A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.
Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the fetus. It is usually done during LABOR, OBSTETRIC and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery.
Monitoring of FETAL HEART frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum UTERINE CONTRACTION.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
Extraction of the fetus by means of obstetrical instruments.
A method, developed by Dr. Virginia Apgar, to evaluate a newborn's adjustment to extrauterine life. Five items - heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color - are evaluated 60 seconds after birth and again five minutes later on a scale from 0-2, 0 being the lowest, 2 being normal. The five numbers are added for the Apgar score. A score of 0-3 represents severe distress, 4-7 indicates moderate distress, and a score of 7-10 predicts an absence of difficulty in adjusting to extrauterine life.
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.
A malpresentation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR with the fetal cephalic pole in the fundus of the UTERUS. There are three types of breech: the complete breech with flexed hips and knees; the incomplete breech with one or both hips partially or fully extended; the frank breech with flexed hips and extended knees.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Surgical instrument designed to extract the newborn by the head from the maternal passages without injury to it or the mother.
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.
Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.
Medical problems associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR, such as BREECH PRESENTATION; PREMATURE OBSTETRIC LABOR; HEMORRHAGE; or others. These complications can affect the well-being of the mother, the FETUS, or both.
A condition in which the HEAD of the FETUS is larger than the mother's PELVIS through which the fetal head must pass during a vaginal delivery.
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.
The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.
The period of OBSTETRIC LABOR that is from the complete dilatation of the CERVIX UTERI to the expulsion of the FETUS.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED).
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
Artificially induced UTERINE CONTRACTION. Generally, LABOR, OBSTETRIC is induced with the intent to cause delivery of the fetus and termination of pregnancy.
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.
A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.

Graphic monitoring of labour. (1/117)

The parturograph is a composite record designed for the monitoring of fetal and maternal well-being and the progress of labour. It permits the early recognition of abnormalities and pinpoints the patients who would benefit most from intervention. Observations are made from the time of admission of the mother to the caseroom and recorded graphically. Factors assessed include fetal heart rate, maternal vital signs and urine, cervical dilatation, descent of the presenting fetal part, and frequency, duration and intensity of uterine contractions.  (+info)

Fetal tachycardias: management and outcome of 127 consecutive cases. (2/117)

OBJECTIVE: To review the management and outcome of fetal tachycardia, and to determine the problems encountered with various treatment protocols. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SUBJECTS: 127 consecutive fetuses with a tachycardia presenting between 1980 and 1996 to a single tertiary centre for fetal cardiology. The median gestational age at presentation was 32 weeks (range 18 to 42). RESULTS: 105 fetuses had a supraventricular tachycardia and 22 had atrial flutter. Overall, 52 fetuses were hydropic and 75 non-hydropic. Prenatal control of the tachycardia was achieved in 83% of treated non-hydropic fetuses compared with 66% of the treated hydropic fetuses. Digoxin monotherapy converted most (62%) of the treated non-hydropic fetuses, and 96% survived through the neonatal period. First line drug treatment for hydropic fetuses was more diverse, including digoxin (n = 5), digoxin plus verapamil (n = 14), and flecainide (n = 27). The response rates to these drugs were 20%, 57%, and 59%, respectively, confirming that digoxin monotherapy is a poor choice for the hydropic fetus. Response to flecainide was faster than to the other drugs. Direct fetal treatment was used in four fetuses, of whom two survived. Overall, 73% (n = 38) of the hydropic fetuses survived. Postnatally, 4% of the non-hydropic group had ECG evidence of pre-excitation, compared with 16% of the hydropic group; 57% of non-hydropic fetuses were treated with long term anti-arrhythmics compared with 79% of hydropic fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: Non-hydropic fetuses with tachycardias have a very good prognosis with transplacental treatment. Most arrhythmias associated with fetal hydrops can be controlled with transplacental treatment, but the mortality in this group is 27%. At present, there is no ideal treatment protocol for these fetuses and a large prospective multicentre trial is required to optimise treatment of both hydropic and non-hydropic fetuses.  (+info)

Ventriculo-atrial time interval measured on M mode echocardiography: a determining element in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of fetal supraventricular tachycardia. (3/117)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether M mode echocardiography can differentiate fetal supraventricular tachycardia according to the ventriculo-atrial (VA) time interval, and if the resulting division into short and long VA intervals holds any relation with clinical presentation, management, and fetal outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SUBJECTS: 23 fetuses with supraventricular tachycardia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A systematic review of the M mode echocardiograms (for VA and atrioventricular (AV) interval measurements), clinical profile, and final outcome. RESULTS: 19 fetuses (82.6%) had supraventricular tachycardia of the short VA type (mean (SD) VA/AV ratio 0.34 (0.16); heart rate 231 (29) beats/min). Tachycardia was sustained in six and intermittent in 13. Hydrops was present in three (15.7%). Digoxin, the first drug given in 14, failed to control tachycardia in five. Three of these then received sotalol and converted to sinus rhythm. All fetuses of this group survived. Postnatally, supraventricular tachycardia recurred in three, two having Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Four fetuses (17.4%) had long VA tachycardia (VA/AV ratio 3.89 (0.82); heart rate 226 (10) beats/min). Initial treatment with digoxin was ineffective in all, but sotalol was effective in two. Heart failure caused fetal death in one and premature delivery in one. All three surviving fetuses had recurrences of supraventricular tachycardia after birth: two had the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia and one had atrial ectopic tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Careful measurement of ventriculo-atrial intervals on fetal M mode echocardiography can be used to distinguish short from long VA supraventricular tachycardia and may be helpful in optimising management. Digoxin, when indicated, may remain the drug of choice in the short VA type but appears ineffective in the long VA type.  (+info)

Fetal growth rate and adverse perinatal events. (4/117)

OBJECTIVE: To study fetal weight gain and its association with adverse perinatal events in a serially scanned high-risk population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 200 pregnant women considered at increased risk of uteroplacental insufficiency had a total of 1140 scans in the third trimester, with a median of six scans in each pregnancy. The average fetal growth rate was retrospectively calculated for the last 6 weeks to birth, and expressed as daily weight gain in grams per day. Adverse pregnancy outcome was defined as operative delivery for fetal distress, acidotic umbilical artery pH (< 7.15), or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). RESULTS: Fetuses with normal outcome in this high-risk pregnancy population had an average antenatal growth rate of 24.2 g/day. Compared to pregnancies with normal outcome, the growth rate was slower in those that required operative delivery for fetal distress (20.9 g/day, p < 0.05) and those that required admission to the NICU (20.3 g/day, p < 0.05). The growth rate in pregnancies resulting in acidotic umbilical artery pH also seemed lower, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired fetal weight gain prior to birth is associated with adverse perinatal events suggestive of growth failure.  (+info)

Prenatal diagnosis of a lean umbilical cord: a simple marker for the fetus at risk of being small for gestational age at birth. (5/117)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the prenatal diagnosis of a 'lean' umbilical cord in otherwise normal fetuses identifies fetuses at risk of being small for gestational age (SGA) at birth and of having distress in labor. The umbilical cord was defined as lean when its cross-sectional area on ultrasound examination was below the 10th centile for gestational age. METHOD: Pregnant women undergoing routine sonographic examination were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were gestational age greater than 20 weeks, intact membranes, and singleton gestation. The sonographic cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord was measured in a plane adjacent to the insertion into the fetal abdomen. Umbilical artery Doppler waveforms were recorded during fetal apnea and fetal anthropometric parameters were measured. RESULTS: During the study period, 860 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 3.6% delivered a SGA infant. The proportion of SGA infants was higher among fetuses who had a lean umbilical cord on ultrasound examination than among those with a normal umbilical cord (11.5% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.05). Fetuses with a lean cord had a risk 4.4-fold higher of being SGA at birth than those with a normal umbilical cord. After 25 weeks of gestation, this risk was 12.4 times higher when the umbilical cord was lean than when it was of normal size. The proportion of fetuses with meconium-stained amniotic fluid at delivery was higher among fetuses with a lean cord than among those with a normal umbilical cord (14.6% vs. 3.1%, p < 0.001). The proportion of infants who had a 5-min Apgar score < 7 was higher among those who had a lean cord than among those with normal umbilical cord (5.2% vs. 1.3%, p < 0.05). Considering only patients admitted in labor with intact membranes and who delivered an appropriate-for-gestational-age infant, the proportion of fetuses who had oligohydramnios at the time of delivery was higher among those who had a lean cord than among those with a normal umbilical cord (17.6% versus 1.3%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: We conclude that fetuses with a lean umbilical cord have an increased risk of being small for gestational age at birth and of having signs of distress at the time of delivery.  (+info)

Outcome of very severe birth asphyxia. (6/117)

