consists of several components including:

1. Lacrimal glands: These are located in the upper outer part of the eyelid and produce tears to keep the eye surface moist and protected from external agents.
2. Tear ducts (lacrimal canaliculi): These are small tubes that drain tears from the surface of the eye into the lacrimal sac.
3. Lacrimal sac: This is a small pouch-like structure located in the inner part of the eyelid, which collects tears from the tear ducts and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
4. Nasolacrimal duct: This is a tube that runs from the lacrimal sac to the nose and drains tears into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain the health and comfort of the eye by keeping it lubricated, protecting it from infection, and removing any foreign particles or debris.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single layer of cells located between the photoreceptor cells of the retina and the choroid, which is a part of the eye containing blood vessels. The RPE plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the photoreceptors by providing them with nutrients, removing waste products, and helping to regulate the light-sensitive visual pigments within the photoreceptors.

The RPE cells contain pigment granules that absorb excess light to prevent scattering within the eye and improve visual acuity. They also help to form the blood-retina barrier, which restricts the movement of certain molecules between the retina and the choroid, providing an important protective function for the retina.

Damage to the RPE can lead to a variety of eye conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

Onchocerciasis, Ocular is a medical condition that specifically refers to the eye manifestations caused by the parasitic infection, Onchocerca volvulus. Also known as "river blindness," this disease is spread through the bite of infected blackflies.

Ocular onchocerciasis affects various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and retina. The infection can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and redness of the eyes. Over time, it may lead to more serious complications like punctate keratitis (small, scattered opacities on the cornea), cataracts, glaucoma, and ultimately, blindness.

The infection is diagnosed through a skin snip or blood test, which can detect the presence of microfilariae (the larval stage of the parasite) or antibodies against the parasite. Treatment typically involves administering oral medications such as ivermectin, which kills the microfilariae and reduces the risk of eye damage. However, it does not kill the adult worms, so multiple doses are often required to control the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove advanced ocular lesions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Chorioretinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the choroid and the retina, which are both important structures in the eye. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina, while the retina is a light-sensitive tissue that converts light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images.

Chorioretinitis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious conditions, such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. The symptoms of chorioretinitis may include decreased vision, floaters, blurry vision, sensitivity to light, and eye pain. Treatment for chorioretinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive therapies. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of chorioretinitis, as timely diagnosis and treatment can help prevent permanent vision loss.

A "Seveso accidental release" refers to an unintentional and sudden escape of hazardous substances that can lead to harmful impacts on human health and the environment. The term is derived from the Seveso Disaster, which occurred in 1976 in Seveso, Italy, when a chemical factory released toxic dioxin gas, leading to significant health and environmental consequences.

The Seveso accidental release is now used more broadly to refer to any industrial accident that results in the uncontrolled release of hazardous substances. The European Union (EU) has established a regulatory framework known as the "Seveso Directives" to prevent and mitigate such accidents, which requires industries handling dangerous substances to implement safety measures and emergency plans.

The Seveso accidental release is defined by the EU's Seveso III Directive (2012/18/EU) as "any sudden or non-sudden occurrence such as a fire, explosion or any other kind of accident resulting from uncontrolled developments in the course of the operation of any establishment covered by this Directive, and leading to a significant emission, fire, explosion or any other kind of accident."

Visual fields refer to the total area in which objects can be seen while keeping the eyes focused on a central point. It is the entire area that can be observed using peripheral (side) vision while the eye gazes at a fixed point. A visual field test is used to detect blind spots or gaps (scotomas) in a person's vision, which could indicate various medical conditions such as glaucoma, retinal damage, optic nerve disease, brain tumors, or strokes. The test measures both the central and peripheral vision and maps the entire area that can be seen when focusing on a single point.

The macula lutea, often simply referred to as the macula or fovea centralis, is a part of the eye that is responsible for central vision and color perception. It's located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The macula contains a high concentration of pigments called xanthophylls, which give it a yellowish color and protect the photoreceptor cells in this area from damage by blue light.

The central part of the macula is called the fovea, which is a small depression that contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea and the perifovea, which contain both cones and rods, the photoreceptor cells responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

Damage to the macula can result in a loss of central vision and color perception, a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Other conditions that can affect the macula include macular edema, macular holes, and macular pucker.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

Rhytidoplasty is a surgical procedure more commonly known as a facelift. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, a facelift involves the "tightening of the muscles and removal of excess skin and fat from the face and neck." The goal of this cosmetic surgery is to create a more youthful appearance by reducing signs of aging such as wrinkles, sagging skin, and excess fat in the face and neck area.

It's important to note that facelifts are major surgeries with potential risks and complications, and they should only be performed by qualified, experienced plastic surgeons. Additionally, facelifts do not stop the aging process; they can simply help to reduce some of its visible signs temporarily.

Retinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, or genetic conditions.

The inflammation associated with retinitis can affect any part of the retina, but it typically involves the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). Depending on the severity and location of the inflammation, retinitis can cause a range of visual symptoms, such as blurry vision, floaters, loss of peripheral vision, or night blindness.

Retinitis is often distinguished from another condition called retinopathy, which refers to damage to the retina caused by diabetes or other systemic diseases. While both conditions can affect the retina and cause visual symptoms, retinitis is characterized by inflammation, while retinopathy is characterized by damage due to circulatory problems.

It's important to note that retinitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. Treatment options for retinitis depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive medications.

The choroid is a layer of the eye that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. It lies between the sclera (the white, protective coat of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). The choroid is essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, particularly the photoreceptor cells that detect light and transmit visual signals to the brain. Damage to the choroid can lead to vision loss or impairment.

The eyebrows are a set of hairs that grow above the eyes on the forehead. They are an important feature of human facial anatomy, and play several roles in non-verbal communication and self-expression. Eyebrows help to prevent sweat and other moisture from dripping into the eyes, and also serve as a protective barrier against dirt, dust, and other foreign particles that might otherwise irritate or damage the eyes.

In addition, eyebrows play an important role in human social interaction and communication. They can convey a range of emotions and facial expressions, such as surprise, anger, fear, happiness, and sadness. Eyebrows can also help to frame the eyes and enhance their appearance, making them an important aspect of personal grooming and beauty.

The eyebrows are made up of several components, including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and muscles that control their movement. The hairs themselves are composed of a protein called keratin, which also makes up the hair on the head, as well as nails and skin. The color and thickness of eyebrow hair can vary widely from person to person, and may be influenced by factors such as age, genetics, and hormonal changes.

In medical terms, changes in the appearance or condition of the eyebrows can sometimes be a sign of underlying health issues. For example, thinning or loss of eyebrows can be associated with conditions such as alopecia, thyroid disorders, or nutritional deficiencies. Changes in eyebrow shape or position can also be a symptom of certain neurological conditions, such as Bell's palsy or stroke. As such, any significant changes in the appearance or condition of the eyebrows should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to rule out any underlying medical causes.

Xanthophylls are a type of pigment known as carotenoids, which are naturally occurring in various plants and animals. They are characterized by their yellow to orange color and play an important role in photosynthesis. Unlike other carotenoids, xanthophylls contain oxygen in their chemical structure.

In the context of human health, xanthophylls are often studied for their potential antioxidant properties and their possible role in reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. The two main dietary sources of xanthophylls are lutein and zeaxanthin, which are found in green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and kale, as well as in other fruits and vegetables.

It's important to note that while a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables has many benefits for overall health, including eye health, more research is needed to fully understand the specific role of xanthophylls in preventing or treating diseases.

Keratitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an essential role in focusing vision, and any damage or infection can cause significant visual impairment. Keratitis can result from various causes, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, as well as trauma, allergies, or underlying medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome. Symptoms of keratitis may include redness, pain, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a feeling of something foreign in the eye. Treatment for keratitis depends on the underlying cause but typically includes antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-fungal medications, as well as measures to alleviate symptoms and promote healing.

The corneal epithelium is the outermost layer of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It is a stratified squamous epithelium, consisting of several layers of flat, scale-like cells that are tightly packed together. The corneal epithelium serves as a barrier to protect the eye from microorganisms, dust, and other foreign particles. It also provides a smooth surface for the refraction of light, contributes to the maintenance of corneal transparency, and plays a role in the eye's sensitivity to touch and pain. The corneal epithelium is constantly being renewed through the process of cell division and shedding, with new cells produced by stem cells located at the limbus, the border between the cornea and the conjunctiva.

Scleritis is a serious, painful inflammatory condition that affects the sclera, which is the white, tough outer coating of the eye. It can lead to severe pain, light sensitivity, and potential loss of vision if not promptly treated. Scleritis may occur in isolation or be associated with various systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis). Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and management.

Eye neoplasms, also known as ocular tumors or eye cancer, refer to abnormal growths of tissue in the eye. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Eye neoplasms can develop in various parts of the eye, including the eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve.

Benign eye neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, or a noticeable mass in the eye. Treatment options for benign eye neoplasms include monitoring, surgical removal, or radiation therapy.

Malignant eye neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, floaters, or flashes of light. Treatment options for malignant eye neoplasms depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms can improve outcomes and prevent complications. Regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist are recommended for early detection and prevention of eye diseases, including eye neoplasms.

Onchocerca is a genus of filarial nematode worms that are the causative agents of onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness. The most common species to infect humans is Onchocerca volvulus. These parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected blackflies (Simulium spp.) that breed in fast-flowing rivers and streams.

The adult female worms live in nodules beneath the skin, while the microfilariae, which are released by the females, migrate throughout various tissues, including the eyes, where they can cause inflammation and scarring, potentially leading to blindness if left untreated. The infection is primarily found in Africa, with some foci in Central and South America. Onchocerciasis is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO).

The crystalline lens is a biconvex transparent structure in the eye that helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina. It is located behind the iris and pupil and is suspended by small fibers called zonules that connect it to the ciliary body. The lens can change its shape to accommodate and focus on objects at different distances, a process known as accommodation. With age, the lens may become cloudy or opaque, leading to cataracts.

Iritis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the iris, which is the colored part of the eye. The iris controls the size of the pupil and thus regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. Iritis can cause symptoms such as eye pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), blurred vision, and headaches. It is often treated with anti-inflammatory medications and may require prompt medical attention to prevent complications such as glaucoma or vision loss. The underlying cause of iritis can vary and may include infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or other conditions.

Eyeglasses are a medical device used to correct vision problems. Also known as spectacles, they consist of frames that hold one or more lenses through which a person looks to see clearly. The lenses may be made of glass or plastic and are designed to compensate for various visual impairments such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Eyeglasses can be custom-made to fit an individual's face and prescription, and they come in a variety of styles, colors, and materials. Some people wear eyeglasses all the time, while others may only need to wear them for certain activities such as reading or driving.

Dendritic keratitis is a specific form of keratitis, which is inflammation of the cornea. The term "dendritic" refers to the characteristic appearance of the lesion on the cornea, which resembles a branching tree or a dendrite.

Dendritic keratitis is most commonly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, although other infectious and non-infectious etiologies can also produce similar lesions. The condition is characterized by the presence of a branching, dendrite-like ulcer on the corneal epithelium, often accompanied by symptoms such as eye pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and tearing.

Treatment for dendritic keratitis typically involves antiviral medications to manage the underlying HSV-1 infection, as well as measures to promote corneal healing and reduce discomfort. It is essential to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect dendritic keratitis, as untreated or improperly managed cases can lead to serious complications, including corneal scarring, vision loss, and potential blindness.

Iridocyclitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of both the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the ciliary body (a structure located behind the iris that helps control the shape of the lens and produces fluid inside the eye). This condition can cause redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, and tearing. It may be associated with various causes such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or trauma. Treatment typically involves medication to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

I'm not aware of any medical definition for the term "Baltimore." The term Baltimore is most commonly associated with a city in the state of Maryland, USA. It may also refer to various other unrelated things, such as a type of hound or a surname. If you could provide more context, I might be able to give a more helpful response.

"Ocular physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some examples of ocular physiological phenomena, which refer to various normal functions and processes that occur in the eye. Here are a few examples:

1. Accommodation: The ability of the eye to change optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. This is primarily achieved by changing the curvature of the lens through the action of the ciliary muscles.
2. Pupillary reflex: The automatic adjustment of the pupil's size in response to changes in light intensity. In bright light, the pupil constricts (miosis), while in dim light, it dilates (mydriasis). This reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.
3. Tear production: The continuous secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands to keep the eyes moist and protected from dust, microorganisms, and other foreign particles.
4. Extraocular muscle function: The coordinated movement of the six extraocular muscles that control eyeball rotation and enable various gaze directions.
5. Color vision: The ability to perceive and distinguish different colors based on the sensitivity of photoreceptor cells (cones) in the retina to specific wavelengths of light.
6. Dark adaptation: The process by which the eyes adjust to low-light conditions, improving visual sensitivity primarily through changes in the rod photoreceptors' sensitivity and pupil dilation.
7. Light adaptation: The ability of the eye to adjust to different levels of illumination, mainly through alterations in pupil size and photoreceptor cell response.

These are just a few examples of ocular physiological phenomena. There are many more processes and functions that occur within the eye, contributing to our visual perception and overall eye health.

Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, is a visual impairment characterized by the inability to see well in low light or darkness. It's not an eye condition itself but rather a symptom of various underlying eye disorders, most commonly vitamin A deficiency and retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa.

In a healthy eye, a molecule called rhodopsin is present in the rods (special light-sensitive cells in our eyes responsible for vision in low light conditions). This rhodopsin requires sufficient amounts of vitamin A to function properly. When there's a deficiency of vitamin A or damage to the rods, the ability to see in dim light gets affected, leading to night blindness.

People with night blindness often have difficulty adjusting to changes in light levels, such as when entering a dark room from bright sunlight. They may also experience trouble seeing stars at night, driving at dusk or dawn, and navigating in poorly lit areas. If you suspect night blindness, it's essential to consult an eye care professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause.

A compound eye is a characteristic type of eye found in arthropods, including insects, crustaceans, and some extinct fossil groups. Each eye is composed of numerous individual photoreceptor units called ommatidia, which function together to provide a wide field of vision and excellent motion detection capabilities.

In an arthropod compound eye, each ommatidium contains a group of visual cells (called retinula cells) surrounding a central rhabdomere, which is the light-sensitive structure that converts light into electrical signals. The number of ommatidia in a compound eye can vary greatly between species and even within different regions of an individual's eye, ranging from just a few to tens of thousands.

