Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.
A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries.
Fluorides, usually in pastes or gels, used for topical application to reduce the incidence of DENTAL CARIES.
Fluoride poisoning, also known as fluoride toxicity, is a condition characterized by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures that result from ingesting excessive amounts of fluoride, typically through contaminated water or industrial exposure.
Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Inorganic fluorides of tin. They include both stannic fluoride (tin tetrafluoride) and stannous fluoride (tin difluoride). The latter is used in the prevention of dental caries.
Calcium fluoride. Occurring in nature as the mineral fluorite or fluorspar. It is the primary source of fluorine and its compounds. Pure calcium fluoride is used as a catalyst in dehydration and dehydrogenation and is used to fluoridate drinking water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)
A sodium fluoride solution, paste or powder, which has been acidulated to pH 3 to 4 and buffered with a phosphate. It is used in the prevention of dental caries.
An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.
Dentifrices that are formulated into a paste form. They typically contain abrasives, HUMECTANTS; DETERGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; and CARIOSTATIC AGENTS.
Practice of adding fluoride to water for the purpose of preventing tooth decay and cavities.
Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions.
Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives.
A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.
Therapeutic technique for replacement of minerals in partially decalcified teeth.
Solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.
Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule.
A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)
Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.
The act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A polymer obtained by reacting polyacrylic acid with a special anion-leachable glass (alumino-silicate). The resulting cement is more durable and tougher than others in that the materials comprising the polymer backbone do not leach out.
Composite materials composed of an ion-leachable glass embedded in a polymeric matrix. They differ from GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS in that partially silanized glass particles are used to provide a direct bond to the resin matrix and the matrix is primarily formed by a light-activated, radical polymerization reaction.
Beryllium. An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.
A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.
The susceptibility of the DENTAL ENAMEL to dissolution.
A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.
A solution used for irrigating the mouth in xerostomia and as a substitute for saliva.
Polymers of high molecular weight which at some stage are capable of being molded and then harden to form useful components.
Dentin sensitivity is a short, sharp pain originating from exposed dentin in response to stimuli, typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, or chemical changes in the oral environment.
Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.
Agents used to occlude dental enamel pits and fissures in the prevention of dental caries.
The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Means or process of supplying water (as for a community) usually including reservoirs, tunnels, and pipelines and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. (Webster, 3d ed)
Water that is intended to be ingested.
An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)
Substances which reduce or eliminate dentinal sensitivity or the pain associated with a source of stimulus (such as touch, heat, or cold) at the orifice of exposed dentinal tubules causing the movement of tubular fluid that in turn stimulates tooth nerve receptors.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)
A group of phosphate minerals that includes ten mineral species and has the general formula X5(YO4)3Z, where X is usually calcium or lead, Y is phosphorus or arsenic, and Z is chlorine, fluorine, or OH-. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Devices used in the home by persons to maintain dental and periodontal health. The devices include toothbrushes, dental flosses, water irrigators, gingival stimulators, etc.
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
The elaboration of dental enamel by ameloblasts, beginning with its participation in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction to the production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992).
Production of a radiographic image of a small or very thin object on fine-grained photographic film under conditions which permit subsequent microscopic examination or enlargement of the radiograph at linear magnifications of up to several hundred and with a resolution approaching the resolving power of the photographic emulsion (about 1000 lines per millimeter).
Any of the numerous types of clay which contain varying proportions of Al2O3 and SiO2. They are made synthetically by heating aluminum fluoride at 1000-2000 degrees C with silica and water vapor. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)
The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.
The gradual destruction of a metal or alloy due to oxidation or action of a chemical agent. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.
"Decayed, missing and filled teeth," a routinely used statistical concept in dentistry.
A test to determine the relative hardness of a metal, mineral, or other material according to one of several scales, such as Brinell, Mohs, Rockwell, Vickers, or Shore. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry.
The mechanical property of material that determines its resistance to force. HARDNESS TESTS measure this property.
A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.
Unstable isotopes of fluorine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. F atoms with atomic weights 17, 18, and 20-22 are radioactive fluorine isotopes.
Cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the ENAMEL ORGAN. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the DENTAL ENAMEL), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc.

Distribution of fluoride and fluorosis in Ethiopia and prospects for control. (1/22)

A review and mapping of fluoride test data for 270 water sources in 126 communities and examination of the literature of fluorosis distribution in Ethiopia show that this health problem extends beyond the Rift Valley into some highland communities. Fluoride concentrations above 5.0 mg/l in the Rift Valley were found mostly in hot springs (100% of all sources), lakes (78%), shallow wells (54%) and boreholes (35%) and the lowest concentrations (below 1.5 mg/l) in springs and rivers. Analysis of hydrochemical, economic and demographic factors in the spatial distribution of high-fluoride domestic water sources indicates that the fluorosis problem has become more serious in the Rift Valley in recent decades. Considerable spatial variation in the occurrence of fluoride, even within the same communities, and the presence of some low-fluoride water sources in the Rift Valley offer possibilities for geochemical exploration for acceptable domestic sources. The defluoridation programme in the Wonji irrigation scheme illustrates the problems faced by a large rural community in a developing country. Possibilities for control are examined and recommendations made for the development of alternative water sources and promising defluoridation methods using locally available materials and technologies.  (+info)

Studies on skeletal muscle biopsies in endemic skeletal fluorosis. (2/22)

Neurological manifestations of skeletal fluorosis have been attributed to compressive radiculomyelopathy. Experimental fluorosis has shown evidence of myopathic changes. Data on human muscle pathology is very scanty. This study included 22 patients with established osteofluorosis. 16 of them showed only EMG changes of neurogenic muscle disease. Histochemistry and histopathology of muscle biopsies showed features of muscle atrophy, evidenced by 'type I' atrophy and 'type I' grouping. No myopathic changes were observed. It may be concluded that the primary changes are related to the nerve, with muscle being affected secondarily. There was no evidence of any primary muscle pathology due to fluorosis.  (+info)

Lack of effect of massive dose of vitamin C on fluoride excretion in fluorosis during a short clinical trial. (3/22)

The effect of daily administration of 2 g of vitamin C on urinary excretion of fluoride in patients suffering from endemic fluorosis was studied. Urinary fluoride excretion was found to be constant over a period of 4 weeks in each patient. The results suggested that vitamin C does not influence the rate of resorption of fluorotic bone in man.  (+info)

Antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in patients with skeletal fluorosis and in fluoride-intoxicated rabbits. (4/22)

Fluorosis is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world where drinking water contains more than 1 ppm of fluoride. The main manifestations of skeletal fluorosis are crippling bone deformities, spinal compressions, and restricted movements of joints. Although fluorosis is irreversible, it could be prevented by appropriate and timely intervention through understanding the process at biochemical and molecular levels. As in the case of many chronic degenerative diseases, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation has been considered to play an important role, even in the pathogenesis of chronic fluoride toxicity. However, there is inconclusive proof for an altered oxidative stress and antioxidant balance in fluorosis, and the existing data are not only conflicting but also contradictory. In the present communication we have evaluated the antioxidant defense system (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) and lipid peroxidation in both humans from an endemic fluorosis area (5 ppm fluoride in the drinking water) and in rabbits receiving water with 150 ppm of fluoride for six months. There was no significant difference in lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and vitamin C in the blood of human fluorotic patients and fluoride-intoxicated rabbits as compared to respective controls. Neither were there any changes in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, or glutathione S-transferase in the blood due to fluoride intoxication (of rabbits) or fluorosis in humans. The results together do not subscribe to oxidative stress theory in fluorosis. Thus, in the absence of clear proof of oxidative damage and to counter toxic effects of fluoride through supplementation of antioxidants, extensive investigations are needed to conclusively prove the role of oxidative stress in skeletal fluorosis.  (+info)

Syndrome of endemic arsenism and fluorosis. A clinical study. (5/22)

Sixty-five patients in Xinjiang with syndrome of endemic arsenism and fluorosis (SEAF) were investigated clinically from March 1982 to August 1989. SEAF is a kind of chronic syndrome resulting from the combined, harmful effects of two trace elements, arsenic and fluorine. Peripheral neuritis and cardiovascular changes were observed in this syndrome more often than in simple arsenism or simple fluorosis. The excessive quantities of these two trace elements in blood might have a synergic, harmful effect on the nervous and circulatory systems. No definite conclusion could be reached with regard to the morbidity of skin and visceral tumors in this series. The incidence of associated skin cancer was found to be 7.7% and an associated Grade II squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was encountered in one patient.  (+info)

The pathology of chronic bovine fluorosis: a review. (6/22)

Clinical, pathologic, and analytical records from 200 cattle were reviewed to determine if long-term exposures to elevated fluorides resulted in previously unrecognized or unreported pathologic changes, especially skeletal neoplasia. Animals were part of comprehensive field and laboratory investigations of bovine fluorosis conducted by the Utah State University Agricultural Experiment Station over a 25-year period. Records indicated that over 170 cattle included in this review were exposed to dietary fluorides levels in excess of 25 ppm (dry wt), for most of their life span, and these animals exhibited bone fluoride concentrations ranging between 2,000 and 12,500 ppm (dry wt). Although dental and/or skeletal changes were present in most animals, significant soft tissue damage or neoplasia was not observed in any organ system. Renal degeneration and mineralization were slightly more prevalent in range cattle ingesting high fluoride levels, but these changes were not recognized in animals that received high experimental fluoride doses. The absence of significant soft tissue damage or neoplasia in these cattle combined with results of an extensive literature review suggests that environmental fluorides are not significant factors in mammalian carcinogenesis.  (+info)

Fluorosis-induced hyperparathyroidism mimicking a giant-cell tumour of the femur. (7/22)

We report the case of a young woman who, over a period of five years was diagnosed and treated for a giant-cell tumour of bone, osteomalacia and fluorosis. A review of the literature revealed a correlation between these three diagnoses, the primary pathology being fluorosis and the remaining symptoms being secondary manifestations. It is important to be aware of this association, especially in regions with endemic skeletal fluorosis.  (+info)

Nail and bone surface as biomarkers for acute fluoride exposure in rats. (8/22)

When acute exposure to fluoride is thought to be the cause of death, confirmation often depends on the analysis of some body fluid or tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of nails and the periosteal surface of bone as indicators of acute exposure to fluoride. Six groups of rats were given a single oral dose of fluoride (50 mg/kg body weight), while the control group was given deionized water. The rats were killed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h after fluoride administration. Plasma and nails (the proximal halves) were collected and analyzed for fluoride with an ion-specific electrode after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion. A circular area of the femur (4.52 mm(2)) was etched with 0.5M HCl for 15 s, and, after the addition of a buffer, the solution was analyzed with an ion-specific electrode. Peak plasma concentration occurred at 2 h, followed by progressively declining concentrations. Peak nail fluoride concentrations occurred at 8 h. The mean nail concentrations at 8, 16, and 24 h were significantly higher than that of the control group. Bone surface concentrations were significantly higher than that of the control group at 4 h and thereafter. Thus, the proximal portion of nails and bone surface are suitable biomarkers for acute fluoride exposure in rats.  (+info)

Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.

