The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Morphological and physiological development of FETUSES.
The weight of the FETUS in utero. It is usually estimated by various formulas based on measurements made during PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
An infant during the first month after birth.
An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
Gradual increase in the number, the size, and the complexity of cells of an individual. Growth generally results in increase in ORGAN WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; and BODY HEIGHT.
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.
A RNA-binding protein that is found predominately in the CYTOPLASM. It helps regulate GENETIC TRANSLATION in NEURONS and is absent or under-expressed in FRAGILE X SYNDROME.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
The circulation of BLOOD, of both the mother and the FETUS, through the PLACENTA.
A characteristic symptom complex.
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)
The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended.
Specialized arterial vessels in the umbilical cord. They carry waste and deoxygenated blood from the FETUS to the mother via the PLACENTA. In humans, there are usually two umbilical arteries but sometimes one.
Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
In utero measurement corresponding to the sitting height (crown to rump) of the fetus. Length is considered a more accurate criterion of the age of the fetus than is the weight. The average crown-rump length of the fetus at term is 36 cm. (From Williams Obstetrics, 18th ed, p91)
The state of PREGNANCY in women with DIABETES MELLITUS. This does not include either symptomatic diabetes or GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE induced by pregnancy (DIABETES, GESTATIONAL) which resolves at the end of pregnancy.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.
A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body.
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)
Onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR before term (TERM BIRTH) but usually after the FETUS has become viable. In humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of PREGNANCY. TOCOLYSIS inhibits premature labor and can prevent the BIRTH of premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE).
A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
The number of offspring produced at one birth by a viviparous animal.
A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter that accounts for most of the sodium-dependent neutral amino acid uptake by mammalian cells. The preferred substrates for this transporter system include ALANINE; SERINE; and GLUTAMINE.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the LIVER and to circulate in the BLOOD. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. The growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on SOMATOTROPIN. It is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I, which is a major growth factor in adults.
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.

Restriction of placental and fetal growth in sheep alters fetal blood pressure responses to angiotensin II and captopril. (1/1684)

1. We have measured arterial blood pressure between 115 and 145 days gestation in normally grown fetal sheep (control group; n = 16) and in fetal sheep in which growth was restricted by experimental restriction of placental growth and development (PR group; n = 13). There was no significant difference in the mean gestational arterial blood pressure between the PR (42.7 +/- 2.6 mmHg) and control groups (37.7 +/- 2.3 mmHg). Mean arterial blood pressure and arterial PO2 were significantly correlated in control animals (r = 0.53, P < 0.05, n = 16), but not in the PR group. 2. There were no changes in mean arterial blood pressure in either the PR or control groups in response to captopril (7.5 microg captopril min-1; PR group n = 7, control group n = 6) between 115 and 125 days gestation. After 135 days gestation, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the fetal arterial blood pressure in the PR group but not in the control group during the captopril infusion (15 microg captopril min-1; PR group n = 7, control group n = 6). 3. There was a significant effect (F = 14.75; P < 0.001) of increasing doses of angiotensin II on fetal diastolic blood pressure in the PR and control groups. The effects of angiotensin II were different (F = 8.67; P < 0.05) in the PR and control groups at both gestational age ranges. 4. These data indicate that arterial blood pressure may be maintained by different mechanisms in growth restricted fetuses and normally grown counterparts and suggests a role for the fetal renin-angiotensin system in the maintenance of blood pressure in growth restricted fetuses.  (+info)

Changes in surfactant-associated protein mRNA profile in growth-restricted fetal sheep. (2/1684)

To test the hypothesis that chronic placental insufficiency resulting in fetal growth restriction causes an increase in fetal lung surfactant-associated protein (SP) gene expression, we embolized chronically catheterized fetal sheep (n = 6) daily using nonradioactive microspheres in the abdominal aorta for 21 days (between 0.74 and 0.88 of gestation) until fetal arterial oxygen content was reduced by approximately 40-50%. Control animals (n = 7) received saline only. Basal fetal plasma cortisol concentration was monitored. At the end of the experiment, fetal lung tissues were collected, and ratios of tissue levels of SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C mRNA to 18S rRNA were determined by standard Northern blot analysis. Total DNA content of fetal lungs was reduced by 30% in the embolized group compared with control group (P = 0.01). There was a 2.7-fold increase in fetal lung SP-A mRNA (P < 0.05) and a 3.2-fold increase in SP-B mRNA (P < 0.01) in the chronically embolized group compared with those in the control group. SP-A and SP-B mRNA tissue levels were highly correlated with the mean fetal plasma cortisol levels on days 20-21 (r = 0.90, P < 0.01 for SP-A mRNA and r = 0.94, P < 0.01 for SP-B mRNA). SP-C mRNA tissue levels were not significantly affected by placental insufficiency. We conclude that fetal growth restriction due to placental insufficiency is associated with alterations in fetal lung SP, suggesting enhanced lung maturation that was highly dependent on the degree of increase in fetal plasma cortisol levels.  (+info)

Endothelial function is impaired in fit young adults of low birth weight. (3/1684)

OBJECTIVE: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease, with insulin resistance, are associated with low birth weight (the 'Small Baby Syndrome'). Common to these adult clinical conditions is endothelial dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction could precede their development in those of low birth weight. METHODS: Endothelial function was measured by ultrasonic 'wall-tracking' of flow-related brachial artery dilatation in fit 19-20 year old subjects randomly selected (blind to the investigators throughout the study) from low (< 2.5 kg) and normal (3.0-3.8 kg) birth weight subjects in the 1975-7 cohort of the Cardiff Births Survey and with no known cause for endothelial dysfunction. RESULTS: Flow-related dilatation was impaired in low birth weight relative to normal birth weight subjects (median 0.04 mm [1.5%] [n = 22] cf. 0.11 mm [4.1%] [n = 17], p < 0.05; 0.04 mm [1.5%] [n = 15] cf. 0.12 mm [4.4%] [n = 12], p < 0.05 after exclusion of inadvertently included ever-smokers). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction is a consequence of foetal malnutrition, consistent with contributing to the clinical features of the 'Small Baby Syndrome' in later adult life.  (+info)

Fetal yawning activity in normal and high-risk fetuses: a preliminary observation. (4/1684)

OBJECTIVE: To study yawning activity in healthy fetuses and in fetuses at high risk. METHODS: Yawning activity was studied in 16 healthy and 22 high-risk fetuses. Studies were performed in the postprandial state at 09.00 and 12.00 in a quiet room with the woman in the lateral recumbent position. All ultrasound examinations were performed using a 3.5-MHz Acuson 128 PX curvilinear probe. Fetal lips, mouth, tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea and esophagus were surveyed in serial coronal and sagittal planes. All fetal mouthing movements were analyzed by a review of the videotape in slow motion. RESULTS: In both normal and high-risk fetuses, yawning was represented by isolated mouthing movements and consisted of slow opening of the mouth with simultaneous downward movements of the tongue. This phase occupied 50-75% of the yawning cycle. After reaching its maximum opening, the mouth remained wide open for 2-8 s and returned to its resting position within seconds. Growth-restricted fetuses demonstrated yawning patterns consisting of isolated yawns similar to those seen in healthy fetuses. Unusual bursts of fetal yawning activity were recorded in anemic fetuses. CONCLUSION: Yawning activity in anemic fetuses may represent a compensatory process to increase venous return to the heart.  (+info)

The effects on fetal development of high alpha-fetoprotein and maternal smoking. (5/1684)

OBJECTIVES: This study determined the risk of impaired fetal growth resulting from the interaction between maternal smoking during pregnancy and unexplained elevated concentrations of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP). METHODS: This observational study involved 123 pregnant smokers with unexplained second-trimester elevated concentrations of MSAFP, 827 smokers with normal levels, and 471 nonsmokers with raised levels. RESULTS: By logistic regression, coincident smoking and elevated MSAFP levels were found to be associated with increases in the low basic risks of prematurity, small-for-gestational-age births, low birthweight, and need for neonatal care. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal smoking has an adverse effect on fetal development in pregnancies with unexplained elevated MSAFP concentrations. Such pregnancies merit close surveillance.  (+info)

Characteristics of blood flow in intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses with hypercoiled cord. (6/1684)

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the characteristics of fetoplacental blood flow of growth-restricted fetuses with hypercoiled umbilical cord. SUBJECTS: Eight growth-restricted fetuses with hypercoiled cord. METHODS: Flow velocity waveforms of the umbilical cord artery and vein, fetal abdominal aorta and fetal inferior vena cava were analyzed. RESULTS: The resistance index in the umbilical artery in the hypercoiled cases was lower than that in normal fetuses. Early-diastolic reversed flow was observed in the abdominal aorta in some cases. In all cases, umbilical venous pulsation was observed in the entire cord until delivery. In one case, fetal heart failure occurred, resulting in pre-mature delivery. An atrophic type of single umbilical artery was observed in four cases. CONCLUSION: Fetal blood flow disturbance caused by a hypercoiled umbilical cord may be a cause of growth restriction.  (+info)