Compound eyes offer several advantages for arthropods:

1. Wide Field of Vision: Compound eyes provide a panoramic view of the environment, allowing arthropods to detect predators, prey, or mates from various directions simultaneously.
2. Motion Detection: The apposition-type compound eye (one type of compound eye structure) is particularly adept at detecting motion due to the neural processing of signals between adjacent ommatidia. This allows arthropods to respond quickly to potential threats or opportunities.
3. Light Adaptation: Compound eyes can adapt to different light conditions, allowing arthropods to function effectively in both bright daylight and dimly lit environments. Some species have specialized regions within their compound eyes that are optimized for specific light conditions, such as the dorsal rim area in insects, which is sensitive to polarized skylight.
4. UV Sensitivity: Many arthropods can detect ultraviolet (UV) light due to the presence of photopigments within their ommatidia that absorb UV wavelengths. This ability allows them to perceive patterns and cues in their environment that are invisible to humans, such as floral guides in bees or mate-recognition signals in certain insects.

Despite their limitations in terms of resolution and image quality compared to vertebrate eyes, compound eyes have evolved to serve the unique needs and ecological roles of arthropods effectively.

A pterygium is a benign, triangular-shaped growth of the conjunctiva (the clear, thin tissue that covers the white part of the eye) that extends onto the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye). It typically forms on the side of the eye closest to the nose and can sometimes grow large enough to interfere with vision.

Pterygium is believed to be caused by a combination of environmental factors, such as prolonged exposure to sunlight, wind, and dust, and genetic predisposition. Chronic inflammation and dry eye syndrome may also contribute to its development.

While pterygium is not cancerous, it can cause discomfort, redness, and irritation. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the growth, especially if it affects vision or becomes cosmetically bothersome. However, recurrence of pterygium after surgery is relatively common.

Eye protective devices are specialized equipment designed to protect the eyes from various hazards and injuries. They include items such as safety glasses, goggles, face shields, welding helmets, and full-face respirators. These devices are engineered to provide a barrier between the eyes and potential dangers like chemical splashes, impact particles, radiation, and other environmental hazards.

Safety glasses are designed to protect against flying debris, dust, and other airborne particles. They typically have side shields to prevent objects from entering the eye from the sides. Goggles offer a higher level of protection than safety glasses as they form a protective seal around the eyes, preventing liquids and fine particles from reaching the eyes.

Face shields and welding helmets are used in industrial settings to protect against radiation, sparks, and molten metal during welding or cutting operations. Full-face respirators are used in environments with harmful airborne particles or gases, providing protection for both the eyes and the respiratory system.

It is essential to choose the appropriate eye protective device based on the specific hazard present to ensure adequate protection.

"Age distribution" is a term used to describe the number of individuals within a population or sample that fall into different age categories. It is often presented in the form of a graph, table, or chart, and can provide important information about the demographic structure of a population.

The age distribution of a population can be influenced by a variety of factors, including birth rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, and aging. Public health officials and researchers use age distribution data to inform policies and programs related to healthcare, social services, and other areas that affect the well-being of populations.

For example, an age distribution graph might show a larger number of individuals in the younger age categories, indicating a population with a high birth rate. Alternatively, it might show a larger number of individuals in the older age categories, indicating a population with a high life expectancy or an aging population. Understanding the age distribution of a population can help policymakers plan for future needs and allocate resources more effectively.

Instillation, in the context of drug administration, refers to the process of introducing a medication or therapeutic agent into a body cavity or onto a mucous membrane surface using gentle, steady pressure. This is typically done with the help of a device such as an eyedropper, pipette, or catheter. The goal is to ensure that the drug is distributed evenly over the surface or absorbed through the mucous membrane for localized or systemic effects. Instillation can be used for various routes of administration including ocular (eye), nasal, auricular (ear), vaginal, and intra-articular (joint space) among others. The choice of instillation as a route of administration depends on the drug's properties, the desired therapeutic effect, and the patient's overall health status.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Los Angeles" is not a medical term or concept. It is a city in the state of California, USA. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Endophthalmitis is a serious inflammatory eye condition that occurs when an infection develops inside the eyeball, specifically within the vitreous humor (the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina). This condition can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that enter the eye through various means, such as trauma, surgery, or spread from another infected part of the body.

Endophthalmitis is often characterized by symptoms like sudden onset of pain, redness, decreased vision, and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including blindness. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics or antifungal medications, either systemically or directly into the eye, and sometimes even requiring surgical intervention to remove infected tissues and relieve intraocular pressure.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

In the context of ophthalmology and optometry, glare refers to a visual sensation caused by excessive brightness or contrast that interferes with the ability to see comfortably or clearly. It can be caused by direct or reflected light sources that enter the eye and scatter within the eye or on the surface of the eye, reducing contrast and visibility. Glare can lead to discomfort, disability, or both, and it can significantly impact visual performance in various activities such as driving, reading, and using digital devices. There are different types of glare, including direct glare, reflected glare, and veiling glare, each with its own characteristics and effects on vision.

Contact lenses are thin, curved plastic or silicone hydrogel devices that are placed on the eye to correct vision, replace a missing or damaged cornea, or for cosmetic purposes. They rest on the surface of the eye, called the cornea, and conform to its shape. Contact lenses are designed to float on a thin layer of tears and move with each blink.

There are two main types of contact lenses: soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP). Soft contact lenses are made of flexible hydrophilic (water-absorbing) materials that allow oxygen to pass through the lens to the cornea. RGP lenses are made of harder, more oxygen-permeable materials.

Contact lenses can be used to correct various vision problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. They come in different shapes, sizes, and powers to suit individual needs and preferences. Proper care, handling, and regular check-ups with an eye care professional are essential for maintaining good eye health and preventing complications associated with contact lens wear.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Osmoregulation is the physiological process by which an organism maintains the balance of osmotic pressure, or the concentration of solutes, in its body fluids. This is achieved through various homeostatic mechanisms that involve the regulation of water and electrolyte intake and excretion. In humans, for example, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining osmoregulation by filtering the blood, reabsorbing necessary solutes and water, and excreting excess solutes and waste products as urine. Other organisms, such as marine fish, may use specialized organs like the gills to actively regulate their salt and water balance in response to changes in their environment.

Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. It exists as a white, odorless, and crystalline powder. In medicine, zinc oxide is used primarily as a topical agent for the treatment of various skin conditions, including diaper rash, minor burns, and irritations caused by eczema or psoriasis.

Zinc oxide has several properties that make it useful in medical applications:

1. Antimicrobial activity: Zinc oxide exhibits antimicrobial properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which can help prevent infection and promote wound healing.
2. Skin protectant: It forms a physical barrier on the skin, protecting it from external irritants, friction, and moisture. This property is particularly useful in products like diaper rash creams and sunscreens.
3. Astringent properties: Zinc oxide can help constrict and tighten tissues, which may reduce inflammation and promote healing.
4. Mineral sunscreen agent: Zinc oxide is a common active ingredient in physical (mineral) sunscreens due to its ability to reflect and scatter UV light, protecting the skin from both UVA and UVB radiation.

Zinc oxide can be found in various medical and skincare products, such as creams, ointments, pastes, lotions, and powders. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but it may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals.

Anisometropia is a medical term that refers to a condition where there is a significant difference in the refractive power between the two eyes. In other words, one eye has a significantly different optical prescription compared to the other eye. This condition can cause issues with binocular vision and depth perception, and can sometimes lead to amblyopia (lazy eye) if not corrected early in life. It is typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination and can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) is a widely used, standardized measure of health-related quality of life and functional status. It is a self-reporting questionnaire that assesses the impact of illness or disability on an individual's daily life and functioning across multiple dimensions. The SIP evaluates four primary domains: physical, psychosocial, independent functioning, and overall health perception. These domains are further divided into 12 subscales, including sleep and rest, eating, work, home management, recreation and pastimes, ambulation, mobility, body care and movement, social interaction, communication, alertness behavior, and emotional behavior. The SIP is designed to measure both the severity and breadth of disability or impairment in individuals with a wide range of medical conditions. It has been used in research and clinical settings to evaluate treatment outcomes, compare the effectiveness of interventions, and monitor changes in health status over time.

Rose Bengal is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound that is used in various medical applications. It's a dye that is primarily used as a diagnostic stain to test for damaged or denatured cells, particularly in the eye and mouth. In ophthalmology, a Rose Bengal stain is used to identify damage to the cornea's surface, while in dentistry, it can help detect injured oral mucosa or lesions.

The dye works by staining dead or damaged cells more intensely than healthy ones, allowing healthcare professionals to visualize and assess any abnormalities or injuries. However, it is important to note that Rose Bengal itself is not a treatment for these conditions; rather, it is a diagnostic tool used to inform appropriate medical interventions.

Eye proteins, also known as ocular proteins, are specific proteins that are found within the eye and play crucial roles in maintaining proper eye function and health. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and other structures. They perform a wide range of functions, such as:

1. Structural support: Proteins like collagen and elastin provide strength and flexibility to the eye's tissues, enabling them to maintain their shape and withstand mechanical stress.
2. Light absorption and transmission: Proteins like opsins and crystallins are involved in capturing and transmitting light signals within the eye, which is essential for vision.
3. Protection against damage: Some eye proteins, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, help protect the eye from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and other environmental factors that can cause damage.
4. Regulation of eye growth and development: Various growth factors and signaling molecules, which are protein-based, contribute to the proper growth, differentiation, and maintenance of eye tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
5. Immune defense: Proteins involved in the immune response, such as complement components and immunoglobulins, help protect the eye from infection and inflammation.
6. Maintenance of transparency: Crystallin proteins in the lens maintain its transparency, allowing light to pass through unobstructed for clear vision.
7. Neuroprotection: Certain eye proteins, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), support the survival and function of neurons within the retina, helping to preserve vision.

Dysfunction or damage to these eye proteins can contribute to various eye disorders and diseases, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and others.

Ophthalmologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed on the eye and its surrounding structures by trained medical professionals called ophthalmologists. These procedures aim to correct or improve vision, diagnose and treat eye diseases or injuries, and enhance the overall health and functionality of the eye. Some common examples of ophthalmologic surgical procedures include:

1. Cataract Surgery: This procedure involves removing a cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
2. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): A type of refractive surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
3. Glaucoma Surgery: Several surgical options are available for treating glaucoma, including laser trabeculoplasty, traditional trabeculectomy, and various drainage device implantations. These procedures aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and prevent further optic nerve damage.
4. Corneal Transplant: This procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision and improve the eye's appearance.
5. Vitreoretinal Surgery: These procedures focus on treating issues within the vitreous humor (gel-like substance filling the eye) and the retina, such as retinal detachment, macular holes, or diabetic retinopathy.
6. Strabismus Surgery: This procedure aims to correct misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) by adjusting the muscles responsible for eye movement.
7. Oculoplastic Surgery: These procedures involve reconstructive, cosmetic, and functional surgeries around the eye, such as eyelid repair, removal of tumors, or orbital fracture repairs.
8. Pediatric Ophthalmologic Procedures: Various surgical interventions are performed on children to treat conditions like congenital cataracts, amblyopia (lazy eye), or blocked tear ducts.

These are just a few examples of ophthalmic surgical procedures. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's condition and overall health.

Open-angle glaucoma is a chronic, progressive type of glaucoma characterized by the gradual loss of optic nerve fibers and resulting in visual field defects. It is called "open-angle" because the angle where the iris meets the cornea (trabecular meshwork) appears to be normal and open on examination. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it is associated with increased resistance to the outflow of aqueous humor within the trabecular meshwork, leading to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). This elevated IOP can cause damage to the optic nerve and result in vision loss.

The onset of open-angle glaucoma is often asymptomatic, making regular comprehensive eye examinations crucial for early detection and management. Treatment typically involves lowering IOP using medications, laser therapy, or surgery to prevent further optic nerve damage and preserve vision.

Amblyopia is a medical condition that affects the visual system, specifically the way the brain and eyes work together. It is often referred to as "lazy eye" and is characterized by reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not correctable with glasses or contact lenses alone. This occurs because the brain favors one eye over the other, causing the weaker eye to become neglected and underdeveloped.

Amblyopia can result from various conditions such as strabismus (eye misalignment), anisometropia (significant difference in prescription between the two eyes), or deprivation (such as a cataract that blocks light from entering the eye). Treatment for amblyopia typically involves correcting any underlying refractive errors, patching or blurring the stronger eye to force the weaker eye to work, and/or vision therapy. Early intervention is crucial to achieve optimal visual outcomes.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Optic disk drusen are small, calcified deposits that form within the optic nerve head, also known as the optic disc. They are made up of protein and calcium salts and can vary in size and number. These deposits can be seen on ophthalmic examination using an instrument called an ophthalmoscope.

Optic disk drusen are typically asymptomatic and are often discovered during routine eye examinations. However, in some cases, they may cause visual disturbances or even vision loss if they compress the optic nerve fibers. They can also increase the risk of developing other eye conditions such as glaucoma.

Optic disk drusen are more commonly found in individuals with a family history of the condition and tend to occur in younger people, typically before the age of 40. While there is no cure for optic disk drusen, regular eye examinations can help monitor any changes in the condition and manage any associated visual symptoms or complications.

A visual field test is a method used to measure an individual's entire scope of vision, which includes what can be seen straight ahead and in peripheral (or side) vision. During the test, the person being tested is asked to focus on a central point while gradually identifying the appearance of objects moving into their peripheral vision. The visual field test helps detect blind spots (scotomas) or gaps in the visual field, which can be caused by various conditions such as glaucoma, brain injury, optic nerve damage, or retinal disorders. It's an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring eye-related diseases and conditions.

Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily affects the eyes, causing repeated infections that lead to scarring of the inner eyelid and eyelashes turning inward (trichiasis), which can result in damage to the cornea and blindness if left untreated.

The disease is spread through direct contact with eye or nose discharge from infected individuals, often through contaminated fingers, shared towels, or flies that have come into contact with the discharge. Trachoma is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water, making it a significant public health issue in many developing countries.

Preventive measures include improving personal hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, promoting facial cleanliness, and providing safe water and sanitation facilities. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and surgery for advanced cases with trichiasis or corneal damage.

Penetrating eye injuries are a type of ocular trauma where a foreign object or substance pierces the outer layers of the eye and damages the internal structures. This can result in serious harm to various parts of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, or retina, and may potentially cause vision loss or blindness if not promptly treated.

The severity of a penetrating eye injury depends on several factors, including the type and size of the object that caused the injury, the location of the wound, and the extent of damage to the internal structures. Common causes of penetrating eye injuries include sharp objects, such as metal shards or glass fragments, projectiles, such as pellets or bullets, and explosive materials.

