Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.
Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.
A white threadlike worm which causes elephantiasis, lymphangitis, and chyluria by interfering with the lymphatic circulation. The microfilaria are found in the circulating blood and are carried by mosquitoes.
An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.
Pharmacological agents destructive to nematodes in the superfamily Filarioidea.
The prelarval stage of Filarioidea in the blood and other tissues of mammals and birds. They are removed from these hosts by blood-sucking insects in which they metamorphose into mature larvae.
A species of parasitic nematode causing Malayan filariasis and having a distribution centering roughly on the Malay peninsula. The life cycle of B. malayi is similar to that of WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI, except that in most areas the principal mosquito vectors belong to the genus Mansonia.
A filarial worm of Southeast Asia, producing filariasis and elephantiasis in various mammals including man. It was formerly included in the genus WUCHERERIA.
Accumulation of serous fluid between the layers of membrane (tunica vaginalis) covering the TESTIS in the SCROTUM.
A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder SPIRURINA. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae.
A genus of filarial nematodes.
A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) commonly found in tropical regions. Species of this genus are vectors for ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS as well as many other diseases of man and domestic and wild animals.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).
Lymphangitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the lymphatic vessels, often presenting as red, tender streaks along the path of the affected lymphatic channel.
A republic in the Greater Antilles in the West Indies. Its capital is Port-au-Prince. With the Dominican Republic it forms the island of Hispaniola - Haiti occupying the western third and the Dominican Republic, the eastern two thirds. Haiti belonged to France from 1697 until its rule was challenged by slave insurrections from 1791. It became a republic in 1820. It was virtually an American protectorate from 1915 to 1934. It adopted its present constitution in 1964 and amended it in 1971. The name may represent either of two Caribbean words, haiti, mountain land, or jhaiti, nest. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p481 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p225)
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
A cutaneous pouch of skin containing the testicles and spermatic cords.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
A species of parasitic nematode found in man and other mammals. It has been reported from Malaya and East Pakistan and may produce symptoms of tropical eosinophilia.
A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
A republic in the north of South America, east of VENEZUELA and west of SURINAME. Its capital is Georgetown.
A genus of parasitic nematodes found in the peritoneal cavity of wild or domestic cattle or equines.
An island group and constitutional monarchy in the southwest central Pacific Ocean. The capital is Apia. The islands were jointly administered by England, the United States, and Germany 1889-99, with the chief islands of Savai'i and Upolu recognized as German until 1919. Western Samoa gained independence in 1962 and assumed its present formal name in 1997.
Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
The collective name for the islands of the central Pacific Ocean, including the Austral Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, HAWAII; NEW ZEALAND; Phoenix Islands, PITCAIRN ISLAND; SAMOA; TONGA; Tuamotu Archipelago, Wake Island, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. Polynesians are of the Caucasoid race, but many are of mixed origin. Polynesia is from the Greek poly, many + nesos, island, with reference to the many islands in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p966 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p426)
The branch of medicine concerned with diseases, mainly of parasitic origin, common in tropical and subtropical regions.
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.
A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless.
A genus of bacteria comprised of a heterogenous group of gram-negative small rods and coccoid forms associated with arthropods. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1, 1984)
A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.
A group of islands in the southwest central Pacific, divided into AMERICAN SAMOA and the INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA (Western Samoa). First European contact was made in 1722 by Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutchman. In 1768 they were named Navigators Islands by Louis de Bougainville. The present name may derive from that of a local chieftain or from a local word meaning place of the moa, a now-extinct island bird. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1061 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p481)
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.
A filarial parasite primarily of dogs but occurring also in foxes, wolves, and humans. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Termination of all transmission of infection by global extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment (From Porta, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed).
The reduction or regulation of the population of mosquitoes through chemical, biological, or other means.
Infection with nematodes of the genus Setaria. This condition is usually seen in cattle and equines and is of little pathogenic significance, although migration of the worm to the eye may lead to blindness.
A group of islands of SAMOA, in the southwest central Pacific. Its capital is Pago Pago. The islands were ruled by native chiefs until about 1869. An object of American interest beginning in 1839, Pago Pago and trading and extraterritorial rights were granted to the United States in 1878. The United States, Germany, and England administered the islands jointly 1889-99, but in 1899 they were granted to the United States by treaty. The Department of the Interior has administered American Samoa since 1951. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p44)
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.
A genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the Sudan and the basin of the Congo. L. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely.
A genus of filarial nematodes. Various immature species have been found to infect the eyes or subcutaneous tissue in humans.
A type of affinity chromatography where ANTIBODIES are used in the affinity capture reaction on the solid support, in the mobile phase, or both.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.
Infections with nematodes of the genus DIPETALONEMA.
A republic of southeast Asia, northwest of Thailand, long familiar as Burma. Its capital is Yangon, formerly Rangoon. Inhabited by people of Mongolian stock and probably of Tibetan origin, by the 3d century A.D. it was settled by Hindus. The modern Burmese state was founded in the 18th century but was in conflict with the British during the 19th century. Made a crown colony of Great Britain in 1937, it was granted independence in 1947. In 1989 it became Myanmar. The name comes from myanma, meaning the strong, as applied to the Burmese people themselves. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p192 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p367)
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.
The study of life and ECOLOGIC SYSTEMS in bodies of FRESHWATER.
A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Port-Vila. It was called New Hebrides until 1980. It was discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese, forgotten for 160 years, then visited by Bougainville in 1768 and Captain Cook in 1774. It was under joint British and French administration from 1906 until it became independent in 1980 under the name of Vanuatu. The name is native, meaning our land. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p833 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p570)
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms are distributed in Central and South America. Characteristics include a smooth cuticle and an enlarged anterior end.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
A filarial nematode parasite of mammalian blood with the vector being a tick or small fly.
An opaque, milky-white fluid consisting mainly of emulsified fats that passes through the lacteals of the small intestines into the lymphatic system.
A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA and north of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It was formed in 1964 by a merger of the countries of TANGANYIKA and ZANZIBAR.
A system of organs and tissues that process and transport immune cells and LYMPH.
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context; it is the name of a country located in South Asia, known for its diverse landscapes and rich biodiversity.
A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms live and breed in skin and subcutaneous tissues. Onchocercal microfilariae may also be found in the urine, blood, or sputum.
A republic in western Africa, south of GUINEA and west of LIBERIA. Its capital is Freetown.
A plant family of the order Malvales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves of Sterculiaceae are alternate and simple or palmately compound. Flowers have three to five sepals and five or no petals.
A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.
A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.
The systematic surveying, mapping, charting, and description of specific geographical sites, with reference to the physical features that were presumed to influence health and disease. Medical topography should be differentiated from EPIDEMIOLOGY in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks.
Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.
A republic in western Africa, lying between GHANA on its west and BENIN on its east. Its capital is Lome.
An archipelago in Polynesia in the southwest Pacific Ocean, comprising about 150 islands. It is a kingdom whose capital is Nukualofa. It was discovered by the Dutch in 1616, visited by Tasman in 1643, and by Captain Cook in 1773 and 1777. The modern kingdom was established during the reign of King George Tupou I, 1845-93. It became a British protectorate in 1900 and gained independence in 1970. The name Tonga may be of local origin, meaning either island or holy. Its other name, Friendly Islands, was given by Captain Cook from the welcome given him by the natives. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1219 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p549)
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
Proteins found in any species of helminth.
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.
The use of DRUGS to treat a DISEASE or its symptoms. One example is the use of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to treat CANCER.
A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Suva. It was discovered by Abel Tasman in 1643 and was visited by Captain Cook in 1774. It was used by escaped convicts from Australia as early as 1804. It was annexed by Great Britain in 1874 but achieved independence in 1970. The name Fiji is of uncertain origin. In its present form it may represent that of Viti, the main island in the group. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p396 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p186)
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.
A plant genus of the family PAPAVERACEAE that contains isoquinoline alkaloids.
Lightweight meshwork fabric made of cotton, silk, polyester, nylon (polyamides), or other material impregnated with insecticide, having openings too small to allow entry of mosquitoes or other insects, thereby offering protection against insect bite and insect-borne diseases.
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).
A genus of parasitic nematodes widely distributed as intestinal parasites of mammals.
A large superfamily of cell surface membrane proteins characterized by their four transmembrane domains. They play a role in a variety of processes such as cellular adhesion and motility. They may be involved in the organization of cell surface MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS that regulate the activation of LEUKOCYTES.
A republic stretching from the Indian Ocean east to New Guinea, comprising six main islands: Java, Sumatra, Bali, Kalimantan (the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo), Sulawesi (formerly known as the Celebes) and Irian Jaya (the western part of New Guinea). Its capital is Djakarta. The ethnic groups living there are largely Chinese, Arab, Eurasian, Indian, and Pakistani; 85% of the peoples are of the Islamic faith.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain anethole and CARBAZOLES.
The geographical area of Africa comprising BENIN; BURKINA FASO; COTE D'IVOIRE; GAMBIA; GHANA; GUINEA; GUINEA-BISSAU; LIBERIA; MALI; MAURITANIA; NIGER; NIGERIA; SENEGAL; SIERRA LEONE; and TOGO.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
The development by insects of resistance to insecticides.
The status of health in rural populations.

Granulomatous inflammatory response to recombinant filarial proteins of Brugia species. (1/437)

The lymphatic inflammatory response in Brugia-infected jirds peaks early during primary infections and then decreases in severity as judged by the numbers of lymph thrombi present within these vessels. Antigen-specific hypersensitivity reactions in these animals was measured by a pulmonary granulomatous inflammatory response (PGRN) induced by somatic adult worm antigen (SAWA)-coated beads, and by cellular proliferative responses of renal lymph node cells. The kinetics of these responses temporally correspond to lymphatic lesion formation. The importance of any single antigen to the induction of this inflammatory response has not been elucidated. In this study, the PGRN was used to measure the cellular immune response to four recombinant filarial proteins during the course of a primary B. pahangi infection. These proteins were BpL4, glycoprotein (glutathione peroxidase) gp29, heat shock protein (hsp) 70, and filarial chitinase. All were fusion proteins of maltose-binding protein (MBP). Control beads included those coated with diethanolamine (DEA), SAWA, or MBP. The measurements of PRGN were made at 14, 28, 56, and > 150 days postinfection (PI) in infected jirds, in jirds sensitized with SAWA, and in uninfected jirds. The secretory homolog of glutathione peroxidase gp29 was the only recombinant protein tested that induced a significantly greater PGRN (P < 0.05) than controls. This was seen at 28 days PI. These observations indicate that gp29 may be part of the worm antigen complex that induces an early inflammatory response, a response similar to that observed with SAWA. These studies indicate that this approach is useful in investigating the functional ability of specific proteins in the induction and down-regulation of immune-mediated inflammatory responses elicited by filarial parasites. Absence of a granulomatous response to the other recombinant proteins used may be related to the nature and sensitivity of the assay used or the character of recombinant proteins tested.  (+info)

Can vector control play a useful supplementary role against bancroftian filariasis? (2/437)

A single campaign of mass treatment for bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in Makunduchi, a town in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania, combined with elimination of mosquito breeding in pit latrines with polystyrene beads was followed by a progressive decline over a 5-year period in the microfilarial rate from 49% to 3%. Evidence that vector control had contributed to this long-term decline was obtained by comparison with another town, Moga, where a DEC campaign was used without vector control and where resurgence of microfilariae could be observed 3-6 years after the campaign. In Zanzibar town, treatment of 3844 wet pit latrines and cesspits with polystyrene beads reduced the adult mosquito population in houses by about 65%. Supplementary treatment of open drains and marshes with Bacillus sphaericus produced little or no additional reduction compared to a sector of the town where only pit treatment with polystyrene was carried out. The cost and effort of achieving the 65% reduction in mosquito population could hardly be justified for its impact on filariasis alone, but its noticeable impact on biting nuisance might help to gain community support for an integrated programme.  (+info)

Interleukin-10 and antigen-presenting cells actively suppress Th1 cells in BALB/c mice infected with the filarial parasite Brugia pahangi. (3/437)