Chemical hair treatments and adverse pregnancy outcome among Black women in central North Carolina. (7/1684)

Several studies suggest that toxic chemicals in hair products may be absorbed through the scalp in sufficient amounts to increase the risks of adverse health effects in women or their infants. This case-control study of 525 Black women from three counties in North Carolina who had delivered a singleton, liveborn infant examined whether exposure to chemicals used in hair straightening and curling increased the odds that the infant was preterm or low birth weight. Cases consisted of 188 preterm and 156 low birth weight births (for 123 women, their infant was both low birth weight and preterm). Controls were 304 women who delivered term and normal birth weight infants. Women who used a chemical hair straightener at any time during pregnancy or within 3 months prior to conception had an adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 0.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-1.1) for preterm birth and 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-1.1) for low birth weight. Exposure to chemical curl products was also not associated with preterm delivery (adjusted OR = 0.9, 95% CI 0.5-1.8) or low birth weight (adjusted OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.5-1.9). Despite this failure to find an association, continued search for risk factors to which Black women are uniquely exposed is warranted.  (+info)

Growth retardation of inner cell mass cells in polyspermic porcine embryos produced in vitro. (8/1684)

The in vitro viability of polyspermic pig eggs was investigated. Immature oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro. Approximately 10 h after insemination, the eggs were centrifuged at 12 000 x g for 10 min and individually classified into two (2PN)- and poly-pronuclear (PPN, 3 or 4 pronuclei) eggs. The classified eggs were cultured in vitro or in vivo. Nuclei numbers of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) were compared between 2PN- and PPN-derived blastocysts. The frequency of development in vitro of 2PN and PPN eggs to the blastocyst stage was 53.6% and 40.7%, respectively. The mean number (8.2 +/- 0.7, n = 48) of ICM nuclei of 2PN-derived blastocysts was higher than that (4.2 +/- 0.8, n = 37) of PPN-derived blastocysts (p < 0.001), whereas there was no difference (p > 0.05) in mean numbers of total (46.7 +/- 3.4 vs. 39. 9 +/- 3.9) and TE nuclei (38.5 +/- 2.9 vs. 35.7 +/- 3.3) between the two groups. Development of 2PN and PPN eggs cultured in vivo to the blastocyst stage was 33.3% and 27.4%, respectively. The numbers of ICM and TE nuclei of these embryos cultured in vivo showed a pattern similar to that for the in vitro-produced blastocysts. Additionally, fetuses were obtained on Day 21 from both the 2PN and the PPN groups. This suggests that polyspermic pig embryos develop to the blastocyst stage and beyond, although showing a smaller ICM cell number as compared to normal embryos.  (+info)

Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Fetal development is the process in which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fetus, which is a developing human being from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth. This complex process involves many different stages, including:

1. Fertilization: The union of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote.
2. Implantation: The movement of the zygote into the lining of the uterus, where it will begin to grow and develop.
3. Formation of the embryo: The development of the basic structures of the body, including the neural tube (which becomes the brain and spinal cord), heart, gastrointestinal tract, and sensory organs.
4. Differentiation of tissues and organs: The process by which different cells and tissues become specialized to perform specific functions.
5. Growth and maturation: The continued growth and development of the fetus, including the formation of bones, muscles, and other tissues.

Fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Proper nutrition, prenatal care, and avoidance of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.

Fetal weight is the calculated weight of a fetus during pregnancy, typically estimated through ultrasound measurements. It is a crucial indicator of fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy. The weight is determined by measuring various parameters such as the head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length, which are then used in conjunction with specific formulas to estimate the fetal weight. Regular monitoring of fetal weight helps healthcare providers assess fetal health, identify potential growth restrictions or abnormalities, and determine appropriate delivery timing. Low fetal weight can indicate intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), while high fetal weight might suggest macrosomia, both of which may require specialized care and management.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Embryonic and fetal development is the process of growth and development that occurs from fertilization of the egg (conception) to birth. The terms "embryo" and "fetus" are used to describe different stages of this development:

* Embryonic development: This stage begins at fertilization and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus and begins to develop into a complex structure called an embryo. The embryo consists of three layers of cells that will eventually form all of the organs and tissues of the body. During this stage, the basic structures of the body, including the nervous system, heart, and gastrointestinal tract, begin to form.
* Fetal development: This stage begins at the end of the 8th week of pregnancy and continues until birth. During this time, the embryo is called a fetus, and it grows and develops rapidly. The organs and tissues that were formed during the embryonic stage continue to mature and become more complex. The fetus also begins to move and kick, and it can hear and respond to sounds from outside the womb.

Overall, embryonic and fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues. It is a critical period of development that lays the foundation for the health and well-being of the individual throughout their life.

Small for Gestational Age (SGA) is a term used in pediatrics to describe newborn infants who are smaller in size than expected for the number of weeks they have been in the womb. It is typically defined as a baby whose weight is below the 10th percentile for its gestational age. SGA can be further classified into two categories: constitutionally small (also known as physiologically small) and pathologically small. Constitutionally small infants are those who are genetically predisposed to being smaller, while pathologically small infants have a growth restriction due to factors such as placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension, or chromosomal abnormalities.

It is important to note that SGA is not the same as premature birth. Premature babies are those born before 37 weeks of gestation, regardless of their size. However, a baby can be both premature and SGA.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). It's often defined as a birth weight of 2,499 grams or less. This can be further categorized into very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams). Low birth weight is most commonly caused by premature birth, but it can also be caused by growth restriction in the womb. These babies are at risk for numerous health complications, both in the short and long term.

Growth disorders are medical conditions that affect a person's growth and development, leading to shorter or taller stature than expected for their age, sex, and ethnic group. These disorders can be caused by various factors, including genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, chronic illnesses, malnutrition, and psychosocial issues.

There are two main types of growth disorders:

1. Short stature: This refers to a height that is significantly below average for a person's age, sex, and ethnic group. Short stature can be caused by various factors, including genetic conditions such as Turner syndrome or dwarfism, hormonal deficiencies, chronic illnesses, malnutrition, and psychosocial issues.
2. Tall stature: This refers to a height that is significantly above average for a person's age, sex, and ethnic group. Tall stature can be caused by various factors, including genetic conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions like acromegaly.

Growth disorders can have significant impacts on a person's physical, emotional, and social well-being. Therefore, it is essential to diagnose and manage these conditions early to optimize growth and development and improve overall quality of life. Treatment options for growth disorders may include medication, nutrition therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Intellectual disability (ID) is a term used when there are significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.

Intellectual functioning, also known as intelligence, refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and other cognitive skills. Adaptive behavior includes skills needed for day-to-day life, such as communication, self-care, social skills, safety judgement, and basic academic skills.

Intellectual disability is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. It can be mild, moderate, severe, or profound, depending on the degree of limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

It's important to note that people with intellectual disabilities have unique strengths and limitations, just like everyone else. With appropriate support and education, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities in many ways.

'Mental retardation, X-linked' is not a term that is used in modern medicine. The term "mental retardation" has been replaced by the term "intellectual disability" to avoid stigmatization and to more accurately describe the condition. Furthermore, the use of terms like "X-linked" to describe a genetic disorder has been replaced by more precise genetic terminology.

The specific condition that you may be referring to is known as "Fragile X syndrome," which is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, affecting about 1 in 4,000 boys and 1 in 8,000 girls.

Individuals with Fragile X syndrome may have a range of symptoms, including intellectual disability that can vary from mild to severe, developmental delays, behavioral and learning challenges, physical features such as a long face, large ears, and flexible joints, and speech and language difficulties. They may also be at increased risk for certain medical conditions, such as seizures and autism spectrum disorder.

It's important to note that the use of outdated terminology can contribute to stigma and discrimination against individuals with intellectual disabilities. It is always best to use person-first language, such as "a person with Fragile X syndrome," to emphasize the individuality and dignity of people with intellectual disabilities.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

Maternal-fetal exchange, also known as maternal-fetal transport or placental transfer, refers to the physiological process by which various substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta. This exchange includes the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother's bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream.