Symptoms of a penetrating eye injury may include pain, redness, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, floaters, or the presence of a foreign body in the eye. If you suspect that you have sustained a penetrating eye injury, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention from an ophthalmologist or other healthcare professional with experience in treating eye trauma.

Treatment for penetrating eye injuries may include removing any foreign objects or substances from the eye, repairing damaged tissues, and administering medications to prevent infection and reduce inflammation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the injury and restore vision. Preventing eye injuries is crucial, and appropriate protective eyewear should be worn when engaging in activities that pose a risk of eye trauma.

Ocular toxoplasmosis is an inflammatory eye disease caused by the parasitic infection of Toxoplasma gondii in the eye's retina. It can lead to lesions and scarring in the retina, resulting in vision loss or impairment. The severity of ocular toxoplasmosis depends on the location and extent of the infection in the eye. In some cases, it may cause only mild symptoms, while in others, it can result in severe damage to the eye. Ocular toxoplasmosis is usually treated with medications that target the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, often combined with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

Lipocalin 1, also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a protein that belongs to the lipocalin family. It is a small secreted protein with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa and is composed of a single polypeptide chain.

Lipocalin 1 is primarily produced by neutrophils, but can also be expressed in other tissues such as the kidney, liver, and lungs. It plays a role in the innate immune response by binding to bacterial siderophores, preventing bacterial growth by limiting their access to iron.

In addition, Lipocalin 1 has been identified as a biomarker for early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI). Its expression is rapidly upregulated in the kidney in response to injury, and its levels can be measured in urine and blood. Increased urinary Lipocalin 1 levels have been shown to predict AKI with high sensitivity and specificity, making it a promising diagnostic tool for this condition.

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine that deals with the endocrine system, which consists of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the endocrine system, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, pituitary gland tumors, adrenal gland disorders, osteoporosis, and sexual dysfunction. They use various diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies, to evaluate hormone levels and function. Treatment options may include medication, lifestyle changes, and surgery.

In summary, endocrinology is the medical specialty focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders related to the endocrine system and its hormones.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

"Sex distribution" is a term used to describe the number of males and females in a study population or sample. It can be presented as a simple count, a percentage, or a ratio. This information is often used in research to identify any differences in health outcomes, disease prevalence, or response to treatment between males and females. Additionally, understanding sex distribution can help researchers ensure that their studies are representative of the general population and can inform the design of future studies.

Geographic atrophy is a medical term used to describe a specific pattern of degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the underlying choroidal tissue in the eye. This condition is often associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

In geographic atrophy, there are well-defined areas of RPE and choroidal atrophy that appear as pale, irregularly shaped patches in the central part of the retina known as the macula. These patches can grow larger over time and may lead to progressive vision loss. The exact cause of geographic atrophy is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and other age-related changes in the eye.

Currently, there are no effective treatments for geographic atrophy, although research is ongoing to find new ways to slow or halt its progression. Regular eye exams and monitoring by an ophthalmologist are important for people with AMD or geographic atrophy to help detect any changes in their vision and manage their condition effectively.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.

Ocular vision refers to the ability to process and interpret visual information that is received by the eyes. This includes the ability to see clearly and make sense of the shapes, colors, and movements of objects in the environment. The ocular system, which includes the eye and related structures such as the optic nerve and visual cortex of the brain, works together to enable vision.

There are several components of ocular vision, including:

* Visual acuity: the clarity or sharpness of vision
* Field of vision: the extent of the visual world that is visible at any given moment
* Color vision: the ability to distinguish different colors
* Depth perception: the ability to judge the distance of objects in three-dimensional space
* Contrast sensitivity: the ability to distinguish an object from its background based on differences in contrast

Disorders of ocular vision can include refractive errors such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, as well as more serious conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. These conditions can affect one or more aspects of ocular vision and may require medical treatment to prevent further vision loss.

Foreign bodies in the eye refer to any object or particle that is not normally present in the eye and becomes lodged in it. These foreign bodies can range from small particles like sand or dust to larger objects such as metal shavings or glass. They can cause irritation, pain, redness, watering, and even vision loss if they are not removed promptly and properly.

The symptoms of an eye foreign body may include:

* A feeling that something is in the eye
* Pain or discomfort in the eye
* Redness or inflammation of the eye
* Watering or tearing of the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Blurred vision or difficulty seeing

If you suspect that you have a foreign body in your eye, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. An eye care professional can examine your eye and determine the best course of treatment to remove the foreign body and prevent any further damage to your eye.

Eye movement measurements, also known as oculometry, refer to the measurement and analysis of eye movements. This can include assessing the direction, speed, range, and patterns of eye movement. These measurements are often used in research and clinical settings to understand various aspects of vision, perception, and cognition. They can be used to diagnose and monitor conditions that affect eye movement, such as strabismus (crossed eyes), amblyopia (lazy eye), or neurological disorders. Additionally, eye movement measurements are also used in areas such as human-computer interaction, marketing research, and virtual reality to understand how individuals interact with their environment.

Ocular fixation is a term used in ophthalmology and optometry to refer to the ability of the eyes to maintain steady gaze or visual focus on an object. It involves the coordinated movement of the extraocular muscles that control eye movements, allowing for clear and stable vision.

In medical terminology, fixation specifically refers to the state in which the eyes are aligned and focused on a single point in space. This is important for maintaining visual perception and preventing blurring or double vision. Ocular fixation can be affected by various factors such as muscle weakness, nerve damage, or visual processing disorders.

Assessment of ocular fixation is often used in eye examinations to evaluate visual acuity, eye alignment, and muscle function. Abnormalities in fixation may indicate the presence of underlying eye conditions or developmental delays that require further investigation and treatment.

The posterior segment of the eye refers to the back portion of the interior of the eye, including the vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. This region is responsible for processing visual information and transmitting it to the brain. The retina contains photoreceptor cells that convert light into electrical signals, which are then sent through the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation as images. Disorders of the posterior eye segment can lead to vision loss or blindness.

Orbital diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the orbit, which is the bony cavity in the skull that contains the eye, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as eyelid swelling, protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, pain, and limited extraocular muscle movement.

Orbital diseases can be broadly classified into inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic (benign or malignant), vascular, traumatic, and congenital categories. Some examples of orbital diseases include:

* Orbital cellulitis: a bacterial or fungal infection that causes swelling and inflammation in the orbit
* Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
* Orbital tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the orbit, such as optic nerve gliomas, lacrimal gland tumors, and lymphomas
* Carotid-cavernous fistulas: abnormal connections between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus, leading to pulsatile proptosis and other symptoms
* Orbital fractures: breaks in the bones surrounding the orbit, often caused by trauma
* Congenital anomalies: structural abnormalities present at birth, such as craniofacial syndromes or dermoid cysts.

Proper diagnosis and management of orbital diseases require a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, radiologists, and other specialists.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a medical term that refers to the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye, which is located between the retina and the sclera. This condition typically occurs as a complication of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), although it can also be caused by other eye diseases or injuries.

In CNV, the new blood vessels that grow into the choroid layer are fragile and can leak fluid or blood, which can cause distortion or damage to the retina, leading to vision loss. Symptoms of CNV may include blurred or distorted vision, a blind spot in the center of the visual field, or changes in color perception.

Treatment for CNV typically involves medications that are designed to stop the growth of new blood vessels, such as anti-VEGF drugs, which target a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that is involved in the development of new blood vessels. Laser surgery or photodynamic therapy may also be used in some cases to destroy the abnormal blood vessels and prevent further vision loss.

Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.

Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:

1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.

Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

The sclera is the tough, white, fibrous outer coating of the eye in humans and other vertebrates, covering about five sixths of the eyeball's surface. It provides protection for the delicate inner structures of the eye and maintains its shape. The sclera is composed mainly of collagen and elastic fiber, making it strong and resilient. Its name comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard.

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Electroretinography (ERG) is a medical test used to evaluate the functioning of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The test measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation.

During the procedure, a special contact lens or electrode is placed on the surface of the eye to record the electrical activity generated by the retina's light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) and other cells in the retina. The test typically involves presenting different levels of flashes of light to the eye while the electrical responses are recorded.

The resulting ERG waveform provides information about the overall health and function of the retina, including the condition of the photoreceptors, the integrity of the inner retinal layers, and the health of the retinal ganglion cells. This test is often used to diagnose and monitor various retinal disorders, such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.

Axial length, in the context of the eye, refers to the measurement of the distance between the front and back portions of the eye, specifically from the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) to the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). This measurement is typically expressed in millimeters (mm).

The axial length of the eye is an important factor in determining the overall refractive power of the eye and can play a role in the development of various eye conditions, such as myopia (nearsightedness) or hyperopia (farsightedness). Changes in axial length, particularly elongation, are often associated with an increased risk of developing myopia. Regular monitoring of axial length can help eye care professionals track changes in the eye and manage these conditions more effectively.

The optic disk, also known as the optic nerve head, is the point where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye and transmit visual information to the brain. It appears as a pale, circular area in the back of the eye, near the center of the retina. The optic disk has no photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), so it is insensitive to light. It is an important structure to observe during eye examinations because changes in its appearance can indicate various ocular diseases or conditions, such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, or papilledema.

Scopolamine hydrobromide is a synthetic anticholinergic drug, which means it blocks the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It is primarily used for its anti-motion sickness and anti-nausea effects. It can also be used to help with symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as muscle stiffness and tremors.

In medical settings, scopolamine hydrobromide may be administered as a transdermal patch, which is placed behind the ear to allow for slow release into the body over several days. It can also be given as an injection or taken orally in the form of tablets or liquid solutions.

It's important to note that scopolamine hydrobromide can have various side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and drowsiness. It may also cause confusion, especially in older adults, and should be used with caution in patients with glaucoma, enlarged prostate, or certain heart conditions.

The anterior chamber is the front portion of the eye, located between the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the structures inside the eye and helps maintain its shape. The anterior chamber plays an important role in maintaining the overall health and function of the eye.

Retinal pigments refer to the light-sensitive chemicals found in the retina, specifically within the photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The main types of retinal pigments are rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) in rods and iodopsins in cones. These pigments play a crucial role in the process of vision by absorbing light and initiating a series of chemical reactions that ultimately trigger nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Rhodopsin is more sensitive to lower light levels and is responsible for night vision, while iodopsins are sensitive to specific wavelengths of light and contribute to color vision.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

The lens nucleus, also known as the crystalline lens nucleus, is the central part of the crystalline lens in the eye. The crystalline lens is a biconvex structure located behind the iris and pupil, which helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina.

The lens nucleus is composed of densely packed lens fibers that have lost their nuclei and cytoplasm during differentiation. It is surrounded by the lens cortex, which consists of younger lens fiber cells that are still metabolically active. The lens nucleus is relatively avascular and receives its nutrients through diffusion from the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.

The lens nucleus plays an important role in the accommodation process, which allows the eye to focus on objects at different distances. During accommodation, the ciliary muscles contract and release tension on the lens zonules, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its curvature. This results in a decrease in the focal length of the lens and enables the eye to focus on nearby objects. The lens nucleus is more rigid than the cortex and helps maintain the shape of the lens during accommodation.

Changes in the lens nucleus are associated with several age-related eye conditions, including cataracts and presbyopia. Cataracts occur when the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to a decrease in vision clarity. Presbyopia is a condition that affects the ability to focus on near objects and is caused by a hardening of the lens nucleus and a loss of elasticity in the lens fibers.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Thyrotropin receptors (TSHRs) are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of cells in the thyroid gland. They bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced and released by the pituitary gland. When TSH binds to the TSHR, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones are important for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. Mutations in the TSHR gene can lead to various thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

Retinal degeneration is a broad term that refers to the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, which are responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. This process can lead to vision loss or blindness. There are many different types of retinal degeneration, including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt's disease, among others. These conditions can have varying causes, such as genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type and progression of the condition.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that are located in various mucosal surfaces, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. They are named for their goblet-like shape, which is characterized by a narrow base and a wide, rounded top that contains secretory granules. These cells play an essential role in producing and secreting mucins, which are high molecular weight glycoproteins that form the gel-like component of mucus.

Mucus serves as a protective barrier for the underlying epithelial cells by trapping foreign particles, microorganisms, and toxins, preventing them from coming into contact with the epithelium. Goblet cells also help maintain the hydration of the mucosal surface, which is important for normal ciliary function in the respiratory tract and for the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

In summary, goblet cells are secretory cells that produce and release mucins to form the mucus layer, providing a protective barrier and maintaining the homeostasis of mucosal surfaces.

Bacterial eye infections, also known as bacterial conjunctivitis or bacterial keratitis, are caused by the invasion of bacteria into the eye. The most common types of bacteria that cause these infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. Symptoms include severe pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and decreased vision.

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a bacterial eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing your eyes.

Ocular refraction is a medical term that refers to the bending of light as it passes through the optical media of the eye, including the cornea and lens. This process allows the eye to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image. The refractive power of the eye is determined by the curvature and transparency of these structures.

In a normal eye, light rays are bent or refracted in such a way that they converge at a single point on the retina, producing a sharp and focused image. However, if the curvature of the cornea or lens is too steep or too flat, the light rays may not converge properly, resulting in a refractive error such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), or astigmatism.

Ocular refraction can be measured using a variety of techniques, including retinoscopy, automated refraction, and subjective refraction. These measurements are used to determine the appropriate prescription for corrective lenses such as eyeglasses or contact lenses. In some cases, ocular refractive errors may be corrected surgically through procedures such as LASIK or PRK.

Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to distinguish between an object and its background based on differences in contrast, rather than differences in luminance. Contrast refers to the difference in light intensity between an object and its immediate surroundings. Contrast sensitivity is typically measured using specially designed charts that have patterns of parallel lines with varying widths and contrast levels.

In clinical settings, contrast sensitivity is often assessed as part of a comprehensive visual examination. Poor contrast sensitivity can affect a person's ability to perform tasks such as reading, driving, or distinguishing objects from their background, especially in low-light conditions. Reduced contrast sensitivity is a common symptom of various eye conditions, including cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.

Anterior uveitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the front portion of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye. The uvea includes the iris (the colored part of the eye), the ciliary body (a structure behind the iris that helps focus light onto the retina), and the choroid (a layer of blood vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina).

Anterior uveitis is characterized by inflammation of the iris and/or the ciliary body, leading to symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a small pupil. The condition can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or unknown causes (idiopathic).