The aim of this study was to establish the outcome of very severe birth asphyxia in a group of babies intensively resuscitated at birth. 48 infants, born between 1966 and 1971 inclusive, were selected; 15 were apparently stillborn and 33 had not established spontaneous respirations by 20 minutes after birth. One-half of them died, but 3 to 7 years later three-quarters of the survivors are apparently normal. Later handicap was associated with factors leading to prolonged partial intrapartum asphyxia, while acute periods of more complete asphyxia were not necessarily harmful.  (+info)

Perinatal cortical infarction within middle cerebral artery trunks. (7/117)

AIM: To define neonatal pial middle cerebral artery infarction. METHODS: A retrospective study was made of neonates in whom focal arterial infarction had been detected ultrasonographically. A detailed study was made of cortical middle cerebral artery infarction subtypes. RESULTS: Forty infarctions, with the exception of those in a posterior cerebral artery, were detected ultrasonographically over a period of 10 years. Most were confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Factor V Leiden heterozygosity was documented in three. The onset was probably antepartum in three, and associated with fetal distress before labour in one. There were 19 cases of cortical middle cerebral artery stroke. The truncal type (n=13) was more common than complete (n = 5) middle cerebral artery infarction. Of six infarcts in the anterior trunk, four were in term infants and five affected the right hemisphere. Clinical seizures were part of the anterior truncal presentation in three. One of these infants, with involvement of the primary motor area, developed a severe motor hemisyndrome. The Bayley Mental Developmental Index was above 80 in all of three infants tested with anterior truncal infarction. Of seven patients with posterior truncal infarction, six were at or near term. Six of these lesions were left sided. Clinical seizures were observed in three. A mild motor hemisyndrome developed in at least three of these infants due to involvement of parieto-temporal non-primary cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Inability to differentiate between truncal and complete middle cerebral artery stroke is one of the explanations for the reported different outcomes. Severe motor hemisyndrome can be predicted from neonatal ultrasonography on the basis of primary motor cortex involvement. Clinical seizures were recognised in less than half of the patients with truncal infarction; left sided presentation was present in the posterior, but not the anterior truncal type of infarction. Asphyxia is a rare cause of focal arterial infarction.  (+info)

Inter-hospital variations in caesarean sections. A risk adjusted comparison in the Valencia public hospitals. (8/117)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the variability in caesarean rates in the public hospitals in the Valencia Region, Spain, and to analyse the association between caesarean sections and clinical and extra-clinical factors. METHODS: Analysis of data contained in the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) compiled for all births in 11 public hospitals in Valencia during 1994-1995 (n=36 819). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the association between caesarean section rates and specific risk factors. The multivariate model was used to construct predictions about caesarean rates for each hospital, for comparison with rates observed. RESULTS: Caesarean rates were 17.6% (inter-hospital range: 14.7% to 25.0%), with ample variability between hospitals in the diagnosis of maternal-fetal risk factors (particularly dystocia and fetal distress), and the indication for caesarean in the presence of these factors. Multivariate analysis showed that maternal-fetal risk factors correlated strongly with caesarean section, although extra-clinical factors, such as the day of the week, also correlated positively. After adjusting for the risk factors, the inter-hospital variation in caesarean rates persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Although certain limitations (imprecision of some diagnoses and information biases in the MBDS) make it impossible to establish unequivocal conclusions, results show a high degree of variability among hospitals when opting for caesarean section. This variability cannot be justified by differences in obstetric risks.  (+info)

Fetal distress is a term used to describe situations where a fetus is experiencing problems during labor or delivery that are causing significant physiological changes. These changes may include an abnormal heart rate, decreased oxygen levels, or the presence of meconium (the baby's first stool) in the amniotic fluid. Fetal distress can be caused by a variety of factors, such as problems with the umbilical cord, placental abruption, maternal high blood pressure, or prolonged labor. It is important to monitor fetal well-being during labor and delivery to detect and address any signs of fetal distress promptly. Treatment may include changing the mother's position, administering oxygen, giving intravenous fluids, or performing an emergency cesarean section.

Fetal monitoring is a procedure used during labor and delivery to assess the well-being of the fetus. It involves the use of electronic devices to measure and record the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. The information obtained from fetal monitoring can help healthcare providers identify any signs of fetal distress, such as a decreased fetal heart rate, which may indicate the need for interventions or an emergency cesarean delivery.

There are two main types of fetal monitoring: external and internal. External fetal monitoring involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. Internal fetal monitoring, which is typically used during high-risk deliveries, involves inserting an electrode into the fetus' scalp to measure the fetal heart rate more accurately.

Fetal monitoring can provide valuable information about the fetus's well-being during labor and delivery, but it is important to note that it has limitations and may not always detect fetal distress in a timely manner. Therefore, healthcare providers must use their clinical judgment and other assessment tools, such as fetal movement counting and visual examination of the fetus, to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a technical means of monitoring the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions during pregnancy, particularly during labor. It provides visual information about the fetal heart rate pattern and the frequency and intensity of uterine contractions. This helps healthcare providers assess the well-being of the fetus and the progression of labor.

The cardiotocograph records two main traces:

1. Fetal heart rate (FHR): It is recorded using an ultrasound transducer placed on the mother's abdomen. The normal fetal heart rate ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other complications.

2. Uterine contractions: They are recorded using a pressure sensor (toco) placed on the mother's abdomen. The intensity and frequency of uterine contractions can be assessed to evaluate the progression of labor and the effect of contractions on fetal oxygenation.

Cardiotocography is widely used in obstetrics as a non-invasive method for monitoring fetal well-being during pregnancy and labor. However, it should always be interpreted cautiously by healthcare professionals, considering other factors like maternal and fetal conditions, medical history, and clinical presentation. Overinterpretation or misinterpretation of CTG traces can lead to unnecessary interventions or delays in recognizing actual fetal distress.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

Obstetrical extraction refers to a medical procedure in obstetrics, where a fetus or a dead fetus is removed from the uterus through surgical means. This is typically performed when a vaginal delivery is not possible or safe due to various reasons such as obstructed labor, maternal or fetal distress, or prolonged pregnancy. The procedure may involve dilation and evacuation (D&E) or instrumental delivery using forceps or vacuum extractor. It is usually done under anesthesia in a hospital setting.

The Apgar score is a quick assessment of the physical condition of a newborn infant, assessed by measuring heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color. It is named after Virginia Apgar, an American anesthesiologist who developed it in 1952. The score is usually given at one minute and five minutes after birth, with a possible range of 0 to 10. Scores of 7 and above are considered normal, while scores of 4-6 indicate moderate distress, and scores below 4 indicate severe distress. The Apgar score can provide important information for making decisions about the need for resuscitation or other medical interventions after birth.

Fetal hypoxia is a medical condition that refers to a reduced level of oxygen supply to the fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as maternal health problems, complications during pregnancy or delivery, or issues with the placenta. Prolonged fetal hypoxia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even fetal death. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor fetal oxygen levels during pregnancy and delivery to ensure the well-being of the fetus.

Breech presentation is a term used in obstetrics to describe a situation where the fetus's buttocks or feet are positioned to come out first during childbirth, instead of the head. There are several types of breech presentations, including:

1. Frank breech: The fetus's hips are flexed and its knees are extended, so that the buttocks are the leading part of the body.
2. Complete breech: The fetus's hips and knees are flexed, and both thighs and legs are close to its chest, so that the buttocks are the leading part of the body.
3. Footling breech: One or both feet are presenting first, with the heels down.

Breech presentation occurs in about 3-4% of all pregnancies at term. While some breech babies can be safely delivered vaginally, most obstetricians recommend a cesarean delivery for breech presentation due to the increased risk of complications such as cord prolapse, head entrapment, and fetal distress. However, there are some techniques that may be used to attempt a vaginal breech delivery in certain situations, such as external cephalic version (ECV), which is a procedure where a healthcare provider manually turns the fetus from a breech position to a head-down position while it is still in the uterus.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Obstetrical forceps are a surgical instrument used in childbirth to help deliver a baby when there are difficulties in the normal birthing process. They are a pair of curved metal instruments that resemble tongs, with each part designed to grip onto specific areas of the baby's head. The forceps are carefully applied to the baby's head during a contraction, and then used to gently guide the baby out of the mother's birth canal. This procedure is called an assisted vaginal delivery or operative vaginal delivery.

Obstetrical forceps require precise knowledge and skill to use safely and effectively, as their misuse can lead to complications such as facial injuries, skull fractures, or nerve damage in the baby. Therefore, they are typically used by experienced obstetricians in specific clinical situations, such as when the labor is prolonged, when the baby shows signs of distress, or when there is a need for a quick delivery due to maternal health concerns.

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) is a medical condition that occurs in newborns when meconium, which is the first stool of an infant, is present in the amniotic fluid and is breathed into the lungs around the time of delivery. This can cause respiratory distress, pneumonia, and in severe cases, persistent pulmonary hypertension and death.

The meconium can be inhaled into the lungs before, during, or after birth, and it can block the airways, causing a lack of oxygen to the lungs and other organs. This can lead to several complications such as infection, inflammation, and damage to the lung tissue.

