An umbrella term used to describe a pattern of disabilities and abnormalities that result from fetal exposure to ETHANOL during pregnancy. It encompasses a phenotypic range that can vary greatly between individuals, but reliably includes one or more of the following: characteristic facial dysmorphism, FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION, central nervous system abnormalities, cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction, BIRTH DEFECTS. The level of maternal alcohol consumption does not necessarily correlate directly with disease severity.
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.
A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents).
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking.
Acute and chronic neurologic disorders associated with the various neurologic effects of ETHANOL. Primary sites of injury include the brain and peripheral nerves.
A child whose needs, abilities, or other characteristics vary so much from the average in mental, physical, or social areas that a greater than usual level of services is needed to facilitate the child's maximum potential development.
A group of indole-indoline dimers which are ALKALOIDS obtained from the VINCA genus of plants. They inhibit polymerization of TUBULIN into MICROTUBULES thus blocking spindle formation and arresting cells in METAPHASE. They are some of the most useful ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.
Drinking an excessive amount of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES in a short period of time.
Disorders resulting from defects in migration of neuronal cells during neurogenesis. Developing nerve cells either fail to migrate or they migrate to incorrect positions resulting in formation of heterotopias, lissencephaly, or other malformations and dysfunctions of the nervous system.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
The anterior portion of the head that includes the skin, muscles, and structures of the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, and jaw.
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.
Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
An infant during the first month after birth.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Morphogenetic roles of acetylcholine. (1/472)

In the adult nervous system, neurotransmitters mediate cellular communication within neuronal circuits. In developing tissues and primitive organisms, neurotransmitters subserve growth regulatory and morphogenetic functions. Accumulated evidence suggests that acetylcholine, (ACh), released from growing axons, regulates growth, differentiation, and plasticity of developing central nervous system neurons. In addition to intrinsic cholinergic neurons, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus receive extensive innervation from cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, beginning prenatally and continuing throughout the period of active growth and synaptogenesis. Acute exposure to ethanol in early gestation (which prevents formation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons) or neonatal lesioning of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, significantly compromises cortical development and produces persistent impairment of cognitive functions. Neonatal visual deprivation alters developmental expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in visual cortex, whereas local infusion of mAChR antagonists impairs plasticity of visual cortical neurons. These findings raise the possibility that exposure to environmental neurotoxins that affect cholinergic systems may seriously compromise brain development and have long-lasting morphologic, neurochemical, and functional consequences.  (+info)

The effect of the timing of ethanol exposure during early postnatal life on total number of Purkinje cells in rat cerebellum. (2/472)

We have previously shown that exposing rats to a high dose of ethanol on postnatal d 5 can affect Purkinje cell numbers in the cerebellum whilst similar exposure on d 10 had no such effect. The question arose whether a longer period of ethanol exposure after d 10 could produce loss of Purkinje cells. We have examined this question by exposing young rats to a relatively high dose (approximately 420-430 mg/dl) of ethanol for 6 d periods between the ages of either 4 and 9 d or 10 and 15 d of age. Exposure was carried out by placing the rats in an ethanol vapour chamber for 3 h per day during the exposure period. Groups of ethanol-treated (ET), separation controls (SC) and mother-reared controls (MRC) were anaesthetised and killed when aged 30 d by perfusion with buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Stereological methods were used to determine the numbers of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of each rat. MRC, SC and rats treated with ethanol between 10-15 d of age each had, on average, about 254-258 thousand cerebellar Purkinje cells; the differences between these various groups were not statistically significant. However, the rats treated with ethanol vapour between 4-9 d of age had an average of only about 128000+/-20000 Purkinje cells per cerebellum. This value was significantly different from both the MRC and group-matched SC animals. It is concluded that the period between 4 and 9 d of age is an extremely vulnerable period during which the rat cerebellar Purkinje cells are particularly susceptible to the effects of a high dose of ethanol. However, a similar level and duration of ethanol exposure commencing after 10 d of age has no significant effect on Purkinje cell numbers.  (+info)

Was the fetal alcohol syndrome recognized by the Greeks and Romans? (3/472)

Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers/scientists are frequently quoted as expressing an awareness of potential harm associated with drinking during pregnancy. However, the statements attributed to these authors were not made by them. Instead, they are interpretations, presented in the form of verbatim statements, of their views relating to procreation. Although they did have something to say about the role of alcohol in procreation, it was the effects of drinking on the male body at the time of conception, and especially alcohol's effects on male body temperature, that concerned them. A cold body at the time of conception was believed to enhance the likelihood of conceiving a female, which to the Greeks and Romans was a 'deformity'.  (+info)

Ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration and fetal alcohol syndrome. (4/472)