Treatment of anterior uveitis typically involves the use of topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and cycloplegics to relieve pain and prevent spasms of the ciliary muscle. In some cases, oral medications may be necessary to control the inflammation. Prompt treatment is important to prevent complications such as glaucoma, cataracts, or permanent vision loss.

The ciliary body is a part of the eye's internal structure that is located between the choroid and the iris. It is composed of muscle tissue and is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens through a process called accommodation, which allows the eye to focus on objects at varying distances. Additionally, the ciliary body produces aqueous humor, the clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps to nourish the eye's internal structures. The ciliary body is also responsible for maintaining the shape and position of the lens within the eye.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

In the context of medical terminology, I believe you may be referring to "pursuit" as it relates to neurological tests. A smooth pursuit is a type of eye movement in which the eyes smoothly and slowly follow a moving object. It requires coordination between the extraocular muscles, vestibular system, and visual system. If there are issues with any of these systems, smooth pursuit can be affected, leading to abnormalities such as jerky or saccadic movements.

Therefore, "smooth pursuit" is a medical term used to describe the normal, coordinated movement of the eyes that allows for the tracking of moving objects in a smooth and continuous manner.

Binocular vision refers to the ability to use both eyes together to create a single, three-dimensional image of our surroundings. This is achieved through a process called binocular fusion, where the images from each eye are aligned and combined in the brain to form a unified perception.

The term "binocular vision" specifically refers to the way that our visual system integrates information from both eyes to create depth perception and enhance visual clarity. When we view an object with both eyes, they focus on the same point in space and send slightly different images to the brain due to their slightly different positions. The brain then combines these images to create a single, three-dimensional image that allows us to perceive depth and distance.

Binocular vision is important for many everyday activities, such as driving, reading, and playing sports. Disorders of binocular vision can lead to symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, and difficulty with depth perception.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina - a light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina converts light into electrical signals which are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images.

In RP, the cells that detect light (rods and cones) degenerate more slowly than other cells in the retina, leading to a progressive loss of vision. Symptoms typically begin in childhood with night blindness (difficulty seeing in low light), followed by a gradual narrowing of the visual field (tunnel vision). Over time, this can lead to significant vision loss and even blindness.

The condition is usually inherited and there are several different genes that have been associated with RP. The diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of genetic testing, family history, and clinical examination. Currently, there is no cure for RP, but researchers are actively working to develop new treatments that may help slow or stop the progression of the disease.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

Retinal neovascularization is a medical condition characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the surface of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition typically occurs in response to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the retina, often due to damage or disease, such as diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion.

The new blood vessels that form during neovascularization are fragile and prone to leakage, which can cause fluid and protein to accumulate in the retina, leading to distorted vision, hemorrhages, and potentially blindness if left untreated. Retinal neovascularization is a serious eye condition that requires prompt medical attention and management to prevent further vision loss.

I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Hispanic Americans, also known as Latino Americans, are individuals in the United States who are of Spanish-speaking origin or whose ancestors came from Spain, Mexico, Cuba, the Caribbean, Central and South America. This group includes various cultures, races, and nationalities. It is important to note that "Hispanic" refers to a cultural and linguistic affiliation rather than a racial category. Therefore, Hispanic Americans can be of any race, including White, Black, Asian, Native American, or mixed races.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs or other botanicals, and is intended to be taken by mouth, to supplement the diet. Dietary supplements can include a wide range of products, such as vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal supplements, and sports nutrition products.

Dietary supplements are not intended to treat, diagnose, cure, or alleviate the effects of diseases. They are intended to be used as a way to add extra nutrients to the diet or to support specific health functions. It is important to note that dietary supplements are not subject to the same rigorous testing and regulations as drugs, so it is important to choose products carefully and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using them.

Osmolar concentration is a measure of the total number of solute particles (such as ions or molecules) dissolved in a solution per liter of solvent (usually water), which affects the osmotic pressure. It is expressed in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L). Osmolarity and osmolality are related concepts, with osmolarity referring to the number of osmoles per unit volume of solution, typically measured in liters, while osmolality refers to the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent. In clinical contexts, osmolar concentration is often used to describe the solute concentration of bodily fluids such as blood or urine.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nigeria" is not a medical term. It is a country located in West Africa, and it is the most populous country in Africa. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

In medical terms, sutures are specialized surgical threads made from various materials such as absorbable synthetic or natural fibers, or non-absorbable materials like nylon or silk. They are used to approximate and hold together the edges of a wound or incision in the skin or other tissues during the healing process. Sutures come in different sizes, types, and shapes, each designed for specific uses and techniques depending on the location and type of tissue being sutured. Properly placed sutures help to promote optimal healing, minimize scarring, and reduce the risk of infection or other complications.

Monocular vision refers to the ability to see and process visual information using only one eye. It is the type of vision that an individual has when they are using only one eye to look at something, while the other eye may be covered or not functioning. This can be contrasted with binocular vision, which involves the use of both eyes working together to provide depth perception and a single, combined visual field.

Monocular vision is important for tasks that only require the use of one eye, such as when looking through a microscope or using a telescope. However, it does not provide the same level of depth perception and spatial awareness as binocular vision. In some cases, individuals may have reduced visual acuity or other visual impairments in one eye, leading to limited monocular vision in that eye. It is important for individuals with monocular vision to have regular eye exams to monitor their eye health and ensure that any visual impairments are detected and treated promptly.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye responsible for processing light and sending visual signals to the brain, pulls away from its normal position. This can lead to significant vision loss or even blindness if not promptly treated. Retinal detachment can be caused by various factors such as aging, trauma, eye disease, or an inflammatory condition. Symptoms of retinal detachment may include sudden flashes of light, floaters, a shadow in the peripheral vision, or a curtain-like covering over part of the visual field. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

The Glycemic Index (GI) is a measure of how quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose levels, compared to a reference food (usually pure glucose). It is expressed as a percentage on a scale from 0 to 100. A food with a high GI raises blood glucose levels more rapidly and higher than a food with a low GI.

Foods are ranked based on the speed at which they cause an increase in blood sugar levels, with high GI foods causing a rapid spike and low GI foods causing a slower, more gradual rise. This can be useful for people managing diabetes or other conditions where maintaining stable blood glucose levels is important.

It's worth noting that the glycemic index of a food can vary depending on factors such as ripeness, cooking method, and the presence of fiber or fat in the meal. Therefore, it's best to consider GI values as a general guide rather than an absolute rule.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Photoreceptor cells in invertebrates are specialized sensory neurons that convert light stimuli into electrical signals. These cells are primarily responsible for the ability of many invertebrates to detect and respond to light, enabling behaviors such as phototaxis (movement towards or away from light) and vision.

Invertebrate photoreceptor cells typically contain light-sensitive pigments that absorb light at specific wavelengths. The most common type of photopigment is rhodopsin, which consists of a protein called opsin and a chromophore called retinal. When light hits the photopigment, it changes the conformation of the chromophore, triggering a cascade of molecular events that ultimately leads to the generation of an electrical signal.

Invertebrate photoreceptor cells can be found in various locations throughout the body, depending on their function. For example, simple eyespots containing a few photoreceptor cells may be scattered over the surface of the body in some species, while more complex eyes with hundreds or thousands of photoreceptors may be present in other groups. In addition to their role in vision, photoreceptor cells can also serve as sensory organs for regulating circadian rhythms, detecting changes in light intensity, and mediating social behaviors.

Fungal eye infections, also known as fungal keratitis or ocular fungal infections, are caused by the invasion of fungi into the eye. The most common types of fungi that cause these infections include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. These infections can affect any part of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and vitreous humor.

Fungal eye infections often present with symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, blurred vision, and discharge. In severe cases, they can lead to corneal ulcers, perforation of the eye, and even blindness if left untreated. Risk factors for fungal eye infections include trauma to the eye, contact lens wear, immunosuppression, and pre-existing eye conditions such as dry eye or previous eye surgery.

Diagnosis of fungal eye infections typically involves a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, and sometimes corneal scrapings for microbiological culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment usually involves topical antifungal medications, such as natamycin or amphotericin B, and in some cases may require oral or intravenous antifungal therapy. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage caused by the infection.

The anterior eye segment refers to the front portion of the eye, which includes the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and provides protection. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil. The ciliary body is a muscle that changes the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances. The lens is a transparent structure located behind the iris that further refracts light to provide a clear image. Together, these structures work to focus light onto the retina and enable vision.

Parasitic eye infections are conditions characterized by the invasion and infestation of the eye or its surrounding structures by parasites. These can be protozoans, helminths, or ectoparasites. Examples of such infections include Acanthamoeba keratitis, which is caused by a free-living amoeba found in water and soil; Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii; Loiasis, which is caused by the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa; and Demodicosis, which is caused by the mite Demodex folliculorum. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of parasite but often include redness, pain, discharge, and vision changes. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications and sometimes surgery to remove the parasites or damaged tissue. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil.

Eye pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensations in the eye. It can be sharp, throbbing, stabbing, burning, or aching. The pain may occur in one or both eyes and can range from mild to severe. Eye pain can result from various causes, including infection, inflammation, injury, or irritation of the structures of the eye, such as the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, or uvea. Other possible causes include migraines, optic neuritis, and glaucoma. It is essential to seek medical attention if experiencing sudden, severe, or persistent eye pain, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires prompt treatment.

Medical Definition of "Herpesvirus 1, Human" (also known as Human Herpesvirus 1 or HHV-1):

Herpesvirus 1, Human is a type of herpesvirus that primarily causes infection in humans. It is also commonly referred to as human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) or oral herpes. This virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with infected saliva, skin, or mucous membranes.

After initial infection, the virus typically remains dormant in the body's nerve cells and may reactivate later, causing recurrent symptoms. The most common manifestation of HHV-1 infection is oral herpes, characterized by cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth and lips. In some cases, HHV-1 can also cause other conditions such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and keratitis (inflammation of the eye's cornea).

There is no cure for HHV-1 infection, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the severity and frequency of recurrent outbreaks.

Eye evisceration is a surgical procedure in which the contents of the eye are removed, leaving the sclera (the white part of the eye) and the eyelids intact. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe eye injuries or infections, as well as to alleviate pain in blind eyes. After the eye contents are removed, an orbital implant is placed in the eye socket to restore its shape and volume. The eyelids are then closed over the implant, creating a smooth appearance. It's important to note that although the eye appears to have some cosmetic normality after the procedure, vision cannot be restored.

A pupil, in medical terms, refers to the circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part of the eye) that allows light to enter and reach the retina. The size of the pupil can change involuntarily in response to light intensity and emotional state, as well as voluntarily through certain eye exercises or with the use of eye drops. Pupillary reactions are important in clinical examinations as they can provide valuable information about the nervous system's functioning, particularly the brainstem and cranial nerves II and III.

Sensory deprivation, also known as perceptual isolation or sensory restriction, refers to the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. This can include limiting input from sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. The goal is to limit a person's sensory experiences in order to study the effects on cognition, perception, and behavior.

In a clinical context, sensory deprivation can occur as a result of certain medical conditions or treatments, such as blindness, deafness, or pharmacological interventions that affect sensory processing. Prolonged sensory deprivation can lead to significant psychological and physiological effects, including hallucinations, delusions, and decreased cognitive function.

It's important to note that sensory deprivation should not be confused with meditation or relaxation techniques that involve reducing external stimuli in a controlled manner to promote relaxation and focus.

A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of some or all of the vitreous humor, which is the clear gel-like substance filling the center of the eye. This surgery is often performed to treat various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular hole, and vitreous hemorrhage.

During a vitrectomy, the ophthalmologist makes small incisions in the sclera (the white part of the eye) to access the vitreous cavity. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to remove the cloudy or damaged vitreous and may also repair any damage to the retina or surrounding tissues. Afterward, a clear saline solution is injected into the eye to maintain its shape and help facilitate healing.

In some cases, a gas bubble or silicone oil may be placed in the eye after the vitrectomy to help hold the retina in place while it heals. These substances will gradually be absorbed or removed during follow-up appointments. The body naturally produces a new, clear vitreous to replace the removed material over time.

Vitrectomy is typically performed under local anesthesia and may require hospitalization or outpatient care depending on the individual case. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and increased eye pressure. However, with proper care and follow-up, most patients experience improved vision after a successful vitrectomy procedure.

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants are able to neutralize free radicals by donating an electron to them, thus stabilizing them and preventing them from causing further damage to the cells.

Antioxidants can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium. Antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements.

In addition to their role in protecting cells from damage, antioxidants have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat a number of health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using antioxidant supplements.

Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59). [1]. Retrieved 2010-07-28. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and ... International Statistical Classification of Diseases (WHO ICD-10) - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (ICD-10 codes H00-H59) ... the tendency for eyes to become cross-eyed (H50.1, H50.3) Exotropia - the tendency for eyes to look outward H52 Disorders of ... Crossed eye/Wandering eye/Walleye) - the eyes do not point in the same direction (H49.3-4) Ophthalmoparesis - the partial or ...
"Porcine Paramyxovirus Blue Eye Disease", and "La Piedad Michoacán Paramyxovirus Infection". Blue eye disease is a viral disease ... Blue eye disease in swine has only been reported in Mexico. It can affect not only pigs but also dogs, cats, rats, and rabbits ... Blue eye disease typically begins in piglets that are between 2-21 days old; 90 percent of the pigs that become infected with ... Blue eye disease outbreaks can happen throughout the year but are most common during spring and summer months of April to July ...
"Muscle eye brain disease , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. ... "Muscle eye brain disease , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. ... Muscle-eye-brain (MEB) disease, also known as muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy congenital with brain and eye anomalies A3 ... "Muscle-Eye-Brain Disease". Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease. 11 (3): 124-126. doi:10.1097/CND.0b013e3181c5054d. ISSN ...
Inflammatory eye diseases. Vitreo-retinal and laser surgery. Lens pathology. Eye trauma. Eye burns. Pediatric ophthalmic ... Its mission is the study of eye diseases and injuries, the training of ophthalmologists and the provision of eye care in ... and on 18 January 1965, the Odesa Research Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy. On 10 April 1986, the presidium of the ... On 28 February 2012, the Academy named the institute, The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy of National ...
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (June 2006). "The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): Design Implications ... The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) was a clinical trial sponsored by the National Eye Institute that ran from 1992-2001 ... "Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) - Full Text View". clinicaltrials.gov. Omenn, Gilbert S.; et al. (1996). "Effects of a ... Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group (May 5, 2013). "Lutein/Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related ...
... is rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) that is ... 2021-02-22). "Abnormal Gray Matter Volume and Functional Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease with Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ... "Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in treatment-naïve Parkinson disease patients". Sleep Medicine. 14 (10): 1035-1037. ... "Symptoms of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder are associated with cholinergic denervation in Parkinson disease". ...
An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in ... Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Alcoholism Crohn's disease Liver disease Malnutrition Peptic ulcer disease Pancreatic disease ... Carotid artery disease Arterial spasm (TIA) Diabetes mellitus Collagen diseases Venous occlusive disease Thrombosis Use of ... "Dengue Eye Disease". The BMJ. 2017-07-06. Mehta, Salil; Jiandani, Prakash (September 2007). "Ocular features of hantavirus ...
"Priority eye diseases". Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. "chromoblastomycosis" at Dorland's ... Contagious disease Fecal-oral transmission Neglected Tropical Disease Research and Development Drugs for Neglected Diseases ... and infectious disease experts over which diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases. Feasey, a researcher in ... malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases." In 2012, ...
Autoimmune diseases, Autoinflammatory syndromes, Eye diseases, Hearing loss, Disturbances of human pigmentation, Rare diseases) ... of 2001 classify the disease as complete (eyes along with both neurological and skin), incomplete (eyes along with either ... The disease is characterised by bilateral diffuse uveitis, with pain, redness and blurring of vision. The eye symptoms may be ... Although sometimes a viral infection, or skin or eye trauma precedes an outbreak, the exact underlying initiator of VKH disease ...
... or thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. It is a form of idiopathic ... Less commonly, it has been known as Parry disease, Begbie disease, Flajan disease, Flajani-Basedow syndrome, and Marsh disease ... Eye problems may require additional treatments. Graves' disease develops in about 0.5% of males and 3.0% of females. It occurs ... About 25 to 30% of people with the condition develop eye problems. The exact cause of the disease is unclear, but symptoms are ...
ISBN 978-981-15-4261-9. (Eye diseases). ... deforming the eye in a way that the eye-length is extended ... The protrusion is generally black in colour, due to the inner layers of the eye. It occurs due to weakening of outer layer of ... It may be of five types, depending on the location on the eyeball (bulbus oculi). In the anterior segment of the eye, involving ... On the equator of the eye (region circumferencing the largest diameter orthogonal to the visual axis). Its causes are scleritis ...
... represent a group of diseases affecting the central part of the retina of the eye, the ... "Pachychoroid disease". Eye. 33 (1): 14-33. doi:10.1038/s41433-018-0158-4. ISSN 0950-222X. PMC 6328576. PMID 29995841. Warrow, ... The disease mechanisms are not completely understood. All pachychoroid disorders of the macula show choroidal thickening and ... It is assumed that a large part of the population has a thickened choroid without other signs of disease. This includes mainly ...
"WHO , Priority eye diseases". WHO. Retrieved 2020-09-02. Coursey, Terry G; de Paiva, Cintia S (2014-08-04). "Managing Sjögren's ... Diabetic Eye Disease Carraro, Maria Cristina; Rossetti, Luca; Gerli, Gian Carla (October 2001). "Prevalence of retinopathy in ... Eye infection, inflammation, or injury. Sjögren's syndrome, a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that destroys moisture ... Temporary blurred vision may involve dry eyes, eye infections, alcohol poisoning, hypoglycemia, or low blood pressure. Other ...
ISBN 978-0-7020-7711-1. "Priority eye diseases". www.who.int. Archived from the original on March 22, 2006. "Diagnostic ... Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH): ICGA is useful in diagnosing VKH. In VKH, delay in filling of the choriocapillaris along ... Stargardt disease: Numerous hypoflourescent spots are seen in ICGA. Angioid streaks: ICGA can be used for diagnosing angioid ... First intravenous ICGA in human eye was performed by Flower and Hochheimer in 1972. In 1986 Hayashi et al. used infrared- ...
List of eye diseases and disorders List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations "Definition of RETINOPATHY". www. ... "WHO , Priority eye diseases". www.who.int. Archived from the original on March 22, 2006. Retrieved 2017-03-03. "Diabetic ... It accounts for about 5% of blindness worldwide and is designated a priority eye disease by the World Health Organization. Many ... Both types cause disease by altering the normal blood flow to the retina through different mechanisms. The retina is supplied ...
One early warning sign of Coats' disease is yellow-eye in flash photography. Just as the red-eye effect is caused by a ... due to the unilateral nature of the disease). Often the unaffected eye will compensate for the loss of vision in the other eye ... Coats' disease results in a gradual loss of vision. Blood leaks from the abnormal vessels into the back of the eye, leaving ... Coats' disease itself is painless. Pain may occur if fluid is unable to drain from the eye properly, causing the internal ...
... is visible to the human eye. Affected gills may exhibit crusted, surface-corroding,[citation needed] ... Black gill disease, also known as black spot disease or black death, is a disease affecting various species of marine animals, ... concluding the patterned emergence of black gill disease is linked to large-scale weather events. Black gill disease is ... The disease is characterized by the visibly noticeable black melanated gills, speculated to be caused by a fungus called ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... Many of the Salzburgers died due to complications from infectious diseases during the journey, and once they arrived in Georgia ...
"Eye Diseases and Information". All Animal Eye Services. Archived from the original (website) on August 5, 2009. Retrieved 19 ... Microphthalmia, meaning "small eyes", is a developmental disorder of the eye, believed to be an autosomal recessive genetic ... Additionally, the eyes of the Akita are small, dark, deeply set, and triangular in shape. Akitas have thick double coats, and ... "Diseases in the American Akita" (PDF). Akita Rescue Mid-Atlantic Coast (USA). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-05-26. ...
Eye diseases, Ophthalmology, Syndromes). ... Floppy eyelid syndrome is a disease whose most prominent ...
Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 117917211772190. doi:10.1177/1179172117721902. PMC 5533269. PMID 28804247. https://enslaved. ... Church performed cataract surgery, and is also remembered for treating the eye ailments of John Adams. By 1769, he had acquired ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... McKnight was remembered as an oculist, and therefore probably performed eye surgery. McKnight maintained a steady surgical ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... Historian Edwin G. Burrows writes that "by the end of 1776, disease and starvation had killed at least half of those taken on ... The primary cause of death in prison ships was diseases, as opposed to starvation. The British lacked decent and plentiful ... Great Britain's neglect resulted in starvation and disease. Despite the lack of formal executions, neglect achieved the same ...
Leffler CT, Schwartz SG, Le JQ (2017). "American Insight into Strabismus Surgery before 1838". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. ... wandering eye), amblyopia (lazy eye) and eye movement disorders may include a variety of vision therapy methods, primarily ... Strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes and may also result in amblyopia (lazy eye) or impairments of binocular vision. ... Scott AB (1994). "Change of eye muscle sarcomeres according to eye position". Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus ...
Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/1179172117721902. PMC 5533269. PMID 28804247. Starbuck, David (2006). "The ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... He placed prosthetic eyes and performed cataract surgery. Here he learned the principles of electricity from Ebenezer ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1179172117721902. doi: ...
De Schweinitz, George Edmund (1902). Diseases of the Eye. Saunders. pp. 309. v t e (All articles with unsourced statements, ... Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Medical signs, Eye diseases, All stub articles, Eye stubs). ...
2017). "Ophthalmology in North America: Early Stories (1491-1801)". Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases. 9: 1-51. doi:10.1177/ ... He began studies of yellow fever when the disease broke out in New York in 1795. His work helped discover its epidemiology. As ...
Sihota, Ramanjit; Tandon, Radhika (2011). "Diseases of the Orbit". Parsons' Diseases of the Eye. New Delhi: Elsevier India. p. ... One with the eyes looking up, one with the eyes looking down. These views will show any movement of fragments and helps rule ... Orbital x-ray or orbital radiography is an x-ray of both left and right eye sockets, to include the Frontal Sinuses and ... It is useful for detecting fractures of the surrounding bone arising from injury or disease. It is also commonly used for ...
Learn about diseases of the eye, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. ... Some eye problems are minor and go away. Others can cause vision loss. ... Get a Dilated Eye Exam (National Eye Institute) Also in Spanish * Get an Eye Disease Screening at 40 (American Academy of ... Conjunctivitis - an infection also known as pink eye. Your best defense is to have regular checkups, because eye diseases do ...
Common eye disorders that could lead to vision loss ... Common Eye Disorders and Diseases. *Frequently Asked Questions ... or astigmatic in one eye than the other eye, and rarely other eye conditions such as cataract. Unless it is successfully ... The leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States are primarily age-related eye diseases such as age-related ... Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the eyes optic nerve and result in vision loss and blindness. Glaucoma occurs ...
Endocrinologist Malini Gupta, MD, demonstrates the structural changes of thyroid eye disease in this series of images. ... Thyroid Eye Disease often causes quality-of-life changes for patients. ... Changes in thyroid eye disease can be unilateral or bilateral. Changes in thyroid eye disease are often gradual but can cause ... Thyroid eye disease (TED) has been viewed as a phenomenon seen in Graves disease of the thyroid, but its now recognized as a ...
... is a multifactorial disease of the tears and the ocular surface that results in discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film ... Dry eye syndrome (DES), also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or keratitis sicca, ... SS-Associated Dry Eye Disease (Primary or Secondary). SS-associated dry eye disease leads to a chronic inflammatory state, with ... Alternatively, dry eye disease can also be subdivided into disease associated with Sjögren syndrome (SS) and disease not ...
Perspectives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Guidelines for Diabetic Eye Disease Control -- Kentucky ... Guidelines for Diabetic Eye Disease Control. POINT OF CONTACT FOR THIS DOCUMENT:. Article. Diabetic eye disease is the leading ... Since detection of proliferative eye disease is subtle, it is best performed by persons specially trained in eye disease. ... Guidelines for Diabetic Eye Disease Control. Eye care for the patient with diabetes requires a partnership between the primary ...
Breedlove B, Bradbury R. A Worms Eye View. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2018;24(8):1602-1603. doi:10.3201/eid2408.ac2408.. ... Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Kumaresan J, Sachs SE, Sachs JD, et al. Control of neglected tropical diseases. N Engl J Med ... which resulted in an eye surgeon extracting a Loa loa worm from Taylors eye. Taylor notes that this event "was the start of ... A Worms Eye View. Volume 24, Number 8-August 2018. Article Views: 1593. Data is collected weekly and does not include ...
Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59). [1]. Retrieved 2010-07-28. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and ... International Statistical Classification of Diseases (WHO ICD-10) - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (ICD-10 codes H00-H59) ... the tendency for eyes to become cross-eyed (H50.1, H50.3) Exotropia - the tendency for eyes to look outward H52 Disorders of ... Crossed eye/Wandering eye/Walleye) - the eyes do not point in the same direction (H49.3-4) Ophthalmoparesis - the partial or ...
... which was generally believed to be on the axis of the eye. The acuity of central vision (at the optic disc) was explained by ... world from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century and show how these influenced causal theories of optic nerve diseases. ... from understanding illness holistically in terms of an individuals humoral imbalance to the concept of organ-based diseases. ... Read SW . A Short but Exact Account of all the Diseases Incident to the Eyes … (1710), Facsimile of second edition. Classics of ...
Get information on common eye and vision problems, such as conjunctivitis, retinal detachment, dry eyes, cataracts, and ... Lazy Eye. Lazy eye, or amblyopia, happens when one eye doesnt develop properly. Vision is weaker in that eye, and it tends to ... These diseases can destroy eye tissue, and even cause eye loss. People of all ages can have it. Symptoms may go away quickly or ... If your dry eye problem is chronic, you may have dry eye disease. You doctor could prescribe medicated drops like cyclosporine ...
Eye disease. Filed under: Eye -- Diseases*. Toxicology of the Eye. (first edition; Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, c1962), by W ... Filed under: Eye -- Diseases -- Treatment -- Early works to 1800*. An Abstract of the Methods of Curing Diseases of the Eyes, ... Diseases (Include extended shelves). You can also browse an alphabetical list from this subject or from: Eye -- Diseases. See ... Filed under: Eye -- Inflammation*. Keep Your Mouth Shut: A Popular Treatise on Mouth-Breathing, Its Causes, Effects, and ...
... and screening for the disease could become part of an eye exam. ... differences in the retinas of people with Alzheimers disease, ... They say eyes are the window to the soul, but in the future they may be a window into an early Alzheimers diagnosis. ... But dont rush out to your eye doctor yet. Grewal and Fekrat say that it may be years before these tests are ready for prime ... The study of more than 200 people - 39 of whom had the brain disease - used a new noninvasive technology called optical ...
... any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human eye. Learn about the more common types of diseases of the eye and its ... Home Health & Medicine Conditions & Diseases Diseases of the Senses Science & Tech eye disease. ... eye disease, any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human eye. ... The first part deals with conditions affecting the orbit, lids, and external eye, and the second focuses on diseases of ...
Hypertension is a risk factor for a number of vision-threatening eye conditions including retinal vascular occlusion, retinal ... Hypertensive eye disease: a review Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2017 Jan;45(1):45-53. doi: 10.1111/ceo.12905. Epub 2017 Jan 21. ... Hypertension is a risk factor for a number of vision-threatening eye conditions including retinal vascular occlusion, retinal ... The effects of sustained hypertension are directly visible in the eye as hypertensive retinopathy and choroidopathy, reflecting ...
Diabetic eye diseases are a group of eye problems that can occur as a result of uncontrolled high blood sugar levels. ... Diabetic eye diseases are a group of eye problems that can occur as a result of uncontrolled high blood sugar levels. Vision ... If youd like more information on diabetic eye diseases or other retinal diseases, talk to your optician or visit. . ... National Eye Institute. Facts About Diabetic Eye Disease. [Internet; cited May 2019]. Available from:. ...