Sodium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaF. Medically, it is commonly used as a dental treatment to prevent tooth decay, as it is absorbed into the structure of teeth and helps to harden the enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria. It can also reduce the ability of bacteria to produce acid. Sodium fluoride is often found in toothpastes, mouth rinses, and various dental treatments. However, excessive consumption can lead to dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis, which cause changes in bone structure and might negatively affect health.

Topical fluorides are a form of fluoride that are applied directly to the teeth to prevent dental caries (cavities). They are available in various forms such as toothpastes, gels, foams, and varnishes. Topical fluorides work by strengthening the enamel of the teeth, making them more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth. They can also help to reverse early signs of decay. Regular use of topical fluorides, especially in children during the years of tooth development, can provide significant protection against dental caries.

Fluoride poisoning, also known as fluoride toxicity, is a condition that occurs when someone ingests too much fluoride. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, excessive saliva, and weakness. In severe cases, it can cause more serious problems, such as seizures, coma, or even death.

Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that is often added to drinking water and toothpaste in order to help prevent tooth decay. However, consuming too much fluoride can be harmful. The amount of fluoride that is considered safe for human consumption depends on a number of factors, including age, weight, and overall health.

Fluoride poisoning is usually caused by accidental ingestion of large amounts of fluoride-containing products, such as toothpaste or mouthwash. It can also occur if someone drinks water that has been contaminated with high levels of fluoride. In some cases, fluoride poisoning may be the result of industrial accidents or intentional poisoning.

If you suspect that you or someone else has ingested too much fluoride, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment for fluoride poisoning typically involves supportive care, such as administering fluids to help flush the fluoride out of the body. In severe cases, more invasive treatments may be necessary.

Cariostatic agents are substances or medications that are used to prevent or inhibit the development and progression of dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities. These agents work by reducing the ability of bacteria in the mouth to produce acid, which can erode the enamel and dentin of the teeth and lead to cavities.

There are several types of cariostatic agents that are commonly used in dental care, including:

1. Fluorides: These are the most widely used and well-studied cariostatic agents. They work by promoting the remineralization of tooth enamel and making it more resistant to acid attacks. Fluoride can be found in toothpaste, mouthwashes, gels, varnishes, and fluoridated water supplies.
2. Antimicrobial agents: These substances work by reducing the population of bacteria in the mouth that contribute to tooth decay. Examples include chlorhexidine, triclosan, and xylitol.
3. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP): This is a complex protein that has been shown to help remineralize tooth enamel and reduce the risk of dental caries. It can be found in some toothpastes and mouthwashes.
4. Silver diamine fluoride: This is a topical fluoride compound that contains silver ions, which have antimicrobial properties. It has been shown to be effective in preventing and arresting dental caries, particularly in high-risk populations such as young children and older adults with dry mouth.

It's important to note that while cariostatic agents can help reduce the risk of tooth decay, they are not a substitute for good oral hygiene practices such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and visiting the dentist regularly.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tin Fluorides" is not a widely recognized medical term or concept. Tin (Sn) and Fluoride (F-) are both chemical elements that can form various compounds together, such as tin(II) fluoride (SnF2) and tin(IV) fluoride (SnF4). These compounds have uses in industrial applications, but they are not typically associated with medical definitions.

Tin(II) fluoride, for example, is used in some toothpastes and dental products as a fluoride source to help prevent tooth decay. However, it's important to note that the medical definition of a substance like this would be more focused on its clinical use or effect, rather than its chemical composition alone.

If you have any questions about specific tin-fluoride compounds and their potential uses or effects in a medical context, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional or a reliable source of information on pharmaceuticals or medical treatments.

Calcium fluoride is an inorganic compound that is represented by the chemical formula CaF2. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is insoluble in water. Calcium fluoride is commonly found in nature as the mineral fluorite.

In the medical field, calcium fluoride is not used as a therapeutic agent. However, fluoride, which is a component of calcium fluoride, has been added to community water supplies and toothpaste to help prevent dental caries or tooth decay. Fluoride works by strengthening the enamel of teeth, making them more resistant to acid attacks that can lead to cavities.

It's worth noting that excessive exposure to fluoride can lead to a condition called fluorosis, which can cause mottling and discoloration of tooth enamel. Therefore, it's important to consume fluoride in moderation and follow recommended guidelines for its use.

Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel caused by excessive exposure to fluoride during tooth development. It is characterized by hypomineralization of the enamel, resulting in various appearances ranging from barely noticeable white spots to brown staining and pitting of the teeth. The severity depends on the amount, duration, and timing of fluoride intake, as well as individual susceptibility. Mild dental fluorosis is typically asymptomatic but can affect the appearance of teeth, while severe cases may cause tooth sensitivity and increased susceptibility to tooth decay.

APF, or Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride, is a dental product that contains fluoride ion in the form of sodium fluoride. It is used as a topical agent to prevent tooth decay by promoting remineralization and inhibiting demineralization of tooth enamel. The acidulated phosphate component helps to maintain a stable pH level and enhance fluoride absorption. It is typically applied in a dental office as a part of professional dental care.

Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride (PMSF) is not a medication or a treatment, but it is a chemical compound with the formula C8H9FO3S. It is commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology research as a serine protease inhibitor.

Proteases are enzymes that break down other proteins by cleaving specific peptide bonds. Serine proteases are a class of proteases that use a serine residue in their active site to carry out the hydrolysis reaction. PMSF works by irreversibly modifying this serine residue, inhibiting the enzyme's activity.

PMSF is used in laboratory settings to prevent protein degradation during experiments such as protein purification or Western blotting. It is important to note that PMSF is highly toxic and must be handled with care, using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and safety measures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "toothpastes" is the plural form of "toothpaste," which is not a medical condition or procedure that requires a definition. However, I can provide you with some information about toothpaste.

Toothpaste is a dental hygiene product used to clean and maintain the health of teeth and gums. It generally contains mild abrasives, flavoring, and fluoride to help remove plaque, prevent tooth decay, and freshen breath. There are various types of toothpastes available on the market, including those formulated for sensitive teeth, whitening, gum health, and tartar control. It is essential to choose a toothpaste that meets your specific dental needs and has the American Dental Association (ADA) Seal of Acceptance, ensuring its safety and effectiveness.

Fluoridation is the process of adding fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay. The level of fluoride that is typically added to the water is regulated and maintained at around 0.7-1.2 parts per million (ppm), which has been shown to be effective in reducing dental caries while minimizing the risk of fluorosis, a cosmetic condition caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development.

Fluoridation can also refer to the process of applying fluoride to the teeth through other means, such as topical fluoride applications in dental offices or the use of fluoride toothpaste. However, community water fluoridation is the most common and cost-effective method of delivering fluoride to a large population.

The practice of water fluoridation has been endorsed by numerous public health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the American Dental Association (ADA). Despite some controversy surrounding the practice, extensive research has consistently shown that community water fluoridation is a safe and effective way to prevent tooth decay and improve oral health.

Ion-Selective Electrodes (ISEs) are a type of chemical sensor that measure the activity of specific ions in a solution. They work by converting the chemical response into an electrical signal, which can then be measured and analyzed. The electrode is coated with a membrane that is selectively permeable to a particular ion, allowing for the detection and measurement of that specific ion in the presence of other ions.

ISEs are widely used in various fields such as clinical chemistry, biomedical research, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. In medical diagnostics, ISEs are commonly used to measure the levels of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium in biological samples like blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

The response of an ISE is based on Nernst's equation, which relates the electrical potential across the membrane to the activity of the ion being measured. The selectivity of the electrode for a particular ion is determined by the type of membrane used, and the choice of membrane depends on the application and the specific ions to be measured.

Overall, Ion-Selective Electrodes are important tools in medical diagnostics and research, providing accurate and reliable measurements of ion activity in biological systems.

Dentifrices are substances used in dental care for cleaning and polishing the teeth, and often include toothpastes, tooth powders, and gels. They typically contain a variety of ingredients such as abrasives, fluorides, humectants, detergents, flavorings, and sometimes medicaments like antimicrobial agents or desensitizing compounds. The primary purpose of dentifrices is to help remove dental plaque, food debris, and stains from the teeth, promoting oral hygiene and preventing dental diseases such as caries (cavities) and periodontal disease.

Tooth demineralization is a process that involves the loss of minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, from the hard tissues of the teeth. This process can lead to the development of dental caries or tooth decay. Demineralization occurs when acids produced by bacteria in the mouth attack the enamel of the tooth, dissolving its mineral content. Over time, these attacks can create holes or cavities in the teeth. Fluoride, found in many toothpastes and public water supplies, can help to remineralize teeth and prevent decay. Good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, can also help to prevent demineralization by removing plaque and bacteria from the mouth.

Tooth remineralization is a natural process by which minerals, such as calcium and phosphate, are redeposited into the microscopic pores (hydroxyapatite crystals) in the enamel of a tooth. This process can help to repair early decay and strengthen the teeth. It occurs when the mouth's pH is neutral or slightly alkaline, which allows the minerals in our saliva, fluoride from toothpaste or other sources, and calcium and phosphate ions from foods to be absorbed into the enamel. Remineralization can be promoted through good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, flossing, and eating a balanced diet that includes foods rich in calcium and phosphate.

A mouthwash is an antiseptic or therapeutic solution that is held in the mouth and then spit out, rather than swallowed. It is used to improve oral hygiene, to freshen breath, and to help prevent dental cavities, gingivitis, and other periodontal diseases.

Mouthwashes can contain a variety of ingredients, including water, alcohol, fluoride, chlorhexidine, essential oils, and other antimicrobial agents. Some mouthwashes are available over-the-counter, while others require a prescription. It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer or your dentist to ensure the safe and effective use of mouthwash.

Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, refers to the damage or breakdown of the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin, and cementum) due to the activity of acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars from food and drinks, producing acids that dissolve and weaken the tooth structure, leading to cavities.

The process of dental caries development involves several stages:

1. Demineralization: The acidic environment created by bacterial activity causes minerals (calcium and phosphate) to be lost from the tooth surface, making it weaker and more susceptible to decay.
2. Formation of a white spot lesion: As demineralization progresses, a chalky white area appears on the tooth surface, indicating early caries development.
3. Cavity formation: If left untreated, the demineralization process continues, leading to the breakdown and loss of tooth structure, resulting in a cavity or hole in the tooth.
4. Infection and pulp involvement: As the decay progresses deeper into the tooth, it can reach the dental pulp (the soft tissue containing nerves and blood vessels), causing infection, inflammation, and potentially leading to toothache, abscess, or even tooth loss.

Preventing dental caries involves maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash, and having regular dental check-ups and cleanings. Early detection and treatment of dental caries can help prevent further progression and more severe complications.