MAS is more likely to occur in babies who are born past their due date or those who experience fetal distress during labor and delivery. Treatment for MAS may include oxygen therapy, suctioning of the airways, antibiotics, and in severe cases, mechanical ventilation.

The umbilical arteries are a pair of vessels that develop within the umbilical cord during fetal development. They carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus through the placenta. These arteries arise from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus and pass through the umbilical cord to connect with the two umbilical veins within the placenta. After birth, the umbilical arteries become ligaments (the medial umbilical ligaments) that run along the inner abdominal wall.

Obstetric labor complications refer to any physical or physiological difficulties that arise during the process of childbirth (labor) and can pose risks to the health of the mother, baby, or both. These complications may result from various factors such as pre-existing medical conditions, fetal distress, prolonged labor, abnormal positioning of the fetus, or issues related to the size or weight of the baby.

Some examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Fetal distress: This occurs when the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygen supply or is in danger during labor. It can be caused by various factors such as umbilical cord compression, placental abruption, or maternal anemia.
2. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for more than 20 hours in first-time mothers or more than 14 hours in subsequent pregnancies, it is considered prolonged labor. This can lead to fatigue, infection, and other complications for both the mother and baby.
3. Abnormal positioning of the fetus: Normally, the fetus should be positioned head-down (vertex) before delivery. However, if the fetus is in a breech or transverse position, it can lead to difficult labor and increased risk of complications during delivery.
4. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pubic bone during delivery, making it challenging to deliver the baby. It can cause injuries to both the mother and the baby.
5. Placental abruption: This is a serious complication where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery, leading to bleeding and potential oxygen deprivation for the fetus.
6. Uterine rupture: A rare but life-threatening complication where the uterus tears during labor, causing severe bleeding and potentially endangering both the mother and baby's lives.
7. Preeclampsia/eclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder that can lead to complications such as seizures, organ failure, or even maternal death if left untreated.
8. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
9. Infections: Maternal infections during pregnancy or childbirth can lead to complications for both the mother and baby, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and even fetal death.
10. Anesthesia complications: Adverse reactions to anesthesia during delivery can cause respiratory depression, allergic reactions, or other complications that may endanger the mother's life.

Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) is a medical condition that occurs when the baby's head or body is too large to pass safely through the mother's pelvis during childbirth. This condition can make vaginal delivery difficult or impossible, and may require a cesarean section (C-section) to deliver the baby.

CPD can be caused by several factors, including the size and shape of the mother's pelvis, the size and position of the baby, and medical conditions such as diabetes or obesity that can cause the baby to grow larger than average. CPD is typically diagnosed during labor when progress has stalled despite strong contractions, and the baby's head is not descending into the pelvis.

If CPD is suspected, the healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination to assess the size and position of the baby and the shape and size of the mother's pelvis. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or X-ray may also be used to help make the diagnosis. If CPD is confirmed, the healthcare provider will discuss the risks and benefits of different delivery options with the mother and develop a plan for safe delivery.

Asphyxia neonatorum is a medical condition that refers to a newborn baby's lack of oxygen or difficulty breathing, which can lead to suffocation and serious complications. It is often caused by problems during the birthing process, such as umbilical cord compression or prolapse, placental abruption, or prolonged labor.

Symptoms of asphyxia neonatorum may include bluish skin color (cyanosis), weak or absent breathing, poor muscle tone, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and a slow heart rate. In severe cases, it can lead to organ damage, developmental delays, or even death.

Prompt medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat asphyxia neonatorum. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and medications to support the baby's heart function and blood pressure. In some cases, therapeutic hypothermia (cooling the body) may be used to reduce the risk of brain damage. Preventive measures such as proper prenatal care, timely delivery, and careful monitoring during labor and delivery can also help reduce the risk of asphyxia neonatorum.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult (RDSa or ARDS), also known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, is a severe form of acute lung injury characterized by rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs. This results in increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, pulmonary edema, and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). The inflammation can be triggered by various direct or indirect insults to the lung, such as sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, or aspiration.

The hallmark of ARDS is the development of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray, which can resemble pulmonary edema, but without evidence of increased left atrial pressure. The condition can progress rapidly and may require mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) to maintain adequate oxygenation and prevent further lung injury.

The management of ARDS is primarily supportive, focusing on protecting the lungs from further injury, optimizing oxygenation, and providing adequate nutrition and treatment for any underlying conditions. The use of low tidal volumes and limiting plateau pressures during mechanical ventilation have been shown to improve outcomes in patients with ARDS.

Meconium is the first stool passed by a newborn infant, typically within the first 48 hours of life. It is composed of materials ingested during fetal development, including intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo (fine hair), amniotic fluid, mucus, bile, and water. The color of meconium is usually greenish-black, and its consistency can range from a thick paste to a liquid. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid can occur when the fetus has passed meconium while still in the uterus, which may indicate fetal distress and requires careful medical attention during delivery.

The second stage of labor is the active phase of childbirth, during which the uterus continues to contract and the cervix fully dilates. This stage begins when the cervix is completely open (10 cm) and ends with the birth of the baby. During this stage, the mother typically experiences strong, regular contractions that help to push the baby down the birth canal.

The second stage of labor can be further divided into two phases: the latent phase and the pushing phase. The latent phase is the period between full dilation of the cervix and the beginning of active pushing. This phase can last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours, depending on various factors such as the position of the baby, the mother's exhaustion, and whether it is the mother's first baby or not.

The pushing phase is the period during which the mother actively pushes the baby out of the birth canal. This phase typically lasts between 20 minutes to an hour, although it can be longer in some cases. The healthcare provider will guide the mother through this process, instructing her when and how to push. Once the baby's head emerges, the healthcare provider will continue to support the delivery of the baby's shoulders and body.

It is important for the mother to receive appropriate support and guidance during the second stage of labor to ensure a safe and successful delivery.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.

Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) is the number of times a fetus's heart beats in one minute. It is measured through the use of a fetoscope, Doppler ultrasound device, or cardiotocograph (CTG). A normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm), although it can vary throughout pregnancy and is usually faster than an adult's heart rate. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other conditions that require medical attention. Regular monitoring of FHR during pregnancy, labor, and delivery helps healthcare providers assess fetal well-being and ensure a safe outcome for both the mother and the baby.

The fetal heart is the cardiovascular organ that develops in the growing fetus during pregnancy. It starts to form around 22 days after conception and continues to develop throughout the first trimester. By the end of the eighth week of gestation, the fetal heart has developed enough to pump blood throughout the body.

The fetal heart is similar in structure to the adult heart but has some differences. It is smaller and more compact, with a four-chambered structure that includes two atria and two ventricles. The fetal heart also has unique features such as the foramen ovale, which is a hole between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood away from the lungs.

The fetal heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the placenta to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the placenta for re-oxygenation. The rate of the fetal heartbeat is faster than that of an adult, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fetal heart rate monitoring is a common method used during pregnancy and childbirth to assess the health and well-being of the developing fetus.

Induced labor refers to the initiation of labor before it begins spontaneously, which is usually achieved through medical intervention. This process is initiated when there is a medically indicated reason to deliver the baby, such as maternal or fetal compromise, prolonged pregnancy, or reduced fetal movement. The most common methods used to induce labor include membrane stripping, prostaglandin administration, and oxytocin infusion. It's important to note that induced labor carries certain risks, including a higher chance of uterine hyperstimulation, infection, and the need for assisted vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Therefore, it should only be performed under the close supervision of a healthcare provider in a clinical setting.

Dystocia is a medical term used to describe difficult or abnormal labor or delivery in animals, including humans. It refers to a situation where the natural process of childbirth is hindered or obstructed, making it difficult for the fetus to pass through the birth canal. This condition can be caused by various factors such as the size and position of the fetus, maternal pelvic size or shape, hormonal imbalances, or other medical conditions that affect the mother's ability to give birth.

Dystocia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the fetus if not treated promptly and appropriately. Prolonged labor can result in fetal distress, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), or even death. In addition, maternal injuries such as uterine rupture, cervical trauma, or infection can occur during a difficult delivery.

The treatment for dystocia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, manual assistance or manipulation of the fetus may be sufficient to facilitate delivery. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as cesarean section (C-section) may be necessary to ensure the safety of both the mother and the fetus.

It is important for pregnant individuals to receive regular prenatal care from a qualified healthcare provider to monitor their pregnancy and identify any potential risk factors for dystocia or other complications. Prompt medical attention should be sought if any signs of difficult labor or delivery are observed.

Prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term pregnancy, is a medical condition defined as a pregnancy that continues beyond 42 weeks (294 days) of gestation from the first day of the last menstrual period. It is important to note that this definition is based on the estimated date of delivery and not the actual conception date. Prolonged pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and the fetus, including stillbirth, meconium aspiration, fetal distress, and difficulty during labor and delivery. Therefore, healthcare providers closely monitor pregnant women who reach 41 weeks of gestation to ensure timely delivery if necessary.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), Newborn is a common lung disorder in premature infants. It occurs when the lungs lack a substance called surfactant, which helps keep the tiny air sacs in the lungs open. This results in difficulty breathing and oxygenation, causing symptoms such as rapid, shallow breathing, grunting noises, flaring of the nostrils, and retractions (the skin between the ribs pulls in with each breath). RDS is more common in infants born before 34 weeks of gestation and is treated with surfactant replacement therapy, oxygen support, and mechanical ventilation if necessary. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia or even death.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.

Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.

Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

Ultrasonography, Doppler refers to a non-invasive diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of the movement of blood flow through vessels, tissues, or heart valves. The Doppler effect is used to measure the frequency shift of the ultrasound waves as they bounce off moving red blood cells, which allows for the calculation of the speed and direction of blood flow. This technique is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, heart valve abnormalities, and fetal heart development during pregnancy. It does not use radiation or contrast agents and is considered safe with minimal risks.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Risk factors for fetal distress/non-reassuring fetal status include anemia, restriction of fetal growth, maternal hypertension ... Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows ... Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. The term "non-reassuring fetal ... Several conditions and risk factors can lead to fetal distress or non-reassuring fetal status, including: Low amniotic fluid ( ...
Non-reassuring fetal heart tracing. Fetal distress. After-coming head in breech delivery. Cuts and bruises. Increased risk of ... Ascertaining the precise position of the fetal head is paramount, and though historically was accomplished by feeling the fetal ... The fetal head is then rotated to the occiput anterior position if it is not already in that position. An episiotomy may be ... Forceps with a fixed lock mechanism are used for deliveries where little or no rotation is required, as when the fetal head is ...
"Fetal lung maturation and the respiratory distress syndrome.". Fetal Physiology and Medicine (Second ed.). Butterworth- ... Foetal distress where the foetus is getting compromised in the uterine environment. Shoulder dystocia where one of the foetus' ... "Fetal Distress - Women's Health Issues". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Retrieved 2022-04-30. "Shoulder Dystocia: Signs, Causes, ... Reasons to induce can include pre-eclampsia, foetal distress, placental malfunction, intrauterine growth retardation and ...
There is no evidence to support piracetam's use in sickle cell crisis prevention or for fetal distress during childbirth. There ... Hofmeyr GJ, Kulier R (June 2012). "Piracetam for fetal distress in labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 ( ...
Press, VS (15 October 2014). "Using MRI to detect fetal distress". Israel21C News Magazine. Israel21C. Retrieved 6 December ...
S. G. CLAYTON, M.S., F.R.C.O.G., s.\. "Foetal Distress in Post-maturity". 46. doi:10.1177/003591575304600207. {{cite journal ... If there are no maternal or fetal complications, labor can be induced after assessing the favorability of the cervix and ... In most cases, continued fetal growth between 39 and 43 wk gestation results in a macrosomic infant. However, sometimes the ... Features of post-maturity syndrome include oligohydramnios, meconium aspiration, macrosomia and fetal problems such as dry ...
She "watched for any signs of fetal distress, but ... [she] could see no response, no reflexive spasm, nothing. Whether this ... The fetal skull is usually the largest part of the fetal body and its removal may require mechanical collapse if it is too ... If the fetal presentation is not breech, forceps or manual manipulation can be used to turn it to a breech presentation while ... Fetal injection of digoxin or potassium chloride may be administered at the beginning of the procedure to allow for softening ...
... have been associated with tachysystole as well as fetal distress. The presence of uterine leiomyomas have shown to correlate ... this leads to progressive decrease in fetal oxygen saturation and fetal intracerebral oxygen saturation as fetal hypoxia occurs ... but the contractions occur within one minute of each other When fetal distress and hypoxia results from uterine tachysystole, ... "Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (7): ...
... fetal distress may develop. Treatment of the mother's seizures may also manage fetal bradycardia. If the risk to the health of ... It may be safer to deliver the infant preterm than to wait for the full 40 weeks of fetal development to finish, and as a ... During an eclamptic seizure, the beating of the fetal heart may become slower than normal (bradycardia). If any of these ... Delivery by cesarean section may be necessary, especially if the instance of fetal bradycardia does not resolve after 10 to 15 ...
Other monitoring parameters include sustained uterine contractions and fetal distress. In babies there may be decreased ... but are more associated with increase stimulation of the uterus as well as fetal distress. Uterine hyperstimulation is ... if the fetus is in distress and delivery is not imminent, vaginal bleeding throughout the pregnancy that is unexplained, ...
In persistent severe signs of fetal distress, Cesarean section may be needed. Childbirth Complications at medicinenet.com. Last ... umbilical cord compression can present with variable decelerations in fetal heart rate. Umbilical cord compression may be ...
Placing the patient in a 30-degree left lateral decubitus position alleviates this pressure and prevents fetal distress. One ... The decreased cardiac output may lead to fetal acidosis and cause distress. However, an animal pregnancy model demonstrated ... Overall, there is no increased risk of fetal loss or preterm delivery with the laparoscopic approach (LA) as compared to the ... The risk of premature delivery is about 10%. The risk of fetal death in the perioperative period after an appendectomy for ...
Effects on fetal distress and other adverse outcomes are unlikely to be great. UDCA use is not licensed in children, as its ...
... preterm induction of delivery has also been used in infants with fetal distress. However, further studies are required to ... fetal size, and fetal movements. Blood samples are obtained from the fetal umbilical cord to determine blood cell counts, ... Supportive fetal therapy consisting of repeated in utero transfusion of packed red blood cells and platelet concentrates has ... The in utero diagnosis of fetal TMD depends on medical ultrasound scanning to detect fluid accumulations in body cavities, ...
Adapted from Cerebral hypoxia Sarnat H, Sarnat M. Neonatal encaphalopathy following fetal distress. Arch Neurol. 33:695 - 705. ...
Complications for the baby can include fetal distress, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. The cause of ... decreased fetal movement decreased fetal heart rate. Vaginal bleeding, if it occurs, may be bright red or dark. A placental ... to mild vaginal bleeding Slightly tender uterus Normal maternal blood pressure and heart rate No coagulopathy No fetal distress ... possible tetanic contractions Maternal tachycardia with orthostatic changes in blood pressure and heart rate Fetal distress ...
Its effects on pre-eclampsia, low birthweight and fetal distress during labour are unclear. Abdominal decompression consists of ... Maternal-fetal medicine Obstetrical nursing Hofmeyr, GJ; Kulier, R (13 June 2012). "Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy ... Hofmeyr, GJ (13 June 2012). "Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia". The Cochrane Database of ...
Jokic M, Guillois B, Cauquelin B, Giroux JD, Bessis JL, Morello R, Levy G, Ballet JJ (March 2000). "Fetal distress increases ... Risk factors for fetal birth injury include fetal macrosomia (big baby), maternal obesity, the need for instrumental delivery, ... More invasive monitoring can involve a fetal scalp electrode to give an additional measure of fetal heart activity, and/or ... fetal distress, and other complications including obstetric fistula. Eclampsia is the onset of seizures (convulsions) in a ...
Children with Timothy syndrome tend to be born via caesarean section due to fetal distress. There are two recognized types of ...
In pregnant women, signs of fetal hypoxia and distress may be seen in the cardiotocography. This is caused by decreased ...
... fetal distress, and other complications including obstetric fistula. Placental abruption is separation of the placenta from the ... Risk factors for fetal birth injury include fetal macrosomia (big baby), maternal obesity, the need for instrumental delivery, ... Most fetal birth injuries resolve without long term harm, but brachial plexus injury may lead to Erb's palsy or Klumpke's ... Umbilical cord prolapse should always be considered a possibility when there is a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or ...
The procedure is discontinued if maternal distress, repeated failure or fetal compromise on monitoring occurs. ECV performed ... Practitioner experience, maternal weight, obstetric factors such as uterine relaxation, a palpable fetal head, a non-engaged ... These include recent antepartum haemorrhage, placenta praevia, abnormal fetal monitoring, ruptured membranes, multiple ... considered as low risk of complications and its improvement in safety as a result of the routine use of electronic fetal ...
The stained amniotic fluid is recognized by medical staff as a possible sign of fetal distress. Some post-dates pregnancies ( ... when they are more than 40 weeks pregnant) may also have meconium-stained amniotic fluid without fetal distress. Medical staff ... from the nose and mouth of a newborn immediately after delivery in the event the baby shows signs of respiratory distress to ...
Fetal distress being one of the most common signs of HIE or other oxygen-depriving event. Other problems during pregnancy may ... Hypoxic-anoxic events may affect the fetus at various stages of fetal development, during labor and delivery and in the ... include preeclampsia, maternal diabetes with vascular disease, congenital fetal infections, substance/alcohol use, severe fetal ... abnormal fetal position such as the breech position, prolonged late stages of labor, or very low blood pressure in the mother. ...