Infection with the third-stage larvae (L3) of the filarial nematode Brugia results in a Th2-biased immune response in mice and humans. Previously we have shown that the production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) is critical for down-regulating polyclonal Th1 responses in L3-infected mice. However, the in vitro neutralization of IL-4 did not fully recover the defective polyclonal Th1 responses, nor did it result in the production of any antigen (Ag)-specific Th1 cytokines, suggesting that perhaps infection with L3 does not result in priming of Th1 cells in vivo. In this study, we analyzed the role of IL-10 and Ag-presenting cells (APCs) in the spleen as additional factors controlling the Th2 bias in infected mice. Our data show that IL-10 and APCs also contribute to the suppression of mitogen-driven Th1 responses of spleen cells from infected mice. In addition, the neutralization of IL-10 or the replacement of the resident APC population from spleen cell cultures resulted in the production of Ag-specific Th1 cytokines. Irradiated spleen cells from either L3-infected or uninfected mice were able to restore Ag-specific Th1 responses in vitro. Therefore, it appears that Brugia-reactive Th1 cells are primed following infection with L3, but are actively suppressed in vivo by a mechanism that involves IL-10 and the resident APC population, but not IL-4. These results indicate that a complex interplay of cytokines and cell populations underscores the Th2-polarized response in L3-infected mice.  (+info)

Bancroftian filariasis in an irrigation project community in southern Ghana. (4/437)

An epidemiological study to document the endemicity and transmission characteristics of bancroftian filariasis was conducted in an irrigation project community in southern Ghana. In a 50% random sample of the population, the prevalence of microfilaraemia was 26.4% and the geometric mean microfilarial intensity among positives was 819 microfilariae/ml of blood. Hydrocoele was found in 13.8% of the males aged > or =18 years, and 1.4% of the residents examined, all females, had tymphoedema/elephantiasis. Detailed monitoring of the microfilarial intensity in 8 individuals over a 24-h period confirmed its nocturnal periodicity with a peak at approximately 0100 hours. The most important vector was Anopheles gambiae s.l., followed by An. funestus. The abundance of these mosquitoes and their relative importance as vectors varied considerably between the wet and the dry season. Opening of the irrigation canals late in the dry season resulted in a remarkable increase in the population of An. gambiae (8.3% of which carried infective filarial larvae) to levels comparable to those seen during the wet season, suggesting that the irrigation project is responsible for increased transmission of lymphatic filariasis in the community.  (+info)

Anti-filarial IgG4 in men and women living in Brugia malayi-endemic areas. (5/437)

To assess whether antifilarial IgG4 can be used to study various epidemiological facets of filarial infections, we studied this isotype in 238 individuals resident in areas endemic for brugian filariasis, focusing on the differences between men and women. In the study area, the prevalence of microfilariae was 6.7% and the prevalence of antifilarial IgG4 was 49.2%. All microfilariae carriers were positive for antifilarial IgG4, whereas a proportion of the endemic normals (94/208) and clephantiasis patients (7/14) had IgG4 antibodies to filarial antigens. Data were analysed as a function of gender in distinct clinical groups and stratified for age. The prevalence of microfilariae was higher in males in all age groups, as reflected in significantly higher antifilarial IgG4 antibody levels compared to females. The prevalence of IgG4 increased to reach a plateau at the age of 30 years in both males and females. These results indicate that antifilarial IgG4 antibodies can reflect the differences in the extent of infection in males and females as measured by microfilarial counts, and that this parameter can be used for epidemiological assessments of filarial infection.  (+info)

Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia in Sri Lanka. (6/437)

The prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia determined in 353 subjects in Matara, Sri Lanka by Og4C3 ELISA was 20.7%. Positive rates obtained with the same subjects by 1 ml Nuclepore filtration and 60 microl thick blood smear were 11.3% and 7.9%, respectively. Antigen levels were positively associated with microfilaria counts. Two-thirds of antigen-positive and microfilaria-negative (Ag+/Mf-) individuals were > 25-year-old, but younger age groups (< or = 25-year-old) tended to have proportionally more Ag+/Mf- cases. Possible origins of the Ag+/Mf- status are discussed.  (+info)

Bancroftian filariasis on Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania: an update on the status in urban and semi-urban communities. (7/437)

Cross-sectional clinical, parasitological and entomological surveys for bancroftian filariasis were conducted in Konde, Chake Chake and Kengeja, three urban and semiurban communities on Pemba Island, and the results were compared with similar surveys done 15 years earlier. The overall prevalences of clinical manifestations among males aged 15 years or more (n = 614) was remarkably similar to those recorded 15 years earlier: elephantiasis 1.4% in 1975 and 1.1% in 1990; hydrocele, 22.4% and 21.8%, respectively. However, when the communities were compared individually, there was a reduction in the hydrocele prevalence in Konde from 22.4% to 11.5% and an increase in Kengeja from 27.0% to 35.5%. The overall microfilarial prevalence found during night blood surveys of all individuals aged 1 year or more (n = 2687) was 9.7%, compared to 14.2% recorded in 1975. The reduction was most pronounced in Konde. Of 1052 female mosquitoes caught with CDC light traps, 95% were Culex quinquefasciatus and 5% Anopheles gambiae s.l. Infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were found only in the former. The filariasis situation in urban and semiurban communities on Pemba Island appears not to have changed considerably over the last 15 years.  (+info)

Computerized digital image processing on radiographs of canine filariosis. (8/437)

For objective evaluation in the lung arterial lesions, density histogram revealed by survey thoracic radiographies of fifteen canine filariosis and five normal canine were digitally analyzed, and preparation of pulmonary artery angiogram with inflated-fixed lung, the changes in the histogram and the pulmonary arterial lesion by a soft x-ray examination were compared. In the lung areas affected by filariosis, the density histogram increased the white level and decreased the black level in each part compared to a normal lung. In comparison with the normal parameters, those of the filariosis it were significantly increased in minimum grey level values (Min), maximum grey level values (Max), and the maximum frequency grey level values (Mode) and, it was significantly decreased in maximum frequency values (MaF). The pulmonary arterial lesion of the filariosis showed obvious morphological changes such as in distinction, pruning, angiectasis, and meandering. In the grade of pulmonary arterial lesion, the parameter Min, Max, Mode and MaF were changed significantly. From these results, it was clear that the methods for the lung arterial lesions analysis of x-ray images were confirmed to be highly beneficial in the lung arterial lesions for objective diagnosis.  (+info)

Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. The infection is spread through the bite of infected mosquitoes and can lead to various symptoms depending on the type of filarial worm, including lymphatic dysfunction (elephantiasis), eye damage (onchocerciasis or river blindness), and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. The disease is prevalent in tropical areas with poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water. Preventive measures include wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and sleeping under mosquito nets. Treatment typically involves the use of antiparasitic drugs such as diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin.

Elephantiasis, filarial is a medical condition characterized by the severe swelling of limbs or other parts of the body due to the blockage of lymphatic vessels by parasitic worms. It is caused by infection with threadlike nematode filarial worms, such as Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. These worms are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites.

The blockage of lymphatic vessels leads to the accumulation of lymph fluid in the affected area, causing progressive swelling, thickening, and hardening of the skin and underlying tissues. In advanced cases, the skin may become rough, nodular, and fissured, resembling the hide of an elephant, hence the name "elephantiasis."

The condition is usually chronic and can cause significant disability and social stigma. While there is no cure for filarial elephantiasis, various treatments are available to alleviate symptoms, prevent transmission, and halt the progression of the disease. These include antibiotics to kill the worms, surgery to remove the lymphatic obstruction, and various supportive measures to manage the swelling and prevent secondary infections.

Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The worms infect the lymphatic system and can lead to chronic swelling of body parts such as the limbs, breasts, and genitals, as well as other symptoms including fever, chills, and skin rashes. Wuchereria bancrofti is a significant public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world.

Diethylcarbamazine (DECT or DEC) is an anti-parasitic medication used to treat infections caused by roundworms, including lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and river blindness (onchocerciasis). It works by killing the parasitic worms, thus helping to prevent the progression of these diseases.

Diethylcarbamazine is typically available as a prescription oral medication in the form of tablets or capsules. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the type and severity of the infection being treated. It's important to note that DEC should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it may have side effects and potential drug interactions.

Medical Citation:
"Diethylcarbamazine." National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. U.S. National Library of Medicine. . Accessed on April 18, 2023.

Filaricides are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by filarial worms, which are parasitic roundworms that can infect humans and animals. These medications work by killing or inhibiting the development of the larval stages of the worms, thereby helping to eliminate the infection and prevent further transmission.

Filaricides are often used to treat diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness), lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), and loiasis (African eye worm). Examples of filaricides include ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole. It is important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have serious side effects if not used properly.

Microfilaria is the larval form of certain parasitic roundworms (nematodes) belonging to the family Onchocercidae. These worms include species that cause filariasis, which are diseases transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes or blackflies. The microfilariae are found in the blood or tissue fluids of the host and can measure from 200 to 300 microns in length. They have a distinct sheath and a characteristic tail taper, which helps in their identification under a microscope. Different filarial species have specific microfilariae characteristics, such as size, shape, and lifestyle patterns (nocturnal or diurnal periodicity). The presence of microfilariae in the host's blood or tissue fluids is indicative of an ongoing infection with the respective filarial parasite.

'Brugia malayi' is a species of parasitic nematode (roundworm) that can infect humans and cause the tropical disease known as lymphatic filariasis. The adult worms typically reside in the lymphatic vessels, where they can cause inflammation, obstruction, and damage to the lymphatic system.

The life cycle of 'Brugia malayi' involves several stages, including microfilariae (immature worms) that are transmitted to a human host through the bite of an infected mosquito vector. Once inside the human body, the microfilariae migrate to the lymphatic vessels and mature into adult worms over a period of several months.

The symptoms of lymphatic filariasis can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the infection and the individual's immune response. In some cases, the disease can lead to chronic swelling and deformity of the affected limbs or genitalia, a condition known as elephantiasis.

Preventive measures for lymphatic filariasis include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, long-sleeved clothing, and bed nets, as well as mass drug administration programs to eliminate the parasite from affected communities.

'Brugia' is a genus of parasitic nematode worms that are known to cause lymphatic filariasis, a tropical disease affecting the lymphatic system. There are three main species of Brugia that infect humans: Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Brugia garinii. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.

Brugia malayi is found primarily in Southeast Asia, while Brugia timori is restricted to the island of Timor in Indonesia. Brugia garinii, on the other hand, is more widely distributed and can be found in parts of Africa and Asia.

The infection caused by these parasites can lead to a range of symptoms, including fever, swelling of the lymph nodes, and elephantiasis, a condition characterized by severe swelling of the limbs or genitals. Preventive measures such as avoiding mosquito bites and mass drug administration programs are in place to control the spread of lymphatic filariasis caused by Brugia species.

A testicular hydrocele is a type of fluid-filled sac that forms around the testicle (testis), typically in the scrotum. This sac, known as the tunica vaginalis, normally contains a small amount of fluid that helps to lubricate and protect the testicle. However, when an excessive amount of fluid accumulates in this sac, it results in the formation of a hydrocele.

Testicular hydroceles can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various reasons such as injury, inflammation, or infection in the scrotal area. They are usually painless but may cause discomfort or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, especially when they become large. In some cases, hydroceles may resolve on their own without treatment, while others may require surgical intervention to drain the fluid and repair the underlying issue.

It is essential to differentiate between hydroceles and other conditions with similar symptoms, such as hernias or tumors, which may require more urgent medical attention. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and possibly recommend further testing, like an ultrasound, to confirm the diagnosis of a testicular hydrocele.

Filarioidea is a superfamily of parasitic nematode (roundworm) worms, many of which are important pathogens in humans and animals. They are transmitted to their hosts through the bite of insect vectors, such as mosquitoes or flies. The filarioid worms can cause a range of diseases known as filariases. Some examples include Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Onchocerca volvulus, which cause lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) and river blindness, respectively. The adult worms live in the lymphatic system or subcutaneous tissues of their hosts, where they produce microfilariae, the infective stage for the insect vector.

The medical definition of Filarioidea is: A superfamily of parasitic nematode worms that includes several important human pathogens and causes various filariases. The adult worms live in the lymphatic system or subcutaneous tissues, while the microfilariae are taken up by insect vectors during a blood meal and develop into infective larvae inside the vector. These larvae are then transmitted to a new host through the bite of the infected vector.

Wuchereria is a genus of parasitic nematode worms that are known to cause lymphatic filariasis, a tropical disease also known as elephantiasis. The two species that are most commonly associated with this disease are Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi.