Aluminum compounds refer to chemical substances that are formed by the combination of aluminum with other elements. Aluminum is a naturally occurring metallic element, and it can combine with various non-metallic elements to form compounds with unique properties and uses. Some common aluminum compounds include:

1. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3): Also known as alumina, this compound is formed when aluminum combines with oxygen. It is a white, odorless powder that is highly resistant to heat and corrosion. Aluminum oxide is used in a variety of applications, including ceramics, abrasives, and refractories.
2. Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with sulfuric acid. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water. Aluminum sulfate is used as a flocculant in water treatment, as well as in the manufacture of paper and textiles.
3. Aluminum chloride (AlCl3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with chlorine. It is a white or yellowish-white solid that is highly deliquescent, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air. Aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical reactions, as well as in the production of various industrial chemicals.
4. Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when aluminum combines with hydroxide ions. It is a white, powdery substance that is amphoteric, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. Aluminum hydroxide is used as an antacid and as a fire retardant.
5. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3): This compound is formed when zinc oxide is combined with aluminum hydroxide. It is a white, powdery substance that is used as a filler in rubber and plastics, as well as in the manufacture of paints and coatings.

It's important to note that some aluminum compounds have been linked to health concerns, particularly when they are inhaled or ingested in large quantities. For example, aluminum chloride has been shown to be toxic to animals at high doses, while aluminum hydroxide has been associated with neurological disorders in some studies. However, the risks associated with exposure to these compounds are generally low, and they are considered safe for most industrial and consumer uses when used as directed.

Dental enamel is the hard, white, outermost layer of a tooth. It is a highly mineralized and avascular tissue, meaning it contains no living cells or blood vessels. Enamel is primarily composed of calcium and phosphate minerals and serves as the protective covering for the crown of a tooth, which is the portion visible above the gum line.

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, and its primary function is to provide structural support and protection to the underlying dentin and pulp tissues of the tooth. It also plays a crucial role in chewing and biting by helping to distribute forces evenly across the tooth surface during these activities.

Despite its hardness, dental enamel can still be susceptible to damage from factors such as tooth decay, erosion, and abrasion. Once damaged or lost, enamel cannot regenerate or repair itself, making it essential to maintain good oral hygiene practices and seek regular dental checkups to prevent enamel damage and protect overall oral health.

Hydrofluoric acid is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a chemical one. However, it's important for medical professionals to be aware of its potential hazards and health effects.

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a highly corrosive and toxic liquid, which is colorless or slightly yellowish. It is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is used in various industries for etching glass, cleaning metal surfaces, manufacturing semiconductors, and in chemical research.

In terms of health effects, exposure to HF can cause severe burns and tissue damage. Even at very low concentrations, it can cause pain and irritation to the skin and eyes. Inhalation can lead to respiratory irritation, coughing, and choking. If ingested, it can be fatal due to its ability to cause deep burns in the gastrointestinal tract and potentially lead to systemic fluoride toxicity. Delayed medical attention can result in serious complications, including damage to bones and nerves.

Toothbrushing is the act of cleaning teeth and gums using a toothbrush to remove plaque, food debris, and dental calculus (tartar) from the surfaces of the teeth and gums. It is typically performed using a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste, with gentle circular or back-and-forth motions along the gumline and on all surfaces of the teeth. Toothbrushing should be done at least twice a day, preferably after every meal and before bedtime, for two minutes each time, to maintain good oral hygiene and prevent dental diseases such as tooth decay and gum disease. It is also recommended to brush the tongue to remove bacteria and freshen breath.

Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) are a type of dental restorative material that have the ability to chemically bond to tooth structure. They are composed of a mixture of silicate glass powder and an organic acid, such as polyacrylic acid. GICs have several clinical applications in dentistry, including as a filling material for small to moderate sized cavities, as a liner or base under other restorative materials, and as a cement for securing crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances.

GICs are known for their biocompatibility, caries inhibition, and adhesion to tooth structure. They also have the ability to release fluoride ions, which can help protect against future decay. However, they are not as strong or wear-resistant as some other dental restorative materials, such as amalgam or composite resin, so they may not be suitable for use in high-load bearing restorations.

GICs can be classified into two main types: conventional and resin-modified. Conventional GICs have a longer setting time and are more prone to moisture sensitivity during placement, while resin-modified GICs contain additional methacrylate monomers that improve their handling properties and shorten their setting time. However, the addition of these monomers may also reduce their fluoride release capacity.

Overall, glass ionomer cements are a valuable dental restorative material due to their unique combination of adhesion, biocompatibility, and caries inhibition properties.

Compomers are a type of dental restorative material that contain both glass ionomer and composite resin components. They are designed to combine the advantages of both materials, such as the fluoride release and adhesion to tooth structure of glass ionomers, and the strength and esthetics of composite resins. Compomers are often used for restoring primary teeth in children due to their ease of use and reduced sensitivity compared to traditional composite resins. However, they may not be as durable or wear-resistant as other restorative materials, so their use is generally limited to small to moderate-sized cavities.

Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, hard, brittle alkaline earth metal that is difficult to fabricate because of its high reactivity and toxicity. Beryllium is primarily used as a hardening agent in alloys, such as beryllium copper, and as a moderator and reflector in nuclear reactors due to its ability to efficiently slow down neutrons.

In the medical field, beryllium is most well-known for its potential to cause a chronic allergic lung disease called berylliosis. This condition can occur after prolonged exposure to beryllium-containing dusts or fumes, and can lead to symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can cause scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, leading to respiratory failure.

Healthcare professionals should take appropriate precautions when handling beryllium-containing materials, including using protective equipment and following proper disposal procedures to minimize exposure.

The chemical element aluminum (or aluminium in British English) is a silvery-white, soft, non-magnetic, ductile metal. The atomic number of aluminum is 13 and its symbol on the periodic table is Al. It is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust and is found in a variety of minerals such as bauxite.

Aluminum is resistant to corrosion due to the formation of a thin layer of aluminum oxide on its surface that protects it from further oxidation. It is lightweight, has good thermal and electrical conductivity, and can be easily formed and machined. These properties make aluminum a widely used metal in various industries such as construction, packaging, transportation, and electronics.

In the medical field, aluminum is used in some medications and medical devices. For example, aluminum hydroxide is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and treat heartburn, while aluminum salts are used as adjuvants in vaccines to enhance the immune response. However, excessive exposure to aluminum can be harmful and has been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, although the exact relationship between aluminum and these conditions is not fully understood.

Dental enamel solubility refers to the degree to which the mineral crystals that make up dental enamel can be dissolved or eroded by acidic substances. Dental enamel is the hard, outermost layer of a tooth that helps protect it from damage. It is primarily made up of minerals, including hydroxyapatite, which can dissolve in an acidic environment.

When the pH in the mouth drops below 5.5, the oral environment becomes acidic and dental enamel begins to demineralize or lose its mineral content. This process is known as dental caries or tooth decay. Over time, if left untreated, dental caries can lead to cavities, tooth sensitivity, and even tooth loss.

Certain factors can increase the solubility of dental enamel, including a diet high in sugar and starch, poor oral hygiene, and the presence of certain bacteria in the mouth that produce acid as a byproduct of their metabolism. On the other hand, fluoride exposure can help to reduce dental enamel solubility by promoting remineralization and making the enamel more resistant to acid attack.

Fluorine is not a medical term itself, but it is a chemical element that is often discussed in the context of dental health. Here's a brief scientific/chemical definition:

Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the most reactive and electronegative of all elements. Fluorine is never found in its free state in nature, but it is abundant in minerals such as fluorspar (calcium fluoride).

In dental health, fluoride, which is a compound containing fluorine, is used to help prevent tooth decay. It can be found in many water supplies, some foods, and various dental products like toothpaste and mouthwash. Fluoride works by strengthening the enamel on teeth, making them more resistant to acid attacks that can lead to cavities.

Artificial saliva is a synthetic solution that mimics the chemical composition and properties of natural saliva. It is often used for patients with dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, radiation therapy, or certain medications that reduce saliva production. Artificial saliva may contain ingredients like carboxymethylcellulose, mucin, and electrolytes to provide lubrication, moisture, and pH buffering capacity similar to natural saliva. It can help alleviate symptoms associated with dry mouth, such as difficulty speaking, swallowing, and chewing, as well as protect oral tissues from irritation and infection.

Synthetic resins are artificially produced substances that have properties similar to natural resins. They are typically created through polymerization, a process in which small molecules called monomers chemically bind together to form larger, more complex structures known as polymers.

Synthetic resins can be classified into several categories based on their chemical composition and properties, including:

1. Thermosetting resins: These resins undergo a chemical reaction when heated, resulting in a rigid and infusible material that cannot be melted or reformed once it has cured. Examples include epoxy, phenolic, and unsaturated polyester resins.

2. Thermoplastic resins: These resins can be repeatedly softened and hardened by heating and cooling without undergoing any significant chemical changes. Examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene.

3. Elastomeric resins: These resins have the ability to stretch and return to their original shape when released, making them ideal for use in applications that require flexibility and durability. Examples include natural rubber, silicone rubber, and polyurethane.

Synthetic resins are widely used in various industries, including construction, automotive, electronics, and healthcare. In the medical field, they may be used to create dental restorations, medical devices, and drug delivery systems, among other applications.

Dentin sensitivity is a common dental condition characterized by the short, sharp pain or discomfort in response to external stimuli, such as cold air, hot or cold foods and drinks, sweet or sour substances, and physical touch. This pain is typically caused by the exposure of dentin, the hard tissue beneath the tooth's enamel, due to receding gums, tooth decay, or other factors that wear down or damage the protective enamel layer.

When the dentin is exposed, the microscopic tubules within it become sensitive to temperature and pressure changes, allowing external stimuli to reach the nerve endings inside the tooth. This results in the characteristic pain or discomfort associated with dentin sensitivity. Dentin sensitivity can be managed through various treatments, including desensitizing toothpaste, fluoride applications, and dental restorations, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Potassium compounds refer to substances that contain the element potassium (chemical symbol: K) combined with one or more other elements. Potassium is an alkali metal that has the atomic number 19 and is highly reactive, so it is never found in its free form in nature. Instead, it is always found combined with other elements in the form of potassium compounds.

Potassium compounds can be ionic or covalent, depending on the properties of the other element(s) with which it is combined. In general, potassium forms ionic compounds with nonmetals and covalent compounds with other metals. Ionic potassium compounds are formed when potassium donates one electron to a nonmetal, forming a positively charged potassium ion (K+) and a negatively charged nonmetal ion.

Potassium compounds have many important uses in medicine, industry, and agriculture. For example, potassium chloride is used as a salt substitute and to treat or prevent low potassium levels in the blood. Potassium citrate is used to treat kidney stones and to alkalinize urine. Potassium iodide is used to treat thyroid disorders and to protect the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine during medical imaging procedures.

It's important to note that some potassium compounds can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities, so they should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Pit and fissure sealants are a preventive dental treatment that involves the application of a thin, plastic coating to the chewing surfaces of teeth, usually the molars and premolars. The goal of this treatment is to protect the pits and fissures, which are the grooves and depressions on the chewing surfaces of teeth, from decay.