The process occurs via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms across the placental barrier, which is composed of fetal capillary endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The maternal-fetal exchange is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the fetus throughout pregnancy.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

In the context of medicine, growth generally refers to the increase in size or mass of an organism or a specific part of the body over time. This can be quantified through various methods such as measuring height, weight, or the dimensions of particular organs or tissues. In children, normal growth is typically assessed using growth charts that plot measurements like height and weight against age to determine whether a child's growth is following a typical pattern.

Growth can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, nutrition, hormonal regulation, and overall health status. Abnormalities in growth patterns may indicate underlying medical conditions or developmental disorders that require further evaluation and treatment.

Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta does not provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as poor placental development, damage to the placenta, or problems with the blood flow to the placenta. As a result, the fetus may receive less oxygen and nutrients than it needs for proper growth and development, which can lead to a range of complications, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays.

The medical definition of placental insufficiency is: "a condition in which the placenta fails to provide adequate support to the developing fetus, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development." This condition can be diagnosed through various tests, such as ultrasound, fetal monitoring, and blood tests, and may require close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is a protein encoded by the FMR1 gene in humans. It is an RNA-binding protein that plays a critical role in regulating the translation and stability of mRNAs, particularly those involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal development.

Mutations in the FMR1 gene, leading to the absence or reduction of FMRP, have been associated with Fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and the leading genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In FXS, the lack of FMRP leads to an overproduction of proteins at synapses, resulting in altered neuronal connectivity and dysfunctional synaptic plasticity.

FMRP is widely expressed in various tissues, but it has a particularly high expression level in the brain, where it regulates the translation of mRNAs involved in learning, memory, and other cognitive functions. FMRP also interacts with several other proteins involved in neuronal development and function, such as ion channels, receptors, and signaling molecules.

Overall, Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein is a crucial regulator of synaptic plasticity and neuronal development, and its dysfunction has been linked to various neurodevelopmental disorders, including Fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Placental circulation refers to the specialized circulatory system that develops during pregnancy to allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother's blood and the fetal blood in the placenta. The placenta is a highly vascular organ that grows within the uterus and is connected to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord.

In the maternal side of the placenta, the spiral arteries branch into smaller vessels called the intervillous spaces, where they come in close contact with the fetal blood vessels within the villi (finger-like projections) of the placenta. The intervillous spaces are filled with maternal blood that flows around the villi, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the two circulations.

On the fetal side, the umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one umbilical vein that returns oxygenated blood back to the fetus. The umbilical arteries branch into smaller vessels within the villi, where they exchange gases and nutrients with the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.

Overall, the placental circulation is a crucial component of fetal development, allowing for the growing fetus to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to support its growth and development.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-related disorder, typically characterized by the onset of high blood pressure (hypertension) and damage to organs, such as the kidneys, after the 20th week of pregnancy. It is often accompanied by proteinuria, which is the presence of excess protein in the urine. Pre-eclampsia can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby if left untreated or unmanaged.

The exact causes of pre-eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is believed that placental issues, genetic factors, and immune system problems may contribute to its development. Risk factors include first-time pregnancies, history of pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancies, chronic hypertension, obesity, older age (35 or older), and assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies.

Pre-eclampsia can progress to a more severe form called eclampsia, which is characterized by the onset of seizures. HELLP syndrome, another severe complication, involves hemolysis (breaking down of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

Early detection and management of pre-eclampsia are crucial to prevent severe complications. Regular prenatal care, including frequent blood pressure checks and urine tests, can help identify early signs of the condition. Treatment typically involves close monitoring, medication to lower blood pressure, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, and, in some cases, delivery of the baby if the mother's or baby's health is at risk.

Microcephaly is a medical condition where an individual has a smaller than average head size. The circumference of the head is significantly below the normal range for age and sex. This condition is typically caused by abnormal brain development, which can be due to genetic factors or environmental influences such as infections or exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy.

Microcephaly can be present at birth (congenital) or develop in the first few years of life. People with microcephaly often have intellectual disabilities, delayed development, and other neurological problems. However, the severity of these issues can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe. It is important to note that not all individuals with microcephaly will experience significant impairments or challenges.

"Body height" is a measure of the vertical length of a person's body from the top of their head to the bottom of their feet. It is typically measured in units such as centimeters (cm) or inches (in). In medical settings, body height is often used as a basic anthropometric measurement to assess overall health status, growth and development, nutritional status, and aging-related changes.

There are different methods for measuring body height, but the most common one involves having the person stand upright against a vertical surface (such as a wall or a stadiometer) with their heels, buttocks, shoulders, and head touching the surface. The measurement is taken at the point where the top of the person's head meets the surface.

Body height can be influenced by various factors, including genetics, nutrition, health status, and environmental conditions. Changes in body height over time can provide important insights into a person's health trajectory and potential health risks. For example, a significant decrease in body height may indicate bone loss or spinal compression, while a rapid increase in height during childhood or adolescence may suggest optimal growth and development.

The umbilical arteries are a pair of vessels that develop within the umbilical cord during fetal development. They carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus through the placenta. These arteries arise from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus and pass through the umbilical cord to connect with the two umbilical veins within the placenta. After birth, the umbilical arteries become ligaments (the medial umbilical ligaments) that run along the inner abdominal wall.

Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena refer to the various changes and processes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum periods to meet the increased nutritional demands and support the growth and development of the fetus or infant. These phenomena involve complex interactions between maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and physiological functions to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.

Examples of maternal nutritional physiological phenomena include:

1. Adaptations in maternal nutrient metabolism: During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes various adaptations to increase the availability of essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. For instance, there are increased absorption and utilization of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as enhanced storage of glycogen and lipids in maternal tissues.
2. Placental transfer of nutrients: The placenta plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus. It selectively transports essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals from the maternal circulation to the fetal compartment while removing waste products.
3. Maternal weight gain: Pregnant women typically experience an increase in body weight due to the growth of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissues such as the uterus and breasts. Adequate gestational weight gain is essential for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse perinatal complications.
4. Changes in maternal hormonal regulation: Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in hormonal profiles, including increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and other hormones that regulate various physiological functions such as glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
5. Lactation: Following childbirth, the mother's body undergoes further adaptations to support lactation and breastfeeding. This involves the production and secretion of milk, which contains essential nutrients and bioactive components that promote infant growth, development, and immunity.
6. Nutrient requirements: Pregnancy and lactation increase women's nutritional demands for various micronutrients such as iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Meeting these increased nutritional needs is crucial for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and supporting maternal health during the postpartum period.

Understanding these physiological adaptations and their implications for maternal and fetal health is essential for developing evidence-based interventions to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of adverse perinatal complications, and support women's health throughout the reproductive lifespan.

"Facies" is a medical term that refers to the typical appearance of a person or part of the body, particularly the face, which may provide clues about their underlying medical condition or genetic background. A specific facies is often associated with certain syndromes or disorders. For example, a "downsyndrome facies" refers to the distinctive facial features commonly found in individuals with Down syndrome, such as a flattened nasal bridge, almond-shaped eyes, and an upward slant to the eyelids.

It's important to note that while facies can provide valuable diagnostic information, it should be used in conjunction with other clinical findings and genetic testing to make a definitive diagnosis. Additionally, facies should be described objectively and without judgment, as they are simply physical characteristics associated with certain medical conditions.

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.

During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.

Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.

Placental diseases, also known as placental pathologies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the placenta during pregnancy. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus while removing waste products.

Placental diseases can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus, including preterm labor, growth restriction, stillbirth, and long-term health problems for the child. Some common placental diseases include:

1. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, causing bleeding and potentially harming the fetus.
2. Placental previa: This is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. It can cause bleeding and may require cesarean delivery.
3. Preeclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Placental dysfunction is thought to play a role in its development.
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): This occurs when the fetus does not grow properly due to poor placental function, leading to low birth weight and potential health problems.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the fetus, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications.
6. Placental infarction: This occurs when a portion of the placenta dies due to a lack of blood flow, which can lead to growth restriction or stillbirth.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of placental diseases are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

"Maternal exposure" is a medical term that refers to the contact or interaction of a pregnant woman with various environmental factors, such as chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, or physical environments, which could potentially have an impact on the developing fetus. This exposure can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or even transplacentally. The effects of maternal exposure on the fetus can vary widely depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. It is important to monitor and minimize maternal exposure to potentially harmful substances or environments during pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and developing fetus.

Genomic imprinting is a epigenetic process that leads to the differential expression of genes depending on their parental origin. It involves the methylation of certain CpG sites in the DNA, which results in the silencing of one of the two copies of a gene, either the maternal or paternal allele. This means that only one copy of the gene is active and expressed, while the other is silent.

This phenomenon is critical for normal development and growth, and it plays a role in the regulation of genes involved in growth and behavior. Genomic imprinting is also associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which occur when there are errors in the imprinting process that lead to the absence or abnormal expression of certain genes.