The deleterious effects of ethanol on the developing human brain are poorly understood. Here it is reported that ethanol, acting by a dual mechanism [blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors and excessive activation of GABA(A) receptors], triggers widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat forebrain. Vulnerability coincides with the period of synaptogenesis, which in humans extends from the sixth month of gestation to several years after birth. During this period, transient ethanol exposure can delete millions of neurons from the developing brain. This can explain the reduced brain mass and neurobehavioral disturbances associated with human fetal alcohol syndrome.  (+info)

Identification and evaluation of mental retardation. (5/472)

Mental retardation in young children is often missed by clinicians. The condition is present in 2 to 3 percent of the population, either as an isolated finding or as part of a syndrome or broader disorder. Causes of mental retardation are numerous and include genetic and environmental factors. In at least 30 to 50 percent of cases, physicians are unable to determine etiology despite thorough evaluation. Diagnosis is highly dependent on a comprehensive personal and family medical history, a complete physical examination and a careful developmental assessment of the child. These will guide appropriate evaluations and referrals to provide genetic counseling, resources for the family and early intervention programs for the child. The family physician is encouraged to continue regular follow-up visits with the child to facilitate a smooth transition to adolescence and young adulthood.  (+info)

Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on social behavior in humans and other species. (6/472)

Alcohol exposure during development causes central nervous system alterations in both humans and animals. Although the most common behavioral manifestation of these alterations is a reduction in cognitive abilities, it is becoming increasingly apparent that deficits in social behavior may be very prevalent sequelae of developmental alcohol exposure. In infancy and early childhood, deficits in attachment behavior and state regulation are seen in both alcohol-exposed people and animals, suggesting that these changes are largely the result of the alcohol exposure rather than maternal behavior. In the periadolescent period, people exposed to alcohol during development show a variety of difficulties in the social domain as measured by checklists filled out by either a parent or teacher. Rats exposed to alcohol during development show changes in play and parenting behaviors. In adulthood, prenatal alcohol exposure is related to high rates of trouble with the law, inappropriate sexual behavior, depression, suicide, and failure to care for children. These high rates all suggest that there may be fundamental problems in the social domain. In other animals, perinatal alcohol exposure alters aggression, active social interactions, social communication and recognition, maternal behavior, and sexual behavior in adults. In conclusion, research suggests that people exposed to alcohol during development may exhibit striking changes in social behavior; the animal research suggests that these changes may be largely the result of the alcohol insult and not the environment.  (+info)

On categorizations in analyses of alcohol teratogenesis. (7/472)

In biomedical scientific investigations, expositions of findings are conceptually simplest when they comprise comparisons of discrete groups of individuals or involve discrete features or characteristics of individuals. But the descriptive benefits of categorization become outweighed by their limitations in studies involving dose-response relationships, as in many teratogenic and environmental exposure studies. This article addresses a pair of categorization issues concerning the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure that have important public health consequences: the labeling of individuals as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) versus fetal alcohol effects (FAE) or alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and the categorization of prenatal exposure dose by thresholds. We present data showing that patients with FAS and others with FAE do not have meaningfully different behavioral performance, standardized scores of IQ, arithmetic and adaptive behavior, or secondary disabilities. Similarly overlapping distributions on measures of executive functioning offer a basis for identifying alcohol-affected individuals in a manner that does not simply reflect IQ deficits. At the other end of the teratological continuum, we turn to the reporting of threshold effects in dose-response relationships. Here we illustrate the importance of multivariate analyses using data from the Seattle, Washington, longitudinal prospective study on alcohol and pregnancy. Relationships between many neurobehavioral outcomes and measures of prenatal alcohol exposure are monotone without threshold down to the lowest nonzero levels of exposure, a finding consistent with reports from animal studies. In sum, alcohol effects on the developing human brain appear to be a continuum without threshold when dose and behavioral effects are quantified appropriately.  (+info)

Fetal alcohol syndrome: the origins of a moral panic. (8/472)

Since its discovery almost 30 years ago, the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) has been characterized in the USA, as a major threat to public health. In part because FAS resonated with broader social concerns in the 1970s and 1980s about alcohol's deleterious effect on American society and about a perceived increase in child abuse and neglect, it quickly achieved prominence as a social problem. In this paper, we demonstrate that, as concern about this social problem escalated beyond the level warranted by the existing evidence, FAS took on the status of a moral panic. Through examples taken from both the biomedical literature and the media about drinking during pregnancy, we illustrate the evolution of this development, and we describe its implications, particularly how it has contributed to a vapid public policy response.  (+info)

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is a term used to describe a range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities, and can vary in severity and combination from one individual to another.

The four diagnostic categories within FASD are:

1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): This is the most severe form of FASD and is characterized by a specific pattern of facial features, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system dysfunction.
2. Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS): This category includes individuals who have some, but not all, of the features of FAS.
3. Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND): This category includes individuals who have functional or cognitive impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure, but do not meet the criteria for FAS or pFAS.
4. Alcohol-Related Birth Defects (ARBD): This category includes individuals who have physical birth defects due to prenatal alcohol exposure.