Part of a journal that advances our understanding of underlying eye diseases and disorders, this section explores applied and ... Part of a journal that advances our understanding of underlying eye diseases and disorders, this section explores applied and ... we reconsider first-line treatments for glaucoma in the setting of meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular surface disease: ... Editorial: Women in inflammatory eye diseases: 2022. in Inflammatory Eye Diseases. *María C. Jiménez-Martínez ...
... is a vision loss disease that is the primary cause of blindness and vision loss in Americans who are 65 and over. ... Lensshopper ⤏ Eye Disorders ⤏ Macular Degeneration. Eye Diseases Macular Degeneration. What is Macular Degeneration?. Macular ... Ask our Eye Care Pro. Questions and answers Contact Lens Retailers. AC Lens. Discount contact lenses. Best Price Contacts. Lens ... When the drug enters the retinal blood vessels, the doctor shines a laser into the eye, which activates the drug. It then ...
... will be in contact with an oculoplastic surgeon with experience in treating patients with thyroid eye disease. ... is an eye condition that happens in a person with an overactive thyroid. Most eye surgeons (ophthalmologists) and hormone ... Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves orbitopathy or Graves ophthalmopathy, ... Disease Affect Your Eyes? What is Graves disease, and how does it affect your eyes? Learn the signs of thyroid eye disease, ...
... www.optigen.com OPTIGEN researches and establishes DNA based diagnoses and information about inherited eye diseases of dogs. My ... OPTIGEN researches and establishes DNA based diagnoses and information about inherited eye diseases of dogs. My guests today ...
20/200 in best eye, with best correction, or a field loss resulting in less than 20 degrees. Below is a list of eye diseases. ... Below is a list of eye diseases. The links include definitions, contact information on state or national organizations and ... Legal blindness definition: 20/200 in best eye, with best correction, or a field loss resulting in less than 20 degrees. ... National Eye Institute. Information Office. 31 Center Drive MSC 2510. Bethesda, MD 20892-2510. 301-496-5248 ...
If you have thyroid eye disease, learn these important facts and stats about symptom management, treatment, and more. ... Graves eye disease. (2022).. https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/graves-eye-disease. ... Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory eye disease that causes damage and swelling in the tissues around the eyes. ... More in Next Steps with Thyroid Eye Disease. *. Thyroid Eye Disease: 8 Tips to Help Manage Irritation ...
WHAT IS THYROID EYE DISEASE?. Thyroid eye disease (abbreviated as TED) is an autoimmune disease that affects some people with ... Symptoms of thyroid eye disease include:. *Feeling of grittiness in your eyes (like "sand in your eyes") and sensitivity to ... December 8, 2022 in 2022 News Releases, Featured, Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) Management of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Consensus ... Surgical Management of Graves Disease. Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy. Thyroid Eye Disease. Thyroid Function Tests. Thyroid ...
Here are the healthcare professionals you should have on your thyroid eye disease care team, and how each expert can help you ... 7 Signs and Symptoms of Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves Ophthalmopathy). What to Know About Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves ... 7. A Mental Health Professional to Help You Process Changes Related to the Disease. If your thyroid eye disease leads to eye ... disease or thyroid eye disease, make a plan right away for how youll quit. A good place to start is the Centers for Disease ...
... boost eye health, and prevent eye-related diseases. ... National Eye Institute. , AMD is the leading cause of blindness ... What are some common eye problems? Read on to learn more about common eye conditions and tips to help prevent vision loss. ... "The retina is a metabolically active tissue, so it is not a stretch to think that other diseases that affect our cardiovascular ... Thus, it is important to have your annual eye exam and your routine physical exam, including blood tests, so that necessary ...
Google Launches Diabetic Eye Disease Screening AI Program. By Adnan Farooqui, on 12/13/2018 08:03 PST ... The programs purpose will be to screen for a diabetic eye disease that can cause permanent blindness. The company has ... revealed that the AI program has an accuracy rate of 95 percent when detecting the disease compared to 74 percent from eye ... It looks at the patients eye screen results to determine if theyre at lisk of permanent blindness. Early detection leaves ...
Now, thanks to researchers at the Technion, the eyes (or at least the motion of a persons eyelids) can also be used ... Some say the eyes are a window to the soul. ... Eyes Neurologic Conditions Eyelid Spasm Disease Detection eye ... "This motion can indicate not only eye diseases, but also neurological diseases such as Parkinsons, and autoimmune diseases ... Thyroid eye disease, Parkinsons disease, Myasthenia Gravis, and neurologic diseases such as third and seventh cranial nerve ...
... system that can analyse eye scans taken during a routine visit to an optician or eye clinic and identify patients at a high ... AI can identify heart disease from an eye scan Category. Technology news ... He said: "Cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks, are the leading cause of early death worldwide and the second- ... He said: "The AI system has the potential to identify individuals attending routine eye screening who are at higher future risk ...
... an incurable eye disease. But researchers at the University of Utahs John A. Moran Eye Center have shown in a new study that ... There is no treatment for the disease, although there is evidence that nutrition supplements and protecting eyes from UV rays ... Suspected cause of blindness from eye disease disproved. March 11, 2013. ScienceBlog.com ... Stargardt disease is a form of macular degeneration that strikes about one in 10,000 children between the ages of 6 and 20. ...
... helps explain why some people with Zika virus develop eye disease, and suggests that contact with infected eyes may play a role ... Zika virus is capable of infecting the eye, according to a new study. The study, in mice, ... Zika virus may persist in eyes: Disease may spread from infected eyes. Date:. September 6, 2016. Source:. Washington University ... "Zika virus may persist in eyes: Disease may spread from infected eyes." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. ...
Researchers have used artificial intelligence to support the instant diagnosis of diabetes-related eye disease in its earliest ... Researchers have used artificial intelligence to support the instant diagnosis of diabetes-related eye disease in its earliest ... diabetes-related eye disease, in its earliest stages. ... "We know only half of those with diabetes have regular eye exams ... There are no early-stage symptoms and the disease may already be advanced by the time people start losing their sight. Early ...
Given that the eye possesses clear optics and shares many neural and vascular similarities to the brain, it offers a direct ... Given that the eye possesses clear optics and shares many neural and vascular similarities to the brain, it offers a direct ... Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in dementia and eventual death. It is the ... Alzheimers disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in dementia and eventual death. It is the ...
  • The leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States are primarily age-related eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Macular degeneration, often called age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is an eye disorder associated with aging and results in damaging sharp and central vision. (cdc.gov)
  • Macular degeneration or AMD (age-related macular degeneration) is a vision loss disease that is the primary cause of vision loss in Americans who are 65 and over. (lensshopper.com)
  • One of the first signs of dry macular degeneration is when drusen, yellowish deposits from deteriorating tissue, appears on the eye, accompanied with gradual loss of central vision. (lensshopper.com)
  • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye condition characterized by deterioration of the central field of vision. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Stargardt disease is a form of macular degeneration that strikes about one in 10,000 children between the ages of 6 and 20. (scienceblog.com)
  • Uncontrolled neovascularization lies behind vision-threatening diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), corneal neovascularization, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. (aoa.org)
  • NEW YORK CITY -- Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) had a significant association with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD), adding a missing link between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and CVD, a prospective study showed. (medpagetoday.com)
  • People with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) should eat oily fish at least twice a week to keep their eye disease at bay, say scientists. (fabresearch.org)
  • There are five eye diseases that are the leading causes of blindness and low vision in the United States: age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and eye injuries. (visivite.com)
  • Stargardt disease, however, an inherited form of macular degeneration, commonly affects children and young adults. (trustedlasiksurgeons.com)
  • More than 2 million patients - most over the age of 65 - currently have these eye diseases, and it is estimated that by 2020 nearly 3 million people will experience visual impairment from age-related macular degeneration. (science20.com)
  • Other common eye disorders include amblyopia and strabismus. (cdc.gov)
  • This is a partial list of human eye diseases and disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • eye disease , any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human eye . (britannica.com)
  • Later sections deal with injuries, ocular conditions associated with systemic disease , disorders of vision , methods of examining the eye, and devices for correcting visual defects. (britannica.com)
  • The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) estimates that thyroid eye disease affects 16 out of 100,000 women and nearly 3 out of 100,000 men. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Gene Therapy is a way to replace the faulty gene with a functional version of the gene to treat several eye disorders. (thehindubusinessline.com)
  • Eyelid disorders may be associated with facial and orbital abnormalities, specific breeds, and adjunct skin diseases, as well as with many systemic diseases. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Other symptoms that need quick attention are pain, double vision, fluid coming from the eye, and inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This is the name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation of the uvea. (webmd.com)
  • The inflammation in the eyes that causes them to swell can be reduced effectively by steroids. (medicinenet.com)
  • People with mild cases may experience redness, tearing, and dry eye due to inflammation, while people in the later stages can experience eye bulging (proptosis) and even vision loss. (everydayhealth.com)
  • About a third of all babies infected in utero with Zika show eye disease such as inflammation of the optic nerve, retinal damage or blindness after birth. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This receptor activates the cell and acts like an alarm bell to recruit other immune cells into the eye, resulting in sight-threatening inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • Different parts of the eye can be affected, depending on the cause of the inflammation. (preventblindness.org)
  • Eye inflammation is common and can happen at any age. (preventblindness.org)
  • The length of time of the eye inflammation and treatment will depend on the type and severity of the underlying disease, disorder or condition. (preventblindness.org)
  • Most cases of eye inflammation can be successfully treated. (preventblindness.org)
  • It also can be associated with inflammation of other parts of the eye and last for a short (acute) or a long (chronic) time. (preventblindness.org)
  • Keratitis - also known as "corneal ulcer", is an inflammation of the cornea - the clear, dome shaped window located at the front of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. (preventblindness.org)
  • Conjunctivitis - or pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear mucous membrane that covers the white part of the eyeball and the inside of the eyelid. (preventblindness.org)
  • Thyroid Eye Disease - sometimes called Graves' ophthalmopathy or Graves' Eye Disease, is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system causes inflammation and swelling and stimulates the production of muscle tissue and fat behind the eye. (preventblindness.org)
  • Diabetic eye disease is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in the United States in adults 75 years of age. (cdc.gov)
  • According to the National Eye Institute , AMD is the leading cause of blindness in older adults and typically affects those ages 55 and older. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The program's purpose will be to screen for a diabetic eye disease that can cause permanent blindness. (ubergizmo.com)
  • It looks at the patients' eye screen results to determine if they're at lisk of permanent blindness. (ubergizmo.com)
  • Ravajithi Hospital's assistant director Paisan Ruamviboonsuk mentioned that the country only has around 1,400 eye doctors for the estimated five million diabetic patients in the country who are all at a risk of permanent blindness. (ubergizmo.com)
  • Vision scientists long have thought that lack of very long chain fatty acids in photoreceptor cells caused blindness in children with Stargardt type 3 retinal degeneration, an incurable eye disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • But researchers at the University of Utah's John A. Moran Eye Center have shown in a new study that lack of these fatty acids does not cause blindness, meaning that the search for the mechanism that robs sight from children with the disease must start anew. (scienceblog.com)
  • There is no treatment for the disease, although there is evidence that nutrition supplements and protecting eyes from UV rays might be beneficial in slowing the progression of blindness. (scienceblog.com)
  • Researchers have used artificial intelligence to support the instant diagnosis of one of the top causes of blindness, diabetes-related eye disease, in its earliest stages. (edu.au)
  • Accounting for an estimated 10-15 percent of blindness in the United States, uveitis is a condition in which tissues in the eye become inflamed. (nih.gov)
  • The National Eye Institute (NEI) conducts and supports research that leads to sight-saving treatments and plays a key role in reducing visual impairment and blindness. (nih.gov)
  • In an effort to educate the public on the various forms of Inflammatory Eye Disease (IED), Prevent Blindness has declared Sept. 27 - Oct. 3, 2021, as the first-ever Inflammatory Eye Disease Awareness Week. (preventblindness.org)
  • As part of this initiative, Prevent Blindness has created a dedicated webpage providing detailed information on IED, downloadable fact sheets in English and Spanish, and resources for eye care. (preventblindness.org)
  • Prevent Blindness will feature a new episode in its Focus on Eye Health Expert Series , with an interview of Dr. Ann-Marie Lobo of the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Co-Director, Uveitis Service, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. (preventblindness.org)
  • As with most eye diseases and conditions, access to quality eyecare and treatment can help prevent vision loss and even blindness from Inflammatory Eye Disease," said Jeff Todd, president and CEO of Prevent Blindness. (preventblindness.org)
  • The term retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a set of degenerative genetic diseases that gradually kill off the light-sensing cells (rods and cones) of the retina, eventually causing blindness. (trustedlasiksurgeons.com)
  • In addition, 25 percent of the survivors have eye complications that reportedly can lead to blindness if not treated. (ibtimes.com)
  • This a huge achievement when compared with the mid-80s when a national survey estimated that the disease was responsible for almost one in five cases of blindness countrywide. (who.int)
  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) has been viewed as a phenomenon seen in Graves disease of the thyroid, but it's now recognized as a separate autoimmune disease. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' orbitopathy or Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an eye condition that happens in a person with an overactive thyroid. (medicinenet.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease is caused by Graves' disease, an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune cells cause the tissue around and behind the eyes to grow. (medicinenet.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease may happen in a person months before the diagnosis of an overactive thyroid or after receiving treatment for Graves' disease affecting the thyroid. (medicinenet.com)
  • Receiving iodine therapy for Graves' disease increases the risk of thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • The shortened eye muscle in Graves' disease can pull the ligaments and result in double vision. (medicinenet.com)
  • The most common cause of TED is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and causes it to become overactive. (healthline.com)
  • Graves eye disease. (healthline.com)
  • Epidemiology of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease. (healthline.com)
  • Wendy Williams Has It… So What Is Graves' Disease? (healthline.com)
  • The foods you eat can't cure you of Graves' disease, but some nutrients that may help relieve symptoms or reduce flares. (healthline.com)
  • Do Graves' Disease Eyes Go Back to Normal? (healthline.com)
  • TED is most common in people with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease and rarely, may occur in patients with normal or low thyroid levels. (thyroid.org)
  • About one in every three people with Graves' disease develop eye symptoms. (thyroid.org)
  • While eye symptoms can occur at any time, they usually appear within the first year of diagnosis of Graves' disease. (thyroid.org)
  • These doctors and experts can help treat the symptoms of thyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy). (everydayhealth.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease is also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, in part because it commonly goes hand in hand with Graves' disease, which causes an overactive thyroid . (everydayhealth.com)
  • A study published in 2022 reported that about 90 percent of thyroid eye disease is associated with Graves' disease and requires multispeciality collaboration, including ophthalmology, endocrinology, and otolaryngology, because Graves' involves different systems of the body. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Your primary care physician may be your main point of care if you have Graves' disease. (everydayhealth.com)