It's important to note that genomic imprinting is a complex and highly regulated process that is not yet fully understood. Research in this area continues to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying gene regulation and their impact on human health and disease.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.

Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:

1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Crown-rump length (CRL) is a medical measurement used in obstetrics to estimate the age of a developing fetus. It refers to the length from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump). This measurement is typically taken during an ultrasound examination in the first trimester of pregnancy, between 8 and 13 weeks of gestation.

The CRL is used to calculate the estimated due date and to monitor fetal growth and development. It can also help identify potential issues or abnormalities in fetal development. As the pregnancy progresses, other measurements such as head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length are used to assess fetal growth and development.

'Pregnancy in Diabetics' refers to the condition where an individual with pre-existing diabetes mellitus becomes pregnant. This can be further categorized into two types:

1. Pre-gestational diabetes: This is when a woman is diagnosed with diabetes before she becomes pregnant. It includes both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Proper control of blood sugar levels prior to conception and during pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

2. Gestational diabetes: This is when a woman develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. While it usually resolves after delivery, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Proper management of gestational diabetes is essential to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a hormone that plays a crucial role in growth and development. It is a small protein with structural and functional similarity to insulin, hence the name "insulin-like." IGF-I is primarily produced in the liver under the regulation of growth hormone (GH).

IGF-I binds to its specific receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, which is widely expressed throughout the body. This binding activates a signaling cascade that promotes cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In addition, IGF-I has anabolic effects on various tissues, including muscle, bone, and cartilage, contributing to their growth and maintenance.

IGF-I is essential for normal growth during childhood and adolescence, and it continues to play a role in maintaining tissue homeostasis throughout adulthood. Abnormal levels of IGF-I have been associated with various medical conditions, such as growth disorders, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

Fetal resorption, also known as fetal demise or intrauterine fetal death, is a medical term that refers to the absorption of a nonviable fetus by the mother's body after its death in utero. This process typically occurs before the 20th week of gestation and may go unnoticed if it happens early in pregnancy.

During fetal resorption, the fetal tissue is broken down and absorbed by the mother's body, leaving no visible remains of the fetus. The placenta and other surrounding tissues may still be present, but they often undergo changes as well. In some cases, a small amount of fetal tissue may be expelled from the uterus during the resorption process.

The causes of fetal resorption can vary, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, and environmental factors. It is essential to seek medical attention if a woman suspects fetal resorption or experiences any unusual symptoms during pregnancy, such as vaginal bleeding or decreased fetal movement, to ensure proper diagnosis and management.

Dwarfism is a medical condition that is characterized by short stature, typically with an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches (147 centimeters) or less. It is caused by a variety of genetic and medical conditions that affect bone growth, including skeletal dysplasias, hormonal deficiencies, and chromosomal abnormalities.

Skeletal dysplasias are the most common cause of dwarfism and are characterized by abnormalities in the development and growth of bones and cartilage. Achondroplasia is the most common form of skeletal dysplasia, accounting for about 70% of all cases of dwarfism. It is caused by a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene and results in short limbs, a large head, and a prominent forehead.

Hormonal deficiencies, such as growth hormone deficiency or hypothyroidism, can also cause dwarfism if they are not diagnosed and treated early. Chromosomal abnormalities, such as Turner syndrome (monosomy X) or Down syndrome (trisomy 21), can also result in short stature and other features of dwarfism.

It is important to note that people with dwarfism are not "dwarves" - the term "dwarf" is a medical and sociological term used to describe individuals with this condition, while "dwarves" is a term often used in fantasy literature and media to refer to mythical beings. The use of the term "dwarf" can be considered disrespectful or offensive to some people with dwarfism, so it is important to use respectful language when referring to individuals with this condition.

Fetal macrosomia is a medical condition where the fetus in the womb is significantly larger than normal. While there is no consensus on an exact weight that defines macrosomia, it is generally defined as a fetus with an estimated weight of 4,000 grams (8 pounds 13 ounces) or more at birth.

Fetal macrosomia can be caused by several factors, including maternal diabetes, post-term pregnancy, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and prior history of macrosomic infants. Macrosomic infants are at an increased risk for complications during labor and delivery, such as shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, and hypoglycemia.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor fetal growth carefully during pregnancy, particularly in women who have risk factors for macrosomia. Regular prenatal care, including ultrasound measurements of the fetus, can help identify cases of fetal macrosomia and allow for appropriate management and delivery planning.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Anthropometry is the scientific study of measurements and proportions of the human body. It involves the systematic measurement and analysis of various physical characteristics, such as height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, and other body measurements. These measurements are used in a variety of fields, including medicine, ergonomics, forensics, and fashion design, to assess health status, fitness level, or to design products and environments that fit the human body. In a medical context, anthropometry is often used to assess growth and development, health status, and disease risk factors in individuals and populations.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). This protein is essential for normal brain development.

In people with Fragile X syndrome, the FMR1 gene is missing a critical piece of DNA, leading to little or no production of FMRP. As a result, the brain's nerve cells cannot develop and function normally, which can cause a range of developmental problems, including learning disabilities, cognitive impairment, and behavioral and emotional difficulties.

Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, affecting about 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000 females. The symptoms and severity can vary widely, but most people with Fragile X syndrome have some degree of intellectual disability, ranging from mild to severe. They may also have physical features associated with the condition, such as a long face, large ears, flexible joints, and flat feet.

There is no cure for Fragile X syndrome, but early intervention and treatment can help improve outcomes. Treatment typically involves a combination of educational support, behavioral therapy, speech and language therapy, physical therapy, and medication to manage symptoms such as anxiety, hyperactivity, and aggression.

Premature obstetric labor, also known as preterm labor, is defined as regular contractions leading to cervical changes that begin before 37 weeks of gestation. This condition can result in premature birth and potentially complications for the newborn, depending on how early the delivery occurs. It's important to note that premature labor requires medical attention and intervention to try to stop or delay it, if possible, to allow for further fetal development.

Growth Hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver and other tissues. GH also has important metabolic functions, such as increasing glucose levels, enhancing protein synthesis, and reducing fat storage. Its secretion is regulated by two hypothalamic hormones: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates its release, and somatostatin (SRIF), which inhibits its release. Abnormal levels of GH can lead to various medical conditions, such as dwarfism or gigantism if there are deficiencies or excesses, respectively.

In medical terms, the "head" is the uppermost part of the human body that contains the brain, skull, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. It is connected to the rest of the body by the neck and is responsible for many vital functions such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and thought processing. The head also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, speech, and eating.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Litter size is a term used in veterinary medicine, particularly in relation to breeding of animals. It refers to the number of offspring that are born to an animal during one pregnancy. For example, in the case of dogs or cats, it would be the number of kittens or puppies born in a single litter. The size of the litter can vary widely depending on the species, breed, age, and health status of the parent animals.

Amino acid transport system A, also known as system ASC or alanine-serine-cysteine transporter, is a type of amino acid transporter found in the membranes of cells. It is responsible for the uptake of small neutral amino acids, such as alanine, serine, and cysteine, into the cell. This transport system plays an important role in maintaining amino acid homeostasis within the body and is particularly important in tissues with high rates of protein turnover, such as the intestines and kidneys. It is also expressed in the brain, where it is involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis. Defects in this transport system have been implicated in various diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

Trophoblasts are specialized cells that make up the outer layer of a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells that forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development. In humans, this process occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (which will eventually become the embryo) and an outer layer of trophoblasts.

Trophoblasts play a crucial role in implantation, which is the process by which the blastocyst attaches to and invades the lining of the uterus. Once implanted, the trophoblasts differentiate into two main layers: the cytotrophoblasts (which are closer to the inner cell mass) and the syncytiotrophoblasts (which form a multinucleated layer that is in direct contact with the maternal tissues).

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblasts, which have several important functions. They secrete enzymes that help to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix of the uterine lining, allowing the blastocyst to implant more deeply. They also form a barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues, helping to protect the developing embryo from the mother's immune system.

Additionally, trophoblasts are responsible for the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products. The syncytiotrophoblasts in particular play a key role in this process by secreting hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which helps to maintain pregnancy, and by forming blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.

Abnormalities in trophoblast development or function can lead to a variety of pregnancy-related complications, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and gestational trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas.

Insulin-like Growth Factor II (IGF-II) is a growth factor that is structurally and functionally similar to insulin. It is a single-chain polypeptide hormone, primarily produced by the liver under the regulation of growth hormone. IGF-II plays an essential role in fetal growth and development, and continues to have important functions in postnatal life, including promoting cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation in various tissues.