Wuchereria worms are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites migrate to the lymphatic system, where they can cause inflammation, blockages, and damage to the lymph vessels and nodes. Over time, this can lead to a range of symptoms, including swelling of the limbs, genitals, and breasts, as well as skin thickening and discoloration.

Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, affecting an estimated 120 million people. The disease can be prevented through the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and mass drug administration programs that target the mosquito vectors and the parasitic worms, respectively.

Albendazole is an antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis (a tapeworm infection that affects the brain), hydatid disease (a parasitic infection that can affect various organs), and other types of worm infestations such as pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections.

Albendazole works by inhibiting the polymerization of beta-tubulin, a protein found in the microtubules of parasitic cells, which disrupts the parasite's ability to maintain its shape and move. This leads to the death of the parasite and elimination of the infection.

Albendazole is available in oral form and is typically taken two to three times a day with meals for several days or weeks, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of albendazole include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and neurological problems.

It is important to note that albendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of parasitic infections, so proper diagnosis is essential before starting treatment.

Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.

Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.

Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic drug that is used to treat a variety of infections caused by parasites such as roundworms, threadworms, and lice. It works by paralyzing and killing the parasites, thereby eliminating the infection. Ivermectin is available in various forms, including tablets, creams, and solutions for topical use, as well as injections for veterinary use.

Ivermectin has been shown to be effective against a wide range of parasitic infections, including onchocerciasis (river blindness), strongyloidiasis, scabies, and lice infestations. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as COVID-19, although its effectiveness for this use has not been proven.

Ivermectin is generally considered safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects in some people, including skin rashes, nausea, and diarrhea. It should be used with caution in pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease.

'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.

Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.

There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.

In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.

Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of infectious diseases that primarily affect people living in poverty, in tropical and subtropical areas. These diseases are called "neglected" because they have been largely ignored by medical research and drug development, as well as by global health agencies and pharmaceutical companies.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 diseases as NTDs, including:

1. Buruli ulcer
2. Chagas disease
3. Dengue and chikungunya
4. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
5. Echinococcosis
6. Endemic treponematoses
7. Foodborne trematodiases
8. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
9. Leishmaniasis
10. Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
11. Lymphatic filariasis
12. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
13. Rabies
14. Schistosomiasis
15. Soil-transmitted helminthiases
16. Snakebite envenoming
17. Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
18. Trachoma
19. Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses
20. Yaws (Endemic treponematoses)

These diseases can lead to severe disfigurement, disability, and even death if left untreated. They affect more than 1 billion people worldwide, mainly in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. NTDs also have significant social and economic impacts, contributing to poverty, stigma, discrimination, and exclusion.

Efforts are underway to raise awareness and increase funding for research, prevention, and treatment of NTDs. The WHO has set targets for controlling or eliminating several NTDs by 2030, including dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and human African trypanosomiasis.

Lymphangitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the lymphatic vessels, which are the tubular structures that transport lymph fluid from various tissues to the bloodstream. This condition typically occurs as a complication of a bacterial or fungal skin infection that spreads to the nearby lymphatic vessels.

The inflammation in lymphangitis can cause symptoms such as red streaks along the affected lymphatic vessels, swelling, warmth, and pain. Fever, chills, and fatigue may also accompany these localized symptoms. In severe cases, lymphangitis can lead to more widespread infection, sepsis, or abscess formation if left untreated.

The diagnosis of lymphangitis typically involves a physical examination and laboratory tests such as blood cultures or skin lesion cultures to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics or antifungal medications to eradicate the infection, along with supportive care such as warm compresses, elevation, and pain management. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain any abscesses that have formed.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Haiti" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Caribbean, specifically on the island of Hispaniola. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.

The scrotum is a part of the external male genitalia. It's a sac-like structure made up of several layers of skin and smooth muscle, which hangs down behind and beneath the penis. The primary function of the scrotum is to maintain the testicles at a temperature slightly lower than the core body temperature, which is optimal for sperm production.

The scrotum contains two compartments, each one housing a testicle. It's located in the pubic region and is usually visible externally. The skin of the scrotum is thin and wrinkled, which allows it to expand and contract depending on the temperature, accommodating the shrinking or swelling of the testicles.

Please note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

'Brugia pahangi' is a species of parasitic nematode (roundworm) that can cause lymphatic filariasis in humans. It is primarily found in Southeast Asia and is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The adult worms reside in the lymphatic system, where they can cause inflammation, swelling, and damage to the lymph vessels and nodes. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including fever, chills, headache, and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes). In advanced cases, it can result in elephantiasis, a severe and disfiguring condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the skin and underlying tissues.

It's important to note that 'Brugia pahangi' is primarily a veterinary parasite, infecting animals such as cats and dogs, but it can also cause human infections under certain circumstances. Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites through the use of insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito hours. In areas where the parasite is common, public health programs may provide mass drug administration to control the spread of the infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Papua New Guinea" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, made up of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guyana" is not a medical term. It's actually the name of a country located in South America, known for its diverse wildlife, rainforests, and unique cultural heritage. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those for you!

Setaria nematodes are a type of roundworm that belongs to the family Setariidae. These parasitic worms primarily infect birds, but some species can also infect mammals, including humans. The most common Setaria nematode that infects humans is Setaria digitata, which is found mainly in Asia and is transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater snails or fish.

In humans, Setaria nematodes typically cause mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. However, in some cases, they can lead to the development of eosinophilic meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, which can cause headaches, stiff neck, fever, and other neurological symptoms.

Setaria nematodes have a complex life cycle that involves several hosts, including snails, fish, and birds. Humans can become accidental hosts when they ingest infective larvae present in contaminated food or water. Once inside the human body, the larvae migrate to various tissues, such as the brain, eyes, or subcutaneous tissue, where they mature into adults and produce eggs. The eggs are then excreted from the body through feces or other bodily fluids.

Preventing Setaria nematode infections involves avoiding the consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater snails or fish and practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands thoroughly before eating or preparing food. In cases where infection occurs, treatment typically involves administering anthelmintic drugs to kill the worms and alleviate symptoms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Independent State of Samoa" is the name of a country, specifically the nation-state located in the central South Pacific Ocean, formerly known as Western Samoa. It is not a medical term or concept. The Independent State of Samoa consists of two main islands, Upolu and Savai'i, along with several smaller islands. Its capital city is Apia.

If you have any medical questions or terms that need defining, I would be happy to help!

Antiparasitic agents are a type of medication used to treat parasitic infections. These agents include a wide range of drugs that work to destroy, inhibit the growth of, or otherwise eliminate parasites from the body. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.

Antiparasitic agents can be divided into several categories based on the type of parasite they target. Some examples include:

* Antimalarial agents: These drugs are used to treat and prevent malaria, which is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
* Antiprotozoal agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness.
* Antihelminthic agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by helminths, which are parasitic worms that can infect various organs of the body, including the intestines, lungs, and skin. Examples include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.

Antiparasitic agents work in different ways to target parasites. Some disrupt the parasite's metabolism or interfere with its ability to reproduce. Others damage the parasite's membrane or exoskeleton, leading to its death. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiparasitic agent and the parasite it is targeting.

It is important to note that while antiparasitic agents can be effective in treating parasitic infections, they can also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any antiparasitic medication to ensure safe and appropriate use.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polynesia" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region in the Pacific Ocean, consisting of numerous island countries and territories. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Tropical medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with health problems that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. These regions are typically characterized by hot and humid climates, and often have distinct ecological systems that can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases.

The field of tropical medicine encompasses a wide range of health issues, including:

1. Infectious diseases: Many tropical diseases are caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Some of the most common infectious diseases in the tropics include malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika virus, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, and Chagas disease.
2. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs): A group of chronic infectious diseases that primarily affect poor and marginalized populations in the tropics. NTDs include diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leprosy, Buruli ulcer, and dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease).
3. Zoonotic diseases: Diseases that are transmitted between animals and humans, often through insect vectors or contaminated food and water. Examples of zoonotic diseases in the tropics include rabies, leptospirosis, and Rift Valley fever.
4. Environmental health issues: The tropical environment can pose unique health challenges, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, heat stress, and poor air quality. Tropical medicine also addresses these environmental health issues.
5. Travel medicine: As global travel increases, there is a growing need for medical professionals who are knowledgeable about the health risks associated with traveling to tropical destinations. Tropical medicine physicians often provide pre-travel consultations and post-travel evaluations for international travelers.

Overall, tropical medicine is an essential field that addresses the unique health challenges faced by populations living in or traveling to tropical and subtropical regions.

Lymphedema is a chronic condition characterized by swelling in one or more parts of the body, usually an arm or leg, due to the accumulation of lymph fluid. This occurs when the lymphatic system is unable to properly drain the fluid, often as a result of damage or removal of lymph nodes, or because of a genetic abnormality that affects lymphatic vessel development.

The swelling can range from mild to severe and may cause discomfort, tightness, or a feeling of heaviness in the affected limb. In some cases, lymphedema can also lead to skin changes, recurrent infections, and reduced mobility. The condition is currently not curable but can be managed effectively with various treatments such as compression garments, manual lymphatic drainage, exercise, and skincare routines.

Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with nematode (roundworm) species of the genus Dirofilaria. The most common species to infect humans are Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, which are carried by mosquitoes and can be transmitted to humans through their bite.

In humans, dirofilariasis often affects the eyes or the skin. When it involves the eye, it is called ocular dirofilariasis, and the worm typically localizes in the conjunctiva, eyelid, or subconjunctival tissues, causing symptoms such as pain, redness, swelling, and discharge. In some cases, the worm may migrate to other parts of the eye, leading to more serious complications.

Cutaneous dirofilariasis, on the other hand, involves the skin and is usually characterized by the presence of a subcutaneous nodule or a slowly growing, painless mass, often found on the trunk, arms, or legs. The worm can sometimes be seen moving under the skin.

Treatment for dirofilariasis typically involves surgical removal of the worm, followed by antibiotic therapy to prevent secondary bacterial infections. In some cases, anti-parasitic medications may also be prescribed. Preventive measures include avoiding mosquito bites and using insect repellents when spending time outdoors in areas where dirofilariasis is common.

Loiasis is a tropical parasitic infection caused by the filarial nematode worm, Loa loa. It is also known as "African eye worm" due to the migration of the adult worm through the subconjunctival tissues of the eye, which is a common symptom. The infection is transmitted through the bite of deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops spp.).

After transmission, the larval form of the parasite migrates through the soft tissues and matures into an adult worm that lives in the subcutaneous tissue. Adult worms can be up to 7 cm long and may cause localized itching or a transient subconjunctival migration, which is painless but alarming to the patient.

Loiasis is usually asymptomatic, but severe symptoms such as Calabar swellings (recurrent angioedema), arthralgia, pruritus, and cardiac or respiratory complications can occur in heavy infections. Diagnosis is made by detecting microfilariae or adult worms in the blood, skin snips, or eye fluid. Treatment typically involves diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) therapy, but ivermectin and albendazole can also be used. Preventive measures include avoiding fly bites through the use of protective clothing, insect repellents, and bed nets.

Wolbachia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that naturally infects a wide variety of arthropods (insects, spiders, mites) and filarial nematodes (roundworms). These bacteria are transmitted vertically from mother to offspring, often through the cytoplasm of eggs. Wolbachia can manipulate the reproductive biology of their hosts in various ways, such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, and cytoplasmic incompatibility, which favor the spread and maintenance of the bacteria within host populations. The interactions between Wolbachia and their hosts have implications for insect pest management, disease transmission, and evolutionary biology.

'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Samoa" is not a medical term. It refers to a country located in the Pacific Ocean, consisting of two main islands, Savai'i and Upolu, along with several smaller islands. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. The infection is primarily transmitted through the bites of infected blackflies (Simulium spp.) that breed in fast-flowing rivers and streams. The larvae of the worms mature into adults in nodules under the skin, where females release microfilariae that migrate throughout the body, including the eyes.

Symptoms include severe itching, dermatitis, depigmentation, thickening and scarring of the skin, visual impairment, and blindness. The disease is also known as river blindness due to its association with riverside communities where blackflies breed. Onchocerciasis can lead to significant social and economic consequences for affected individuals and communities. Preventive chemotherapy using mass drug administration of ivermectin is the primary strategy for controlling onchocerciasis in endemic areas.