"Committee Opinion, Number 326, December 2005: Inappropriate Use of the Terms Fetal Distress and Birth Asphyxia". Archived from ...
There may be an important association between foetal distress and hypoxia with MSAF. It is believed that foetal distress ... 4 of infants with MSAF are vigorous at birth and do not have any distress or hypoxia. Additionally, foetal distress occurs ... The association between foetal distress and meconium passage is not a definite cause-effect relationship as over 3⁄ ... Other stressors which causes foetal distress, and therefore meconium passage, includes when umbilical vein oxygen saturation is ...
... fetal distress, and fetal death. This abnormal insertion of the umbilical cord into the placenta can result in a loss of ... restricted fetal growth, fetal distress, and a variety of other pregnancy complications. Conversely, teenage pregnancy is also ... It can also be used to detect signs of any sort of fetal distress. In interpreting the cardiotocography that the 22-year-old ... Amniotic fluid is essential to normal fetal movement, fetal organ development, and cushioning of the fetus within the mother's ...
... fetal EEG prevailed in clinical settings for determining sleep states in the unborn, or fetal distress. Healthy newborns ... The original fetal EEGs came from recordings through the maternal abdomen. However, electrical activity from the mother's heart ... Recordings from the maternal abdomen or cervix have less than 5 cm of tissue between the maternal skin and the fetal cortex. A ... Fetal electroencephalography, also known as prenatal EEG includes any recording of electrical fluctuations arising from the ...
This is a supplementary procedure used to determine if fetal acidemia has occurred following fetal cardiac distress. While ... June 2008). "Determination of pH or lactate in fetal scalp blood in management of intrapartum fetal distress: randomised ... October 2022). "Digital fetal scalp stimulation (dFSS) versus fetal blood sampling (FBS) to assess fetal wellbeing in labour-a ... "Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace". The ...
Expectant mothers are often managed with cervical sutures and C-sections to prevent fetal distress during labour. Mandava, ...
Risk factors for fetal distress/non-reassuring fetal status include anemia, restriction of fetal growth, maternal hypertension ... Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows ... Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics. The term "non-reassuring fetal ... Several conditions and risk factors can lead to fetal distress or non-reassuring fetal status, including: Low amniotic fluid ( ...
Fetal Distress - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... What is fetal distress? A fetus is a baby thats still in your womb (uterus). Fetal distress means the baby is not doing well ... How can doctors tell if my baby has fetal distress? While youre in labor, the doctor or midwife measures your babys heart ... Doctors treat fetal distress by giving you oxygen and fluids or turning you on your side ...
Fetal Distress. April 19, 2009. • Comments Off on Fetal Distress Fetal distress is the term applied to the condition of the ... But they are not very good at telling which babies are in distress. More often than not, a baby diagnosed in "fetal distress" ... Both the placenta and the umbilical cord may play a role in true cases of "fetal distress". The placenta is an organ with a pre ... Another synonymous phrase is "fetal intolerance to labor". Both of these terms emerged with the advent of the electronic fetal ...
Aerosolized surfactant in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: phase I study. Early Hum Dev 2019;134:19-25.doi:10.1016/j. ... Respiratory distress syndrome is a serious disorder of pulmonary insufficiency in preterm infants that can be treated or ... Pilot study of nebulized surfactant therapy for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2000;89:460-4.doi:10.1111 ... Aerosolized calfactant for newborns with respiratory distress: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2020;146:e20193967. doi:10.1542/ ...
... blood flow velocity were studied during the first 48 hours of life in 12 premature neonates with severe respiratory distress ...
When a birth injury involves issues of fetal monitoring, you may have a case. Call our Albuquerque fetal distress lawyers at ( ... What Is Fetal Distress?. Fetal distress is a severe condition referring to situations where a baby is not doing well, either in ... Failure to Detect Fetal Distress. Physicians and other medical professionals who fail to respond to fetal distress promptly can ... Albuquerque Fetal Distress Lawyer. Medical staff is responsible for detecting and promptly responding to fetal distress during ...
At Buchanan Firm, our Michigan delayed diagnosis of fetal distress lawyers can help. ... A delayed diagnosis of fetal distress could result in lifelong injuries to a child. ... What Causes Fetal Distress?. Fetal distress can be caused by many factors. Common causes of fetal distress include:. *Prolonged ... Michigan Delayed Diagnosis of Fetal Distress Attorney. Fetal distress is a sign your baby is not well. Fetal distress happens ...
Fetal distress. Severe fetal distress may suggest the need for general anesthesia for emergent cesarean delivery. Most commonly ... Fetal deaths from paracervical anesthesia have also been reported. [4] In addition, injections have occasionally been made ... I. Fetal complications and neonatal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1970 Jun 15. 107(4):619-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... This block technique is also useful for urgent forceps delivery (although the presence of the fetal head in the vagina can make ...
... what causes fetal distress, and what happens if doctors fail to detect fetal distress. If you believe your child has suffered ... What Is Fetal Distress?. Fetal distress, or non-reassuring fetal status, is an uncommon complication of labor that refers to ... Blog Failure to Detect Fetal Distress. Request a Free Consultation Failure to Detect Fetal Distress. Updated April 21, 2021 , ... What Happens if Doctors Fail to Detect Fetal Distress?. Failure to recognize or properly address fetal distress can have ...
Causes of Fetal Distress. The following are just a few of the known underlying causes of fetal distress:. * Abnormal fetal ... Fetal Distress and Medical Malpractice: Do I Have a Case?. Doctors walk a fine line when dealing with fetal distress. A doctor ... Treatment of Fetal Distress. The primary treatment used for fetal distress is intrauterine resuscitation, a procedure that ... Signs of Fetal Distress. The signs your baby is in distress in the womb can be subtle, and you might miss them if your doctor ...
Disabilities linked to fetal distress. As defined by the American Pregnancy Association, fetal distress generally refers to a ... Helping families affected by fetal distress across Maryland and Washington D.C.. If your baby experienced fetal distress during ... Yet, many long-term effects of fetal distress are not recognizable until later in the childs development. Some common signs of ... However, without adequate measures, the fetal distress can worsen to a point where the baby is left with long-term disabilities ...
If your baby is not meeting their milestones after a difficult birth, fetal distress or a prolonged or difficult labor, please ... After A Birth Injury, Difficult Birth, or Fetal Distress, Is Your Baby Reaching Their Developmental Milestones?. ...
Fetal distress--Signs indicating fetal hypoxia (deficiency in amount of oxygen reaching fetal tissues). NTNANEMI, NTINJURY, ... fetal abnormalities, and fetal lung maturity. Electronic fetal monitoring--Monitoring with external devices applied to the ... Fetal distress, Other complications of labor and/or delivery. The birth certificate check box format allows for the selection ... Fetal distress .............................. NTDISTRE 1112 Other complications of labor ................ NTOTHRLB 1113 Anemia ...
Fetal distress specifically refers to oxygen deprivation, most often during labor, though it can occur toward the end of ... Signs and Symptoms of Fetal Distress. Fetal distress specifically refers to oxygen deprivation, most often during labor, though ... Signs of Fetal Distress: What To Look For. No one wants to think of their baby in distress. However, it is imperative to be ... Symptoms are somewhat difficult to notice without a fetal heart monitor - the most common symptom of fetal distress is a ...
If there are signs of fetal distress which is when the fetus is in danger because of decreased oxygen flow to the fetus. ...
... which are both indicative of fetal distress. In addition, a series of non-reassuring fetal monitor strips were noted. These ... Fetal distress can lead to permanent damage to the implant if it isnt treated with immediate medical intervention. Leonard has ... Fetal distress occurs when a childs chart rate drops or flattens during labor which can cause stress and potentially ... She claims that her son suffered fetal distress resulting in a birth injury. The plaintiff, Denise Leonard, filed her complaint ...
... fetal distress, failure to progress, cord prolapse, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage. See how these issues are ... this alone doesnt always indicate fetal distress, but if its combined with a slowing of the babys heart rate, fetal distress ... Fetal distress. During labor, the baby is monitored for signs of distress, which can indicate that the babys oxygen supply is ... One sign of fetal distress is meconium-stained water (meconium is the babys first dark green bowel movement). However, ...
... A young woman pregnant with her first child was admitted a hospital for ... Even though the mother was given Valium and the seizure ended after a couple of minutes, the fetal heart rate and pattern ...
Acute fetal distress is a serious complication in the perinatal period that results from insufficient oxygen transport to the ... Accurate diagnosis of fetal distress continues to be a clinical challenge [2]. Traditionally, electronic fetal heart rate ... Low fetal oxygen often leads to heart, lung, and brain damage of the fetus [1]. Prolonged periods of fetal distress can result ... In extreme cases of fetal distress, fetal heart rate pattern may reveal a straight-line tracing devoid of accelerations, ...
Women who are treated for syphilis during the second half of pregnancy are at risk for premature labor or fetal distress, or ... The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction may induce early labor or cause fetal distress among pregnant women. This concern should not ... These women should be advised to seek medical attention following treatment if they notice any change in fetal movements or if ... Patients usually experience emotional distress when first being informed of a positive HIV test result, and also later when ...