IGF-II binds to and activates the IGF-I receptor and the insulin receptor, leading to intracellular signaling cascades that regulate metabolic and mitogenic responses. Dysregulation of IGF-II expression and signaling has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, growth disorders, and diabetes.

It is important to note that IGF-II should not be confused with Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), which is another hormone with structural and functional similarities to insulin but has distinct roles in growth and development.

Fetal hypoxia is a medical condition that refers to a reduced level of oxygen supply to the fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as maternal health problems, complications during pregnancy or delivery, or issues with the placenta. Prolonged fetal hypoxia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even fetal death. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor fetal oxygen levels during pregnancy and delivery to ensure the well-being of the fetus.

Nutrition disorders refer to conditions that result from eating, drinking, or absorbing nutrients in a way that is not consistent with human physiological needs. These disorders can manifest as both undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition includes disorders such as protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, and mineral deficiencies, while overnutrition includes conditions such as obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.

Malnutrition is the broad term used to describe a state in which a person's nutrient intake is insufficient or excessive, leading to negative consequences for their health. Malnutrition can be caused by a variety of factors, including poverty, food insecurity, lack of education, cultural practices, and chronic diseases.

In addition to under- and overnutrition, disordered eating patterns such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified feeding or eating disorders can also be considered nutrition disorders. These conditions are characterized by abnormal eating habits that can lead to serious health consequences, including malnutrition, organ damage, and mental health problems.

Overall, nutrition disorders are complex conditions that can have significant impacts on a person's physical and mental health. They require careful assessment, diagnosis, and treatment by healthcare professionals with expertise in nutrition and dietetics.