"Dirofilaria immitis" is a species of parasitic roundworm that can infect dogs, cats, and other animals, including humans. It is the causative agent of heartworm disease in these animals. The adult worms typically reside in the pulmonary arteries and hearts of infected animals, where they can cause serious damage to the cardiovascular system.

The life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis involves mosquitoes as intermediate hosts. Infected animals produce microfilariae, which are taken up by mosquitoes during blood meals. These larvae then develop into infective stages within the mosquito and can be transmitted to other animals through the mosquito's bite.

In dogs, heartworm disease is often asymptomatic in the early stages but can progress to cause coughing, exercise intolerance, heart failure, and even death if left untreated. In cats, heartworm disease is more difficult to diagnose and often causes respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing.

Preventive measures, such as regular administration of heartworm preventatives, are essential for protecting animals from this parasitic infection.

Disease eradication is the complete and permanent elimination of a specific disease from all humans or animals worldwide. This is achieved through various methods, including vaccination programs, improved sanitation, and public health measures. The disease is no longer present in any form, and there is no risk of it re-emerging. Smallpox is the only human disease to have been successfully eradicated so far. Efforts are currently underway to eradicate polio, with significant progress made but still ongoing.

'Mosquito Control' is not a medical term per se, but it is a public health concept that refers to the systematic reduction or elimination of mosquito populations through various methods to prevent or minimize the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. This multidisciplinary field involves entomologists, ecologists, engineers, and public health professionals working together to manage mosquito habitats, apply insecticides, and educate communities about personal protection measures. By controlling mosquito populations, we can significantly reduce the risk of contracting vector-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus, and West Nile virus, among others.

Setariasis is a cutaneous and subcutaneous infestation caused by the larval stage of the parasitic worm, Setaria cervi or Setaria digitata. These worms are commonly known as pork tapeworms or cattle threadworms. The larvae typically migrate to various body tissues, including the eyes, brain, and spinal cord, causing a range of symptoms depending on the site of infection.

In humans, setariasis is usually contracted through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from infected animals. However, it's essential to note that human infections with Setaria are rare, and the condition is more commonly seen in veterinary medicine.

The symptoms of setariasis can vary widely depending on the location and extent of the infestation. In some cases, there may be no noticeable symptoms at all. However, when symptoms do occur, they might include skin rashes or lesions, eye inflammation or vision problems, neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, or difficulty coordinating movements, and in severe cases, organ damage or failure.

Diagnosis of setariasis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to detect the presence of the parasite's larvae in bodily fluids or tissues. Treatment usually involves anti-parasitic medications to kill the worms, as well as supportive care to manage any associated symptoms or complications.

American Samoa is a territorial possession of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, approximately 1,600 miles southwest of Hawaii. It consists of five main islands and two coral atolls, with a total land area of about 77 square miles. The population is approximately 55,000 people, most of whom are of Samoan descent.

The main islands are Tutuila, Ta'u, Olosega, Ofu, and Aunu'u. The capital and largest city is Pago Pago, located on Tutuila. American Samoa is known for its beautiful beaches, tropical climate, and rich cultural heritage.

As a territorial possession of the United States, American Samoa is governed by a governor and lieutenant governor, elected every four years by the residents. The territory also sends a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives. While American Samoans are U.S. nationals, they are not U.S. citizens unless they are born in the United States or have been naturalized.

In medical terms, American Samoa has unique health challenges and disparities due to its remote location, limited resources, and cultural factors. Common health issues include non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, as well as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and dengue fever. Access to healthcare services can be limited, particularly in rural areas, and there is a shortage of healthcare professionals. The territory also faces challenges related to mental health, substance abuse, and environmental health hazards such as contaminated water sources and poor sanitation.

'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.

There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.

Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Helminth DNA refers to the genetic material found in parasitic worms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms). These parasites can infect various organs and tissues of humans and animals, causing a range of diseases.

Helminths have complex life cycles involving multiple developmental stages and hosts. The study of their DNA has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It has also facilitated the development of molecular diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring helminth infections.

Understanding the genetic makeup of these parasites is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including drug discovery, vaccine development, and disease management.

"Loa" is a term used in tropical medicine, specifically in the context of parasitic diseases. It refers to a type of filarial worm that can infect humans and cause a disease known as loiasis (also called "loa loa" or "African eye worm"). The Loa loa parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of deerfly or mango fly, which acts as a vector.

The adult Loa loa worms typically reside in the subcutaneous tissue of the human host, where they can cause various symptoms such as localized itching, skin rashes, and arthralgias (joint pain). The parasite is also known to migrate through various tissues, including the eye, which can result in the appearance of a visible, moving worm under the conjunctiva. This is how loiasis earned its colloquial name "African eye worm."

Loiasis is primarily found in the rainforest regions of West and Central Africa. While not typically life-threatening on its own, loiasis can complicate the treatment of other filarial diseases such as onchocerciasis (river blindness) and lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), due to potential adverse reactions to the medications used to treat these conditions.

Dirofilaria is a genus of parasitic nematode (roundworm) that can cause heartworm disease in animals such as dogs, cats, and ferrets. The most common species to infect pets is Dirofilaria immitis. These worms are transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. The larvae enter the host's body and migrate to the heart and pulmonary arteries, where they mature into adults and produce offspring (microfilaria). The presence of these worms can lead to serious health problems and even death in severe cases if left untreated. Regular prevention through veterinarian-prescribed medication is recommended for pets at risk of infection.

Immunochromatography is a rapid and qualitative diagnostic assay that involves the use of immunological reagents, such as antibodies or antigens, to detect the presence or absence of a specific analyte in a sample. It is a type of chromatographic technique that utilizes the properties of antigen-antibody interactions for the detection and quantification of various analytes, including proteins, hormones, drugs, and infectious agents.

The assay typically involves the application of a sample to a porous membrane strip that contains immobilized antibodies or antigens at specific locations. As the sample migrates along the membrane by capillary action, it interacts with these reagents, leading to the formation of visible bands or lines that indicate the presence or absence of the target analyte.

One common type of immunochromatography is lateral flow assay (LFA), which is widely used in point-of-care testing for various applications, such as pregnancy tests, drug screening, and infectious disease diagnosis. LFAs are simple to use, do not require specialized equipment or technical expertise, and provide rapid results within a few minutes.

Overall, immunochromatography is a valuable tool in clinical diagnostics, providing a fast and reliable method for the detection of various analytes in a wide range of samples.

Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.

Dipetalonema infections are caused by parasitic nematode (roundworm) species that can infect humans and animals. The two main Dipetalonema species known to cause human infection are Dipetalonema perstans and Dipetalonema streptocerca. These infections are more commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa.

1. Dipetalonema perstans: This species is also known as "cutaneous filariasis" or "subcutaneous filariasis." The adult worms reside in the connective tissue of the human host, where they can live for several years. Female worms release microfilariae (immature larvae) into the bloodstream, but they do not follow a specific circadian rhythm (unlike other filarial species). Transmission to humans usually occurs through the bite of infected blackflies (Simulium spp.). Most infections are asymptomatic, but some individuals may experience skin manifestations such as pruritus (itching), papular eruptions, or elephantiasis.
2. Dipetalonema streptocerca: This species is also known as "folliculitis filariasis" and is primarily found in West and Central Africa. Adult worms reside in the subcutaneous tissue and release microfilariae into the skin, where they can be ingested by blood-feeding insects such as stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Transmission to humans occurs through the bite of infected stable flies. The primary clinical manifestation is folliculitis, characterized by the presence of small, itchy papules and pustules around hair follicles, particularly on the lower extremities.

Diagnosis of Dipetalonema infections typically involves detecting microfilariae in blood or skin samples using microscopy or molecular techniques such as PCR. Treatment usually consists of administering anti-parasitic drugs like ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, or albendazole to eliminate the adult worms and microfilariae. Preventive measures include wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and applying bed nets to reduce exposure to insect vectors.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Myanmar" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of a country in Southeast Asia, also known as Burma. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Helminthiasis is a medical condition characterized by the infection and infestation of body tissues and organs by helminths, which are parasitic worms. These worms can be classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminthiasis infections can occur through various modes of transmission, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact with contaminated soil, or direct contact with an infected person or animal. The severity of the infection depends on several factors, including the type and number of worms involved, the duration of the infestation, and the overall health status of the host.

Common symptoms of helminthiasis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, the infection can lead to organ damage or failure, impaired growth and development in children, and even death.

Diagnosis of helminthiasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the presence and type of worms. Treatment usually consists of administering anthelmintic drugs that are effective against specific types of worms. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Freshwater Biology" is not a term used in medical definitions. Freshwater biology is actually a branch of ecology or biology that deals with the organisms, communities, and ecosystems found within freshwater environments such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands.

If you have any questions related to medical terminologies or health sciences, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Vanuatu" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in the South Pacific Ocean. Specifically, Vanuatu is an island nation consisting of around 80 islands, and it is known for its beautiful beaches, coral reefs, and unique cultural heritage. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Mansonella is a genus of filarial nematodes (roundworms) that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected blackflies or mosquitoes. There are several species within this genus, including M. perstans, M. ozzardi, and M. streptocerca, which can cause different clinical manifestations in humans.

Mansonella perstans is the most widespread species, found mainly in Africa and some parts of Central and South America. The adult worms reside in the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity, where they release microfilariae into the bloodstream. This species does not usually cause severe symptoms, but chronic infection can lead to general malaise, fatigue, and peripheral eosinophilia (high levels of eosinophils in the blood).

Mansonella ozzardi is found primarily in Central and South America, and its vectors are mosquitoes. The adult worms reside in the body cavities, subcutaneous tissues, and the peritoneal cavity. Infection with M. ozzardi can cause dermatological manifestations such as pruritus (itching), papular rash, and calcified nodules under the skin.

Mansonella streptocerca is transmitted through bites of infected midges in West and Central Africa. The adult worms live in the subcutaneous tissues, particularly around the head and neck regions, leading to pruritus, papular rash, and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes).

Diagnosis of Mansonella infections is typically made through the detection of microfilariae in blood samples, often obtained during nighttime due to the nocturnal periodicity of some species. Treatment usually involves the administration of antiparasitic drugs such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Dipetalonema is a genus of parasitic nematodes (roundworms) that can infect various mammals, including humans. Two species within this genus, Dipetalonema perstans and Dipetalonema streptocerca, are known to cause human filariasis, a group of tropical diseases characterized by the presence of parasitic worms in the lymphatic system.

Dipetalonema perstans is also known as "persistent strongyloides" and can cause a condition called "tropical pulmonary eosinophilia." This species has a complex life cycle involving mosquitoes as intermediate hosts. The adult worms reside in the abdominal cavity of the human host, where they produce microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream. When an infected mosquito takes a blood meal, it ingests the microfilariae, which then develop into infective larvae inside the mosquito. Upon subsequent bites by the mosquito, these infective larvae enter the human host and migrate to the abdominal cavity, where they mature into adults and continue the life cycle.

Dipetalonema streptocerca is primarily found in West Africa and causes a condition known as "cutaneous filariasis" or "subcutaneous filariasis." This species has a similar life cycle to D. perstans, but it involves biting midges (culicoides) instead of mosquitoes as intermediate hosts. The adult worms reside in the subcutaneous tissue, where they produce microfilariae that circulate in the skin. Infective larvae develop inside the biting midge and are transmitted to humans during blood feeding.

The symptoms of Dipetalonema infections can vary widely depending on the species and the severity of the infection. Some people may not experience any symptoms, while others may have fever, cough, wheezing, skin rashes, or lymphatic swelling (lymphedema). Treatment typically involves administration of anti-parasitic drugs such as diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin.

Chyle is a milky, slightly opaque fluid that is present in the lymphatic system. It is formed in the small intestine during the digestion of food, particularly fats. Chyle consists of emulsified fat droplets (chylomicrons), proteins, electrolytes, and lymphocytes suspended in a watery solution. It is transported through the lacteals in the villi of the small intestine into the cisterna chyli and then to the thoracic duct, where it empties into the left subclavian vein. From there, it mixes with blood and circulates throughout the body. Chyle formation plays a crucial role in fat absorption and transportation in the human body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tanzania" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in East Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

The lymphatic system is a complex network of organs, tissues, vessels, and cells that work together to defend the body against infectious diseases and also play a crucial role in the immune system. It is made up of:

1. Lymphoid Organs: These include the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer's patches (in the intestines). They produce and mature immune cells.