The sealant material flows into the pits and fissures, creating a smooth, protective barrier that prevents food and bacteria from becoming trapped in these areas and causing cavities. The procedure is typically quick, painless, and non-invasive, and can be performed during a routine dental checkup. Sealants are most commonly recommended for children and adolescents, but they may also be appropriate for adults who are at high risk of tooth decay.

Tooth calcification, also known as dental calculus or tartar formation, refers to the hardening of plaque on the surface of teeth. This process occurs when minerals from saliva combine with bacterial deposits and dental plaque, resulting in a hard, calcified substance that adheres to the tooth surface. Calcification can occur both above and below the gum line, and if not removed through professional dental cleanings, it can lead to periodontal disease, tooth decay, and other oral health issues.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "water supply" is not a medical term per se. It is a general term used to describe the system or arrangement providing water for consumption or use, such as a public water supply system or a private well. However, in a medical context, it could refer to the source of water used in a healthcare facility for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and patient care, which must meet certain quality standards to prevent infection and ensure safety.

Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to consume and meets the health-based standards established by regulatory agencies for human consumption. It is free from harmful levels of contaminants, including microorganisms, chemicals, radiological elements, and aesthetic factors such as taste, odor, and appearance.

Drinking water can come from various sources, including surface water (e.g., rivers, lakes), groundwater (e.g., wells), and treated wastewater that has undergone advanced purification processes. The treatment of drinking water typically involves several steps, such as coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, to remove or inactivate pathogens and other contaminants.

Access to safe drinking water is essential for human health, as it helps prevent various waterborne diseases and ensures proper hydration. Regular monitoring and testing of drinking water sources and distribution systems are necessary to maintain the quality and safety of the water supply.

Methoxyflurane is a sweet-smelling, volatile liquid that is used as an inhalational general anesthetic agent. It is chemically described as 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1-methoxyethane. Methoxyflurane is a fluorinated hydrocarbon with low blood/gas solubility, which allows for rapid induction and emergence from anesthesia. It has been used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in both adults and children. However, its use has been limited due to concerns about nephrotoxicity associated with high concentrations or prolonged exposure.

Dentin desensitizing agents are chemical substances or materials applied to the teeth to reduce sensitivity in the dental tissues, specifically in the dentin. Dentin is a calcified tissue that lies beneath the tooth's enamel and cementum. It has numerous microscopic tubules that, when exposed due to various factors like gum recession, tooth wear, or dental procedures, can lead to hypersensitivity.

Dentin desensitizing agents work by occluding these dentinal tubules, thus preventing the stimuli (like cold, heat, or touch) from reaching the nerve endings inside the pulp chamber. These agents may contain various active ingredients like fluorides, strontium salts, calcium sodium phosphosilicate, potassium nitrate, arginine, and oxalates. They can be found in different forms, such as toothpaste, gels, varnishes, or bonding agents, and are often used in dental treatments and at-home oral care to alleviate dentinal hypersensitivity.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Tooth erosion is defined as the progressive, irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, primarily caused by chemical dissolution from acids, rather than mechanical forces such as abrasion or attrition. These acids can originate from extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages, or intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting. The erosion process leads to a reduction in tooth structure, altering the shape and function of teeth, and potentially causing sensitivity, pain, and aesthetical concerns. Early detection and management of tooth erosion are crucial to prevent further progression and preserve dental health.

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, primarily consisting of fluorapatite, chlorapatite, and hydroxylapatite. They are important constituents of rocks and bones, and they have a wide range of applications in various industries. In the context of medicine, apatites are most notable for their presence in human teeth and bones.

Hydroxylapatite is the primary mineral component of tooth enamel, making up about 97% of its weight. It provides strength and hardness to the enamel, enabling it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. Fluorapatite, a related mineral that contains fluoride ions instead of hydroxyl ions, is also present in tooth enamel and helps to protect it from acid erosion caused by bacteria and dietary acids.

Chlorapatite has limited medical relevance but can be found in some pathological calcifications in the body.

In addition to their natural occurrence in teeth and bones, apatites have been synthesized for various medical applications, such as bone graft substitutes, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering scaffolds. These synthetic apatites are biocompatible and can promote bone growth and regeneration, making them useful in dental and orthopedic procedures.

Dental devices for home care are products designed for use by individuals or their caregivers in a home setting to maintain oral hygiene, manage dental health issues, and promote overall oral health. These devices can include:

1. Toothbrushes: Manual, electric, or battery-operated toothbrushes used to clean teeth and remove plaque and food debris.
2. Dental floss: A thin string used to remove food particles and plaque from between the teeth and under the gum line.
3. Interdental brushes: Small brushes designed to clean between the teeth and around dental appliances, such as braces or implants.
4. Water flossers/oral irrigators: Devices that use a stream of water to remove food particles and plaque from between the teeth and under the gum line.
5. Tongue scrapers: Tools used to clean the tongue's surface, removing bacteria and reducing bad breath.
6. Rubber tips/gum stimulators: Devices used to massage and stimulate the gums, promoting blood circulation and helping to maintain gum health.
7. Dental picks/sticks: Pointed tools used to remove food particles and plaque from between the teeth and under the gum line.
8. Mouthguards: Protective devices worn over the teeth to prevent damage from grinding, clenching, or sports-related injuries.
9. Night guards: Similar to mouthguards, these are designed to protect the teeth from damage caused by nighttime teeth grinding (bruxism).
10. Dental retainers: Devices used to maintain the alignment of teeth after orthodontic treatment.
11. Whitening trays and strips: At-home products used to whiten teeth by applying a bleaching agent to the tooth surface.
12. Fluoride mouth rinses: Anticavity rinses containing fluoride, which help strengthen tooth enamel and prevent decay.
13. Oral pain relievers: Topical gels or creams used to alleviate oral pain, such as canker sores or denture irritation.

Proper use of these dental devices, along with regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings, can help maintain good oral health and prevent dental issues.

Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.

The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.

The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.

Amelogenesis is the biological process of forming enamel, which is the hard and highly mineralized outer layer of teeth. Enamel is primarily made up of calcium and phosphate minerals and is the toughest substance in the human body. Amelogenesis involves the synthesis, secretion, and maturation of enamel proteins by specialized cells called ameloblasts.

The medical definition of 'Amelogenesis' refers to a genetic disorder that affects the development and formation of tooth enamel. This condition is also known as Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) and can result in teeth that are discolored, sensitive, and prone to decay. There are several types of Amelogenesis Imperfecta, each with its own set of symptoms and genetic causes.

In summary, 'Amelogenesis' is the biological process of enamel formation, while 'Amelogenesis Imperfecta' is a genetic disorder that affects this process, leading to abnormal tooth enamel development.

Microradiography is a radiographic technique that uses X-rays to produce detailed images of small specimens, such as microscopic slides or individual cells. In this process, the specimen is placed in close contact with a high-resolution photographic emulsion, and then exposed to X-rays. The resulting image shows the distribution of radiopaque materials within the specimen, providing information about its internal structure and composition at a microscopic level.

Microradiography can be used for various applications in medical research and diagnosis, including the study of bone and tooth microstructure, the analysis of tissue pathology, and the examination of mineralized tissues such as calcifications or osteogenic lesions. The technique offers high resolution and contrast, making it a valuable tool for researchers and clinicians seeking to understand the complex structures and processes that occur at the microscopic level in living organisms.

Aluminum silicates are a type of mineral compound that consist of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen in their chemical structure. They are often found in nature and can be categorized into several groups, including kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, and bentonite. These minerals have various industrial and commercial uses, including as fillers and extenders in products like paper, paint, and rubber. In the medical field, certain types of aluminum silicates (like bentonite) have been used in some medicinal and therapeutic applications, such as detoxification and gastrointestinal disorders. However, it's important to note that the use of these minerals in medical treatments is not widely accepted or supported by extensive scientific evidence.

Resin cements are dental materials used to bond or cement restorations, such as crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances, to natural teeth or implants. They are called "resin" cements because they are made of a type of synthetic resin material that can be cured or hardened through the use of a chemical reaction or exposure to light.

Resin cements typically consist of three components: a base, a catalyst, and a filler. The base and catalyst are mixed together to create a putty-like consistency, which is then applied to the restoration or tooth surface. Once the cement is in place, it is exposed to light or allowed to chemically cure, which causes it to harden and form a strong bond between the restoration and the tooth.

Resin cements are known for their excellent adhesive properties, as well as their ability to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. They can also be color-matched to natural teeth, making them an aesthetically pleasing option for dental restorations. However, they may not be suitable for all patients or situations, and it is important for dental professionals to carefully consider the specific needs and conditions of each patient when choosing a cement material.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (BPAGM) is a type of chemical compound that belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycidyl methacrylates. It is created by the reaction between bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate.

BPAGM is used in various industrial applications, including the production of coatings, adhesives, and resins. In the medical field, it has been used as a component in some dental materials, such as bonding agents and composite resins. However, due to concerns about its potential health effects, including its possible estrogenic activity and potential to cause reproductive toxicity, its use in dental materials has become more restricted in recent years.

It is important to note that exposure to BPAGM should be limited as much as possible, and appropriate safety measures should be taken when handling this chemical compound.

Corrosion is a process of deterioration or damage to a material, usually a metal, caused by chemical reactions with its environment. In the medical context, corrosion may refer to the breakdown and destruction of living tissue due to exposure to harsh substances or environmental conditions. This can occur in various parts of the body, such as the skin, mouth, or gastrointestinal tract, and can be caused by factors like acid reflux, infection, or exposure to chemicals.

In the case of medical devices made of metal, corrosion can also refer to the degradation of the device due to chemical reactions with bodily fluids or tissues. This can compromise the function and safety of the device, potentially leading to complications or failure. Therefore, understanding and preventing corrosion is an important consideration in the design and use of medical devices made of metal.

Osteosclerosis is a medical term that refers to an abnormal thickening and increased density of bone tissue. This condition can occur as a result of various diseases or conditions, such as certain types of bone cancer, Paget's disease of bone, fluoride poisoning, or chronic infection of the bone. Osteosclerosis can also be seen in some benign conditions, such as osteopetrosis, which is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an excessively hard and dense skeleton.

In some cases, osteosclerosis may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered on X-rays or other imaging studies. However, in other cases, it can lead to complications such as bone pain, fractures, or deformities. Treatment for osteosclerosis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, surgery, or other therapies.

I'm not aware of a medical definition for "DMF Index." The abbreviation "DMF" could potentially stand for many things, as it is used in various contexts across different fields. In the field of dentistry, DMF stands for Decayed, Missing, and Filled teeth/surfaces, which is a method for measuring dental caries or tooth decay. However, there is no standard medical definition for "DMF Index." If you could provide more context or specify the field of study or practice, I would be happy to help further!

A hardness test is a quantitative measure of a material's resistance to deformation, typically defined as the penetration of an indenter with a specific shape and load into the surface of the material being tested. There are several types of hardness tests, including Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop, each with their own specific methods and applications. The resulting hardness value is used to evaluate the material's properties, such as wear resistance, durability, and suitability for various industrial or manufacturing processes. Hardness tests are widely used in materials science, engineering, and quality control to ensure the consistency and reliability of materials and components.

Periostitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the periosteum, which is the highly vascularized tissue that covers the outer surface of bones. The periosteum contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the bone and assist in bone repair and remodeling. Periostitis can occur as a result of various factors such as repetitive trauma, infection, or inflammatory diseases, leading to pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, periostitis may also lead to the formation of new bone tissue, resulting in bony outgrowths known as exostoses.

Composite resins, also known as dental composites or filling materials, are a type of restorative material used in dentistry to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of missing tooth structure. They are called composite resins because they are composed of a combination of materials, including a resin matrix (usually made of bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate or urethane dimethacrylate) and filler particles (commonly made of silica, quartz, or glass).

The composite resins are widely used in modern dentistry due to their excellent esthetic properties, ease of handling, and ability to bond directly to tooth structure. They can be used for a variety of restorative procedures, including direct and indirect fillings, veneers, inlays, onlays, and crowns.

Composite resins are available in various shades and opacities, allowing dentists to match the color and translucency of natural teeth closely. They also have good wear resistance, strength, and durability, making them a popular choice for both anterior and posterior restorations. However, composite resins may be prone to staining over time and may require more frequent replacement compared to other types of restorative materials.

In the context of medical terminology, "hardness" is not a term that has a specific or standardized definition. It may be used in various ways to describe the firmness or consistency of a tissue, such as the hardness of an artery or tumor, but it does not have a single authoritative medical definition.

In some cases, healthcare professionals may use subjective terms like "hard," "firm," or "soft" to describe their tactile perception during a physical examination. For example, they might describe the hardness of an enlarged liver or spleen by comparing it to the feel of their knuckles when gently pressed against the abdomen.

However, in other contexts, healthcare professionals may use more objective measures of tissue stiffness or elasticity, such as palpation durometry or shear wave elastography, which provide quantitative assessments of tissue hardness. These techniques can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the mechanical properties of tissues, such as liver fibrosis or cancer.

Therefore, while "hardness" may be a term used in medical contexts to describe certain physical characteristics of tissues, it does not have a single, universally accepted definition.

Streptococcus mutans is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, beta-hemolytic species of bacteria that's part of the normal microbiota of the oral cavity in humans. It's one of the primary etiological agents associated with dental caries, or tooth decay, due to its ability to produce large amounts of acid as a byproduct of sugar metabolism, which can lead to demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. The bacterium can also adhere to tooth surfaces and form biofilms, further contributing to the development of dental caries.

Fluorine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes or variants of the chemical element Fluorine (F, atomic number 9). These radioisotopes have an unstable nucleus that emits radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Examples of Fluorine radioisotopes include Fluorine-18 and Fluorine-19.

Fluorine-18 is a positron-emitting radionuclide with a half-life of approximately 110 minutes, making it useful for medical imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans. It is commonly used in the production of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), a radiopharmaceutical that can be used to detect cancer and other metabolic disorders.

Fluorine-19, on the other hand, is a stable isotope of Fluorine and does not emit radiation. However, it can be enriched and used as a non-radioactive tracer in medical research and diagnostic applications.

Ameloblasts are the specialized epithelial cells that are responsible for the formation of enamel, which is the hard, outermost layer of a tooth. These cells are a part of the dental lamina and are present in the developing tooth's crown region. They align themselves along the surface of the developing tooth and secrete enamel proteins and minerals to form the enamel rods and interrod enamel. Once the enamel formation is complete, ameloblasts undergo programmed cell death, leaving behind the hard, mineralized enamel matrix. Any damage or abnormality in the functioning of ameloblasts can lead to developmental defects in the enamel, such as hypoplasia or hypocalcification, which may affect the tooth's structure and function.

Dental materials are substances that are used in restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, endodontics, orthodontics, and preventive dentistry to restore or replace missing tooth structure, improve the function and esthetics of teeth, and protect the oral tissues from decay and disease. These materials can be classified into various categories based on their physical and chemical properties, including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, cements, and alloys.

Some examples of dental materials include:

1. Amalgam: a metal alloy used for dental fillings that contains silver, tin, copper, and mercury. It is strong, durable, and resistant to wear but has been controversial due to concerns about the toxicity of mercury.
2. Composite: a tooth-colored restorative material made of a mixture of glass or ceramic particles and a bonding agent. It is used for fillings, veneers, and other esthetic dental treatments.
3. Glass ionomer cement: a type of cement used for dental restorations that releases fluoride ions and helps prevent tooth decay. It is often used for fillings in children's teeth or as a base under crowns and bridges.
4. Porcelain: a ceramic material used for dental crowns, veneers, and other esthetic restorations. It is strong, durable, and resistant to staining but can be brittle and prone to fracture.
5. Gold alloy: a metal alloy used for dental restorations that contains gold, copper, and other metals. It is highly biocompatible, corrosion-resistant, and malleable but can be expensive and less esthetic than other materials.
6. Acrylic resin: a type of polymer used for dental appliances such as dentures, night guards, and orthodontic retainers. It is lightweight, flexible, and easy to modify but can be less durable than other materials.

The choice of dental material depends on various factors, including the location and extent of the restoration, the patient's oral health status, their esthetic preferences, and their budget. Dental professionals must consider these factors carefully when selecting the appropriate dental material for each individual case.