This can cause fetal growth retardation. Full trisomy 16 is incompatible with life and most of the time it results in ... Some of the consequences include slow growth before birth. During prenatal diagnosis the levels of trisomy in fetal-placental ...
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), which is defined as less than 10 percent of predicted fetal weight for gestational age ... Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or fetal growth restriction, refers to poor growth of a fetus while in the womb during ... Alternative Names: Intrauterine growth retardation; IUGR Kesavan, K.; Devaskar, S. U. (2019-04-01). "Intrauterine Growth ... The condition is most commonly caused by inadequate maternal-fetal circulation, with a resultant decrease in fetal growth. ...
Game, K.; Friedman, J. M.; Paradice, B.; Norman, M. G. (1989-06-01). "Fetal growth retardation, hydrocephalus, hypoplastic ... Game, K.; Friedman, J. M.; Paradice, B.; Norman, M. G. (1989-06-01). "Fetal growth retardation, hydrocephalus, hypoplastic ... The following is a list of the symptoms usually shown by fetuses with the disorder: Delayed fetal growth Hydrocephaly Sylvius ... Growth delay-hydrocephaly-lung hypoplasia syndrome, also known as Game-Friedman-Paradice syndrome is a very rare hereditary ...
"Association of intrauterine fetal growth retardation and learning deficits at age 9 to 11 years". American Journal of ... Growth then proceeds at a slow rate until a period of rapid growth occurs shortly before puberty (between about 9 and 15 years ... A similar term, stunted growth, generally refers to reduced growth rate as a manifestation of malnutrition in early childhood. ... Physical growth in stature and weight occurs for 15-20 years following birth, as the individual changes from the average weight ...
GRACILE is characterized by fetal growth retardation, lactic acidosis, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, and abnormalities in iron ... Growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis, and early death (GRACILE) is a recessively ... Clinical features may include mitochondrial encephalopathy, psychomotor retardation, ataxia, severe failure to thrive, liver ...
"Prediction of fetal acidaemia in intrauterine growth retardation: comparison of quantified fetal activity with biophysical ... 1992). Fetal and infant origins of adult disease. London: British Medical Journal. ISBN 978-0-7279-0743-1. Haws, Rachel A; ... The term is also sometimes used to designate late decelerations of fetal heart rate as measured by cardiotocography or an NST, ... Manning, FA; Snijders, R; Harman, CR; Nicolaides, K; Menticoglou, S; Morrison, I (October 1993). "Fetal biophysical profile ...
Uterine growth retardation and poor foetal movement have been observed in severe DSMA1 cases. DSMA1 is caused by a genetic ... and small-molecule drugs like growth factors (e.g., IGF-1 and VEGF) or olesoxime. Studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are ...
Ovchinnikova, GA; Pigina, TV (February 1975). "[The use of sigetin in the therapy of fetal growth retardation in the rabbit ... This complex is negatively regulated by two proteins: growth arrest and DNA damage‐inducible protein (GADD34), also known as ... Other stressors that cause the activation of PKR include oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, growth factor ...
2004). "Fetal programming: prenatal testosterone excess leads to fetal growth retardation and postnatal catch-up growth in ... the growth at an early age due to high hormone levels signaling the body to stop bone growth and can also stunt the growth of ... He stated that these were supplied by former NFL player and former head of BALCO Victor Conte, saying: I took [human growth ... The NFL employs isoform blood tests for Human Growth Hormone instead of the more precise biomarker test, which only has a ...
Ross, Michael G. "eMedicine - Fetal Growth Restriction". Retrieved 2010-02-25. Barker, D. J. P., ed. (1992). Fetal and infant ... formerly known as intrauterine growth retardation, the term "SGA associated with intrauterine growth restriction" is used. ... ISBN 0-7279-0743-3. Dogra, Vikram S. "eMedicine - Intrauterine Growth Retardation". Retrieved 2007-11-28. Clayton, PE; ... Disorders related to length of gestation and fetal growth, Neonatology). ...
In addition PSG presence within the maternal bloodstream can induce the secretion of growth factors affecting fetal growth. Low ... fetal retardation, low birth weight and hypoxia. Antibodies can form within the body that are specific to PSGs. These ... The later effect on concentration correlates with restriction of fetal growth. A significant difference between the ... Though high levels of PSGs are ideal during fetal development; their concentration throughout the rest of life, excluding the ...
... fetal thrombocytopenia, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, abruption of placenta and congenital anomalies. The ... In case of maternal or foetal complications, possible interventions are serial foetal transfusions, fetoscopic laser ... It is a hamartoma-like growth in the placenta consisting of blood vessels, and is seen in approximately 0.5 to 1% pregnancies. ... When chorioangiomas have deceased blood flow, fetal hemodynamics and clinical outcome are found to be improved. It is the most ...
... functional alterations associated with cerebellar growth retardation". Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 12 (1): 15-22. doi: ... 96-06). Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit. Malbin, D. (1993). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal ... Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS) refers to individuals with a known, or highly suspected, ... "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) - conditions and interventions". www.sbu.se. Swedish ...
Individuals with 3-M syndrome have severe prenatal growth retardation due to growth delays during fetal development resulting ... severe growth retardation, typical facial features, and characteristic radiological findings. In some cases, growth retardation ... Growth delays and immature bone development (growth retardation and delayed bone maturation) typically continue after birth ( ... Disruption of the protein degradation process plays a role in the pathogensis of prenatal growth retardation in humans, a key ...
Overexpression of Nix in the fetal mouse has been found to cause severe growth retardation and massive cardiomyocyte apoptosis ... These early interactions between the fetal heart and Nix expression are thought to have a role in the development of adult ... Dorn GW (July 2005). "Physiologic growth and pathologic genes in cardiac development and cardiomyopathy". Trends in ...
... defective development of placental bed spiral arteries in pregnancies complicated by hypertension and fetal growth retardation ... The fetal cells that implant into the uterine wall are known as the trophoblast. The hemochorial placenta bathes the fetal ... A hemochorial placenta optimizes the amount of oxygen and nutrients that can be absorbed into the fetal blood supply, while at ... It has been proposed that fetal genes designed to increase the mother's blood pressure are so beneficial that they outweigh the ...
Due to this, there is an increased risk for intrauterine growth retardation, fetal hemorrhage, and maternal hemorrhage within ... While aspirin should be avoided for use pain relief, low dose aspirin is used for prevention of preeclampsia and fetal growth ... However, its usage during organogenesis and the third trimester can lead to elevated risk of intrauterine growth retardation ... The most severe form of FASD is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). This used to be the only diagnosis for fetal disorders due to ...
Reasons to induce can include pre-eclampsia, foetal distress, placental malfunction, intrauterine growth retardation and ... Risks for the child include miscarriage, growth restriction, growth acceleration, foetal obesity (macrosomia), polyhydramnios ... Prior T, Lees C (2019). "Control and Monitoring of Fetal Growth.". Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Vol. 5. pp. 1-9. doi: ... evaluation of foetal renal hyperechogenicity in pregnancies complicated with pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation ...
... resulting in intrauterine growth retardation. Finally, if both mother and fetus have the disease, the two defects will offset ... If the fetus is affected but mother is not, glucoses will be normal and fetal insulin production will be low, ... This type of MODY demonstrates the common circulation but complex interplay between maternal and fetal metabolism and hormone ... each other and fetal size will be unaffected. When both GCK genes are affected the diabetes appears earlier and the ...
Patel's clinical and academic interests include high risk obstetrics, premature labour, foetal growth retardation, obstetric ...
... fetal growth retardation MeSH C23.550.414.300 - blood loss, surgical MeSH C23.550.414.625 - ecchymosis MeSH C23.550.414.712 - ... fetal death MeSH C23.550.260.460.260 - fetal resorption MeSH C23.550.288.500 - syndrome MeSH C23.550.291.125 - acute disease ... fetal macrosomia MeSH C23.888.144.243 - body weight changes MeSH C23.888.144.243.926 - weight gain MeSH C23.888.144.243.963 - ... fetal weight MeSH C23.888.144.699 - overweight MeSH C23.888.144.699.500 - obesity MeSH C23.888.144.699.500.500 - obesity, ...
... fetal growth retardation, and increased fetal resorption. Exposure to NMU during pre-implantation, post-implantation, ... 1991). Induction of Fetal Malformations After Treatment of Mouse Embryos with Methylnitrosourea at the Preimplantation Stages. ...
Possible prenatal symptoms such as microcephaly, intrauterine growth restriction, loss of fetal heart rate variability and ... Symptoms become apparent in the first months of life and include seizures, microcephaly and severe psychomotor retardation are ... They may demonstrate a milder degree of psychomotor retardation and transient visual and auditory contact disturbances Seizures ... lyase Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is responsible for a range of symptoms that involve psychomotor retardation, often ...
... growth retardation and neonatal depression. This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via ... Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, ... A CST is one type of antenatal fetal surveillance technique. During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. ... The rate of crack growth in a coupon can also be measured, either during the test or afterward using fractography. Testing of ...
... growth retardation and neonatal depression. This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via ... Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, ... A CST is one type of antenatal fetal surveillance technique. During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened. ... External fetal monitors are put in place and then either nipple stimulation or IV pitocin (oxytocin) is used to stimulate ...
... intrauterine growth retardation, pulmonary hypoplasia, patent ductus arteriosus, and incomplete ossification of the skull. ... Commonly reported fetal abnormalities include hypotension, renal dysplasia, anuria/oliguria, oligohydramnios, ... transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B), through fibrogenesis and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Stimulation by ATII of the ...
Determine if an intrauterine growth retardation condition exists Note the development of fetal body parts (e.g., heart, brain, ... "Fetal Growth - Fundal Height Measurements". Perinatal Institute. Retrieved September 23, 2017. Robert Peter, J; Ho, JJ; ... Growth charts are a way of detecting small babies by the measuring the SFH. There are two types of growth chart: Population ... measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD008136 ...
... intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital abnormalities have all been found to be associated with fetal exposure to air ... leading to unhealthy outcomes for fetal development such as poor or slow fetal growth, and increasing fetal morbidity and ... Dejmek J., Selevan S. G., Benes I., Solansky I., Sram R. J. (1999). "Fetal Growth and Maternal Exposure to Particulate Matter ... The most severe of these is fetal alcohol syndrome. Fetal exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke may experience a wide range of ...
In some cases, the abortion did not happen, but the newborns had a fetal aminopterin syndrome consisting of growth retardation ... Other studies have shown that low SES is closely associated with the development of the fetus in utero and growth retardation. ... Abel EL, Sokol RJ (November 1986). "Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation". Lancet. 2 (8517): 1222 ... The effects of carbon monoxide exposure are decreased later in fetal development during the fetal stage, but they may still ...
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is categorized as a group of birth defects ranging from mental retardation to various growth and ... "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevention: An Exploratory Study Of Women's Use Of, Attitudes Toward, And Knowledge About ... "Results Of A Nurse-Led Workshop Designed To Prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder." Public Health Nursing 27.3 (May/Jun. 2010 ...