2. Lymphatic Vessels: These are thin tubes that carry clear fluid called lymph towards the heart.

3. Lymph: This is a clear-to-white fluid that contains white blood cells, mainly lymphocytes, which help fight infections.

4. Other tissues and cells: These include bone marrow where immune cells are produced, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) which are types of white blood cells that help protect the body from infection and disease.

The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph throughout the body, collecting waste products, bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances from the tissues, and filtering them out through the lymph nodes. The lymphatic system also helps in the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food in the digestive tract.

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic infection caused by several species of the trematode flatworm Schistosoma. The infection occurs when people come into contact with freshwater contaminated with the parasite's larvae, which are released by infected freshwater snails.

The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and mature into adult worms in the blood vessels of the urinary tract or intestines. The female worms lay eggs, which can cause inflammation and scarring in various organs, including the liver, lungs, and brain.

Symptoms of schistosomiasis may include fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, and diarrhea. In chronic cases, the infection can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, bladder cancer, and seizures. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation and lack of access to safe drinking water. It is preventable through improved water supply, sanitation, and snail control measures. Treatment typically involves the use of a medication called praziquantel, which kills the adult worms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sri Lanka" is not a medical term or concept. Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes ranging from rainforests and arid plains to highlands and sandy beaches.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try and help answer them!

Onchocerca is a genus of filarial nematode worms that are the causative agents of onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness. The most common species to infect humans is Onchocerca volvulus. These parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected blackflies (Simulium spp.) that breed in fast-flowing rivers and streams.

The adult female worms live in nodules beneath the skin, while the microfilariae, which are released by the females, migrate throughout various tissues, including the eyes, where they can cause inflammation and scarring, potentially leading to blindness if left untreated. The infection is primarily found in Africa, with some foci in Central and South America. Onchocerciasis is considered a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sierra Leone" is not a medical term or concept. It is an African country located on the western coast of the continent, known for its rich natural resources and diverse culture. If you have any questions about medical topics or health-related issues, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

Sterculiaceae is a former family of flowering plants that is now classified as a subfamily (Sterculioideae) within the family Malvaceae, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV system. This group includes several genera of trees and shrubs, many of which have tropical distributions. Some well-known members of this subfamily include Sterculia, Cola, and Ficus (which contains various fig tree species). These plants are characterized by their typically large, simple leaves and showy flowers with numerous stamens. The fruits of Sterculiaceae are diverse in form, ranging from capsules to berries or schizocarps.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ghana" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Ghana. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those!

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

Helminths are a type of parasitic worm that can infect humans and animals. They are multi-cellular organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Nematoda (roundworms). Helminths can be further classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminth infections are typically acquired through contact with contaminated soil, food, or water. The symptoms of helminth infections can vary widely depending on the type of worm and the location and extent of the infection. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition.

Helminths have complex life cycles that often involve multiple hosts. They can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and in some cases, may require long-term treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and access to clean water can help reduce the risk of helminth infections.

I am not aware of any medical definition for the term "Egypt." Egypt is a country located in the northeastern corner of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is home to various ancient artifacts and monuments, including the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx.

If you have any specific medical or health-related questions related to Egypt, such as information about diseases prevalent in the country or healthcare practices there, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

Medical topography refers to the detailed description and mapping of the locations and relative positions of various anatomical structures, abnormalities, or lesions in the body. It is often used in the context of imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, where it helps to visualize and communicate the spatial relationships between different bodily features. Medical topography may also involve the use of physical examination, surgical exploration, or other diagnostic methods to gather information about the location and extent of medical conditions.

In summary, medical topography is a detailed mapping and description of the location and position of anatomical structures or pathological changes in the body.

Mansonelliasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) species Mansonella perstans, M. ozzardi, or M. streptocerca. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blackflies or midges. The infection can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, pruritus (severe itching), and rash. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all. Chronic infections can lead to more serious complications such as endocarditis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). However, mansonelliasis is often overlooked or misdiagnosed due to its nonspecific symptoms and the limited availability of diagnostic tests.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Togo" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in West Africa, known officially as the Togolese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tonga" is not a medical term. It is a country in the South Pacific Ocean, known officially as the Kingdom of Tonga. If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, I would be happy to help!

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.

The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.

Helminth proteins refer to the proteins that are produced and expressed by helminths, which are parasitic worms that cause diseases in humans and animals. These proteins can be found on the surface or inside the helminths and play various roles in their biology, such as in development, reproduction, and immune evasion. Some helminth proteins have been identified as potential targets for vaccines or drug development, as blocking their function may help to control or eliminate helminth infections. Examples of helminth proteins that have been studied include the antigen Bm86 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, and the tetraspanin protein Sm22.6 from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nigeria" is not a medical term. It is a country located in West Africa, and it is the most populous country in Africa. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Drug therapy, also known as pharmacotherapy, refers to the use of medications to treat, cure, or prevent a disease or disorder. It is a crucial component of medical treatment and involves the prescription, administration, and monitoring of drugs to achieve specific therapeutic goals. The choice of drug therapy depends on various factors, including the patient's age, sex, weight, overall health status, severity of the condition, potential interactions with other medications, and personal preferences.

The goal of drug therapy is to alleviate symptoms, reduce the risk of complications, slow down disease progression, or cure a disease. It can be used as a standalone treatment or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy, or lifestyle modifications. The effectiveness of drug therapy varies depending on the condition being treated and the individual patient's response to the medication.

Drug therapy requires careful monitoring to ensure its safety and efficacy. Patients should be informed about the potential benefits and risks associated with the medication, including side effects, contraindications, and interactions with other drugs or foods. Regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers are necessary to assess the patient's response to the therapy and make any necessary adjustments.

In summary, drug therapy is a medical intervention that involves the use of medications to treat, cure, or prevent diseases or disorders. It requires careful consideration of various factors, including the patient's individual needs and preferences, and ongoing monitoring to ensure its safety and effectiveness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fiji" is not a medical term. It is a country in the South Pacific Ocean, officially known as the Republic of Fiji, consisting of more than 300 islands. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

Insect bites and stings refer to the penetration of the skin by insects, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, or bees, often resulting in localized symptoms including redness, swelling, itching, and pain. The reaction can vary depending on the individual's sensitivity and the type of insect. In some cases, systemic reactions like anaphylaxis may occur, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves relieving symptoms with topical creams, antihistamines, or in severe cases, epinephrine. Prevention measures include using insect repellent and protective clothing.

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:

1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.

Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Melanesia" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, consisting of an island group including New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and the Fiji islands. The term "Melanesia" comes from the Greek words "melas," meaning black, and "nesos," meaning island, referring to the dark skin of the inhabitants. It's primarily used in anthropological, geographical, and cultural contexts.

Parasitic eye infections are conditions characterized by the invasion and infestation of the eye or its surrounding structures by parasites. These can be protozoans, helminths, or ectoparasites. Examples of such infections include Acanthamoeba keratitis, which is caused by a free-living amoeba found in water and soil; Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii; Loiasis, which is caused by the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa; and Demodicosis, which is caused by the mite Demodex folliculorum. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of parasite but often include redness, pain, discharge, and vision changes. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications and sometimes surgery to remove the parasites or damaged tissue. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil.

'Argemone' is the medical term for a genus of plants in the poppy family, also known as Mexican prickly poppy or thorn apple. The most common species is Argemone mexicana. These plants contain several toxic alkaloids and can cause skin irritation, eye inflammation, and digestive issues if ingested. They are native to North America but have been introduced to many other parts of the world as invasive weeds.

Insecticide-Treated Bednets (ITNs) are bed nets that have been specially treated with insecticides to repel, incapacitate, and kill mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of ITNs as a crucial strategy in preventing malaria transmission, especially in areas where the disease is endemic.

The insecticide used in ITNs is typically a pyrethroid, which is safe for humans but highly toxic to mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito lands on the net to bite a person, it comes into contact with the insecticide and dies before it can transmit the malaria parasite.

ITNs are often distributed through mass campaigns or targeted interventions in communities most at risk of malaria transmission. They have been shown to be highly effective in reducing the incidence of malaria and saving lives, particularly among young children and pregnant women who are most vulnerable to the disease.

Parasitemia is a medical term that refers to the presence of parasites, particularly malaria-causing Plasmodium species, in the bloodstream. It is the condition where red blood cells are infected by these parasites, which can lead to various symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and organ damage in severe cases. The level of parasitemia is often used to assess the severity of malaria infection and to guide treatment decisions.

Genital diseases in males refer to various medical conditions that affect the male reproductive and urinary systems, including the penis, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra. These conditions can be infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic (cancerous) in nature. Some common examples of male genital diseases include:

1. Balanitis: Inflammation of the foreskin and glans penis, often caused by infection, irritants, or poor hygiene.
2. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be acute or chronic, bacterial or non-bacterial in origin.
3. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is often caused by infection.
4. Orchitis: Inflammation of the testicle, usually resulting from infection or autoimmune disorders.
5. Testicular torsion: A surgical emergency characterized by twisting of the spermatic cord, leading to reduced blood flow and potential tissue damage in the testicle.
6. Varicocele: Dilated veins in the scrotum that can cause pain, discomfort, or fertility issues.
7. Peyronie's disease: A connective tissue disorder causing scarring and curvature of the penis during erections.
8. Penile cancer: Malignant growths on the penis, often squamous cell carcinomas, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
9. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms such as difficulty initiating or maintaining a steady stream of urine.
10. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infectious diseases, like chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV), that can be transmitted through sexual contact and affect the male genital region.

Strongyloides is a type of parasitic roundworm that can infect humans and other animals. The most common species to infect humans is Strongyloides stercoralis. These tiny worms can cause a condition known as strongyloidiasis, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rashes.

The life cycle of Strongyloides is unique among parasitic roundworms because it can complete its entire life cycle within a single host, without needing to exit the body and infect a new host. This is known as "autoinfection" and it allows the worm to persist in the human body for many years, even in the absence of new infections.

Strongyloides infection typically occurs when larvae (immature worms) penetrate the skin, often through contaminated soil. The larvae then travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, where they mature and are coughed up and swallowed, allowing them to reach the intestines and mature into adults. Female adult worms can lay eggs that hatch into larvae, which can either be excreted in feces or undergo autoinfection by penetrating the intestinal wall and entering the bloodstream again.

While many people with Strongyloides infection do not experience any symptoms, severe infections can lead to complications such as chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, and bacterial bloodstream infections. In immunocompromised individuals, Strongyloides infection can be life-threatening due to the rapid multiplication of larvae in the body, a condition known as "hyperinfection."

Tetraspanins are a family of membrane proteins that are characterized by the presence of four transmembrane domains. They are widely expressed in various tissues and cells, where they play important roles in regulating cell development, activation, motility, and fusion. Tetraspanins can interact with other membrane proteins, such as integrins, receptors, and enzymes, to form complexes that function in signal transduction, trafficking, and adhesion. They also participate in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Some tetraspanins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and viral infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Indonesia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world's largest island country, with more than thirteen thousand islands. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

"Clausena" is a genus of plants in the family Rutaceae, which includes various species such as Clausena excavata, Clausena lansium, and Clausena indica. These plants are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Australia. They have been used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments, including gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, and fever. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these claims.

The medical definition of "Clausena" would refer to the pharmacological or medicinal properties of the plants in this genus. Some studies have suggested that certain species of Clausena contain bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, more research is needed to fully understand the medicinal properties of these plants and their potential applications in modern medicine.

It's important to note that while some Clausena species may have medicinal benefits, they can also contain toxic compounds that can be harmful if ingested or applied topically in high concentrations. Therefore, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using any Clausena-based remedies or supplements.

"Western Africa" is a geographical region that consists of several countries located in the western part of the African continent. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.

The region is characterized by a diverse range of cultures, languages, and ethnic groups, as well as a variety of landscapes, including coastal areas, savannas, and deserts. Western Africa has a rich history, with many ancient kingdoms and empires having existed in the region, such as the Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Songhai Empire.