It is important to note that FASD is a completely preventable condition, and there is no known safe amount or safe time to drink alcohol during pregnancy.

Ethanol is the medical term for pure alcohol, which is a colorless, clear, volatile, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor and burning taste. It is the type of alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages and is produced by the fermentation of sugars by yeasts.

In the medical field, ethanol is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant, and it is also used as a solvent for various medicinal preparations. It has central nervous system depressant properties and is sometimes used as a sedative or to induce sleep. However, excessive consumption of ethanol can lead to alcohol intoxication, which can cause a range of negative health effects, including impaired judgment, coordination, and memory, as well as an increased risk of accidents, injuries, and chronic diseases such as liver disease and addiction.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), alcohol-induced disorders are a category of mental disorders that are directly caused by substance/medication use. Specifically, alcohol-induced disorders refer to conditions where the primary cause is the use of alcohol or its withdrawal.

There are several types of alcohol-induced disorders, including:

1. Alcohol intoxication delirium: A state of confusion and disorientation that occurs due to excessive alcohol consumption.
2. Alcohol withdrawal delirium: A serious condition characterized by confusion, hallucinations, and tremors that can occur after a person stops drinking heavily and suddenly.
3. Alcohol-induced bipolar and related disorders: Mood disturbances that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
4. Alcohol-induced depressive disorder: Depressive symptoms that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
5. Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder: Anxiety symptoms that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
6. Alcohol-induced sleep disorder: Sleep disturbances that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
7. Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction: Sexual problems that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
8. Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder: A severe decline in cognitive abilities, such as memory and decision-making skills, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.

It's important to note that these disorders are distinct from alcohol use disorder (AUD), which refers to a pattern of problematic alcohol use that can lead to clinically significant impairment or distress. However, AUD can increase the risk of developing alcohol-induced disorders.

Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants are a class of drugs that slow down the activity of the CNS, leading to decreased arousal and decreased level of consciousness. They work by increasing the inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in sedation, relaxation, reduced anxiety, and in some cases, respiratory depression.

Examples of CNS depressants include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, and certain types of pain medications such as opioids. These drugs are often used medically to treat conditions such as anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and chronic pain, but they can also be misused or abused for their sedative effects.

It is important to use CNS depressants only under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have serious side effects, including addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Overdose of CNS depressants can lead to coma, respiratory failure, and even death.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

'Alcohol drinking' refers to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, which contain ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as the active ingredient. Ethanol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause euphoria, disinhibition, and sedation when consumed in small to moderate amounts. However, excessive drinking can lead to alcohol intoxication, with symptoms ranging from slurred speech and impaired coordination to coma and death.

Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The breakdown of ethanol produces acetaldehyde, a toxic compound that can cause damage to various organs in the body. Chronic alcohol drinking can lead to a range of health problems, including liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and increased risk of cancer.

Moderate drinking is generally defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men, where a standard drink contains about 14 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol. However, it's important to note that there are no safe levels of alcohol consumption, and any level of drinking carries some risk to health.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), alcohol-induced disorders of the nervous system are a category of conditions characterized by symptoms that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal. These disorders include:

1. Alcohol-induced neurocognitive disorder: This condition is characterized by significant impairment in cognitive functioning, including difficulties with attention, memory, and executive functions, which are caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
2. Alcohol-induced mood disorder: This condition is characterized by the presence of a mood disorder, such as depression or mania, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
3. Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder: This condition is characterized by the presence of an anxiety disorder, such as panic disorder or social anxiety disorder, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
4. Alcohol-induced sleep disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty sleeping or maintaining sleep that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
5. Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction: This condition is characterized by the presence of sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction or decreased libido, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
6. Alcohol-induced movement disorder: This condition is characterized by the presence of abnormal movements, such as tremors or ataxia, that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.

It's important to note that in order for a diagnosis of an alcohol-induced disorder to be made, the symptoms must be severe enough to cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must not be better explained by another medical condition or mental disorder.