Tag: fetal growth retardation. July 5, 2022. PEDIATRICS: Dextrose Gel for Neonates at Risk With Asymptomatic Hypoglycemia: A ... Category: Newsletter, PediatricsTags: blood glucose, dextrose gel, fetal growth retardation, hypoglycemia, infant, macrosomia, ...
Fetal growth retardation. *Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus before the baby is born ... Creasy and Resniks Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 48. ...
Placental infarcts, abruptio placentae, intrauterine growth retardation, and fetal hypoxia also contribute to fetal demise. [2 ... Poor outcome of previous pregnancy, including intrauterine growth retardation, abruptio placentae, or fetal death ... There is also a fetal manifestation of preeclampsia involving fetal growth restriction, reduced amniotic fluid, and abnormal ... Transabdominal ultrasonography is used to estimate gestational age and fetal well-being. Poor fetal growth, oligohydramnios, ...
This can cause fetal growth retardation. Full trisomy 16 is incompatible with life and most of the time it results in ... Some of the consequences include slow growth before birth. During prenatal diagnosis the levels of trisomy in fetal-placental ...
These findings suggest that impaired fetal growth does not have effects on blood cholesterol levels that would have a material ... intrauterine growth retardation, fetal growth retardation and cholesterol, lipoprotein, lipid). Studies that reported ... Conclusion: These findings suggest that impaired fetal growth does not have effects on blood cholesterol levels that would have ... Birth weight and subsequent cholesterol levels: exploration of the "fetal origins" hypothesis JAMA. 2004 Dec 8;292(22):2755-64. ...
Placental infarcts, abruptio placentae, intrauterine growth retardation, and fetal hypoxia also contribute to fetal demise. [2 ... Poor outcome of previous pregnancy, including intrauterine growth retardation, abruptio placentae, or fetal death ... There is also a fetal manifestation of preeclampsia involving fetal growth restriction, reduced amniotic fluid, and abnormal ... Transabdominal ultrasonography is used to estimate gestational age and fetal well-being. Poor fetal growth, oligohydramnios, ...
Conclusions School-age children and adolescents with combined fetal growth restriction and prematurity exhibited an increased ... Background Both fetal growth restriction and prematurity have been associated with cardiometabolic risk in youth and adults, ... Fetal growth retardation ,. Humans ,. Infant ,. Infant ,. Male ,. Blood pressure ,. Dyslipidemias ,. Glucose metabolism ,. Low ... Growth ,. Intrauterine growth retardation ,. Newborn ,. Adolescent ,. Cardiovascular diseases ,. Case-control studies ,. Child ...
... oxide bioavailability in early pregnancy predisposes to dyslipidemia and surges preeclampsia and fetal growth retardation ... Lipid profiling in maternal and fetal circulations in preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction-a prospective case control ... InSeminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2009;14:66-71. King JC. Physiology of pregnancy and nutrient metabolism. The ... Maternal and fetal serum nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in normal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol ...
Fetal Growth Retardation / physiopathology* * Humans * Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / physiopathology * Infant, Newborn * ... fetal, and neonatal problems or complications, on the other hand, were examined. Available and effective treatment measures, ...
Maternal serum alpha2-macroglobulin and fetal growth retardation. Medical, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors do not ... Maternal serum alpha2-macroglobulin and fetal growth retardation. Article Abstract:. Alpha2-macroglobulin is a glycoprotein ... measurement of alpha2-macroglobulin during pregnancy may be helpful for predicting fetal growth retardation. (Consumer Summary ... Abstracts: Moderate caffeine use and the risk of spontaneous abortion and intrauterine growth retardation. The absence of a ...
764.90 Fetal growth retardation, unspecified. 764.91-764.99 Fetal growth retardation (,500-2500g+) ... To predict the number of publications in the subsequent years, a nonlinear (exponential growth model) regression analysis was ... 764.12-764.19 Light-for-date with signs of fetal malnutrition ( 500-2500g+) ...
L-arginine therapy has a beneficial effect in fetal growth retardation due to pregnancy-induced hypertensionFeb 01, 2007. ... Diseases : Human Growth Hormone: Enhancement, Low Human Growth Hormone. Pharmacological Actions : Ergogenic, Nitric Oxide ... L-Arginine treatment has therapeutic value in asymmetric fetal growth restriction.Jan 01, 2005. ...
The study included preterm birth and fetal growth retardation. Fetal growth retardation was measured by reduced mean birth ... exposures to contaminants in drinking water at Camp Lejeune were associated with preterm birth and fetal growth retardation. ...
Categories: Fetal Growth Retardation Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Pollutants entering the fetal circulation have a significant impact on growth and development; there have also been cases of ... babies born with retardation, morbidity and low birth weight.. "Children in homes near roads with heavy traffic also have ...
Poor maternal nutrition affects fetal development leading to irreversible changes and growth retardation. The fetus, in order ... to nutritional programming in fetal life has highlighted fetal plasticity during embryogenic life and the possible negative ... The Mediterranean Diet and Fetal Size Parameters: The Generation R Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 108, 1399-1409. [Google Scholar] [ ... Maternal High-Fat Diet Is Associated with Impaired Fetal Lung Development. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2015, 309, ...
In the rabbit, however, doses of 135 mg/kg/day caused slight fetal growth retardation; this effect was considered to be a ...
... to study brainstem neural conduction and maturation in fetal growth restriction (FGR) babies born very prematurely and assess ... Pettigrew, A. G., Edwards, D. A. & Henderson-Smart, D. J. The influence of intra-uterine growth retardation on brainstem ... Early- versus late-onset fetal growth restriction differentially affects the development of the fetal sheep brain. Dev. ... Altered maturation in brainstem neural conduction in very premature babies with fetal growth restriction. *Ze Dong Jiang. 1 na1 ...
Fetal alcohol syndrome is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, dysmorphic facial features, and low intelligence ... 12] Alcohol is also teratogenic and may result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, including fetal alcohol syndrome. ... Neuropathologic changes in fetal alcohol syndrome are varied and nonspecific, including microcephaly, hydrocephalus, ...
In the rabbit, however, doses of 135 mg/kg/day caused slight fetal growth retardation; this effect was considered to be a ...
... intrauterine growth retardation, placental abruption, and fetal demise.4 The Clinical Work Group of the Select Panel on ... intrauterine growth retardation, placental abruption, and fetal demise.4 The Clinical Work Group of the Select Panel on ... Another limitation is that women with fetal death or abortion are excluded. PRAMS estimates only cover the population of ...
Lower concentrations induced fetal growth retardation in rats but not in rabbits. Gestational exposure increased the incidence ... The authors conclude that based on the evidence of terata, fetal growth retardation, and embryo mortality in rabbits and rats, ... reproductive status was determined and uterine contents were examined for fetal mortality, growth retardation, or terata. ...
Residence in each of the exposed housing areas was associated with fetal growth retardation, measured as SGA and decreased MBW. ... This cohort study examined the relationship between VOC exposure and fetal growth retardation (measured as SGA and decreased ... A late fetal death was defined as any fetal death occurring at 20 or more weeks of gestation for which a North Carolina fetal ... of pregnancy is usually regarded as the most important for fetal growth and toxicity resulting in delayed fetal growth ((85)). ...
Birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation and fetal susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - ... Birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation and fetal susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. ... Differential responses in placenta and fetal thymus at 12 days post infection elucidate mechanisms of viral level and fetal ... Differential responses in placenta and fetal thymus at 12 days post infection elucidate mechanisms of viral level and fetal ...
Judith Brand and colleagues analyse associations between maternal smoking and fetal growth ... An animal model of cigarette smoke-induced in utero growth retardation. Toxicology. 2008;246:193-202. pmid:18316152 * View ... Fetal growth assessment. Longitudinal fetal growth trajectory analyses were based on repeat fetal ultrasound and birth ... Overall, trajectories of fetal growth varied according to maternal smoking status (p , 0.001 for each fetal parameter). From ...
... intrauterine growth retardation, and fetal malformations.1 6 However, little is known about the association between ... fetal growth restriction and skeletal hypoplasia in the mouse. Reprod Toxicol2010;29:366-77. ... In animal studies, a dose dependent increased risk of fetal death has been observed after use of antiepileptics.7 8 Human ... The data support that pregnant women with epilepsy can continue antiepileptic drug treatment as the risk of fetal death is low ...
IFEX can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Fetal growth retardation and neonatal anemia have been ... IFEX can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Fetal growth retardation and neonatal anemia have been ... Fanconi syndrome, renal rickets, and growth retardation in children as well as osteomalacia in adults also have been reported. ... Rhabdomyolysis, Osteomalacia, Rickets, Growth retardation, Myalgia, Arthralgia, Pain in extremity, Muscle twitching ...
  • Expectant management was opted for, and the delivery was at 39, 2 weeks and maternal and fetal outcomes were favourable. (hindawi.com)
  • Pregnancy, delivery, and the puerperium are associated with increased rates of iron deficiency and anemia, which correlates with worse maternal and fetal outcomes and places pregnant women at increased risk of obstetric hemorrhage. (karger.com)
  • There is also a fetal manifestation of preeclampsia involving fetal growth restriction, reduced amniotic fluid, and abnormal fetal oxygenation. (medscape.com)
  • Using maximum length sequence brainstem auditory evoked response (MLS BAER) to study brainstem neural conduction and maturation in fetal growth restriction (FGR) babies born very prematurely and assess the effect of FGR on brainstem neural maturation. (nature.com)
  • 28 weeks with fetal growth restriction. (nature.com)
  • Miller, S. L., Huppi, P. S. & Mallard, C. The consequences of fetal growth restriction on brain structure and neurodevelopmental outcome. (nature.com)
  • Maternal smoking during pregnancy is an established risk factor for low infant birth weight, but evidence on critical exposure windows and timing of fetal growth restriction is limited. (plos.org)
  • The importance of smoking cessation in early pregnancy and the extent to which fetal growth restriction can be prevented or minimised by lowering cigarette consumption in women who find quitting difficult is also uncertain. (plos.org)
  • In this review, we detail these effects and their relationship to preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, severe PE is a major cause of maternal morbidity (i.e., stroke and liver rupture) and negative long-term outcomes (i.e., cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus) as well as adverse perinatal effects, such as prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction [ 5 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Overexpression of both sEng and sFlt1 in pregnant rats develops nephrotic-range proteinuria, severe hypertension, biochemical evidence of HELLP ("H" for hemolysis, "EL" for elevated liver enzymes, and "LP" for low platelet count), and intrauterine growth restriction of the pups [ 19 , 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Intrauterine growth restriction or IUGR refers to a fetus that does not develop at the normal rate. (awhomaha.com)
  • Human placental villous stromal extracellular matrix regulates fetoplacental angiogenesis in severe fetal growth restriction. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Fetal complications of preeclampsia include risk of preterm delivery, oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid levels), and slow fetal growth (IUGR, intra-uterine growth retardation). (acsh.org)