In medical contexts, "Western Africa" may be used to describe the epidemiology, distribution, or characteristics of various health conditions or diseases that are prevalent in this geographical region. For example, certain infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Ebola virus disease are more common in Western Africa than in other parts of the world. Therefore, medical researchers and practitioners may use the term "Western Africa" to refer to the specific health challenges and needs of the populations living in this region.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

Insecticide resistance is a genetic selection process in insect populations that allows them to survive and reproduce despite exposure to insecticides. It's the result of changes in the genetic makeup of insects, which can be caused by natural selection when insecticides are used repeatedly. Over time, this leads to the prevalence of genes that provide resistance to the insecticide, making the pest control methods less effective. Insecticide resistance is a significant challenge in public health and agriculture, as it can reduce the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling disease-carrying insects or protecting crops from pests.

Rural health is a branch of healthcare that focuses on the unique health challenges and needs of people living in rural areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rural health as "the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in the rural population."

Rural populations often face disparities in healthcare access and quality compared to their urban counterparts. Factors such as geographic isolation, poverty, lack of transportation, and a shortage of healthcare providers can contribute to these disparities. Rural health encompasses a broad range of services, including primary care, prevention, chronic disease management, mental health, oral health, and emergency medical services.

The goal of rural health is to improve the health outcomes of rural populations by addressing these unique challenges and providing high-quality, accessible healthcare services that meet their needs. This may involve innovative approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health clinics, and community-based programs to reach people in remote areas.