An "exceptional child" is a term used in the field of education and healthcare to describe a child who differs from their peers in terms of their development, learning, or behavior due to a disability, disorder, or other special need. This term encompasses a wide range of conditions, including but not limited to:

1. Intellectual disabilities: Children with below-average intellectual ability and significant limitations in adaptive behaviors such as communication, self-care, and social skills.
2. Developmental disabilities: Children with delays or impairments in physical, cognitive, emotional, or linguistic development that affect their daily functioning. Examples include autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, and Down syndrome.
3. Learning disabilities: Children who have difficulties processing or understanding information, which can impact their academic performance. Dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia are examples of specific learning disabilities.
4. Behavioral disorders: Children with persistent patterns of disruptive, aggressive, or inattentive behavior that interfere with their social, emotional, or educational development. Examples include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD).
5. Sensory impairments: Children with visual, auditory, or other sensory impairments that affect their ability to perceive or interact with their environment.
6. Physical disabilities: Children with limitations in mobility, strength, or coordination due to conditions such as spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, or cerebral palsy.
7. Chronic illnesses: Children with ongoing medical conditions that require specialized care and management, such as cystic fibrosis, diabetes, or epilepsy.
8. Giftedness: Children who demonstrate exceptional intellectual ability, creativity, or talent in one or more areas, which may require specialized educational support to meet their unique needs.

The term "exceptional child" emphasizes the importance of recognizing and addressing the unique strengths, challenges, and needs of these children, as well as providing them with appropriate education, healthcare, and social supports to help them reach their full potential.

Vinca alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemicals derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, Catharanthus roseus. They are known for their antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) properties and are used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer. Some examples of vinca alkaloids include vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. These agents work by disrupting the normal function of microtubules, which are important components of the cell's structure and play a critical role in cell division. By binding to tubulin, a protein that makes up microtubules, vinca alkaloids prevent the formation of mitotic spindles, which are necessary for cell division. This leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. However, vinca alkaloids can also affect normal cells, leading to side effects such as neurotoxicity, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Meconium is the first stool passed by a newborn infant, typically within the first 48 hours of life. It is composed of materials ingested during fetal development, including intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo (fine hair), amniotic fluid, mucus, bile, and water. The color of meconium is usually greenish-black, and its consistency can range from a thick paste to a liquid. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid can occur when the fetus has passed meconium while still in the uterus, which may indicate fetal distress and requires careful medical attention during delivery.

Craniofacial abnormalities refer to a group of birth defects that affect the development of the skull and face. These abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may involve differences in the shape and structure of the head, face, and jaws, as well as issues with the formation of facial features such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Craniofacial abnormalities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Some common examples of craniofacial abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the skull bones), and hemifacial microsomia (underdevelopment of one side of the face).

Treatment for craniofacial abnormalities may involve a team of healthcare professionals, including plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, orthodontists, speech therapists, and other specialists. Treatment options may include surgery, bracing, therapy, and other interventions to help improve function and appearance.

Binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL or above. For the typical adult, this corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (male), or 4 or more drinks (female), in about 2 hours.

It is a serious and dangerous form of alcohol consumption as it can lead to various negative health consequences such as injuries, violence, liver disease, heart disease, and sexually transmitted diseases, among others. Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of alcohol dependence.

Neuronal migration disorders (NMDs) are a group of genetic conditions that affect the development and migration of neurons (nerve cells) in the brain during embryonic development. These disorders result from abnormalities in the genetic code that control the movement and organization of neurons as they migrate to their proper positions in the brain.

NMDs can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms, depending on which areas of the brain are affected and the severity of the disorder. Symptoms may include intellectual disability, developmental delay, seizures, motor abnormalities, vision or hearing problems, and behavioral issues. Some NMDs may also be associated with structural brain abnormalities that can be seen on imaging studies.

Examples of neuronal migration disorders include lissencephaly, pachygyria, heterotopias, and agyria. These conditions are typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, genetic testing, and neuroimaging studies. Treatment for NMDs is generally supportive and may involve medications, therapies, and surgical interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.

Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:

1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.

The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.

Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:

1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.

In medical terms, the face refers to the front part of the head that is distinguished by the presence of the eyes, nose, and mouth. It includes the bones of the skull (frontal bone, maxilla, zygoma, nasal bones, lacrimal bones, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and mandible), muscles, nerves, blood vessels, skin, and other soft tissues. The face plays a crucial role in various functions such as breathing, eating, drinking, speaking, seeing, smelling, and expressing emotions. It also serves as an important identifier for individuals, allowing them to be recognized by others.

Developmental disabilities are a group of conditions that arise in childhood and are characterized by significant impairments in cognitive functioning, physical development, or both. These disabilities can affect various areas of an individual's life, including their ability to learn, communicate, socialize, and take care of themselves.

Examples of developmental disabilities include intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These conditions are typically diagnosed in childhood and can persist throughout an individual's life.

The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and can include genetic factors, environmental influences, and complications during pregnancy or childbirth. In some cases, the exact cause may be unknown.

It is important to note that individuals with developmental disabilities have unique strengths and abilities, as well as challenges. With appropriate support and services, they can lead fulfilling lives and participate actively in their communities.

A learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to acquire, process, and use information in one or more academic areas despite normal intelligence and adequate instruction. It can manifest as difficulties with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), mathematics (dyscalculia), or other academic skills. Learning disorders are not the result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or environmental factors alone, but rather reflect a significant discrepancy between an individual's cognitive abilities and their academic achievement. They can significantly impact a person's ability to perform in school, at work, and in daily life, making it important to diagnose and manage these disorders effectively.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

I apologize, but "Canada" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in North America, known for its vast wilderness, multicultural cities, and significant natural resources. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help answer those!

Childhood behavior disorders are a group of disruptive behaviors that are more frequent or severe than is typical for the child's age and development. These behaviors can cause significant impairment in the child's life, including their relationships with family, friends, and at school. Common examples of childhood behavior disorders include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A chronic condition characterized by difficulty paying attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
2. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): A pattern of negative, hostile, and defiant behavior towards authority figures.
3. Conduct Disorder: A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules.
4. Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): A disorder characterized by recurrent impulsive aggressive behavior disproportionate to the situation.
5. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
6. Tourette Syndrome: A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics.

It's important to note that children with behavior disorders often have other conditions such as learning disabilities, mood disorders, or anxiety disorders. Early identification and treatment of these disorders can significantly improve the child's outcome.

The corpus callosum is the largest collection of white matter in the brain, consisting of approximately 200 million nerve fibers. It is a broad, flat band of tissue that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and coordinate information processing. The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in integrating sensory, motor, and cognitive functions between the two sides of the brain. Damage to the corpus callosum can result in various neurological symptoms, including difficulties with movement, speech, memory, and social behavior.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South Africa" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located at the southernmost tip of the African continent. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Alcoholism is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD) or alcohol dependence.

The diagnostic criteria for AUD include a pattern of alcohol use that includes problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems resulting from drinking, development of a tolerance, drinking that leads to risky behaviors or situations, and withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.

Alcoholism can cause a wide range of physical and psychological health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, neurological damage, mental health disorders, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups to help individuals achieve and maintain sobriety.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

The cerebellum is a part of the brain that lies behind the brainstem and is involved in the regulation of motor movements, balance, and coordination. It contains two hemispheres and a central portion called the vermis. The cerebellum receives input from sensory systems and other areas of the brain and spinal cord and sends output to motor areas of the brain. Damage to the cerebellum can result in problems with movement, balance, and coordination.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

"Long-Evans" is a strain of laboratory rats commonly used in scientific research. They are named after their developers, the scientists Long and Evans. This strain is albino, with a brownish-black hood over their eyes and ears, and they have an agouti (salt-and-pepper) color on their backs. They are often used as a model organism due to their size, ease of handling, and genetic similarity to humans. However, I couldn't find any specific medical definition related to "Long-Evans rats" as they are not a medical condition or disease.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