  • No matter what stage - mild, moderate, or severe - your disease is in, "If someone has Graves', they should be seeing an ophthalmologist to get a baseline eye exam," says Madina Falcone, MD , director of oculoplastics and orbital surgery at University of Connecticut Health in Farmington. (everydayhealth.com)
  • If you have been diagnosed with Graves' disease or thyroid eye disease, make a plan right away for how you'll quit. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) is usually caused by Graves' disease. (preventblindness.org)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • AMD affects the macula, the central part the retina that allows the eye to see fine details. (cdc.gov)
  • Dry AMD generally affects both eyes. (cdc.gov)
  • Thyroid eye disease (abbreviated as TED) is an autoimmune disease that affects some people with autoimmune thyroid disease. (thyroid.org)
  • Uveitis - can occur in one eye or both eyes and affects the layer of the eye called the uvea. (preventblindness.org)
  • Dry eye disease affects a wide variety of people and has many different causes. (sharecare.com)
  • Trachoma is a neglected tropical eye disease that mainly affects children, with infection less common with increasing age. (who.int)
  • The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Some people are born with this problem, or it might develop from a degenerative disease involving the retina, and that usually can't be treated. (webmd.com)
  • Vision loss can occur over time, particularly when diabetes is poorly-controlled, causing damage in the retina - a part of the eye that sends information to the brain enabling sight. (roche.com)
  • New research from Duke Eye Center published in the journal Ophthalmology Retina found a significant difference in the retinas of individuals with healthy brains compared to those with Alzheimer's disease, a disease that currently impacts 5.6 million Americans age 65 and older. (aarp.org)
  • The study of more than 200 people - 39 of whom had the brain disease - used a new noninvasive technology called optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) that is able to see blood flow in all the layers of the retina. (aarp.org)
  • The retina is a metabolically active tissue, so it is not a stretch to think that other diseases that affect our cardiovascular system would also affect a tissue like the retina," he said. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Doctors have recognised that changes to the tiny blood vessels in the retina are indicators of broader vascular disease, including problems with the heart. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • It is not yet known whether the virus typically makes that trip by crossing the blood-retina barrier that separates the eye from the bloodstream, traveling along the optic nerve that connects the brain and the eye, or some other route. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Other common conditions affecting the retina include Diabetic Retinopathy, occlusion of retinal blood vessels, bleeding inside the eye and age-related muscular degeneration. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Surgical intervention is necessary if the retina shifts from its normal position or if bleeding inside the eye persists for a long duration. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Used in the eye, the medication targets the bleeding and swelling that occurs in the retina and shrinks the blood vessels, says study co-author Dr. Joshua Stein, assistant professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the Medical School and U-M Kellogg Eye Center. (science20.com)
  • Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the University of Wisconsin Eye Research Institute, Waisman Center. (britannica.com)
  • Thyroid eye disease "is a very challenging disease for patients, because it changes the way they look, see, and feel," says Andrea Kossler, MD , an associate professor of ophthalmology at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. (everydayhealth.com)
  • We developed a device that can be installed on the standard refraction glasses used in eye tests, at the request of Dr. Daniel Briscoe, Chairman of the Haemek Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology. (newswise.com)
  • Researchers led by David Krizaj, Ph.D., associate professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences at the Moran Eye Center, bred mice that lacked fatty acids in their photoreceptor cells and to their surprise found that the mice's eyesight was normal. (scienceblog.com)
  • We are planning studies in people to find out whether infectious virus persists in the cornea or other compartments of the eye, because that would have implications for corneal transplantation," said Rajendra S. Apte, MD, PhD, the Paul A. Cibis Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and the study's other senior author. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Led by Wishal D. Ramdas, MD, PhD, Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, investigators evaluated 3 independent studies conducted between 1990 and 2014 in order to determine the association between diabetes and eye diseases such as OAG, AMD, and cataracts. (hcplive.com)
  • Vision and the eyes are sentinels for overall health," said lead author Dr. Siegfried Wagner , a senior research fellow with the University College London Institute of Ophthalmology. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is rare to have a 'marker' in childhood that is associated with increased risk of serious disease in adult life, and also one that is measured and known for every child," said researcher Jugnoo Rahi , a professor of ophthalmic epidemiology with the University College London Institute of Ophthalmology. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A purposive sample of 50 patients with glaucoma aged 12-18 years, attending ophthalmology outpatient clinics in Cairo, Egypt, were given an educational programme focusing on information about glaucoma, correcting patients' incorrect beliefs and expectations, and demonstrations and retraining about eye care. (who.int)
  • This helps in the treatment of various retinal diseases including retinal holes and diabetic retinopathy. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Glaucoma is another eye disease usually associated with age and is the result of progressive damage to the optic nerve and typically diagnosed in adults over the age of 40. (visivite.com)
  • The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of an educational programme on knowledge, beliefs, practices and expectations towards glaucoma and eye care among adolescent patients with glaucoma. (who.int)
  • The programme significantly improved patients' knowledge and beliefs about glaucoma and their practices and expectations concerning eye care. (who.int)
  • Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases and adolescents are estimated to be ma. (who.int)
  • Dry eye disease (DED), also known as dry eye syndrome (DES), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and keratitis sicca, is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface due to a loss of homeostasis of the tear film. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Dry eye disease is a common form of ocular surface disease (OSD) and may overlap with other causes of OSD, such as limbal steam cell insufficiency and ocular graft-versus-host disease. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] Abnormalities or deficiencies in any of the 7 ocular surface components may worsen dry eye disease, yet promise opportunities for effective therapeutic intervention. (medscape.com)
  • According to the researchers, the device has the potential to diagnose every disease that is expressed neurologically, including many ocular and systemic such as Ptosis, Thyroid eye disease, Parkinson's disease, Myasthenia Gravis , and neurologic diseases such as third and seventh cranial nerve palsy. (newswise.com)
  • Her area of expertise is diagnosis and treatment of patients with ocular inflammatory and infectious diseases. (preventblindness.org)
  • Following this, she embarked on a one year ocular oncology fellowship at Moorfields Eye Hospital. (thyroid.ca)
  • In its full dose for cancer treatment (at 150 times the concentration of the ocular injections), the drug is more expensive, but the cost goes down when reduced to smaller doses for the eye. (science20.com)
  • In an observational study of 50 patients, acupuncture produced a significant improvement in DED symptom scores, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire scores, and Schirmer test scores. (crstoday.com)
  • Pathobiology of ocular disease : a dynamic approach / edited by Alec Garner, Gordon K. Klintworth. (who.int)
  • An endocrinologist, who specializes in treating hormone conditions, can help you balance your thyroid hormones , even though doing so doesn't treat or correct the symptoms of thyroid eye disease , such as eye bulging. (everydayhealth.com)
  • loiasis ( B74.3+ ) onchocerciasis ( B73+ ) phthiriasis ( B85.3+ ) (H03.1*) Involvement of eyelid in other infectious diseases classified elsewhere Involvement of eyelid in: herpesviral (herpes simplex) infection ( B00.5+ ) leprosy ( A30. (wikipedia.org)
  • We need to consider whether people with Zika have infectious virus in their eyes and how long it actually persists. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Even if human tears do not turn out to be infectious, the researchers' detection of live virus in the eye and viral RNA in tears still has practical benefits. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Cite this: Illustrating the Progression of Thyroid Eye Disease - Medscape - Nov 06, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of thyroid eye disease (TED) can be made by your primary care physician, your thyroid doctor/ endocrinologist, or your eye doctor (ophthalmologist). (thyroid.org)
  • In most patients, the same mechanism that causes thyroid eye disease can also affect the thyroid gland and result in an overactive thyroid. (medicinenet.com)
  • In adults, Zika can cause conjunctivitis -- redness and itchiness of the eyes -- and, in rare cases, uveitis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Dry eye disease can cause a variety of uncomfortable symptoms, including a stinging or burning sensation, sensitivity to light, redness and irritation, blurred vision, a gritty feeling, and eye pain or discomfort. (sharecare.com)
  • Infection with this worm is called loiasis and is typically diagnosed either by the worm's appearance in the eye or by a history of localized Calabar swellings, named for the coastal Nigerian town where that symptom was initially observed among infected persons. (cdc.gov)
  • Taylor discovered that he had returned from this travels not just with Loa loa but with two additional parasitic diseases, hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the bone that separates the orbit from the nose and the nasal sinuses is rather thin, infection sometimes spreads from the nasal sinuses into the orbit, causing the orbital tissue to swell and the eye to protrude. (britannica.com)
  • This condition, called orbital cellulitis , is serious because of the possibility that the infection may spread into the cranial cavity via the pathways of the cranial nerves that reach the eye through the posterior orbit. (britannica.com)
  • The study, published Sept. 6 in Cell Reports , describes the effect of Zika virus infection in the eyes of mouse fetuses, newborns and adults. (sciencedaily.com)
  • To determine what effect Zika infection has on the eye, the researchers infected adult mice under the skin -- similar to the way humans are infected by mosquitoes -- and found live virus in the eyes seven days later. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Eye infection raises the possibility that people could acquire Zika infection through contact with tears from infected people. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The eye is an immune privileged site, meaning the immune system is less active there, to avoid accidentally damaging sensitive tissues responsible for vision in the process of fighting infection. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It is the most common eye infection in the United States. (preventblindness.org)
  • Trachoma is a devastating eye disease caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis . (who.int)
  • The infection spreads from person to person through contaminated fingers, fomites and flies that came into contact with discharge from the eyes and nose of an infected person. (who.int)
  • Can an Eye Exam Detect Alzheimer's Disease? (aarp.org)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in dementia and eventual death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to severe cognitive loss and eventual death. (frontiersin.org)
  • This figure shows known associations with Alzheimer's disease. (frontiersin.org)
  • Early detection and aggressive treatment of dry eye disease, or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), may help prevent corneal ulcers and scarring. (medscape.com)
  • All patients should be informed (a) that sight-threatening eye disease is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and can often be present even with good vision and (b) that early detection and appropriate treatment of diabetic eye disease greatly reduce the risk of visual loss. (cdc.gov)
  • Taylor notes that this event "was the start of new adventures as a medical novelty exhibit" during his week-long stay at the London Hospital for Tropical Diseases for "an intensive bout of treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Treatment includes corrective glasses or contact lenses and using a patch or other strategies to make a child use the lazy eye. (webmd.com)
  • Your doctor will examine your eyes to see which treatment might work best for you. (webmd.com)
  • This article briefly describes the more common diseases of the eye and its associated structures, the methods used in examination and diagnosis , and the factors that determine treatment and prognosis. (britannica.com)
  • 2021). Thyroid eye disease: Navigating the new treatment landscape. (healthline.com)
  • Your doctor will usually suggest you avoid treatment with RAI if you have moderate or severe eye symptoms. (thyroid.org)
  • The system was also used to examine the effect of Botox injections, the conventional treatment for the disease, and it was found that within 15 minutes contractions decrease and the blinking pattern begins to match indices that exist among healthy people. (newswise.com)
  • new you: A low-cost treatment option for certain eye diseases? (aoa.org)
  • Physical activity may be a low-cost, effective and noninvasive treatment option in prevention of a number of eye diseases, including AMD," the researchers write. (aoa.org)
  • A preliminary clinical trial, conducted by researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), found that an investigational treatment for uveitis (pronounced yoo-vee-eye-tis) seems to have many fewer side effects than existing therapies, leading to improved quality of life for patients with this potentially blinding disease. (nih.gov)
  • This study will be repeated for verification, but if confirmed in both animals and humans, it could well represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of this highly devastating blinding disease, the company reports. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • It is significant to note that drugs used as the standard of care (acyclovir and foscarnet) showed no effect, whereas the intravitreal injection of the NanoViricides compound was highly effective in the treatment of viral-induced retinal disease and viral replication, Borniak concludes. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
  • In addition to addressing symptoms and easing flares, it is also important that a treatment plan addresses the underlying cause of dry eye disease. (sharecare.com)
  • This may be a healthcare provider that specializes in treating vision problems or diseases that affect the eyes, or it may be a healthcare provider you are already seeing, such as a primary care provider or a specialist overseeing treatment for an existing health condition. (sharecare.com)
  • This information can help your healthcare providers identify what is contributing to dry eye symptoms and help you find the most appropriate treatment. (sharecare.com)
  • The procedure is performed to identify the disease, know its extent and to plan treatment. (apollohospitals.com)
  • These relatively new drugs, the first available beginning in the mid-2000s, have revolutionized treatment for these eye diseases," Stein said. (science20.com)
  • I have reviewed the research on the use of acupuncture for the treatment of dry eye disease (DED), and my colleagues and I are now studying whether we can validate a protocol that has been described. (crstoday.com)
  • Autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis in association with autoimmune eye disease and sequential treatment with infliximab and rituximab. (bvsalud.org)
  • Seeing a several-centimeters-long worm traversing the conjunctiva of an eye is often the moment when many people realize they are infected with Loa loa , commonly called the African eyeworm, a parasitic nematode that migrates throughout the subcutaneous and connective tissues of infected persons. (cdc.gov)
  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory eye disease that causes damage and swelling in the tissues around the eyes. (healthline.com)
  • TED happens when your immune cells mistakenly attack the fat and fibroblast tissues around the eyes. (healthline.com)
  • That's because the enlarged fat and muscle tissues surrounding the eyes can push the eyeball so far forward that it compresses the optic nerve, which tethers the eyeball to the brain. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Overview of Neoplasia of the Eye and Associated Structures in Animals The various tissues of the eye and associated structures can be the site of primary or metastatic neoplasms. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • That's the middle layer of the eye that contains most of the blood vessels. (webmd.com)
  • The orbit is the bony cavity in the skull that houses the globe of the eye (eyeball), the muscles that move the eye (the extraocular muscles), the lacrimal gland, and the blood vessels and nerves required to supply these structures. (britannica.com)
  • When the drug enters the retinal blood vessels, the doctor shines a laser into the eye, which activates the drug. (lensshopper.com)
  • This motion can indicate not only eye diseases, but also neurological diseases such as Parkinson's, and autoimmune diseases such as Grave's. (newswise.com)
  • Autoimmune diseases are conditions where the body's immune system attacks parts of the body. (nih.gov)
  • The discovery of the central role of these T helper cells carrying large numbers of IL-2 receptors in uveitis and the potential value of daclizumab has also spurred intense research activity in other autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis, in which similar immune mechanisms have been implicated. (nih.gov)