"Filariasis". The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health. 1: 351-353. Hewitt K, Whitworth JA (1 August 2005). "Filariasis". Medicine ... L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis, while O. volvulus causes river blindness. Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms ... Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to subcutaneous filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because ... Lymphatic Filariasis Treatment, retrieved 17 July 2008 Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (October 2010). "Lymphatic filariasis ...
"Lymphatic filariasis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 7 May 2016. "Parasites - Lymphatic Filariasis Diagnosis". CDC. 14 ... have been demonstrated to reduce the transmission of lymphatic filariasis. Worldwide eradication of lymphatic filariasis is the ... Treatment of lymphatic filariasis depends in part on the geographic location of the area of the world in which the disease was ... Lymphatic filariasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease and one of the four main worm infections. The impact of the ...
... is a skin and eye disease caused by the nematode worm Loa loa. Humans contract this disease through the bite ... The Medical Letter - Filariasis. Available online at: "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-15. ... A filariasis such as loiasis most often consists of asymptomatic microfilaremia. Some patients can develop lymphatic ... The vector for Loa loa filariasis originates with flies from two hematophagous species of the genus Chrysops (deer flies), C. ...
... refers to the presence of the disease lymphatic filariasis in India and the social response to ... The usual way to determine whether filariasis is eliminated from an area is to test humans for the parasite. In some special ... India has 40% of the world's lymphatic filariasis (LF) cases. For patients, one of the major costs of treating the disease is ... A 2019 report identified dogs in Kerala who have another worm which can cause filariasis, Brugia malayi. This worm is not known ...
Ofanoa, R; Ofa, T; Padmasiri, EA; Kapa, DR (2019). "Elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem from Tonga ... The eradication of lymphatic filariasis is the ongoing attempt to eradicate the Filarioidea worms which cause the disease ... Fang, Yuan; Zhang, Yi (7 August 2019). "Lessons from lymphatic filariasis elimination and the challenges of post-elimination ... Specht, Sabine; Suma, T K; Pedrique, Belen; Hoerauf, Achim (22 January 2019). "Elimination of lymphatic filariasis in South ...
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is a World Health Organization project to eradicate the ... Fang, Yuan; Zhang, Yi (7 August 2019). "Lessons from lymphatic filariasis elimination and the challenges of post-elimination ... Ndeffo-Mbah, Martial L; Galvani, Alison P (April 2017). "Global elimination of lymphatic filariasis". The Lancet Infectious ... "Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2019". Ichimori, Kazuyo; King, Jonathan D.; Engels, Dirk; ...
"Filariasis". DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and ... Mansonella perstans is one of two filarial nematodes that causes serous cavity filariasis in humans. The other filarial ... In addition, doxycycline has been shown to have macrofilaricidal activity, which is unique among the drugs for filariasis. ... However, some scientists argue that the treatment of filariasis with doxycycline may select worms that will have already ...
The OTS also identifies co-endemic areas with lymphatic filariasis to properly treat Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.[ ... cite book}}: ,journal= ignored (help) Hoerauf A (2008). "Filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for lymphatic filariasis ... Lok, James B.; Walker, Edward D.; Scoles, Glen A. (2004). "9. Filariasis". In Eldridge, Bruce F.; Edman, John D.; Edman, J. ( ... "Filariasis". eMedicine. Archived from the original on 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2009-10-22. "Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP ...
Lizard filariasis. An experimental study. T. Bhaskara Menon, B. Ramamurti, D. Sundarasiva Rao, Transactions of the Royal ...
... and lymphatic filariasis is the target of the World Health Organization Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis with ... "Lymphatic Filariasis". Stanford University. Retrieved 20 February 2014. Junghanss, Jeremy Farrar, Peter J. Hotez, Thomas (2013 ... Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis. It ... If left untreated, the infection can develop into lymphatic filariasis. In rare conditions, it also causes tropical pulmonary ...
"Lymphatic filariasis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 1 June 2018. This article includes a list of related items that ... known as lymphatic filariasis), caused by a number of parasitic worms, particularly Wuchereria bancrofti. More than 120 million ...
"Lymphatic filariasis". Fact sheet N°102. WHO Media centre. May 2015. Archived from the original on May 2, 2004. Retrieved 7 ... Pilotte N, Unnasch TR, Williams SA (October 2017). "The Current Status of Molecular Xenomonitoring for Lymphatic Filariasis and ... Nanduri J, Kazura JW (January 1989). "Clinical and laboratory aspects of filariasis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2 (1): 39- ... They include: Soil-transmitted helminthiases Roundworm infections such as lymphatic filariasis, dracunculiasis, and ...
"Lymphatic filariasis". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16. Hampton, T. (2006). "Marburg Vaccine Shows Promise: Offers ...
Filariasis Mansonella "Filariasis". 2019-02-04. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. John, David T.; Petri, William ... One study in central Africa found M. perstans to be a much more common cause of filariasis symptoms compared to Loa loa and ... "Filariasis" (PDF). 2019-02-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2009. Bregani ER, ... However, Mansonelliasis is little studied compared to other forms of filariasis so there is not as much information known ...
Goel, Trilok Chandra; Goel, Apul (2016-12-21). Lymphatic Filariasis. ISBN 9789811022579. v t e (Wikipedia articles needing ...
... is often caused by filariasis due to the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, a thready nematode which lodges the lymph ... "Chronic filariasis". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-04-13. Saha M, Ray S, Goswami M, Kundu S, Saha P ... of massive proteinuria and severe chyluria by inhibition of cholesterol absorption with ezetimibe in a patient with filariasis ...
... lymphatic filariasis, plague, Buruli ulcer, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease. Lymphatic filariasis, for example, causes severe ... Lymphatic filariasis is rarely fatal but has lifelong implications, such as lymphoedema of the limbs, genital disease, and ... "Lymphatic filariasis". Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014. Mohammed KA, Haji HJ, Gabrielli AF ... Lymphatic filariasis causes chronic disabilities. People who have this disease need to maintain rigorous personal hygiene with ...
"Lymphatic filariasis". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-04-10. Besansky NJ, Powell JR, Caccone A, Hamm DM, Scott JA, Collins FH ( ... gambiae mosquito additionally transmits Wuchereria bancrofti which causes lymphatic filariasis, a symptom of which is ...
In 1910, Low had obtained his MD from the University of Edinburgh for his thesis on human filariasis. During World War I he was ... Low, George Carmichael (1910). "Human filariasis". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) (CS1 errors: ...
Lymphatic filariasis (the main cause of elephantiasis) which can be spread by a wide variety of mosquito species. West Nile ... "Lymphatic Filariasis". World Health Organisation (WHO) website. World Health Organisation (WHO). Archived from the original on ... Some species transmit various forms of filariasis, much as many Simuliidae do. Mosquitoes are members of a family of ... In this way, mosquitoes are important vectors of parasitic diseases such as malaria and filariasis, and arboviral diseases such ...
"Lymphatic filariasis". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-04-03. "Minor Flu Strains Pose Bigger Threat than Thought". Laboratory ... Elephantiasis (medically known as lymphatic filariasis) is a disease that causes extreme swelling of limbs often in the legs ...
"Lymphatic Filariasis Disease-Carter Center Lymphatic Filariasis Program". Cartercenter.org. Retrieved 27 February 2009. " ... also reduces the transmission of lymphatic filariasis. In the Americas, 95% of the burden of lymphatic filariasis is on the ... Lymphatic filariasis is an infection of the lymph system by mosquito-borne microfilarial worms which can cause elephantiasis. ... "How is Lymphatic Filariasis Treated?". The Carter Center. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-17. " ...
Like other human filariasis infections, Brugia timori filariasis causes acute fever and chronic lymphedema. The life cycle of ... "Lymphatic Filariasis Endemic Countries and Territories." Lymphatic Filariasis Disease. May 2006. The Carter Center. 13 May 2006 ... LeAnne M Fox; Christopher L King (2013). "110 - Lymphatic Filariasis". In Alan J Magill; David R Hill; Tom Solomon; Edward T ... Some researchers are confident that Brugia timori filariasis may be an eradicable disease. Related filarial nematodes have been ...
Pinworm infection Filariasis; since albendazole's disintegration of the microfilariae ("pre-larva") can cause an allergic ... It can also be given for Loa loa filariasis as an adjunct or replacement to diethylcarbamazine. Albendazole has an embryotoxic ... In cases of lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi, albendazole is sometimes ... November 2003). "Doxycycline as a novel strategy against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from ...
Filariasis in Colombia: Prevalence of Mansonellosis in the Teenage and Adult Population of the Colombian Bank of the Amazon, ... Ivermectin and Filariasis. 17: 199-203. Bartholomew, C. F. et al. 1978. The Failure of Diethylcarbamazin in the Treatment of ... This filarial nematode is one of two that causes serous cavity filariasis in humans. The other filarial nematode that causes it ...
India and South Asia have about half of the world's cases of kala azar, lymphatic filariasis, and leprosy. The region also has ... India has 40% of the world's lymphatic filariasis (LF) cases. For the patient, one of the major costs of treating the disease ... TNN (17 November 2017). "Filariasis in india: The epidemic you don't know about". The Times of India. The Times Group. Basu, ... Ramaiah, Kapa D; Das, Pradeep K; Michael, Edwin; Guyatt, Helen L (June 2000). "The Economic Burden of Lymphatic Filariasis in ...
... the filariasis serology was negative. No medical treatment was initiated. After 3 weeks of migration, the thread-like worm ...
C G Pandit; S R Pandit; P V Seetharama Iyer (1991). "The Adhesion Phenomenon in Filariasis". Indian Journal of Medical Research ...
Filariasis, in combination with severe malaria, actually shows higher hemoglobin levels than in severe malaria alone. In ... Simonsen, Paul E.; Onapa, Ambrose W.; Asio, Santa Maria (2011-09-01). "Mansonella perstans filariasis in Africa". Acta Tropica ... Bregani, E. R.; Rovellini, A.; Tarsia, P. (2003-12-01). "Effects of thiabendazole in Mansonella perstans filariasis". ... which often causes filariasis. Around 20% of immigrants to Spain are children from these regions. The clinical manifestations ...
Filariasis Lymphatic system Liu, Yi; Zeng, Rui (2020), Wan, Xue-Hong; Zeng, Rui (eds.), "Physical Examination of Anus, Rectum ...
Education and information about lymphatic filariasis including fact sheets and information on prevention and control, ... Lymphatic filariasis is spread from person to person by mosquitoes.. People with the disease can suffer from lymphedema and ... Lymphatic filariasis, considered globally as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic, ... Lymphatic filariasis is a leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. Communities frequently shun and reject women and men ...
"Filariasis". The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health. 1: 351-353. Hewitt K, Whitworth JA (1 August 2005). "Filariasis". Medicine ... L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis, while O. volvulus causes river blindness. Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms ... Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to subcutaneous filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because ... Lymphatic Filariasis Treatment, retrieved 17 July 2008 Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Bockarie M (October 2010). "Lymphatic filariasis ...
Filariasis is a disease group affecting humans and animals, caused by filariae; ie, nematode parasites of the order Filariidae ... Occult filariasis. Occult filariasis denotes filarial infection in which microfilariae are not observed in the blood but may be ... Hoerauf A. Filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 ... Reduction in acute filariasis morbidity during a mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New ...
Filariasis is a disease group affecting humans and animals, caused by filariae; ie, nematode parasites of the order Filariidae ... Hoerauf A. Filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 ... In filariasis, it is primarily used to target Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium in onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis ... Reduction in acute filariasis morbidity during a mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New ...
What is lymphatic filariasis?. Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by three species of microscopic, thread-like ... How is lymphatic filariasis spread?. The disease spreads from person to person by mosquito bites. When a mosquito bites a ... How is lymphatic filariasis diagnosed?. The standard method for diagnosing active infection is the examination of blood under ... Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people in 72 countries throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia, Africa, ...
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by 3 species of filarial nematodes, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori. ... CDC website: Lymphatic filariasis. The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Christine Dubray ... Filariasis in travelers presenting to the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2007;1(3):e88. ... Hoerauf A, Pfarr K, Mand S, Bebrah AY, Specht S. Filariasis in Africa-treatment challenges and prospects. Clin Microbiol Infect ...
Insecticidal bed nets and filariasis transmission in Papua New Guinea. N Engl J Med2013;369:745-53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1207594 ... Elimination of lymphatic filariasis in South East Asia BMJ 2019; 364 :k5198 doi:10.1136/bmj.k5198 ... Lymphatic filariasis is a tropical disease that affects about 70 million people worldwide.1 It is caused by infection with the ... Course of lymphatic filariasis. *. Adult filarial parasites reside in the lymphatic vessels of an infected person for up to ...
3. About lymphatic filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease that is transmitted to humans by the bite of a ... Eisai Announces Continued Support of Initiatives for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis 5-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF LONDON ... has pledged the continuing support of its initiatives for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF), a parasitic disease ... Eisai is currently promoting various projects aimed at developing new treatments for Chagas disease, filariasis, leishimaniasis ...
Cirugía Española, an official body of the Asociación Española de Cirujanos (Spanish Association of Surgeons), will consider original articles, reviews, editorials, special articles, scientific letters, letters to the editor, and medical images for publication; all of these will be submitted to an anonymous external peer review process. There is also the possibility of accepting book reviews of recent publications related to General and Digestive Surgery. The articles published in Cirugía Española can be found summarised and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Journal Citation Reports, Index Medicus/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMCare, Scirus, IBECS and IME. ...
When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. ...
... organized a clinical experts meeting on lymphatic filariasis (LF). The meeting objectives were; to identify the unmet needs for ... DNDi filariasis programme objectives and meeting agenda. Claudia Pena Rossi, Head, Filarial Program, DNDi. ... PacELF - Eliminating lymphatic filariasis in the Asia Pacific. Kazuyo Ichimori, Professor, Institute of Tropical Medicine, ... Studies on new treatments on Filariasis in India. Jambulingam, Scientist G & Director - Vector Control Research Centre. ...
The Mectizan Donation Program is an international program to eliminate river blindness and lymphatic filariasis (LF), primarily ...
Eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis in Cameroon. June 29, 2017. Peter Hotez and Serap Aksoy Filariasis Neglected Diseases WHO ... has been progress towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). LF is a horrific and disfiguring illness that affects ... Chief Peter Hotez and Serap Aksoy discuss new research and the global effort towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis. ...
Defective Concanavalin A-Induced Suppression in Bancroftian Filariasis Subject Area: Immunology and Allergy ... Primary Retroperitoneal Filariasis Presenting with Acute Abdomen Dubai Med J (April,2021) ... C.R. Vanamala, P.R. Narayanan; Defective Concanavalin A-Induced Suppression in Bancroftian Filariasis. International Archives ...
Read more from Global Citizen about Lymphatic Filariasis ...
Author summary Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne infection that causes significant disabling and disfiguring clinical ...
Filariasis in Samoa. II. Some factors related to the development of microfilariae in the intermediate host. Ann Trop Med ... Filariasis in Samoa. II. Some factors related to the development of microfilariae in the intermediate host. Ann Trop Med ... Observations on the epidemiology of human filariasis in French Oceania. Am J Hyg 61 :219-248. ... Observations on the epidemiology of human filariasis in French Oceania. Am J Hyg 61 :219-248. ...
Eisais news release EISAI RECEIVES PREQUALIFICATION FROM WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION FOR LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS MEDICINE ... 2. About Lymphatic Filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease that is transmitted to humans by the bite of a ... The lymphatic filariasis medicine DEC is in short supply worldwide, which poses a major obstacle in eliminating the disease. As ... Today, lymphatic filariasis affects an estimated 120 million people in 73 countries worldwide, most of whom live in developing ...
Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating, but preventable, disease that not only affects patients and their families but also ... Togo is now the first country in Africa to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem. ... the Global Alliance for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF), which brings together academic and research ...
Efforts to Support Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Activities in Indonesia Page. ... DEC Project Managers Efforts to Support Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Activities in Indonesia. ... DEC Project Managers Efforts to Support Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Activities in Indonesia ... a treatment for lymphatic filariasis (LF), to the World Health Organization (WHO) in October 2013. ...
Expanded Drug Commitment Could Accelerate Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. New Mapping Tool Saves Ethiopia and Tanzania $ ... The NTD-SC supported the pioneering efforts of the Death to Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis (DOLF) program at ... A promising new treatment strategy to accelerate elimination of the disfiguring neglected tropical disease lymphatic filariasis ...
Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic, thread-like worms. It affects over 120 million people in 80 ... What kind of disease is lymphatic filariasis Health related question in topics Conditions Illness .We found some answers ... More Answers to "What kind of disease is lymphatic filariasis". Is lymphatic filariasis an emerging infectious disease??. http ... "What kind of disease is lymphatic filariasis",you can compare them.. Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by ...
disability, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, podoconiosis, quality of life, stigma Persistent URL doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa090, ... An exploration of family quality of life in persons with leprosy-, lymphatic filariasis- and podoconiosis-related disabilities ... BACKGROUND: Leprosy, podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) may adversely affect the social, economic and psychological ... lymphatic filariasis- and podoconiosis-related disabilities and their family members in Ethiopia. Royal Society of Tropical ...
Nigeria has the heaviest burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in sub-Saharan Africa, which is caused by the parasite Wuchereria ... Integrated risk mapping and landscape characterisation of lymphatic filariasis and loiasis in South West Nigeria ... Integrated risk mapping and landscape characterisation of lymphatic filariasis and loiasis in South West Nigeria. Parasite ...
Lymphatic Filariasis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Prevention of Lymphatic Filariasis The best protection against lymphatic filariasis for individuals is to reduce the number of ... Transmission of lymphatic filariasis Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted when an infected mosquito bites a person and deposits ... Symptoms of Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphatic filariasis symptoms are caused by adult worms. Microfilariae do not cause symptoms ...
Lymphoedema and hydrocoele are the two most common clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis (LF). In order to ... Lymphatic filariasis morbidity mapping: a comprehensive examination of lymphoedema burden in Chikwawa district, Malawi. Trans R ... Lymphatic filariasis on the coast of Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90:634-8. ... Gyapong JO, Webber RH, Morris J, Bennett S. Prevalence of hydrocele as a rapid diagnostic index for lymphatic filariasis. Trans ...
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) affects more than 120 million people worldwide. Efforts to eliminate this disease require sustained ... "Willingness to pay for prevention and treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Leogane, Haiti" 3 (2004). Rheingans, Richard D et al ... 2004). Willingness to pay for prevention and treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. 3. Rheingans, Richard D et al ... Prevalence and risk factors associated with lymphatic filariasis in American Samoa after mass drug administration Cite ...
The goal of the global lymphatic filariasis (LF) program is to eliminate the disease as a public health problem by the year ... Results of a confirmatory mapping tool for Lymphatic filariasis endemicity classification in areas where transmission was ...
  • The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis - edema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues-which was the first disease discovered to be transmitted by mosquito bites. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphatic filariasis (LF), commonly known as elephantiasis, is a painful and profoundly disfiguring disease. (who.int)