A case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of sodium fluoride is documented, and a dose of 120 g sodium fluoride has ... At physiological pHs, hydrogen fluoride is usually fully ionised to fluoride. In biochemistry, fluoride and hydrogen fluoride ... Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion. Fluoride ... Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does ...
Consumption of large amounts of fluoride can lead to fluoride poisoning and death; the lethal dose for most adult humans is ... Fluoride therapy typically uses the sodium fluoride form, though stannous fluoride may also be used. Fluoride decreases ... Fluoride can be delivered by many chemical methods (sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, amine fluoride, monofluorophosphate, ... The fluoride rinse with a 0.05% fluoride content is used for daily rinsing, while the rinse with 0.2% fluoride content is used ...
The mechanism of fluoride toxicity in aquatic organisms is believed to involve the action of fluoride ions as enzymatic poisons ... Fluoride toxicity is a condition in which there are elevated levels of the fluoride ion in the body. Although fluoride is safe ... Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is kidney injury due to toxic levels of serum fluoride, commonly due to release of fluoride ... the most widespread examples of fluoride poisoning arise from consumption of ground water that is abnormally fluoride-rich. For ...
Makarovsky I, Markel G, Dushnitsky T, Eisenkraft A (May 2008). "Hydrogen fluoride--the protoplasmic poison". The Israel Medical ...
Over a century ago,[when?] sodium fluoride was used as a stomach poison for plant-feeding insects. Inorganic fluorides such as ... Like other fluorides, sodium fluoride finds use in desilylation in organic synthesis. Sodium fluoride can be used to produce ... Thus, fluoride poisoning prevents phosphate transfer in oxidative metabolism. The lethal dose for a 70 kg (154 lb) human is ... Sodium fluoride is used as a cleaning agent (e.g., as a "laundry sour"). Sodium fluoride can be used in a nuclear molten salt ...
Dental fluorosis Fluoride poisoning Kaj Roholm Whitford GM (1994). "Intake and Metabolism of Fluoride". Advances in Dental ... Common causes of fluorosis include inhalation of fluoride dusts or fumes by workers in industry and consumption of fluoride ... Due to a high fluoride concentration in the body, the bone is hardened and thus less elastic, resulting in an increased ... Most patients with skeletal fluorosis show side effects from the high fluoride dose such as ruptures of the stomach lining and ...
"Systemic fluoride poisoning and death from inhalational exposure to sulfuryl fluoride". Clin Toxicol. 46 (9): 850-4. doi: ... Sulfuryl fluoride (also spelled sulphuryl fluoride) is an inorganic compound with the formula SO2F2. It is an easily condensed ... Sulfuryl fluoride gas is a precursor to fluorosulfates and sulfamoyl fluorides: SO2F2 + ROH + base → ROSO2F + Hbase+F− ... Sulfuryl Fluoride Technical Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center Sulfuryl Fluoride General Fact Sheet - National ...
In 1993, a fluoride poisoning outbreak resulting from overfeeding of fluoride, in Mississippi In 2019 oil for an electric ... Penman AD, Brackin BT, Embrey R (1997). "Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993 ... many people were poisoned in Camelford, when a worker put 20 tonnes of aluminium sulphate in the wrong tank. ...
High-fluoride Hekla eruptions pose a threat to foraging livestock, especially sheep. Fluoride poisoning can start in sheep at a ... Kessabi, M.; Hamliri, A.; Braun, J. P.; Rico, A. G. (1985). "Experimental Acute Sodium Fluoride Poisoning in Sheep: Renal, ... The concentration of water-soluble fluoride was one-third of the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions, with a mean value of ... with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. Large-scale release of sulphur dioxide into the troposphere also poses a ...
Fluoride is a corrosive poison which will produce harm on a long-term basis". Heyd's comment has been widely cited in anti- ... Freeze, R. Allan; Lehr, Jay H. (2009). The Fluoride Wars: How a Modest Public Health Measure Became America's Longest-Running ...
Most calls to poison control centers for possible fluoride poisoning come from the ingestion of fluoride-containing toothpaste ... most cases of fluoride poisoning have been caused by accidental ingestion of insecticides containing inorganic fluoride. ... Hydrofluoric acid, the water solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF), is a contact poison. Even though it is from a chemical ... ISBN 978-0-683-08027-8. Gessner, B. D.; Beller, lM.; Middaugh, J. P.; Whitford, G. M. (1994). "Acute Fluoride Poisoning from a ...
Experiments on mice have shown that hypothyroidism induced by fluoride poisoning can be halted by administering GABA. The test ... Yang H, Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Li P (2016). "γ-Aminobutyric acid ameliorates fluoride-induced hypothyroidism in male Kunming mice ... also found that the thyroid recovered naturally without further assistance after the fluoride had been expelled by the GABA. ...
She is quoted in a Baltimore Sun article from 2000 insisting that fluoride is "deadly poison." "Newspaper Archive". Cumberland ... cities revisit fluoride issue". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 31 August 2018. (Articles with short description, Short ...
Instead of powdered milk, sodium fluoride, a poison to kill cockroaches, had been used in the cooking process. In 1955, the ... "467 Poisoned at Oregon State Hospital". Archived from the original on July 18, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016 - via Salem ... On November 18, 1942, a mass poisoning occurred at the hospital after a dinner serving of scrambled eggs. Within minutes ... Forensic examination determined that the poisoning was due to a mix-up in the kitchen. ...
... pure hydrogen fluoride did not pass an electric current. Frémy also tried electrolyzing molten calcium fluoride and probably ... French chemist Henri Moissan was poisoned several times, which shortened his life. Belgian chemist Paulin Louyet and French ... succeeded in making elemental fluorine by electrolyzing a mixture of potassium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride. Large-scale ... Previously, hydrogen fluoride was only available in a water solution. Frémy therefore devised a method for producing dry ...
Malabsorption Acute pancreatitis Fluoride poisoning Massive transfusion (MT) is a lifesaving treatment of hemorrhagic shock, ... poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, ...
... is highly corrosive and a powerful contact poison. Exposure requires immediate medical attention. It can ... Facts About Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrogen fluoride. Fluorides, Hydrogen ... the monomeric precursor to polyvinyl fluoride. The electrowinning of aluminium relies on the electrolysis of aluminium fluoride ... Hydrogen fluoride forms a monohydrate HF.H2O with melting point −40 °C (−40 °F), which is 44 °C (79 °F) above the melting point ...
Fears about fluoride were likely exacerbated by the reputation of fluoride compounds as insect poisons and by early literature ... "low grade chronic fluoride poisoning" to describe mottling from consumption of 6 mg/L of fluoride prior to tooth eruption, a ... Fluoride therapy Fluoride toxicity Hexafluorosilicic acid Sodium monofluorophosphate Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G ( ... "Questions and answers , Fluoride facts". www.fluoridefacts.govt.nz. Retrieved 22 April 2016. "Fluoride in Drinking Water". ...
Use of such teas has led to fluorosis, a form of fluoride poisoning that affects the bones and teeth, in areas of high brick ... 75 Cao, Jin; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Jianwei; Xirao, Ruoden; Danzeng, Sangbu; Daji, Dawei; Yan, Yu (2003). "Brick tea fluoride as a ...
... compensation for chronic and acute fluoride poisoning, as well as for protection of neighboring countryside from the effects of ... "The Fluoride Deception." Seven Stories Press. USA. 2004. pp 30-39. Dean T.H. (1938). Fluorine Intoxication. Am J Public Health ... He opposed adding fluoride to medicines, food or water. Water fluoridation 1930 Meuse Valley fog Bryson, Christopher. " ... was a Danish scientist and researcher best known for his study of fluorine and fluoride toxicity. Eli Kaj Roholm was the son of ...
... describing the skin lesion as a diagnostic tool for the identification of chronic fluoride poisoning. A founder of the ... In the mid Fifties, Waldbott began conducting research in fluoride toxicity, becoming one of the first physicians to warn ... to fluoride. He conducted double blind studies and published his findings. One of his many awards was from the journal Cutis in ... Waldbott published his personal experience of professional vilification due to his fluoride opposition in A Struggle with ...
... which modern analysis identifies as fluoride poisoning. Some small glacier runs occurred in the river Holtsá. A bigger one ... Notably, the ash released from the eruption contained a large fraction of fluoride, which in high doses may damage the bone ... but farmers attributed the death of cattle and sheep in the Eyjafjörður area to poisoning from this eruption, ...
... the effect of oxalate and fluoride poisoning in the blood calcium and the pharmacological action of bitters. Über Resorption ...
Sixty million people are estimated to have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive fluoride, which dissolved from ... Natural arsenic poisoning is a global threat with 140 million people affected in 70 countries globally. These examples ... Other elements such as fluoride, while beneficial in low concentrations, can cause dental problems and other issues when ... Although helpful for dental health in low dosage, fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation. Half of ...
In one letter, he opposed fluoridation of the water supply to prevent tooth decay, calling fluoride "an insidious poison, ...
Most current calls to poison control centers for possible fluoride poisoning come from the ingestion of fluoride-containing ... Soluble fluorides are moderately toxic: 5-10 g sodium fluoride, or 32-64 mg fluoride ions per kilogram of body mass, represents ... Chemistry portal Argon fluoride laser Electrophilic fluorination Fluoride selective electrode, which measures fluoride ... most cases of fluoride poisoning have been caused by accidental ingestion of insecticides containing inorganic fluorides. ...
"The Gasping Syndrome and Benzyl Alcohol Poisoning". New England Journal of Medicine. 307 (22): 1384-1388. doi:10.1056/ ... Fluoride-containing toothpaste can be classified into two types, namely low-fluoride and high-fluoride toothpaste. Low-fluoride ... These fluorides are often manufactured in the form of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, or sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP). ... Fluoride ions readily combine with hydrogen cations to produce hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride subsequently acidifies the ...
... because they intended to take over water treatment plants and threaten to poison the water supply with fluoride if Americans ... Kenneth Goff (September 19, 1914 - April 11, 1972) was an anti-fluoride, Christian Identity, anti-Communist minister. He was ...
The extent to which the condition truly exists, and its relationship to fluoride poisoning has given rise to some controversy. ... Fluoride is most commonly found as inorganic or organic fluorides such as naturally occurring calcium fluoride, or synthetic ... Fluoride salts, particularly sodium fluoride (NaF), are used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Symptoms such as ... Prior to 1981, the effect of fluorides was thought to be largely systemic and preeruptive, requiring ingestion. Fluoride is ...
Neutron poisoning and tritium production from lithium-6 - Lithium-6 is a strong neutron poison; using LiF with natural lithium ... Because some of the fission products, in their fluoride form, are highly water-soluble, fluorides are less suited to long-term ... It is possible to operate instead using lithium fluoride-thorium fluoride eutectic without beryllium, as the French LFTR design ... However, while possible in principle, separation of thorium fluoride from the even higher boiling point lanthanide fluorides ...
Sulfuryl fluoride poisoning usually occurs after inhalational exposure. The predominant manifestations of sulfuryl fluoride ... Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Biologic: No specific test for sulfuryl fluoride exposure is available. However, an elevated fluoride concentration in the ...
How Fluoride Damages The Brain. Hundreds of studies have shown that fluoride, even in small amounts, is damaging to the brain. ... Turmeric Protects Your Brain From Fluoride Poisoning!. DavidWolfe.com. July 9, 2016. ... Fluoride is neurotoxic (poisonous to the brain and the nervous system).. Scientists now know that fluoride lowers IQ in ... One group was given no fluoride at all while the second was given fluoridated water. The third group received fluoride with ...
Sulfuryl fluoride poisoning usually occurs after inhalational exposure. The predominant manifestations of sulfuryl fluoride ... Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Biologic: No specific test for sulfuryl fluoride exposure is available. However, an elevated fluoride concentration in the ...
Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the ... Fluorides Effect on Fetal Brain. The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mothers ... Charges laid over chemical poisoning that left man in coma. * Worker poisoned at pest control warehouse in Christchurch ... Email Exchange with FDA re: Fluoride Supplements. Email exchange regarding FDAs reasons for not approving fluoride supplements ...
Guess where your fluoride contaminated with heavy metals comes from? China!. - India: Fluoride Poisons Children in Jharkhand, ... Fluoride Poisoning Affects Millions in Chinas Guizhou Province. October 31, 2010. October 21, 2010. by Infinite ... California Begins Poisoning Millions with Toxic Synthetic Fluoride Chemicals. - Health Professionals Call for End to Water ... Fluoride is THE main ingredient in Prozac.. Fluoride destroys the brain (accumulates the pineal gland), the bones, the organs ...
"Fluoride Poisoning" by people in this website by year, and whether "Fluoride Poisoning" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Fluoride Poisoning" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds. ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Fluoride Poisoning" by people in Profiles. ...
Increased prevalence and severity of fluoride-discolored teeth (fluorosis) proves US children are already fluoride-overexposed ... this is a critical time when systemic exposure to fluoride should be minimized since fluoride may increase lead accumulation," ... They found more lead in tooth enamel, surface bone, whole bone, and tooth dentine in rats co-exposed to fluoride and lead. ... New York - March 22 - Fluoride chemicals added to public water supplies, boosts lead absorption in lab animals bones, teeth ...