Call fetal distress lawyer to set up consultation today. ... Milstein represent victims of failure to recognize fetal ... Our New York fetal distress lawyers will closely examine the facts of your childs case to find out how the obstetrician ... When there are signs of fetal distress, the obstetrician must act immediately to deliver the child, usually via cesarean ... One of the most critical sources of information is the fetal monitoring strip. The fetal monitoring strip can be placed ...
A device invented by a car mechanic in Argentina could lower the incidence of fetal distress and birth injury complications ... Fetal distress is a common cause of birth injuries and even stillbirth today. Devices like this, if it is proven to provide a ... In the U.S., where fetal distress often results in emergency C-section deliveries, this device could also help to lower the ... An auto mechanic in Argentina has invented a device that could help to prevent fetal distress during the delivery process. The ...
Such as increased risk for fetal distress, mental disorders, and poor communication and social skills. So what can we do to ... distress will vary depending on a childs age and development of stage. For example, infants may become irritable. They may cry ... resources and the information available so that they can recognize symptoms of distress and be able to support children during ... Use a triage system to connect victims and acute distress with professional services. and also provide coping resources for ...
About 10 percent of the 137 million annual births worldwide encounter fetal distress and serious birth injury complications. Dr ... Fetal distress cases rarely involve just one person who is solely to blame. Hopefully inventions like the Odon Device will ... Solution To Fetal Distress Found In Car Mechanics Device. About 10 percent of the 137 million annual births worldwide ... Invention offers low-cost solution for fetal distress. Jorge Odon, a 59-year-old Argentinean car mechanic, developed the first ...
... maternal and fetal evaluation must show that the fetus does not have severe growth restriction or fetal distress. In addition, ... Volume expansion has not been shown to reduce the incidence of fetal distress and should be used judiciously. ... In addition, fetal growth determination at 2-week intervals must be performed to document adequate fetal growth. A 24-hour ... Cardiotocography is the standard fetal nonstress test and the mainstay of fetal monitoring. Although it gives continuing ...
What Is Fetal Distress? Fetal distress means the womb has become a hostile environment. The baby is not getting enough oxygen ... What Are the Doctors Looking for on the Fetal Heart Monitor?. The fetal heart monitor is looking at the fetal heart rate and ... The main signs of fetal distress are fetal bradycardia or tachycardia, late, persistent, or variable decelerations, and the ... What Is Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring?. Fetal heart rate monitoring is the process by which doctors and nurses use electronic ...
75 , Fetal Monitoring and Fetal Distress with Midwife-Author Amy Romano. January 20, 2021 ... Fetal distress is a phrase that, you know, I think a lot of people use, and certainly still a lot of clinicians use, but its ... But, but what So getting back to fetal distress, you know, it doesnt mean anything specific, it makes it sound more serious ... If youre on pitocin, thats a, that medication is associated with changes in the fetal heart rate. So the fetal monitoring is ...
  • A full list of the conditions that might cause fetal distress would be too extensive to include here and not all of them are known. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Hypertension during pregnancy is the most common maternal factor to cause fetal distress [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • Placental abruption and placental previa are the most common placental factors to cause fetal distress [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • The virus did cause fetal distress, for example, necessitating birth by c-section . (ecochildsplay.com)
  • Fetal distress happens when your baby is not receiving enough oxygen through the placenta. (buchananfirm.com)
  • It is characterized by changes in fetal movement, growth, heart rate, and presence of meconium stained fluid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some of the common signs of fetal distress can include very low or very high maternal weight gain, reduced kick count, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, abnormal fetal heart patterns, abnormal blood gases, and more. (branchlawfirm.com)
  • One sign of fetal distress is meconium-stained water (meconium is the baby's first dark green bowel movement). (familyeducation.com)
  • Risk factors for fetal distress/non-reassuring fetal status include anemia, restriction of fetal growth, maternal hypertension or cardiovascular disease, low amniotic fluid or meconium in the amniotic fluid, or a post-term pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • This can involve improving the position, hydration, and oxygenation of the mother, as well as amnioinfusion to restore sufficient amniotic fluid, delaying preterm labor contractions with tocolysis, and correction of fetal acid-base balance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several conditions and risk factors can lead to fetal distress or non-reassuring fetal status, including: Low amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios) If there is too little amniotic fluid around the baby in the uterus, the baby can have trouble moving around in the uterus and its growth and temperature can be impacted. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low amniotic fluid can be caused by placental issues, high gestational blood pressure, some medications, as well as problems with the fetal kidney or urinary tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common signs your baby is in distress in the womb include heart rate irregularities, decreased fetal movement, intense cramping (in the mother), vaginal bleeding (in the mother), excess or insufficient weight gain, abnormal levels of amniotic fluid, and other well-recognized symptoms. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Too little or too much amniotic fluid could indicate fetal distress. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Additional support for the diagnosis of fetal distress may be obtained from the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid, declining fetal acid-base status, lack of fetal heart rate response to stimulation, and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • Fetal distress can cause the fetus to pass meconium (the fetus' stools) into the amniotic fluid. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The fetus may reflexively take deep, gasping breaths triggered by the distress and thereby inhale the meconium-containing amniotic fluid into the lungs before birth. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Interventions to improve fetal oxygenation during labor include maternal hyperoxygenation using 100% oxygen, maternal repositioning, intravenous fluid administration, amnioinfusion, tocolysis, and intermittent pushing [4]. (radiusga.com)
  • The system, which is being tested at Summit Medical Center in Tennessee, delivers various vital signs including fetal heart rate and maternal contractions in real-time. (syracusemedicalmalpracticelawyerblog.com)
  • Based on this population-based, retrospective data, delivery of women with preexisting diabetes before 39 weeks' gestation is associated with a higher rate of neonatal complications and does not reduce the cesarean section rate," said lead researcher of the study, Howard Berger, MD, head of maternal fetal medicine at St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto. (levinperconti.com)
  • Reducing and preventing maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity is the responsibility of obstetrical and fetal medical care personnel. (legalmatch.com)
  • Studies have shown that obtaining effective prenatal care significantly reduces maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. (legalmatch.com)
  • Objective To evaluate the safety of an aerosolised surfactant, SF-RI 1, administered via nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and a prototype breath synchronisation device (AeroFact), to preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). (bmj.com)
  • Respiratory distress syndrome is a serious disorder of pulmonary insufficiency in preterm infants that can be treated or prevented with surfactant administration. (bmj.com)
  • Dr Hills has published many high profile original research articles on various aspects of obstetric pathology including pre-eclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, preterm labour and fetal distress as well as several articles in the area of assisted reproduction. (mdx.ac.uk)
  • Conditions under which prolonged contraction of the uterus may be detrimental to fetal safety. (drugs.com)
  • In 2014, a national multi-center study on the indications of cesarean section suggested that "mother's requirement" ranked first, accounting for 24%, followed by fetal distress, midscale cephalic pelvis, scar uterus, abnormal fetal position, etc. (scirp.org)
  • Your infant might be in distress if their heart rate is too high (tachycardia), too low (brachycardia), or unstable. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Early signs of hypoxia may include tachycardia, persistent sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern, and periodic changes consisting of late and variable decelerations [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • The main signs of fetal distress are fetal bradycardia or tachycardia, late, persistent, or variable decelerations, and the absence of beat to beat variability in the heart rate. (millerandzois.com)
  • So a good OB will recognize and understand the significance of fetal heart tracing abnormalities such as bradycardia, tachycardia, late and variable decelerations and diminished or absent long term or short term variability. (millerandzois.com)
  • Therefore, changes in umbilical blood flow detected by ultrasound are highly predictive of intrapartum fetal distress [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • There is significance to the findings or patterns on fetal heart tracings that are generally recognized as reflecting intrapartum fetal hypoxia and birth asphyxia (in other words, oxygen deprivation). (millerandzois.com)
  • Lewis D, Downe S. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Intermittent auscultation. (com.pk)
  • Intrapartum fetal asphyxia: definition, diagnosis, and classification. (com.pk)
  • Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Post-term pregnancy Breathing problems Anemia Abnormal position and presentation of the fetus Multiple births Shoulder dystocia Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Placental abruption Premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus Uterine rupture Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, a liver disorder during pregnancy Maternal diabetes (Type 1 or 2) or gestational diabetes (GDM) Monitoring of the mother and fetus prior to birth is critical to avoid complications after birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is often done via electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring, which helps providers monitor the fetus' heart rate to ensure it is receiving enough oxygen, monitor the mother's contractions, and monitor the mother's blood pressure and systemic symptoms for gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal distress is the term applied to the condition of the fetus who is exhibiting heart rate signs of poor oxygenation. (pregnancycrawler.com)