  • Lymphatic filariasis - known commonly as just filariasis or elephantiasis - is the target of elimination attempts in India, with a deadline set for 2021. (healthissuesindia.com)
  • Ya, penyakit itu memang dikenal dengan sebutan penyakit kaki gajah (Filariasis atau Elephantiasis). (radiopelitakasih.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • When lymphatic filariasis develops into chronic conditions it leads to lymphoedema (tissue swelling) or elephantiasis (skin/tissue thickening) of limbs and hydrocele (scrotal swelling). (askdrmakkar.com)
  • Ano ang gamot sa filariasis o elephantiasis? (mediko.ph)
  • Home » Itanong Kay Doc » Ano ang gamot sa filariasis o elephantiasis? (mediko.ph)
  • Comparing antigenaemia- and microfilaraemia as criteria for stopping decisions in lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes in Africa. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The third sustainable development goal calls for elimination of neglected tropical diseases, including filariasis, by 2020. (bmj.com)
  • World Health Assembly, in 1997, passed a resolu tion calling for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a global public health problem by 2020. (who.int)
  • 5. If adequate resources are made available, lym phatic filariasis elimination by 2020 is possible in the African Region. (who.int)
  • The goal of the Programme for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis is the elimination of LF as a public health problem by the year 2020. (who.int)
  • The goal of the global lymphatic filariasis (LF) program is to eliminate the disease as a public health problem by the year 2020. (org.in)
  • 2020. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540225/all/Filariasis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Abstract Background With the 2020 target year for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) approaching, there is an urgent need to assess how long mass drug administration (MDA) programs with annual ivermectin + albendazole (IA) or diethylcarbamazine + albendazole (DA) would still have to be continued, and how elimination can be accelerated. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In 1997, WHO and its Member States made a commitment to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) as public health problem by 2020 through World Health Assembly Resolution WHA 50.29. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • Continental-scale, data-driven predictive assessment of eliminating the vector-borne disease, lymphatic filariasis, in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020. (bvsalud.org)
  • These are divided into three groups according to the part of the body they affect: Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is caused by 3 species of filarial nematodes, Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , and B. timori . (cdc.gov)
  • 1. Lymphatic filariasis in Africa is caused by a filarial worm, Wuchereria bancrofti, that is transmitted mainly by female Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. (who.int)
  • Wuchereria bancrofti which causes bancroftian filariasis is the only etiologic agent in Africa (Michael and Bundy, 1997).The disease is prevalent and widespread in Nigeria which is the third most endemic country in the world (after India and Indonesia) and estimated 22.1% of the population is thought to be infected (Eigege et al. (academicjournals.org)
  • Nigeria has the heaviest burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in sub-Saharan Africa, which is caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori. (fiocruz.br)
  • Bancroftian filariasis in Nigeria is endemic with 22.1% of the population thought to be infected. (academicjournals.org)
  • The prequalification is a crucial milestone that will see Eisai deliver "Eisai-original," high-quality DEC tablets to 250 million people living in at-risk communities in countries where lymphatic filariasis is endemic, thereby contributing to successful elimination of the disease. (eisai.com)
  • This progress has been supported by a public-private partnership, the Global Alliance for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF), which brings together academic and research institutions, endemic counties, non-governmental development organizations, financial donors and the private sector in the fight against LF. (taskforce.org)
  • In endemic countries, lymphatic filariasis has a major social and economic impact. (who.int)
  • Cultural factors in the epidemiology of filariasis due to Brugia malayi in an endemic community / by Haliza Mohd. (who.int)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by different types of mosquitoes for example by the Culex mosquito, widespread across urban and semi-urban areas, Anopheles, mainly found in rural areas, and Aedes, mainly in endemic islands in the Pacific. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • In 2004, Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (ELF) programme was launched covering 202 endemic districts in 20 States/UTs. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • PLOS NTDs Editors-in-Chief Peter Hotez and Serap Aksoy discuss new research and the global effort towards eliminating lymphatic filariasis. (plos.org)
  • Sixty three per cent of the population at risk of lymphatic filariasis and 50% of the people infected worldwide live in South East Asia. (bmj.com)
  • 257 districts (1 district included in 2019) have been brought under MDA where about 650 million population are at risk of Lymphatic Filariasis in the country. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • USAID has been contributing to Nepal's efforts to fight neglected tropical diseases, including lymphatic filariasis, since 2009. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-borne disease, has been one of the most prevalent diseases in tropical and subtropical countries and is accompanied by a number of pathological conditions. (arizona.edu)
  • River blindness (onchocerciasis) and lymphatic filariasis are two major neglected diseases caused by parasitic nematodes that together affect an estimated 145 million people worldwide in mostly poor, developing countries. (ucsf.edu)
  • Malaria , dengue , Chagas Disease and lymphatic filariasis are just four examples of vector-borne infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Lymphatic filariasis affects over 120 million people in 72 countries throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia, Africa, the Western Pacific, and parts of the Caribbean and South America. (cdc.gov)
  • Once widespread in Africa and Asia, and swaths of Latin America and the Pacific, sustained elimination efforts based on mass drug administration have greatly reduced the global prevalence of parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Clearly, further work is urgently needed to evaluate the exact importance of both the vector capacities and seasonal filariasis transmission in parts of Africa. (academicjournals.org)
  • With support from The Mectizan Donation Program (MDP) at The Task Force, Togo is now the first country in Africa to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem. (taskforce.org)
  • We present an overview of the global efforts to eliminate filariasis and progress made in South East Asia, and discuss key priorities. (bmj.com)
  • The World Health Organization launched the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in 2000. (bmj.com)
  • Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis for as long as the drugs would be required. (who.int)
  • The Mectizan Donation Program is an international program to eliminate river blindness and lymphatic filariasis (LF), primarily funded by Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., U.S.A.,* with additional support from GSK. (mectizan.org)
  • Findings were discussed in the context of on-going plans to eliminate filariasis and the transmitting vectors. (academicjournals.org)
  • Managing morbidity and preventing disability amongst those already affected by LF is one of the main components of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF), and as such effective morbidity management strategies are vital for public health improvement. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is expected that advances in research with these antigens will allow further development of tests combining both sensitivity and specificity with low costs, assisting the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). (fiocruz.br)
  • India unlikely to eliminate filariasis by deadline? (healthissuesindia.com)
  • For many years, Nepal has been working to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, a disabling and stigmatizing neglected tropical disease (NTD) spread by mosquitoes. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • The good news is that safe, effective medicines exist to help prevent lymphatic filariasis-and they are donated free of charge to governments working to eliminate the disease. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • Across seven districts, approximately 100,000 youth have been engaged in this successful school awareness effort, helping to reach youth and their families with annual treatments to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Nepal. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • East has organized interactions with Nepali journalists to make sure they have the resources and information they need to report on lymphatic filariasis and the national efforts to eliminate the disease. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • Subsequent to that Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF) has been formed in 2000. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • For high level advocay - United to Eliminate Lymphatic National Symposium Filariasis held on 30th October 2019 at Pravasi Bharatiya Kendra, New Delhi inaugurated by Hon'ble Union Health Minister. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. (wikipedia.org)
  • Before initiating DEC treatment for lymphatic filariasis, first rule out co-infection with Onchocerca volvulus in at-risk patients (see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 17, Onchocerciasis / River Blindness ). (cdc.gov)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a filarial worm infection that is a common cause of permanent disability worldwide. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filariodidea. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis infection involves asymptomatic, acute, and chronic conditions. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • Understanding the relationship between prevalence of microfilariae and antigenaemia using a model of lymphatic filariasis infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Future directions will include further refinement of the 1-2 preclinical candidates in late phase lead optimization and formulation studies, followed by animal models of lymphatic filariasis (Brugia/gerbil infection) and the cow model of onchocerciasis to validate potency and efficacy as macrofilaricides. (ucsf.edu)
  • Blood - The microfilariae of all species that cause lymphatic filariasis and the microfilariae of Loa loa, Mansonella ozzardi, and Mansonella perstans are detected in blood. (medscape.com)
  • L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis, while O. volvulus causes river blindness. (wikipedia.org)
  • The overall goal of our project is to identify macrofilaricidal lead candidates for the treatment of river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. (ucsf.edu)
  • A promising new treatment strategy to accelerate elimination of the disfiguring neglected tropical disease lymphatic filariasis (LF) is expected to roll out later this year in Kenya - and possibly, three other countries - due to the concerted efforts of The Task Force for Global Health and its partners. (taskforce.org)
  • citation needed] Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to subcutaneous filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because these worms are also deep-tissue dwellers. (wikipedia.org)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of lymphatic filariasis? (cdc.gov)
  • Lymphatic filariasis symptoms are caused by adult worms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The NTD-SC supported the pioneering efforts of the Death to Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis (DOLF) program at Washington University in St. Louis that showed triple-drug therapy to be both effective and safe for MDA. (taskforce.org)
  • Bancroftian filariasis is caused primarily ephantiasis, is a major disease of tropical by adult worms (known as macrofilariae) and subtropical regions worldwide. (who.int)
  • Teaching guide for health personnel and school teachers in Samoa on control of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis. (who.int)
  • Filariasis is diagnosed in microfilaraemic cases primarily through direct observation of microfilariae in the peripheral blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Filariasis is usually diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on Giemsa stained, thin and thick blood film smears, using the "gold standard" known as the finger prick test. (wikipedia.org)
  • Urine - If lymphatic filariasis is suspected, urine should be examined macroscopically for chyluria and then concentrated to examine for microfilariae. (medscape.com)
  • Serologic techniques provide an alternative to microscopic detection of microfilariae for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Seminar on Control of Brugian Filariasis sponsored by the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1-5 July 1985 : report. (who.int)
  • Lymphatic filariasis, considered globally as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) , is a parasitic disease caused by microscopic, thread-like worms. (cdc.gov)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by three species of microscopic, thread-like worms. (cdc.gov)
  • WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J. , April 19, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Eisai Inc. announced today that its parent company Tokyo, Japan -based Eisai Co., Ltd. has pledged the continuing support of its initiatives for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF), a parasitic disease that is transmitted to humans by the bite of a mosquito. (prnewswire.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease that is transmitted to humans by the bite of a mosquito. (eisai.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Leprosy, podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) may adversely affect the social, economic and psychological well-being of persons affected and their families. (eur.nl)
  • Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is commonly used in lymphatic filariasis and acts as both a microfilaricidal and macrofilaricidal agent. (medscape.com)
  • Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is the drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis, regardless of the causative parasite species. (cdc.gov)
  • Eisai Co., Ltd. (Headquarters: Tokyo, President & CEO: Haruo Naito, "Eisai") announced today that it has received prequalification from the World Health Organization (WHO) for diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) 100 mg tablets manufactured at its Vizag Plant in India for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD). (eisai.com)
  • Eisai commenced the free provision of its in-house manufactured diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) 100 mg tablets, a treatment for lymphatic filariasis (LF), to the World Health Organization (WHO) in October 2013. (eisai.com)
  • Ang sakit na filariasis ay nagagamot sa pag-inom ng albendazole kasabay ng ivermectin o kaya diethylcarbamazine citrate. (mediko.ph)
  • Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major public health problem not only in India but also in other developed countries. (ijpjournal.com)
  • The National Health Policy (2002) has set the goal of Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in India by 2015. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • Lymphoedema and hydrocoele are the two most common clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis (LF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Globally, approximately 40 million people are affected by the clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis (LF), which ranges from acute attacks of filarial fever (acute dermatolymphangioadenitis or ADLAs) to chronic manifestations of lymphoedema and hydrocoele [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Filariasis is a disease group caused by filariae that affects humans and animals (ie, nematode parasites of the family Filariidae). (medscape.com)
  • Patients with asymptomatic microfilaremia in lymphatic filariasis can be treated on an outpatient basis. (medscape.com)
  • F ollowing the passing of the resolution, two drug manufacturers donated albendazole and ivermectin to the lymphatic filariasis programme for as long as the drugs would be required. (who.int)
  • Please refer to the following notes for further information on NTDs, lymphatic filariasis, the London Declaration on NTDs, and the WHO Prequalification of Medicines Programme. (eisai.com)
  • One of the most significant, yet often unheralded, accomplishments from the 2000-2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and now continuing through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been progress towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). (plos.org)
  • A Nepal free from lymphatic filariasis Despite some challenges, Nepal has made tremendous progress toward eliminating lymphatic filariasis, with more than 18m Nepalis no longer requiring treatment across the country, thanks to the success of these interventions to date. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • In recent years, there has been rapid progress in filariasis research, which has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of filarial disease, diagnosis, chemotherapy, the host-parasite relationship, and the genomics of the parasite. (arizona.edu)
  • Meeting for Dissemination of the Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis and Program Progress Review held at New Delhi. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • Lymphatic filariasis in Fiji: progress towards elimination, 1997-2007 by: Rosie K. Manolas, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Recent advances in diagnosis and therapy led the World Health Assembly to pass a resolution in 1997 calling for "the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. (who.int)
  • The current review describes the several recombinant antigens used as tools for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in antigen and antibody capture assays, highlighting their advantages and limitations as well as the main commercial tests developed based on them. (fiocruz.br)
  • We examined the clinical manifestations of the disease, diagnosis, treatment, immune responses, and management including review of pharmaceutical agents against filariasis. (arizona.edu)
  • What is the treatment for lymphatic filariasis? (cdc.gov)
  • Efforts to control lymphatic filariasis include mosquito control, mass drug administration to reduce transmission and treatment of individual cases. (who.int)
  • Raising awareness in schools Nepal's growing youth population plays a significant role in society and can inform and educate their communities about health activities, including the importance of participation in treatment campaigns for lymphatic filariasis. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • These efforts have helped in reducing rumors and increased participation in lymphatic filariasis treatment campaigns. (theannapurnaexpress.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is spread from person to person by mosquitoes. (cdc.gov)
  • Abstract Background The Cook Islands has a long history of high-endemicity lymphatic filariasis (LF) transmitted by Aedes vector mosquitoes. (uitm.edu.my)
  • 2021. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/729426/all/filariasis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Long term care is important to prevent and treat chronic manifestations of filariasis. (bmj.com)
  • Accelerated Plan which include Triple Drug Therapy (IDA) was launched in the Global Alliance Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF) meeting held during 13th to 15th June 2018 by Hon'ble Union Health Minister and Hon'ble Minister of State. (mohfw.gov.in)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified lymphatic filariasis as a major cause of disability worldwide, with an estimated 40 million individuals affected by the disfiguring features of the disease. (medscape.com)
  • Almost as important, however, is the necessity to The World Health Organization achieve these goals in a cost-effective, so- strategy for lymphatic filariasis cially-responsible manner, ensuring appro- elimination priate health and economic benefits [ 8 ]. (who.int)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) and other global health bodies have initiated programs aimed at eliminating lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. (who.int)
  • Inpatient care may initially be required for adenolymphangitis (ADL) and chronic filariasis. (medscape.com)
  • These acute attacks are debilitating, may last for weeks and are the primary cause of lost wages among people suffering with lymphatic filariasis. (askdrmakkar.com)
  • Impact of the Lymphatic Filariasis Control Program towards elimination of filariasis in Vanuatu, 1997-2006 by: Tammy Allen, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • SUMMARY Lymphatic filariasis (LF) represents a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. (who.int)
  • Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi, which occupy the serous cavity of the abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a mosquito bites a person who has lymphatic filariasis, microscopic worms circulating in the person's blood enter and infect the mosquito. (cdc.gov)
  • Filariasis is caused by thread-like nematode worms and is classified according to their presence in the vertebrate host. (arizona.edu)
  • Filariasis is the disease which is caused by a group of filarial worms. (ijpjournal.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a tropical disease that affects about 70 million people worldwide. (bmj.com)
  • The lymphatic filariasis medicine DEC is in short supply worldwide, which poses a major obstacle in eliminating the disease. (eisai.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating, but preventable, disease that not only affects patients and their families but also communities and health care systems," said Julie L. Gerberding, MD, MSD's chief patient officer. (taskforce.org)
  • Health related question in topics Conditions Illness .We found some answers as below for this question "What kind of disease is lymphatic filariasis",you can compare them. (themedicalquestions.com)
  • Is lymphatic filariasis an emerging infectious disease? (themedicalquestions.com)
  • Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating neglected tropical disease that affects impoverished communities. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Occult filariasis is diagnosed in amicrofilaraemic cases based on clinical observations and, in some cases, by finding a circulating antigen in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DND i Indian office and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) organized a clinical experts meeting on lymphatic filariasis (LF). (dndi.org)
  • Filariasis (PELF) in 2000. (who.int)