... at Curlie Center for Disease Control's page on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) ( ... "FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder". Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD. Retrieved 4 ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by a mother consuming alcohol while pregnant. Alcohol crosses through the placenta to ... "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) - conditions and interventions". www.sbu.se. Swedish ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is a term that constitutes the set of conditions that can occur in a person whose ... Recognizing and Managing Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects: A Guidebook. "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum ... "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2016-04-14. McCreight B (1997). ... Because of the complexity of the embryo-fetal development, including the maternal-fetal interactions during gestation, it is ...
One of the major effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs), of which Fetal ... Medicine portal Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Smoking and pregnancy Long-term effects of alcohol consumption Denny, Clark H ... Defects caused by gestational exposure to alcohol are collectively referred to as Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), ... Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; (2) Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder; (3) Alcohol-Related Birth Defects; (4) Static ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Prenatal nutrition Smoking and pregnancy "Cancer Prevention During Early Life". cdc.gov. 2020- ... 2013). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): neurobehavioral profile, indications for diagnosis and treatment". Rivista di ... Williams JF, Smith VC (November 2015). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". Pediatrics. 136 (5): e1395-e1406. doi:10.1542/peds. ...
Chandler, Ellen (2012). "FASD - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder". White Ribbon Signal. 117 (2): 2. Finn, Christina. "Irish ... There is no single standard, but a standard drink of 10g alcohol, which is used in the WHO AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders ... Alcohol (drug) Alcoholic drinks in China Beer and breweries by region Cooking with alcohol Holiday heart syndrome Homebrewing ... as well as foetal alcohol syndrome. The addition of warning labels on alcoholic beverages is historically supported by ...
Chandler, Ellen (2012). "FASD - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder". White Ribbon Signal. 117 (2): 2. Finn, Christina. "Irish ... Modern alcohol advertising promotes alcoholic beverages heavily "as though it was not a toxic substance". The alcohol industry ... 2018). "How alcohol industry organisations mislead the public about alcohol and cancer" (PDF). Drug and Alcohol Review. 37 (3 ... especially with respect to foetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol's carcinogenic properties. In general, warnings used in ...
Maternal alcohol consumption for example can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Other factors that can cause ... Mukherjee, Raja A.S.; Hollins, Sheila (2006). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: An Overview". Journal of the Royal Society of ... Other diseases of the central nervous system include neurological disorders such as epilepsy, movement disorders, and different ... A genetic disorder of the cerebral cortex, whereby decreased folding in certain areas results in a microgyrus, where there are ...
... these are collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The exact interaction between ethanol and the ... Weinberg J, Sliwowska JH, Lan N, Hellemans KG (April 2008). "Prenatal alcohol exposure: foetal programming, the hypothalamic- ... Bekdash R, Zhang C, Sarkar D (September 2014). "Fetal alcohol programming of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin system by ... Fetal programming, also known as prenatal programming, is the theory that environmental cues experienced during fetal ...
"Congenital heart defects and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders". Congenital Heart Disease. 2 (4): 250-255. doi:10.1111/j.1747- ... Fetal alcohol syndrome - about one in four patients with fetal alcohol syndrome has either an ASD or a ventricular septal ... A layer of tissue called the septum primum acts as a valve over the foramen ovale during fetal development. After birth, the ... A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a remnant opening of the fetal foramen ovale, which often closes after a person's birth. In ...
"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Toolkit Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 15 Nov 2017. Haastrup MB, Pottegård A, Damkier ... With respect to alcohol, the American Academy of Pediatrics states that when breastfeeding, "moderation is definitely advised" ... infant disorder Hyperlactation syndrome Overactive let-down Premature babies can have difficulties coordinating their sucking ... the children would not be subjected to clinically relevant amounts of alcohol [through breastmilk]", and would have no adverse ...
"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". American Family Physician. 96 (8): 515-522A. Hoyme, H. Eugene; ... It is also one of the known manifestations of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, which results from prenatal exposure to ... "Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". Pediatrics. 138 (2). Radioulnar synostosis at ... Indication for the surgical treatment of congenital radioulnar synostosis include severe disability due to bilateral disorder ...
Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N (March 2005). "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines ... Fetal alcohol syndrome causes facial abnormalities which include a thin vermilion border with a smooth philtrum. Sunlight ...
"New Tools May Help Diagnose Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". "WBUR Recognized by the Awards for Excellence in Health Care ... The Current Board of Directors includes professionals from the Boston Globe, STAT, the University of Georgia, Spectrum, NPR, ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that is a consequence of heavy alcohol intake by the mother during ... "Toward a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 34 (9): ... "The Effects of Drugs And Alcohol on Fetal Development , LIVESTRONG.COM." LIVESTRONG.COM - Lose Weight & Get Fit with Diet, ... The next period is that of fetal development where many organs become fully developed. This fetal period is described both ...
For services to People with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Jennie Muskett. Composer. For services to Music. Christine ...
Fast, Diane K.; Conry, Julianne (2009). "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the criminal justice system". Developmental ... Popova, Svetlana; Lange, Shannon; Bekmuradov, Dennis; Mihic, Alanna; Rehm, Jürgen (2011). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ... and the same goes for Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, a neurological disability of the brain. Research has found that it ... Research shows that a significant proportion of those in prison have personality disorders or other mental health disorders ...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) can exhibit a combination of the above, most commonly ADHD, because of this, FASD is ... fluency disorder, social (pragmatic) communication disorder, and speech sound disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ... "Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities". JAMA. 319 (5): 474-482. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21896. PMC ... Motor disorders including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders (such as ...
"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". Brain Research Reviews. 67 (1-2): 209-25. doi:10.1016/j. ... The magnitude of ethanol neurotoxicity in fetuses leading to fetal alcohol syndrome has been shown to be dependent on ... This work was responsible for creating the classification of fetal alcohol syndrome, a disease characterized by common ... "Hippocampal Cell Loss and Neurogenesis after Fetal Alcohol Exposure: Insights from Different Rodent Models". Brain Research ...