  • Most fetal distress is detected when a woman is in labor and connected to an electronic fetal heart monitor, which continuously monitors a fetus' heart rate. (buchananfirm.com)
  • If a baby is not properly monitored throughout pregnancy and labor, physicians and other medical professionals may not know the fetus is in distress. (buchananfirm.com)
  • Fetal distress, or non-reassuring fetal status, is an uncommon complication of labor that refers to the presence of signs that suggest the fetus might not be doing well. (wkw.com)
  • Fetal distress is often detected through fetal monitoring, which measures the heart rate, rhythm, and other functions of the fetus, including the presence or absence of accelerations and decelerations of the heartbeat. (wkw.com)
  • As defined by the American Pregnancy Association , fetal distress generally refers to a situation where the fetus does not receive enough oxygen during the labor and delivery process. (sfspa.com)
  • If there are signs of fetal distress which is when the fetus is in danger because of decreased oxygen flow to the fetus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Acute fetal distress is a serious complication in the perinatal period, indicating hypoxia of the fetus [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • Low fetal oxygen often leads to heart, lung, and brain damage of the fetus [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • There is currently no treatment for acute fetal distress other than urgent operative delivery of the fetus [4]. (radiusga.com)
  • The question is whether the doctors listen to the baby talking to them with a non-reassuring fetal heart rate that suggests the fetus is not tolerating the labor and delivery process. (millerandzois.com)
  • If this message of declining oxygenation status and loss of fetal reserves is not heard, the fetus is at serious risk for experiencing hypoxic-ischemic injury. (millerandzois.com)
  • The article is devoted to the issues of practical implementation of antenatal prophylaxis of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the fetus, clinical significance and features of surfactant therapy in the syndrome of respiratory distress of the newborn. (vrachjournal.ru)
  • Fetal Distress Fetal distress refers to signs before and during childbirth indicating that the fetus is not well. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Fetal distress is detected by an abnormal fetal heart rate pattern. (buchananfirm.com)
  • Physicians and other medical professionals who fail to respond to fetal distress promptly can be guilty of medical malpractice. (branchlawfirm.com)
  • The Sanders Firm provides free, no-obligation case reviews for families who suspect their child suffered birth injury complications stemming from failure to detect or respond to fetal distress. (thesandersfirm.com)
  • Your health care provider is responsible for recognizing symptoms of fetal distress and responding appropriately. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • This allows the labor and delivery health care providers to follow the fetal heart rate and how it responds to contractions. (millerandzois.com)
  • Fetal heart rate monitoring is the process by which doctors and nurses use electronic devices to track the baby's heart rate in response to contractions during labor and delivery. (millerandzois.com)
  • Placental abruption is mainly a clinical diagnosis based on findings of vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, uterine contractions, and fetal distress. (medscape.com)
  • Since aspiration of meconium can lead to improper oxygenation due to obstruction and carries the potential risk for inflammatory pneumonitis, this is an important diagnosis to make in the setting of newborn respiratory distress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary haemodynamics after surfactant replacement in severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. (bmj.com)
  • Aortopulmonary pressure difference and pulmonary blood flow velocity were studied during the first 48 hours of life in 12 premature neonates with severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), treated by natural surfactant, and in 25 premature neonates with mild RDS. (bmj.com)
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was first described in 1967 by Ashbaugh, who described a syndrome of severe respiratory failure associated with pulmonary infiltrates, similar to infant hyaline membrane disease. (experts.com)
  • Perinatal 2019-nCoV infection may have adverse effects on newborns, causing problems such as fetal distress, premature labor, respiratory distress, thrombocytopenia accompanied by abnormal liver function, and even death. (ecochildsplay.com)
  • Meconium Aspiration Syndrome Meconium aspiration syndrome is trouble breathing (respiratory distress) in a newborn who has breathed (aspirated) a dark green, sterile fecal material called meconium into the lungs before. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Complications are primarily those associated with insufficient fetal oxygenation, most notably increased mortality risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gradual declines in fetal oxygenation produce a variety of distinct heart rate patterns [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • Profound decreases in fetal oxygenation often result in bradycardia, usually less than 90 beats per minute [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • Background Recent studies suggest that delayed cord clamping (DCC) is advantageous for achieving hemodynamic stability and improving oxygenation compared to the immediate cord clamping (ICC) during fetal-to-neonatal transition yet there is no quantitative information on hemodynamics and respiration, particularly for pre-term babies and fetal diseas. (researchgate.net)
  • The condition is detected most often with electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring through cardiotocography (CTG), which allows clinicians to measure changes in the fetal cardiac response to declining oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal distress is a complication that occurs when a baby does not get adequate oxygen during pregnancy or labor. (buchananfirm.com)
  • Fetal distress specifically refers to oxygen deprivation , most often during labor, though it can occur toward the end of pregnancy at well. (bluegrassjustice.com)
  • During labor, the baby is monitored for signs of distress, which can indicate that the baby's oxygen supply is reduced. (familyeducation.com)
  • Insufficient oxygen, or hypoxia, is a frequent cause of cerebral palsy and brain damage during labor and delivery.Many birth injuries could be avoided if the obstetrician simply reviewed the available information and recognized obvious signs of fetal distress. (danknermilstein.com)
  • The fetal monitor really is mostly about oxygen. (millerandzois.com)
  • If the fetal monitoring strips indicate that the baby does not have the oxygen it needs, doctors are often required to deliver the child right away by cesarean delivery because the baby cannot tolerate the hostile environment any longer. (millerandzois.com)
  • If you believe that your child has been injured as a result of your doctor's failure to detect fetal distress, your first step is to reach out to a birth injury lawyer. (wkw.com)
  • Mild to moderate variable decelerations are rarely associated with true fetal distress (though their appearance on the paper read-out of the EFM can be dramatic). (pregnancycrawler.com)
  • In extreme cases of fetal distress, fetal heart rate pattern may reveal a straight-line tracing devoid of accelerations, variability, and decelerations [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • Every year, our legal team investigates claims arising out of a failure to respond to dangerous decelerations recorded on fetal heart monitor tracings ," said Syracuse birth injury lawyer Michael A. Bottar, Esq. (syracusemedicalmalpracticelawyerblog.com)
  • However, this alone doesn't always indicate fetal distress, but if it's combined with a slowing of the baby's heart rate, fetal distress is more likely and steps may be taken for a prompt delivery. (familyeducation.com)
  • Author, midwife, and researcher Amy Romano MBA, MSN, CNM tells us that a large body of evidence on fetal heart rate monitoring indicates that we are likely looking for and finding problems that don't actually exist when it comes your baby's heartbeat in labor. (downtobirthshow.com)
  • Earlier, Zhang Yinglan posted two lines of pregnancy inspection sticks on June 14, and attached a video that was excited to hear the baby when he heard the baby's strong and strong heartbeat when he heard the baby's inspection.After learning the bad news, the mood fell from heaven to hell, which made everyone feel very distressed. (numberthirteenpress.com)
  • Today, I went to the hospital for a checkup and was told that Fuxing (baby's fetal name) was stopped. (numberthirteenpress.com)
  • A fetal heart rate monitor is often used to watch for changes in your baby's heart rate. (chkd.org)
  • Both of these terms emerged with the advent of the electronic fetal monitor (EFM). (pregnancycrawler.com)
  • Labor and delivery complications during childbirth can include premature labor, fetal distress, failure to progress, cord prolapse, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage. (familyeducation.com)
  • Medical staff is responsible for detecting and promptly responding to fetal distress during pregnancy and especially during the birthing process. (branchlawfirm.com)
  • The medical professionals involved in your pregnancy and labor should be aware of these risk factors for fetal distress. (buchananfirm.com)
  • The signs your baby is in distress in the womb can be subtle, and you might miss them if your doctor is not closely monitoring your pregnancy. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Patients were prostaglandins for cervical ripening admin- eligible for inclusion if they had a singleton istered by any route has been reported to pregnancy at term, vertex presentation, in- improve the rate of vaginal delivery and de- tact membranes, reassuring fetal heart crease the rate of caesarean section and in- tracings and Bishop score 5. (who.int)
  • Prolonged periods of fetal distress can result in fetal death due to neonatal asphyxia [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • They will handle all aspects of your claim and gather the critical evidence you need to link your child's injury to the medical professional's failure to monitor or act upon fetal distress symptoms. (branchlawfirm.com)
  • If your baby suffered a delayed diagnosis of fetal distress and was catastrophically injured the Buchanan Firm can review your child's medical records and provide answers. (buchananfirm.com)