  • Eye care for the patient with diabetes requires a partnership between the primary physician, the eye-care specialist, and the patient. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients with diabetes mellitus should have their first complete eye examination after 5 years duration of diabetes if they are between 10 and 30 years of age or at the time of diagnosis of diabetes if they are over 30 years of age. (cdc.gov)
  • After the initial eye examination, persons with diabetes mellitus should receive the above ophthalmic examinations annually unless more or less frequent examinations are indicated by the presence or absence of abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
  • As the rate of diabetes continues to grow, an increased number of people will be affected by diabetic eye disease. (roche.com)
  • We know only half of those with diabetes have regular eye exams and one-third have never been checked ," Kumar said. (edu.au)
  • This results in millions of people developing preventable and treatable complications from diabetes-related diseases. (edu.au)
  • Those with type 2 diabetes and eye disease were significantly older than those without eye disease, the study authors noted, and cataract was more frequently present in woman compared to men. (hcplive.com)
  • Dry eye disease is prevalent among people who have diabetes. (sharecare.com)
  • Cite this: Empagliflozin Eyed for Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes - Medscape - Mar 22, 2018. (medscape.com)
  • Red eyes could be a symptom of another eye condition, like conjunctivitis ( pinkeye ) or sun damage from not wearing shades over the years. (webmd.com)
  • Often, you'll likely need to get an ophthalmologist , or eye surgeon, to correct it surgically.You'll need to get an ophthalmologist , or eye specialist, to correct it. (webmd.com)
  • If the symptoms and/or eye changes from TED are moderate-to-severe or if the diagnosis or severity is uncertain, you should be referred to an ophthalmologist (eye doctor). (thyroid.org)
  • Your thyroid eye disease care team may include your primary care physician, an ophthalmologist, an endocrinologist, and more. (everydayhealth.com)
  • They will also refer you to an ophthalmologist for more comprehensive eye care and generally keep track of your care and the medications you might be taking. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Your ophthalmologist will recommend an appropriate interval for exams and watch for any disease progression in your eyes. (everydayhealth.com)
  • If your disease advances to moderate or severe, Dr. Falcone recommends seeing an ophthalmologist who specializes in thyroid eye disease or an oculoplastic and reconstructive surgeon. (everydayhealth.com)
  • For more information on inflammatory eye disease, please visit https://preventblindness.org/inflammatory-eye-disease . (preventblindness.org)
  • Download the Inflammatory Eye Disease Awareness Week press release. (preventblindness.org)
  • At that time, Taylor was plagued by health problems that were proving challenging to diagnose or treat, including what he described as a blinding transient pain in his eye, which would recur and disappear. (cdc.gov)
  • Your eye doctor can diagnose it with a simple test. (webmd.com)
  • A dilated retinal examination will help to diagnose any retinal diseases. (roche.com)
  • Duke ophthalmologists and retinal surgeons Dilraj S. Grewal and Sharon Fekrat, the study's lead and senior authors, said that while studying the eye to diagnose Alzheimer's is not a new concept, their study is the largest imaged group of patients so far. (aarp.org)
  • Newswise - Researchers at the Technion's Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering have developed a device that can diagnose diseases by means of an eyelid motion monitor (EMM). (newswise.com)
  • The researchers found a statistically significant quantitative relationship between a person's eyelid pattern and the disease, which means that the device could be used to diagnose it. (newswise.com)
  • An oculoplastic surgeon is a plastic surgeon with extensive training in managing the cosmetic and eye complications of thyroid disease . (medicinenet.com)
  • Dry eyes , corneal ulcers and eye muscle weakness can be managed by ophthalmologists trained in these complications. (medicinenet.com)
  • It can also cause complications-especially when left untreated-including infections and damage to the surface of the eye. (sharecare.com)
  • There are therapies that can help ease dry eye symptoms and prevent complications. (sharecare.com)
  • Dry eye disease, vision impairment, and other complications have been associated with shingles in and around the eye. (sharecare.com)
  • It is associated with many health complications, including many complications that affect the eyes. (sharecare.com)
  • Most eye surgeons (ophthalmologists) and hormone specialists (endocrinologists) will be in contact with an oculoplastic surgeon with experience in treating patients with thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hypertension is a risk factor for a number of vision-threatening eye conditions including retinal vascular occlusion, retinal macroaneurysm and non arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. (nih.gov)
  • The effects of sustained hypertension are directly visible in the eye as hypertensive retinopathy and choroidopathy, reflecting a pathological process occurring throughout the body. (nih.gov)
  • 2014). Thyroid eye disease for the primary care physician. (healthline.com)
  • The study, in mice, helps explain why some Zika patients develop eye disease including a condition known as uveitis which can lead to permanent vision loss. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Uveitis is swelling of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Endocrinologist and food artist Malini Gupta, MD, depicts the progression of thyroid eye disease in this series. (medscape.com)
  • Progression to both dry and wet forms of advanced AMD disease was 25% less likely among those eating a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids. (fabresearch.org)
  • Surprisingly, however, the supplements were counterproductive for those with early AMD, negating the benefits of omega-3 fats, and even appeared to increase the risk of disease progression. (fabresearch.org)
  • He said: "The AI system has the potential to identify individuals attending routine eye screening who are at higher future risk of cardiovascular disease, whereby preventative treatments could be started earlier to prevent premature cardiovascular disease. (leeds.ac.uk)
  • Multiple studies show how exercise helps with conditions including, but not limited to, cardiovascular disease, anxiety and depression, IOP and more," he says. (aoa.org)
  • The researchers are also gathering information about other groups, including patients with dementia and Parkinson's disease. (newswise.com)
  • Researchers have found that Zika virus can live in eyes and have identified genetic material from the virus in tears, according to a study from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The drugs have similar efficacy in treating these conditions and comparable side effect and safety profiles when used to treat eye disease, the researchers say. (science20.com)
  • Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, researchers sought to further evaluate the relationship between dry eye disease and asthma as, to the best of their knowledge, no previous meta-analyses had been performed. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • The results of our meta-analysis show that asthma patients have a higher risk of developing [dry eye disease] than those without asthma, and this relationship is significant in Australians, Caucasians, and Asians," the researchers wrote. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • As many as four in every 100 children have lazy eye, researchers said in background notes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Among more than 3,200 people who reported having lazy eye as a child, 82% still had persistent reduced vision in one eye as an adult, researchers found. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Banjul/ Brazzaville, 20 April 2021 - The Gambia has successfully eliminated trachoma as a public health problem, becoming the third African country to be validated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as having eliminated the disease as a public health threat. (who.int)
  • The 2021-2030 global strategy on neglected tropical diseases seeks to prevent, control or eradicate 20 diseases or disease categories by 2030. (who.int)
  • However, since patients with retinopathy are usually asymptomatic at the most treatable stage of their disease, they may not seek an examination at that time. (cdc.gov)
  • In depicting diseases of the fundus oculi, black and white have been used for many of the ordinary lesions, while colored plates have been reserved for special conditions, some of which are familiar and others unusual. (powells.com)
  • Identifying the molecular mediators that couple physical activity and CNV is an important avenue of research to understand the relationship between this complex modifiable risk factor and retinal disease. (aoa.org)
  • This surgery is usually reserved for patients who are at a heightened risk of losing their eyesight due to thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • However, in rare cases there can be a serious disease present, which is a threat to the eyesight. (preventblindness.org)
  • These data suggest that patients with asthma may be at risk of developing a comorbid diagnosis of [dry eye disease] and should try to avoid risk factors and strengthen the prevention of [dry eye disease]. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • See an eye care professional right away if you have a sudden change in vision, if everything looks dim, or if you see flashes of light. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More than 4.2 million Americans aged 40 years and older are either legally blind* or are with low vision** in the better-seeing eye, excluding those who were categorized as being blind). (cdc.gov)
  • The National Eye Institute states that proper refractive correction could improve vision among 150 million Americans. (cdc.gov)
  • Over time, as less of the macula functions, central vision is gradually lost in the affected eye. (cdc.gov)
  • During the Renaissance, the organ of vision was transferred from the lens to the optic nerve, which was generally believed to be on the axis of the eye. (nature.com)
  • Their size allowed psychic pneuma to flow in abundance, emerging from the eyes to unite with the incoming light, a process essential for vision. (nature.com)
  • Whether your vision isn't what it used to be, or never was that great, there are things you can do to get your eye health back on track. (webmd.com)
  • Vision is weaker in that eye, and it tends to move "lazily" around while the other eye stays put. (webmd.com)
  • Lifelong vision problems can be avoided if a lazy eye is detected and treated during early childhood. (webmd.com)
  • Sometimes you can go to vision therapy with an eye doctor to help strengthen the weak eye muscles. (webmd.com)
  • There are many treatments, including vision therapy to make your eyes stronger. (webmd.com)
  • Getting an annual eye test is the best way to detect any changes in vision. (roche.com)
  • The surgery involves cutting the eye muscle and reattaching it to correct double vision. (medicinenet.com)
  • If double vision is a problem, glasses containing prisms may be prescribed by your eye doctor. (thyroid.org)
  • A sudden flare of severe thyroid eye disease can cause vision loss. (everydayhealth.com)
  • When patients come in with really severe disease and are actively losing their vision, you don't have time to waste," says Falcone. (everydayhealth.com)
  • This allowed them to test directly whether loss of very long chain fatty acids replicates vision loss observed in children with Stargardt's disease. (scienceblog.com)
  • Noting the $7.5 billion spent on Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-VEGFA drugs between 2013 and 2015, a study published in 2020 suggests a less costly, less invasive option for preventing vision loss in some diseases. (aoa.org)
  • and Retinitis pigmentosa, a disease causing progressive sustained vision loss. (thehindubusinessline.com)
  • Though the bionic eye doesn't restore vision to these patients, it could allow them to detect light and dark, which in turn could help them identify the movement or location of objects . (cnet.com)
  • People who are legally blind have vision that is not better than 20/200 in the better eye, even with eyeglasses. (visivite.com)
  • Cataracts are the leading cause of vision loss in the United States and develop naturally as we age resulting in a clouding over of the natural lens in the eye. (visivite.com)
  • And finally, any kind of injury or trauma to the eye can result in loss of vision. (visivite.com)
  • Eye stroke can cause a loss of blood flow and while the vision loss may be temporary, if not treated appropriately, can become permanent. (visivite.com)
  • Vigilance in maintaining eye health as well as overall health is important in preventing vision loss now, and as we age. (visivite.com)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a serious disease causing compromised vision and ultimately a total loss of vision. (trustedlasiksurgeons.com)
  • Experts reportedly said that vision impairments among Ebola survivors might be attributed to the persistence of the virus in their eyes. (ibtimes.com)
  • Any disease affecting this structure results in loss of corneal clarity and thereby affecting vision. (apollohospitals.com)
  • This is one of the reasons why we screen for good vision in both eyes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Amblyopia occurs when vision in one eye doesn't develop properly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An estimated 20.5 million (17.2%) Americans aged 40 years and older have cataract in one or both eyes, and 6.1 million (5.1%) have had their lens removed operatively. (cdc.gov)
  • The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur has licensed a pioneering technology to Reliance Life Sciences Pvt Ltd that has the potential to revolutionise the field of gene therapy, especially for many genetic eye diseases. (thehindubusinessline.com)
  • Several diseases and conditions - viral, bacterial, and genetic - affect the eyes and their ability to function properly. (trustedlasiksurgeons.com)
  • It can be difficult to treat a complicated autoimmune disorder such as thyroid eye disease, which is why you may need to recruit multiple doctors and experts to your healthcare team if you have the condition. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Medical opinion and guidance should always be sought for any symptoms that might possibly reflect a known or suspected disease, disorder or medical condition. (fabresearch.org)
  • The World Health Organization publishes a classification of known diseases and injuries, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, or ICD-10. (wikipedia.org)
  • World Health Organization ICD-10 codes: Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ebola has left survivors with chronic conditions such as eye problems and joint pain, the World Health Organization (WHO) said Friday. (ibtimes.com)
  • The first part deals with conditions affecting the orbit, lids, and external eye, and the second focuses on diseases of structures within the eyeball, or globe. (britannica.com)
  • For doctors of optometry, this supports so much of what we do as primary care providers where we look at the person as a whole, not just the eyes or conditions," Dr. Horn says. (aoa.org)
  • What Health Conditions Can Cause Dry Eye Disease? (sharecare.com)
  • A look at the health conditions and medications that can contribute to dry eye symptoms. (sharecare.com)
  • Eye Conditions & Eye Diseases: What's What? (lasikplus.com)
  • Eye conditions" and "eye diseases" are frequently used terms that lead to some confusion among patients. (lasikplus.com)
  • 24 hours emergency services are available to manage any acute eye condition such as chemical thermal injury, trauma, infections etc. proper management of these conditions can help prevent permanent visual loss. (apollohospitals.com)
  • For a number of years physicians have used bevacizumab to treat these eye conditions off label, meaning prescribed for a use other than the one originally intended. (science20.com)
  • This initial eye examination should include a history of visual symptoms, a measurement of visual acuity and intraocular pressure, and an ophthalmoscopic examination through dilated pupils. (cdc.gov)
  • Lazy eye , or amblyopia, happens when one eye doesn't develop properly. (webmd.com)
  • The team first examined blepharospasm dystonia , a disease characterized by involuntary contraction of the muscles responsible for closing the eyes. (newswise.com)
  • Earlier, surgery was the only option for most patients with thyroid eye disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • Thyroid Eye Disease Surgery: Am I a Candidate? (healthline.com)
  • The goal of surgery is to remove some of the bony structures behind and around the eye, creating room in order to release pressure around the optic nerve," says Falcone. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Living or working in a dry or windy environment, exposure to smoke (including cigarette smoke), allergies, wearing contact lenses, and having had eye surgery can all cause or contribute to dry eye disease. (sharecare.com)
  • LASIK is the most commonly performed laser eye surgery to treat hyperopia (farsightedness), as well as myopia (nearsightedness) and astigmatism. (lasikplus.com)
  • There are three types of Stargardt disease caused by three different gene mutations. (scienceblog.com)
  • Type 3, a rare dominant form of Stargardt disease, is caused by a mutation in ELOVL4, a gene that encodes an enzyme that helps to make fatty acids obtained through our diet into forms that can be incorporated into cell membranes. (scienceblog.com)
  • A 2018-2019 survey on trachoma trichiasis (an advanced stage) in The Gambia found that the prevalence of the disease among people aged 15 and above ranged from 0% to 0.02%, beating the threshold required for the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. (who.int)
  • Epidemiologists can predict the spread of a disease based on known rates of transmission for related viruses and the viral level in the bloodstreams of infected people. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If your eyes aren't lined up with each other when you look at something, you could have strabismus. (webmd.com)
  • While he was recovering from this trio of parasitic infections and related treatments, Taylor rediscovered the unfinished painting stashed upside down in his studio: "I immediately saw that what I had painted was an eye made out of worms. (cdc.gov)
  • H02.6) Xanthelasma of eyelid (H03.0*) Parasitic infestation of eyelid in diseases classified elsewhere Dermatitis of eyelid due to Demodex species ( B88.0+ ) Parasitic infestation of eyelid in: leishmaniasis ( B55. (wikipedia.org)
  • This causes further lid retraction, pain, and pressure at the back of the eye. (medscape.com)