Inquiry into Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) 'Making FASD History' Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Prevention Strategy ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is known to impair memory, and the ability to learn and retain information. FASD is also ... She is best known for her fight against Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and work in improving the lives of Aboriginal ... Roberts, Anna (13 April 2013). "Marulu - Overcoming Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)". Retrieved 12 July 2016. Centre, ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), formerly referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome, presents as craniofacial malformations ... Of note, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder encompasses congenital anomalies, including craniofacial, auditory, and ocular defects ... Fainsod A, Bendelac-Kapon L, Shabtai Y (2020). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Embryogenesis Under Reduced Retinoic Acid ... retinoic acid deficiency and the induction of craniofacial malformations and microcephaly in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder". ...
Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). The most severe form of FASD is fetal alcohol ... 2005), "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis", CMAJ, 172 (5 Suppl): S1-S21, doi:10.1503/cmaj. ... 2013). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): neurobehavioral profile, indications for diagnosis and treatment". Rivista di ... as well as fetal alcohol syndrome. The median lethal dose of alcohol in test animals is a blood alcohol content of 0.45%. This ...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder PDA is usually diagnosed using noninvasive techniques. Echocardiography (in which sound waves ... The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that normally closes soon after birth. In a PDA, the vessel does not close, but ... Fetal Heart Defects". Medically Sound. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020. "Tests and Diagnosis". Mayo Clinic. 16 ...
"Executive functioning deficits in preschool children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders". Child Neuropsychology. 21 (6): 716 ... and prenatal exposure to alcohol. The Batman effect Carlson's work has shown how imagination and symbolization contribute to ...
... bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ... post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, substance use disorder, alcohol use disorder ... "Cingulate gyrus morphology in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders". Psychiatry Research. 181 (2): ... eating disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Dysregulation is also associated ...
She worked on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder awareness in Native American communities. She was the founding president of ...
Bonsu, Ammie A. (1990). American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian Resource Kit: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. DIANE ...
Bonsu, Ammie A. (2008). American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian Resource Kit: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. DIANE ...
Bonsu, Ammie A. (2008). American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian Resource Kit: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. DIANE ...
Bonsu, Ammie A. (2008). American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian Resource Kit: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. DIANE ...
... imric.org/research/collaborations/research/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder-research "Doctoral studies". Medicine.ekmd.huji.ac. ... the Grafstein Network for Cancer Research the Canada-Israel International Fetal Alcohol Consortium and the Joseph and Wolf ...
... are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who was exposed to alcohol before ... Alcohol SBI. CDC is working to make alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) a routine element of health care in all ... Alcohol Use and Binge Drinking Among Pregnant People in the United States ...
The most severe is fetal alcohol syndrome. Learn the risks and more. ... Drinking alcohol while pregnant can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. ... Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) Also in Spanish ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs): Alcohol Use Quiz (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder at Curlie Center for Disease Controls page on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) ( ... "FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder". Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD. Retrieved 4 ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by a mother consuming alcohol while pregnant. Alcohol crosses through the placenta to ... "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) - conditions and interventions". www.sbu.se. Swedish ...
... is the general term that encompasses the range of adverse effects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Access common ... Common Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Definitions. Home / Patient Care / Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Common Fetal ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term used to describe the range ... Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (PFAS). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has both physical and ...
... (FASDs) is an umbrella term for a group of conditions that can occur in a person who was ... Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities​ JAMA. 2018;319(5):474-482. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21896​​​​ ... 1] Bertrand J, Floyed RL, Weber MK, et all "National Task Force on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Effect"​ from the ... There is no safe timeframe during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant to drink alcohol. Alcohol can disrupt fetal ...
... a University of Otago lecturer is calling for more attention on the disorder. ... Given about 5 per cent of New Zealanders suffer Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder with resulting productivity losses ranging from ... Time for spotlight on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Otago researcher. Given about 5 per cent of New Zealanders suffer Fetal ... Time for spotlight on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Friday, 13 April 2018, 8:58 am. Press Release: University of Otago ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a multifaceted disability, characterized not only by brain- and body-based challenges ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a multifaceted disability, characterized not only by brain- and body-based challenges ... Complexities of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is a unique NDD (Di Pietro and Illes, 2016), ... of individuals in Canada and the United States are estimated to have fetal alcohol spectrum disorder [Fetal alcohol spectrum ...
... is an umbrella term used to describe the range of disability that can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is an ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term used to describe the range of disability that can result from ... The Role of Health and Human Service Providers in Preventing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Research Brief ... Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment for Parents and Welfare Recipients: Outcomes, Costs and Benefits ...
Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (PSYCM501); or. *Micro-credential on Considerations for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder diagnosis ( ... Assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (cc: 73260); or. *Micro-credential on History and Basic Characteristics of Fetal ... Future Students Short courses UWA Plus Micro-credentials Micro-credential Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Supervision ... Through supervision, students will have an opportunity to discuss the complexities involved Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( ...
Keywords: children; fetal alcohol spectrum disorder; fetal alcohol syndrome; memory; randomized double-blind placebo-controlled ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / diet therapy* * Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / physiopathology * Fetal Alcohol Spectrum ... Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are conditions characterized by physical anomalies, neurodevelopmental ...