  • Yet, many long-term effects of fetal distress are not recognizable until later in the child's development. (sfspa.com)
  • Fetal distress occurs when a child's chart rate drops or flattens during labor which can cause stress and potentially significant injury to the infant. (cerebralpalsy-malpractice.com)
  • The fetal monitoring strip monitors the child's heart rate over the course of the delivery. (danknermilstein.com)
  • Our New York fetal distress lawyers will closely examine the facts of your child's case to find out how the obstetrician breached his or her duty of care. (danknermilstein.com)
  • Fetal distress means the baby is not doing well before or during labor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If you experienced any of these interventions during labor, your baby may have been in fetal distress. (buchananfirm.com)
  • If you or your loved one experienced an emergency c-section, or your child was rushed to NICU after labor and delivery, the baby may have suffered complications from delayed diagnosis of fetal distress. (buchananfirm.com)
  • Near the end of the first stage of labor, the fetal head begins to descend, causing perineal distention and activating somatic nociceptive pathways. (medscape.com)
  • Unstable" means (i) subject to sudden bouts of temporary brachycardia or (ii) too slow to return to normal after a labor contraction (which usually causes a slowing of the fetal heart rate). (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • A prolonged labor and difficult delivery places a mother at risk of serious harm, but these circumstances can also create fetal distress which can have lasting effects on the newborn's health and development. (sfspa.com)
  • If your baby experienced fetal distress during labor and delivery, your family may be entitled to compensation from the treating physician and hospital. (sfspa.com)
  • If your baby is not meeting their milestones after a difficult birth, fetal distress or a prolonged or difficult labor, please feel free to speak with one of our experienced birth injury lawyers, doctors, or nurses for a confidential and free consultation. (beasleyfirm.com)
  • If your baby does become distressed before or during labor, the most common remedy by far is immediate delivery, usually via cesarean section. (bluegrassjustice.com)
  • The fetal monitoring strip can be placed externally or internally on the mother, depending on how far along the labor has progressed. (danknermilstein.com)
  • The most common obstetrical procedure is electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) during labor. (millerandzois.com)
  • 3. How to ask your hospital and care provider for Intermittent Auscultation for fetal monitoring in labor. (downtobirthshow.com)
  • Many babies are diagnosed with cerebral palsy and other birth injuries due to a period of fetal distress during labor and delivery . (syracusemedicalmalpracticelawyerblog.com)
  • Historically, obstetricians and labor and delivery nurses had to review fetal heart monitor tracings in a specific location, whether it was at the bedside or on a remote computer monitor," Bottar said. (syracusemedicalmalpracticelawyerblog.com)
  • Fetal distress is an uncommon complication of labor. (merckmanuals.com)
  • A) effect on SGA10p, B) effect on LGA95p, C) effect on neonatal death, D) effect on fetal distress, E) effect on ANICU, F) effect on RDB, G) effect on APGAR score at 5 minutes of life. (cdc.gov)
  • Immediate intervention is needed to optimize neonatal outcome in settings of acute fetal distress [4]. (radiusga.com)
  • Oladapo OT, Sotimehin SA, Ayoola-Sotubo O. Predictors of severe neonatal compromise following caesarean section for clinically diagnosed foetal distress. (com.pk)
  • The use of foetal Doppler ultrasound has been recognised as a possible method of determining the neonatal heart rate after birth over the last nine years. (researchgate.net)
  • Injuries unique to pregnant occupants involved in crashes include placental abruption, uterine rupture or laceration and direct foetal injury. (volvocars.com)
  • That's where an Alburquerque fetal distress lawyer will step in so that you can focus on your child and family. (branchlawfirm.com)
  • Since babies sleep in the womb just as they sleep most of the time during the first few weeks after birth, you can expect the fetal movement to pause and resume repeatedly. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • If your womb goes silent, however, or if fetal movement decreases markedly, your infant might have a problem. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Fetal distress means the womb has become a hostile environment. (millerandzois.com)
  • It was felt that the fetal heart rate and the patterns created over a period of time printed on paper (much like an adult electrocardigram) could reveal information about the health of the baby. (pregnancycrawler.com)
  • EFMs and the fetal heart rate patterns they produce are very good at telling which babies are healthy. (pregnancycrawler.com)
  • A healthy fetal heart rate should be between 110 and 160 beats per minute. (buchananfirm.com)
  • A doctor will use a fetal monitoring device to test your infant's heart rate. (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Two other ways of detecting fetal heart rate abnormalities are the non-stress test (NST) and the contraction stress test (CST). (berkowitzlawfirm.com)
  • Symptoms are somewhat difficult to notice without a fetal heart monitor - the most common symptom of fetal distress is a drastically reduced heart rate and rate of movement in utero. (bluegrassjustice.com)
  • Even though the mother was given Valium and the seizure ended after a couple of minutes, the fetal heart rate and pattern continued to deteriorate. (clorelaw.com)
  • Traditionally, electronic fetal heart rate monitors have been the primary tool used to screen for fetal distress [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • However, the diagnosis of fetal distress based on heart rate is imprecise with poor sensitivity [3]. (radiusga.com)
  • What Are the Signs of Fetal Distress or a Non-Reassuring Heart Rate? (millerandzois.com)
  • What Is Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring? (millerandzois.com)
  • So there's really two approaches to Listening to the fetal heart rate. (downtobirthshow.com)
  • But to get back to your initial question, I think it's good to sort of read the conversation and what's happening while you're, you know, what's the fetal heart rate? (downtobirthshow.com)
  • Adults with serious psychological distress were more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, and diabetes than adults without serious psychological distress. (cdc.gov)
  • It is accurate and audible, which means that anyone in the room can immediately hear if there is a problem with the fetal heart rate. (researchgate.net)
  • What Are the Consequences of Delayed Diagnosis of Fetal Distress? (buchananfirm.com)
  • Furthermore, if your child is suffering cerebral palsy due to a delayed diagnosis, please contact our Michigan cerebral palsy attorneys A delayed diagnosis of fetal distress can also affect the pregnant mother as well. (buchananfirm.com)
  • Accurate diagnosis of fetal distress continues to be a clinical challenge [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • Evaluation of the characteristics of umbilical cord blood flow with ultrasound may provide references for the prediction and diagnosis of fetal distress [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • Diagnosis of Fetal Distress. (radiusga.com)
  • Ajah LO, Ibekwe PC, Onu FA, Onwe OE, Ezeonu TC, Omeje I. Evaluation of Clinical Diagnosis of Fetal Distress and Perinatal Outcome in a Low Resource Nigerian Setting. (com.pk)
  • When an Albuquerque birth injury involves issues of fetal monitoring, you may have a medical malpractice case for compensation. (branchlawfirm.com)
  • Most birth injury medical malpractice lawsuits involve interpretation of fetal monitoring strips. (millerandzois.com)
  • The mechanism of preeclampsia/eclampsia is unknown, but consequences if left untreated can include fetal growth restriction or death, as well as pose medical risks to the mother. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common high-risk obstetric conditions that increase the risk of fetal distress include preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and diabetes mellitus [2]. (radiusga.com)
  • So many birth injury malpractice cases are the result of doctors and nurses going to extremes in the face of fetal distress. (millerandzois.com)
  • A 2016 study analyzed the significance of umbilical cord blood flow in 52 patients with acute fetal distress from May 2012 to August 2015 [1]. (radiusga.com)
  • 2016). Ultrasonic characteristics and clinical significance of umbilical cord blood flow in acute fetal distress. (radiusga.com)
  • Available at: http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=transient-tachypnea-of-the-newborn-90-P02420. (epnet.com)
  • Instead of referring to "fetal distress", current recommendations hold to look for more specific signs and symptoms, assess them, and take the appropriate steps to remedy the situation through the implementation of intrauterine resuscitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many people may be found liable for failing to monitor the mother and baby for signs of distress and failing to provide standard care. (thesandersfirm.com)
  • Effective obstetrical and fetal medical care requires early identification of women with high-risk pregnancies and infants, followed by appropriate antenatal and intrapartum care. (legalmatch.com)
  • About 10 percent of the 137 million annual births worldwide encounter fetal distress and serious birth injury complications . (thesandersfirm.com)
  • It is important to contact the experienced Buchanan Firm birth injury team to determine if medical professionals made errors resulting in delayed treatment of fetal distress. (buchananfirm.com)
  • After A Birth Injury, Difficult Birth, Or Fetal Distress, Is Your Baby Reaching Their Developmental Milestones? (beasleyfirm.com)
  • She claims that her son suffered fetal distress resulting in a birth injury. (cerebralpalsy-malpractice.com)
  • The plaintiff, Denise Leonard, filed her complaint on the 28th of March 2012 after her son Marques Watson, Jr. was born with permanent injuries after the attending physicians at the birth did not, according to the lawsuit, respond to the distress and fetal infection, or diagnose it in a timely manner. (cerebralpalsy-malpractice.com)
  • Oden's invention could have serious implications worldwide, particularly in Third World countries where fetal distress and other birth injury complications are a common occurrence. (medstak.com)
  • Fetal distress is a common cause of birth injuries and even stillbirth today. (medstak.com)
  • It is the rare plaintiff's case that electronic fetal monitoring alone could have prevented the birth injury. (millerandzois.com)
  • The family of a five-year-old boy who was born with cerebral palsy after hospital personnel completely whiffed on identifying signs of fetal distress has been awarded $28.7 million in a birth injury case. (lawfitz.com)