  • Although very rare (1 : 9,000 to 1 : 50,000 pregnancies), they are frequently associated with fetal and maternal complications often due to possible significant arteriovenous shunts which may lead to polyhydramnios, heart failure, anemia, growth retardation, prematurity, intrauterine fetal death, and mirror syndrome [ 1 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In view of the major contribution of intrapartum risk factors and prematurity to subsequent neurological morbidity and mortality, studies are needed that address the underlying mechanisms of brain injury that occur in utero to the immature and near-term fetal CNS. (jneurosci.org)
  • The fetal biometry, the umbilical cord, and the amniotic fluid were regular. (hindawi.com)
  • the more immature the infant, the greater the degree of postnatal growth retardation. (bmj.com)
  • To learn more about the role of zinc in the outcome of pregnancy, alpha2-macroglobulin was measured in 289 pregnant women who were at risk for delivering a low-birth-weight, or growth-retarded, infant. (readabstracts.com)
  • However, there are only a few nancies, complications of pregnancy such studies on the effect of other individual ma- as hypertension, pre-eclampsia, anaemia ternal micronutrients on fetal growth [ 2-5 ]. (who.int)
  • During prenatal diagnosis the levels of trisomy in fetal-placental tissues can be analyzed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most widely studied serum markers for PE, to date, are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF). (hindawi.com)
  • Recent data suggest that thrombophilia associated placental vasculopathy in the form of villous infarcts, multiple infarcts, fibrinoid necrosis of decidual vessels, fetal stem vessel thrombosis, placental hypoplasia and spiral artery thrombosis lead to inadequate fetomaternal circulation and decreased placental perfusion. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Thrombophilia is claimed in many adverse pregnancy outcomes such as recurrent pregnancy loss, intrauterine growth retardation, abruptio placenta, intrauterine fetal death, and pre-eclampsia with onset before 34 wk. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • For each of the three categories of exposed births defined later, MBW, the prevalence of SGA and preterm births, and the ratio of fetal deaths per singleton live births were compared with these outcomes in unexposed births. (cdc.gov)
  • Rees, S. & Harding, R. Brain development during fetal life: influences of the intra-uterine environment. (nature.com)
  • The authors conclude that based on the evidence of terata, fetal growth retardation, and embryo mortality in rabbits and rats, EGEE is teratogenic. (cdc.gov)
  • Nutrient flow to the embryo and placenta is crucial for proper development and growth during pregnancy. (nature.com)
  • While the role of this protein with respect to fetal growth remains to be clarified, measurement of alpha2-macroglobulin during pregnancy may be helpful for predicting fetal growth retardation. (readabstracts.com)
  • Here we investigate the associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with longitudinal fetal growth by triangulating evidence from 3 analytical approaches to strengthen causal inference. (plos.org)
  • We analysed data from 8,621 European liveborn singletons in 2 population-based pregnancy cohorts (the Generation R Study, the Netherlands 2002-2006 [ n = 4,682]) and the Born in Bradford study, United Kingdom 2007-2010 [ n = 3,939]) with fetal ultrasound and birth anthropometric measures, parental smoking during pregnancy, and maternal genetic data. (plos.org)
  • The fetal growth trajectory in women who quit smoking in early pregnancy was similar to that of non-smokers, except for a shorter FL and greater AC around 36-40 weeks' gestation. (plos.org)
  • A consistent linear dose-dependent association of maternal smoking with fetal growth was observed from the early second trimester onwards, while no major growth deficit was found in women who quit smoking early in pregnancy except for a shorter FL during late gestation. (plos.org)
  • We analysed data from 8,621 white European liveborn singletons from 2 population-based pregnancy cohorts to assess the associations of maternal quitting, reducing, and continuing smoking during pregnancy with the longitudinal growth of different fetal parameters (weight, head circumference, femur length, and abdominal circumference). (plos.org)
  • Iodine deficiency , mainly caused by insufficient iodine intake during pregnancy, is the greatest single cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation (see Annex, Table 3). (who.int)
  • During the pregnancy poor weight gain was reported, although the mother stated that the fetal movements were normal. (bmj.com)
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is an irreversible congenital condition that is a result of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy [1] . (aao.org)
  • The ultrasonographic scan showed an increase of the mass size at the second and third exams and was followed by an arrest of the growth persisting for the rest of the pregnancy. (hindawi.com)
  • Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury results in cerebral palsy (CP), mental retardation, or learning disabilities in surviving children ( Robertson and Finer, 1985 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Lists the characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), including growth retardation, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system dysfunction. (nationaldec.org)
  • FAS is a syndrome that falls under a larger group of conditions known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). (aao.org)
  • Researchers evaluated risk factors for low birth weight infants, preterm delivery, and growth-restricted infants among 1,491 pregnant women. (readabstracts.com)
  • This cohort study examined the relationship between VOC exposure and fetal growth retardation (measured as SGA and decreased MBW) and preterm delivery in three groups with different exposures to contaminated drinking water and in an unexposed comparison population. (cdc.gov)
  • Noninvasive maternal screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities should be offered to all pregnant women who have not already decided to have amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) provides recommendations for screening for fetal chromosomal abnormalities and a chart to show the timing of prenatal testing for chromosomal abnormalities (see ACOG: Prenatal Genetic Testing Chart ). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Maternal serum alpha2-macroglobulin and fetal growth retardation. (readabstracts.com)
  • In addition, the effects of timing and duration of exposure were examined by linking data from family base housing with birth and fetal death certificate data. (cdc.gov)
  • Malnutrition occurs in several linked forms, including intrauterine growth retardation, protein- energy malnutrition and deficiencies of micronutrients such as iodine, vitamin A, zinc and iron. (who.int)
  • Inverse associations between birth weight and subsequent blood cholesterol levels have been used to support the "fetal origins" hypothesis of the relevance of fetal nutrition to adult disease. (nih.gov)
  • All these forms of malnutrition compromise physical growth, mental development, health, performance and productivity, and survival, and have lasting effects throughout the life span. (who.int)
  • These findings suggest that impaired fetal growth does not have effects on blood cholesterol levels that would have a material impact on vascular disease risk. (nih.gov)
  • These findings reinforce the importance of smoking cessation advice in preconception and antenatal care and show that smoking reduction can lower the risk of impaired fetal growth in women who struggle to quit. (plos.org)
  • birth length was reported among a Spanish oBjective: Our objective was to assess the relationship between MeHg and fetal growth as well as cohort (Ramón et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Previous data from this unit suggest that postnatal growth retardation (PGR) is inevitable in preterm infants. (bmj.com)
  • To examine postnatal hospital growth and to compare growth outcome in preterm infants discharged from four level III tertiary care units and 10 level I-II special care baby units in the former Northern Region of the United Kingdom. (bmj.com)
  • Impaired fetal and postnatal growth in term infants have been related to a higher risk of ischaemic heart disease, impaired glucose tolerance and type II diabetes mellitus, and higher blood pressure. (bmj.com)
  • Very few contemporary data are available on postnatal growth in preterm infants in the United Kingdom. (bmj.com)
  • Whether postnatal growth is different in infants discharged from level III intensive care units, which take care of the smallest sickest infants, and those discharged from level I-II special care baby units, which take care of more mature, less ill infants, has also not been determined. (bmj.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to examine postnatal growth in preterm infants discharged from all units in the Northern Region in the United Kingdom. (bmj.com)
  • It was hypothesised that growth between birth and hospital discharge would ( a ) be poorer in infants discharged from the level III intensive care units when compared with level I-II units and ( b ) not differ between infants discharged across level III intensive care or infants discharged across level I-II special care baby units. (bmj.com)
  • Eighty growth-retarded infants were born. (readabstracts.com)
  • Neonates were classified as growth-retarded if their weight was less than the 15th percentile for gestational age, based on Alabama standards (where the study took place). (readabstracts.com)
  • Mothers of the growth-retarded neonates had elevated levels of the protein at both points. (readabstracts.com)
  • Intrauterine growth-restricted neonates born at term or preterm: how different? (nature.com)
  • the most severe end of the spectrum involving central nervous system (CNS) problems, facial features, and growth problems. (aao.org)
  • there have also been cases of babies born with retardation, morbidity and low birth weight. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Classic signs include: abnormal facial features (short horizontal palpebral fissure/blepharophimosis, thin vermillion border, and smooth philtrum), growth retardation, and neurobehavioral impairment [2] . (aao.org)
  • Relevant studies published by September 30, 2004, were identified through literature searches using EMBASE and MEDLINE and MeSH heading search strategy (using terms such as birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal growth retardation and cholesterol, lipoprotein, lipid). (nih.gov)
  • Residence in each of the exposed housing areas was associated with late fetal death. (cdc.gov)
  • The primary sources of data were birth and fetal death certificates at the North Carolina Vital Statistics Office. (cdc.gov)
  • During 1968-1985, the state used two versions each of the birth and fetal death certificates and three versions of the database file format. (cdc.gov)
  • Foetal growth retardation among others measured on blood pressure was found in some authors concluded by all. (nicomuhly.com)
  • In fact, myomas in their intial stages of development, located in the myometrium and still without their own blood supply, maintain full capacity for growth in spite of amantadine and reappear as a recurrence after several years. (ispub.com)
  • Some of the consequences include slow growth before birth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fetal development can be disrupted by toxic chemical exposures in less time than the 6-month intervals at which the wells are being monitored. (cdc.gov)
  • The study period was 12 December 2000- retardation [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • Understanding when and which parameters of fetal growth are affected by different smoking behaviours is important for strengthening and focusing clinical and public health guidelines. (plos.org)
  • This in turn results in an exponential production of multiple factors such as cytokines and growth factors leading to the clinical manifestations of PE [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Similarly, sEng is a truncated form of receptor for two subtypes of transforming growth factor beta (TGF β ) specifically, TGF β 1 and TGF β 2 which are highly expressed by vascular endothelial cells and syncytiotrophoblasts. (hindawi.com)
  • Associations with trajectories of estimated fetal weight (EFW) and individual fetal parameters (head circumference, femur length [FL], and abdominal circumference [AC]) from 12-16 to 40 weeks' gestation were analysed using multilevel fractional polynomial models. (plos.org)
  • ABSTRACT Micronutrient deficiencies exist among women of childbearing age in the United Arab Emir- ates but the effects of maternal micronutrient deficiency on fetal growth are not well documented. (who.int)
  • 21 countries with the highest stunting rates worldwide, depriving thousands of children in the country of their full growth and development potential. (who.int)
  • A repeat scan at 30 weeks of gestation showed intrauterine growth retardation. (bmj.com)
  • Labour occurred spontaneously at 33 weeks of gestation and an emergency caesarian section was performed for fetal distress and growth retardation. (bmj.com)
  • Lower concentrations induced fetal growth retardation in rats but not in rabbits. (cdc.gov)