Fluoride Poisoning Fluorides Gastroenteritis Humans Male Middle Aged Research Article Rural Population Water Water Supply ... Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993.. ... Title : Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993. Personal Author(s) : Penman, A D ... Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993. ...
Incendiary Agents and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - ... Incendiary Agents and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) By James M. Madsen , MD, MPH, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical ...
Acute fluoride poisoning---North Carolina. MMWR 1974;23:199.. * Hoffman R, Mann J, Calderone J, Trumbull J, Burkhart M. Acute ... fluoride), gel or foam of sodium fluoride (0.9% [9,040 ppm] fluoride), and self-applied (i.e., home use) gel of sodium fluoride ... Evaluate the Effect of Fluoride Mouthrinse, Fluoride Supplements, and Other Fluoride Modalities on Dental Caries ... Fluoride Varnish High-concentration fluoride varnish is painted directly onto the teeth. Fluoride varnish is not intended to ...
The seriousness of poisoning caused by hydrogen fluoride depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well ... Hydrogen fluoride can be released when other fluoride-containing compounds such as ammonium fluoride are combined with water. ... How hydrogen fluoride poisoning is treated. Exposed people should seek medical treatment as soon as possible. Your doctor may ... How you can get more information about hydrogen fluoride. People can contact one of the following:. *Regional poison control ...
... fluoride vapor, health effects, sensitizing agents, skin burns, effects hydrogen fluoride, exposed hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen ... These effects are due to the fluoride ions aggressive, destructive penetration of tissues. Synonyms include hydrogen fluoride ... hydrogen fluoride, fluoric acid, hydrofluoride, hydrofluoric acid, fluorine monohydride, fluoride, hydrogen, skin, exposure, ... Hydrogen fluoride readily dissolves in water to form colorless hydrofluoric acid solutions; dilute solutions are visibly ...
Sulfuryl fluoride poisoning usually occurs after inhalational exposure. The predominant manifestations of sulfuryl fluoride ... Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)plus icon *Facts about Hydrogen Fluoride (Hydrofluoric Acid) ... Biologic: No specific test for sulfuryl fluoride exposure is available. However, an elevated fluoride concentration in the ...
Is there a maximum number of teeth brushing per day without having fluoride poisoning? ... This is related to ingestion only (that is swallowing toothpaste, drinking high-fluoride water, eating rich-fluoride food) of ... Thus, I assume, there will be different AI (adequate intake) and UL (upper intake level) than for fluoride food assumption[a]. ... While, when we talk about fluoride in toothpastes, we have a completely different assumption and absorption mechanism.. ...
In the United States, poisoning most commonly follows ingestion (accidental or intentional) of fluoride-containing products. ... Fluoride toxicity is characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms. ... Calcium chloride is administered to correct hypocalcemia that may result from fluoride poisoning. Calcium chloride provides 3 ... No antidote for fluoride toxicity exists, and activated charcoal does not adsorb fluoride. Electrolytes may be used to correct ...
FLUORIDE - RAT POISON & INSECTICIDES - patents & papers. FLUORIDE & HEALTH, PATENTS ON FLUORIDE RAT POISON & INSECTICIDES, ... Archive for category: PATENTS ON FLUORIDE RAT POISON & INSECTICIDES. You are here: Home1 / PATENTS ON FLUORIDE RAT POISON & ... sodium fluoride and various iron fluorides were patented in England as insecticides.. Sodium fluoride was used in the United ... sodium fluoride, ferric fluoride, the silico-fluorides of the same bases, hydro-fluo-silicic acid, and the boro-fluo-silicates ...
Andreas Schuld is head of the global organization Parents of Fluoride Poisoned Children (PFPC). He is considered by many to be ... Yet he well knew that sodium fluoride did not behave like calcium fluoride. Unlike calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride was ... Fluoride compounds were ranked 27th out of the 208 ranks.8. Fluorides, hydrogen fluoride and fluorine have been found in at ... What is Fluoride?. Fluoride is any combination of elements containing the fluoride ion. In its elemental form, fluorine is a ...
... poison or enamel saver ? by Dr. Alan Kadish Fluoride has been a contentious issue for years with many town not adding it to the ...
Although fluoride may cause neurotoxicity in animal models and acute fluoride poisoning causes neurotoxicity in adults, very ... The effects of endemic fluoride poisoning on the intellectual development of children in Baotou. Chin J Public Health Manag 19( ... Effect of high fluoride water on intelligence of school children in India. Fluoride 40(3):178-183. Google Scholar ... Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence in children. [in Chinese] Fluoride 33(2):74-78. Google Scholar ...
... choose the high quality sodium fluoride used in rat poison from China ... China sodium fluoride used in rat poison Manufacture, ... sodium fluoride f 18 injection Fluoride Series> Sodium Fluoride ... Fluoride Series> Potassium Fluoride CAS No.7789-23-3> potassium fluoride vs sodium fluoride Fluoride Series> Potassium Fluoride ... Fluoride Series> Sodium Fluoride CAS No.7681-49-4> sodium fluoride 2 mouthwash Fluoride Series> Sodium Fluoride CAS No.7681-49- ...
Fluoride Poisoning. Human toothpaste often contains fluoride, which can cause fluoride poisoning in dogs if ingested in large ... Human toothpaste contains ingredients that can be harmful to dogs, such as xylitol and fluoride. Always use a toothpaste that ... Human toothpaste contains ingredients that can be harmful to dogs if ingested, such as fluoride and xylitol. Dog-specific ...
... which contains so much fluoride that every tube issues a remarkable warning on the back. Dr. Maxey dissents. ... Fluoride in toothpaste; must water be poisoned? dentist asks. David Tulis July 13, 2016 Fluoride 0 ... Dental fluorosis is caused only by Fluoride ingestion and is the first visible symptom of chronic fluoride poisoning. ... Besides being known to be a general protoplasmic poison and a strong cellular enzyme poison, fluorine is also known to be ...
A case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of sodium fluoride is documented, and a dose of 120 g sodium fluoride has ... At physiological pHs, hydrogen fluoride is usually fully ionised to fluoride. In biochemistry, fluoride and hydrogen fluoride ... Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion. Fluoride ... Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does ...
Fluoride Poisoning Posted by Kuma (Trondheim, Norway) on 09/07/2012. Hi, I am considering giving homeophatic borax tablets to a ... child, 10 years old, for suspected fluoride poisining. I have got Borax 30D. Has anyone from the Earth Clinic have experience ...
Fluoride Poisoning - Effects on the brain, nervous/skeletal system and overall health. Listen to an interview of Dr Russell ...
We want to share some info about another neurotoxin commonly used in dental practice: fluoride. READ MORE... ... Is Your Dentist Poisoning You, Part 2: A Look at Fluoride & Some Solutions to the Danger. ... 1) Tooth decay is not caused by a lack of fluoride. In fact, fluoride is not an essential nutrient, is not made by the body, ... 6) Fluoride may damage the brain. At least 33 studies show an association between fluoride exposure and lowered IQ in children ...
How New Zealand is systematically poisoning its citizens with fluoride... while crushing local control over water safety. 8/11/ ... Anti-fluoride activists in New Zealand are routinely silenced by a corrupt government. 5/11/2016 - The addition of fluoride to ... As the light penetrates their blinking eyes, they are slowly awakening to the hard truths about the poison that is sprayed on ... We want our river cleaned: Grassy Narrows tribe poisoned with mercury DECADES ago now pleading for government cleanup. 7/13/ ...
Lead or fluoride poisoning. *Rickets, which is caused by a lack of vitamin D ...
Recognition of neurotoxic risks is necessary when determining the safety of fluoride-contaminated drinking water and fluoride ... The recent epidemiological results support the notion that elevated fluoride intake during early development can result in IQ ... Keywords: Cognitive disorder; Dental caries; Drinking water; Fluoridation; Fluoride poisoning; Intellectual disability; ... Recognition of neurotoxic risks is necessary when determining the safety of fluoride-contaminated drinking water and fluoride ...
  • Fluoride exposure may come from various sources including public water fluoridation, fluoridated toothpaste and mouth rinse , untested bottled waters, and certain foods. (naturalnews.com)
  • This is related to ingestion only (that is swallowing toothpaste, drinking high-fluoride water, eating rich-fluoride food) of this element. (gansipur.com)
  • I take Synthroid and Cytomel for mild hypothyroid issues and avoid fluoride toothpaste, filter my water, etc. to avoid flouride. (earthclinic.com)
  • Toothpaste and water supplies containing fluoride were considered a good thing. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Read the labels on mouthwashes and toothpaste with fluoride and you'll find warnings that they should not be swallowed. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Should you be concerned about sodium fluoride being in your water or toothpaste? (theglobalelite.org)
  • Toothpaste contains 'the poison substance of fluoride. (politifact.com)
  • This is a very different situation than the addition of a small amount of fluoride to the water, toothpaste, vitamins, etc. (drkaslow.com)
  • B. Spittle wrote in his article, Allergy and Hypersensitivity to Fluoride, in the journal called Fluoride (1993, 26:4, 267-273) that canker sores (Aphthous stomatitis) and ulcers of the mouth have been described as being not uncommon in persons using fluoride toothpaste and in children who have had topical fluoride applications applied to their teeth. (drkaslow.com)
  • Douglas described 133 cases of stomatitis from fluoride-containing toothpaste. (drkaslow.com)
  • The lesions cleared up with changing to a non-fluoride toothpaste. (drkaslow.com)
  • In 32 patients the reaction was reproduced by applying the fluoride toothpaste, in some as often as six times. (drkaslow.com)
  • Waldbott records the case of Mrs. LCH aged 62 years who developed a mouth ulcer within three days of starting the use of a fluoride toothpaste. (drkaslow.com)
  • Sodium fluoride is found in toothpaste and also in rat poison. (projectavalon.net)
  • A toddler who scarfs a tube of fluoridated toothpaste risks acute fluoride toxicity, symptoms of which include the aforementioned stomach upset or worse. (straightdope.com)
  • There's some debate about why, but surely in large part it's because people who don't get fluoride out of the tap are getting it from other sources, including not just fluoridated toothpaste but, in countries such as Germany and France, fluoridated table salt. (straightdope.com)
  • Professional topical fluoride application (PTFA) is used by 90.80% of the students and 85.05% of them recognize that the amount of fluoride toothpaste used in brushing is a relevant factor for chronic intoxication. (bvsalud.org)
  • With a growing body of evidence establishing the very real risks and harm caused by water fluoridation, even former fluoride proponents are reversing themselves. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • She reminds them that water fluoridation " results in uncontrollable doses and ubiquitous contamination of drink and food with fluoride" and that fluoride is "an inorganic chemical characterized by chemists as a poison and labeled as a neurotoxin in 2012…" Incidences of Medicaid fraud are mentioned as well. (securetherepublic.com)
  • In other locations the level of fluoride is very low, sometimes leading to fluoridation of public water supplies to bring the level to around 0.7-1.2 ppm. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, that type of fluoride has never been used for fluoridation. (westonaprice.org)
  • From the day the Public Health Service completed their original 10-year Newburgh and Kingston fluoridation experiment, fluoride promoters have repeatedly claimed that fluoride added to drinking water can reduce tooth decay by as much as 60 to 70 percent. (westonaprice.org)
  • FAN is a nonprofit and international network of medical and scientific professionals who are focused on broadening public awareness about the toxicity of fluoride compounds and the health impacts of current fluoride exposures, particularly from fluoridation of the public drinking water. (truthseekerforum.com)
  • We were also witnessing the beginning of a groundswell of fluoride-free campaigns and victories throughout the world that have freed at least 53 communities with 3.5 million residents from fluoridation since the October 2010 victory in Waterloo, Ontario. (truthseekerforum.com)
  • With the help of the Health Liberty coalition and Dr. Mercola, who has inspired many fluoride-free campaigners with his call for action at the local-level, the momentum has continued to build to what could be the tipping point for the end of fluoridation. (truthseekerforum.com)
  • In the U.S., 67 percent of those drinking public water get fluoride in it and tooth decay has fallen 68 percent since the late 60s, leading the Centers for Disease Control to call water fluoridation one of the top ten public-health achievements of the 20th century. (straightdope.com)
  • Water fluoridation is the deliberate addition of the natural trace element fluorine (in the ionic form as fluoride) into drinking water in accordance with scientific and dental guidelines (1-9). (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1945, many studies have demonstrated the oral health benefits of fluorides and fluoridation. (cdc.gov)
  • The intent of these recommendations is to provide guidance to federal, state, and local officials involved in the engineering or administrative aspects of water fluoridation, which should help ensure that fluoridated water systems are providing optimal fluoride levels. (cdc.gov)
  • In high concentrations, as with almost all substances, soluble fluoride compounds are toxic . (bionity.com)
  • The acute toxic dose of fluoride is believed to be from 2 to 8 milligrams per kilogram of body weight with lethal doses reported with levels of 16mg/kg in children and 32-64mg/kg in adults. (bionity.com)
  • Organofluorines do not contain soluble fluoride and thus are not toxic because of fluorine. (bionity.com)
  • Sulfuryl fluoride is a highly toxic (toxicity category I) gas fumigant used for termite control of homes and buildings. (cdc.gov)
  • What I'd like to address here is what can be done to protect the brain from the toxic effects of fluoride exposure, and one of the best ways to do so is through adding turmeric to one's diet. (naturalnews.com)
  • At least two highly toxic substances are known to severely impair normal thyroid functioning - one is fluoride, the other is mercury. (healthy.net)
  • PLEASE share this important report about Arkansas' toxic poisoned water with everyone you know. (securetherepublic.com)
  • The symbiotic relationship between the government and the corporations can best be illustrated through this toxic byproduct from the fertilizer industry, i.e. fluoride. (eclinik.net)