Reducing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) in Australia. The FASD Strategic Action Plan aims to reduce FASD in Australia ... FASD refers to lifelong physical and brain disorders that can affect unborn and newborn babies due to alcohol exposure during ...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), is one of the most challenging disabilities to engage in conversations about, due to ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), is one of the most challenging disabilities to engage in conversations about, due to ...
A Community Needs Assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Newfoundland and Labrador. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ( ... FASD) is a lifelong disorder caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol that impairs cognitive, behavioural, social, and emotional ...
Methods: We model FASD in mice via prenatal alcohol exposure and further induce early life stress through maternal separation. ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are common, seen in 1-5% of the population in the USA and Canada. Children diagnosed ... Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are common, seen in 1-5% of the population in the USA and Canada. Children ... analysis following maternal separation implicates altered RNA processing in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" ...
A new study from a team of researchers around Canada reveals that fetal alcohol syndrome significantly increases patients risk ... Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are at a significantly increased risk for seizures, a team of researchers ... Remarkably High Prevalence of Epilepsy and Seizure History in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. April 9, 2010. Article ... A new study from a team of researchers around Canada reveals that fetal alcohol syndrome significantly increases patients risk ...
District Partners allow us to communicate through one key individual from each district regarding in-service and support need.. Note: A District Partner does this job along with their regular job assignment, thus the role of each District Partner varies according to the need of the district and the time available.. POPFASD District Partner role expectations. ...
The Canadian Fetal Alcohol Research Network describes FASD:. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a diagnostic term used ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol: ... Sleep and cognition in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD ... Reid, N. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Australia: What is the current state of affairs? Drug and Alcohol Review, ...
This book reflects multidisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional analysis of issues surrounding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ( ... This book reflects multidisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional analysis of issues surrounding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ( ... This book reflects multidisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional analysis of issues surrounding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ( ... Decolonising Justice for Aboriginal youth with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. *. Broschiertes Buch ...
From our desk to your ...
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Facts. *Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause birth defects and developmental disabilities ... International Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Awareness Day. By Florida Department of Health, Office of Communications ... FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ACKNOWLEDGES INTERNATIONAL FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER AWARENESS DAY. TALLAHASSEE-The Florida ... 2013 is recognized as International Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Awareness Day. This year also marks the 40th year ...
... capacity to meet the learning needs of students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) ...
Council has proclaimed September 9th, 2017 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Awareness Day. Deputy Mayor Cora Hamel Pardy, ... Council has proclaimed September 9th, 2017 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Awareness Day. ...
... 58(8). BERTRAND, JACQUELYN "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are ... BERTRAND, JACQUELYN "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are clearly brain-based" vol. 58, no. 8, 2016. Export RIS Citation ... Title : Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are clearly brain-based Personal Author(s) : BERTRAND, JACQUELYN Published Date : 8 ... Background:Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) typically is observed among individuals with high prenatal alcohol exposures (PAE), but ...
ARND, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders; PFAS, ... ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; FASD, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder; MLP, ... A comparison among 5 methods for the clinical diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016;40:1000- ... Prenatal alcohol use and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: diagnosis, assessment and new directions in research and multimodal ...
Joint Campaign with DAODAS Aims to Combat Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE DSS Contact: Tiffiney Miles. ... Joint Campaign with DAODAS Aims to Combat Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Sept 8, 2022- Governor Henry McMaster has proclaimed ... "Through this collaborative partnership with DAODAS, it is our goal to not only shed light on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ... September as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) Awareness Month. In support of FASDs Awareness Month, the South Carolina ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder prevention approaches among Canadian physicians by proportion of Native/Aboriginal patients: ... Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder prevention approaches among Canadian physicians by proportion of Native/Aboriginal patients: ... OBJECTIVE: To examine if physician knowledge and practices related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and its ... 85%), as well as more likely to ask about evidence of alcohol related defects in other children (50% vs. 37%), and discuss the ...
Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) A Comprehensive Guide for Pre-K-8 Educators ... Chapter 2: Pattern of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Determines the FASD Phenotype. *Chapter 3: Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ... The first (Chapters 1-3) presents the science behind FASD-how alcohol affects brain development to produce learning and ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A look at the impact, prevention and support strategies by Selena Seabrooks October 1, 2022. ... habit of treating their depression with alcohol and then become a parent of somebody who has a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ... Brooks explained that when women drank alcohol during pregnancy, their children can be born with fetal alcohol spectrum ... the Texas Health and Human Services Office of Disability Prevention for Children presented on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ...
Drug and Alcohol Findings Effectiveness Bank analysis titled: ... foetal alcohol syndrome as opposed to foetal alcohol spectrum ... foetal alcohol spectrum disorder] are extremely limited, and are restricted to [foetal alcohol syndrome].". What this probably ... education and awareness about foetal alcohol spectrum disorders is poor among staff in the healthcare system; foetal alcohol ... The cost to prevent one case of foetal alcohol spectrum disorders among women with heavy alcohol consumption in the P-CAP ...
Challenges of diagnosis in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the adult. Am J Med Genet Part C Semin ... Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. In the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth ... Neurocognitive Function and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in Offenders with Mental Disorders. Mansfield Mela, Katherine ... Individuals with a history of offending behavior show high rates of mental disorder as well as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ...

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