  • These groups rarely mention its toxic potential or the few studies revealing increased tooth decay after fluoride use. (drkaslow.com)
  • Sodium fluoride is also toxic, but nowhere near as nasty as the stuff added to your water supply. (projectavalon.net)
  • Sodium fluoride is classed as toxic by both inhalation and ingestion. (projectavalon.net)
  • Sodium fluoride however is quite toxic and as for Hexafluorosilicic acid. (projectavalon.net)
  • Over the years, the toxic side effects of fluoride have become more apparent, and numerous countries have stopped artificially adding fluoride to their drinking water. (thecompounder.com)
  • Instead what is used over 90 percent of the time are silicofluorides, which are 85 times more toxic than calcium fluoride.They are non-biodegradable, hazardous waste products that come straight from the pollution scrubbers of big industries. (westonaprice.org)
  • Irradiated food contains toxic radiolytic products, aka poisons, which are ingested by you and me and everyone we know. (notmytribe.com)
  • The knowledge about fluoridated products enables the perception of conditions that make fluoride a toxic or beneficial element. (bvsalud.org)
  • Urine tests are a good indication of high exposure to fluoride compounds in the recent past. (bionity.com)
  • Skin or eye contact with many fluoride compounds (in high concentrations) is dangerous. (bionity.com)
  • Severity of symptoms can depend on the amount of fluoride compounds ingested. (wikidoc.org)
  • Fluorosilicic acid-the most commonly added form of fluoride-when combined with chlorinated compounds is so corrosive it can leach the lead out of plumbing fixtures! (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Hydrogen fluoride can be released when other fluoride-containing compounds such as ammonium fluoride are combined with water. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluoride is also used non-systematically, to describe compounds which release fluoride upon dissolving. (wikipedia.org)
  • For compounds containing more than one fluoride per cation, the structures often deviate from those of the chlorides, as illustrated by the main fluoride mineral fluorite (CaF2) where the Ca2+ ions are surrounded by eight F− centers. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a letter to Ted Spence, DDS, the ADA stated, "There are three basic compounds commonly used for fluoridating drinking water supplies in the United States: sodium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, and hydrofluorosilicic acid. (drkaslow.com)
  • fluoride compounds. (bvsalud.org)
  • According to the article, ingested fluoride can form hydrofluoric acid in the stomach. (naturalnews.com)
  • A case of suicidal ingestion of 40 mL of a rust removal agent containing hydrofluoric acid and ammonium fluoride by a 33-year-old white male is presented. (fluoridealert.org)
  • When hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in water, it may be called hydrofluoric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrofluoric acid is a serious systemic poison. (cdc.gov)
  • Most hydrogen fluoride exposures occur by inhalation of the gas and dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • A unique feature of hydrofluoric acid exposure is its ability to cause significant systemic toxicity due to fluoride poisoning . (medscape.com)
  • Clinical significance of urinary fluoride levels in patients with hydrofluoric acid burns. (medscape.com)
  • This article is focused on acute toxicity: the results of ingesting a large amount of fluoride in a short period of time. (wikidoc.org)
  • Poisoning most commonly occurs following ingestion (accidental or intentional) of products that contain fluoride. (bionity.com)
  • Historically, most cases of fluoride poisoning have been caused by accidental ingestion of insecticides or rodenticides . (bionity.com)
  • According to an article published in Medscape , fluoride poisoning either by ingestion or other forms of exposure primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract. (naturalnews.com)
  • These may not ever effect you, but they do increase the risk of cancer after the ingestion of fluoride. (drkaslow.com)
  • Unlike medications that require informed consent before they're consumed, our daily dose of fluoride is received without benefit of information and warnings. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Since many diabetics drink more liquids than other people, then according to the Physicians Desk Reference these 11 million Americans probably shouldn't drink fluoridated water, because in doing so, they'll receive an excessive dose of fluoride. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • Health effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide exposure among structural fumigation workers. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the side effects of fluoride poisoning is gastro-intestinal inflammation as fluoride toxicity has a corrosive effect on the mucous membrane which line the gut [1] . (bionity.com)
  • No specific test for sulfuryl fluoride exposure is available. (cdc.gov)
  • A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for a sulfuryl fluoride exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
  • Fatalities resulting from sulfuryl fluoride exposure after home fumigation-Virginia. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on the surveillance case definition ( 2 ), FDOH determined that sulfuryl fluoride exposure was the most likely cause of illness among these five family members. (cdc.gov)
  • Vitamins, dietary supplements, and insecticides are also known sources of fluoride exposure. (naturalnews.com)
  • Newly discovered sources of fluoride exposure - remember fluoride in all its forms is cumulative. (curezone.org)
  • Often, patients exposed to low concentrations of hydrogen fluoride on the skin do not show effects or experience pain immediately. (cdc.gov)
  • Even fairly low airborne concentrations of hydrogen fluoride produce rapid onset of eye, nose, and throat irritation. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound that contains fluorine. (cdc.gov)
  • If you are near a release of fluorine or hydrogen fluoride, emergency coordinators may tell you either to evacuate the area or "shelter in place" inside a building to avoid being exposed to the chemical. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluoride (/ˈflʊəraɪd, ˈflɔːr-/) is an inorganic, monatomic anion of fluorine, with the chemical formula F− (also written [F]− ), whose salts are typically white or colorless. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Fluorine is estimated to be the 13th-most abundant element in Earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, entirely in the form of fluorides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Natural weathering of some kinds of rocks, as well as human activities, releases fluorides into the biosphere through what is sometimes called the fluorine cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • It also turns out that ingesting fluoride on a systemic level carries profound health risks. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • The National Research Council has determined that the systemic intake of fluoride can reduce bone strength, act as an endocrine disruptor affecting thyroid gland function, and cause brain damage. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • The fluoride ion, which penetrates tissues deeply, can cause both local cellular destruction and systemic toxicity and is readily absorbed through both intact and damaged skin. (cdc.gov)
  • How politics plays a role in looking the other way to ignore the systemic poisoning of our bodies. (chiropractor-irvine.com)
  • Systemic fluoride ion poisoning from severe burns may be associated with hypocalcemia , hyperkalemia , hypomagnesemia , and sudden death. (medscape.com)
  • The predominant manifestations of sulfuryl fluoride poisoning are respiratory irritation and neurologic symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • After excluding carbon monoxide and heavy metal poisoning, anoxic brain injury, and metabolic disorders, the treating physicians attributed his neurologic findings to sulfuryl fluoride poisoning, manifested by basal ganglia necrosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Today, many of us who have explored these faith claims have discovered exactly the opposite is true: dosing municipal water supplies with fluoride─a corrosive industrial waste acid─is not the best way to prevent dental caries, it also poses serious threats to human health, and ironically, can cause damage to children's teeth. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two mechanisms that cause tissue damage are corrosive burn from the free hydrogen ions and chemical burn from tissue penetration of the fluoride ions. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms of fluoride poisoning point towards some kind of profound metabolic dysfunction, very similar to the symptoms of hypothyroidism . (wikidoc.org)
  • As to the issue of whether fluoride may bring about hypothyroidism, where fluorides completes against iodine causing iodine to be somewhat borderline, I would imagine that to be only part of the problem. (earthclinic.com)
  • Do not confuse acute fluoride intoxication as many of the fluoride opponents scare you about with long term intake. (drkaslow.com)
  • Delayed fatal hyperkalemia in a patient with acute fluoride intoxication. (medscape.com)
  • Fluoride toxicity is characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms. (wikidoc.org)
  • Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to hydrogen fluoride. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluoride can damage the kidney s and liver, reduce the immune system, develop cancer, create fibromyalgia symptoms and transmit aluminum through blood barrier in the brain. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • Chronic toxicity, the result of ingesting small amounts of fluoride over a long period of time, results in dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Severe dental fluorosis and exostoses of etatarsal bones led to the discovery that mineral suppements containing up to 6300 ppm of fluoride and protein supplements containing up to 1088 ppm fluoride consumed by the cows were responsible for this epidemic. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Ingesting fluoride has been found to damage soft tissues (brain, kidneys, and endocrine system), as well as teeth (dental fluorosis) and bones (skeletal fluorosis). (truthseekerforum.com)
  • There is a high prevalence of fluoride exposure in the fingernails of the children studied, presenting risk of developing dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sixty percent of the hydrogen fluoride used in manufacturing is for processes to make refrigerants. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is also used for etching glass and metal. (cdc.gov)
  • In a natural disaster, you could be exposed to high levels of hydrogen fluoride when storage facilities or containers are damaged and the chemical is released. (cdc.gov)
  • You could be exposed to hydrogen fluoride if it is used as a chemical terrorism agent. (cdc.gov)
  • If you work in an occupation that uses hydrogen fluoride, you may be exposed to this chemical in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • You may be exposed to hydrogen fluoride as part of a hobby. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride goes easily and quickly through the skin and into the tissues in the body. (cdc.gov)
  • The seriousness of poisoning caused by hydrogen fluoride depends on the amount, route, and length of time of exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical condition of the person exposed. (cdc.gov)
  • Breathing hydrogen fluoride can damage lung tissue and cause swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema). (cdc.gov)
  • Skin contact with hydrogen fluoride may cause severe burns that develop after several hours and form skin ulcers. (cdc.gov)
  • Swallowing only a small amount of highly concentrated hydrogen fluoride will affect major internal organs and may be fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • Breathing in hydrogen fluoride at high levels or in combination with skin contact can cause death from an irregular heartbeat or from fluid buildup in the lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • Even small splashes of high-concentration hydrogen fluoride products on the skin can be fatal. (cdc.gov)
  • Skin contact with hydrogen fluoride may not cause immediate pain or visible skin damage(signs of exposure). (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to hydrogen fluoride can result in severe electrolyte problems. (cdc.gov)
  • People who survive after being severely injured by breathing in hydrogen fluoride may suffer lingering chronic lung disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Skin damage caused by concentrated hydrogen fluoride may take a long time to heal and may result in severe scarring. (cdc.gov)
  • Fingertip injuries from hydrogen fluoride may result in persistent pain, bone loss, and injury to the nail bed. (cdc.gov)
  • Eye exposure to hydrogen fluoride may cause prolonged or permanent visual defects, blindness, or total destruction of the eye. (cdc.gov)
  • Swallowing hydrogen fluoride can damage the esophagus and stomach. (cdc.gov)
  • First, if the hydrogen fluoride was released into the air, get fresh air by leaving the area where the chemical was released. (cdc.gov)
  • If the hydrogen fluoride release was outside, move away from the area where the chemical was released. (cdc.gov)
  • If the hydrogen fluoride release occurred indoors, get out of the building. (cdc.gov)
  • however, victims whose clothing or skin is contaminated with hydrogen fluoride liquid or solution can secondarily contaminate response personnel by direct contact or through off-gassing vapor. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless, fuming liquid or gas with a strong, irritating odor. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation hazards result not only from exposure to hydrogen fluoride gas, but also from fumes arising from concentrated hydrogen fluoride liquid. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride gas is lighter than air. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride has a strong irritating odor that is discernable at concentrations of about 0.04 ppm, which is considerably less than the OSHA PEL of 3 ppm. (cdc.gov)
  • Children exposed to the same levels of hydrogen fluoride as adults may receive larger doses because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased minute volumes:weight ratios. (cdc.gov)
  • Most hydrogen fluoride exposures occur by cutaneous contact with the aqueous solution. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is primarily an industrial raw material. (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is used in separating uranium isotopes, as a cracking catalyst in oil refineries, and for etching glass and enamel, removing rust, and cleaning brass and crystal. (cdc.gov)
  • Some consumer products that may contain hydrogen fluoride include automotive cleaning products (e.g., for aluminum and chrome), rust inhibitors, rust removers (e.g., for ceramic tubs, sinks, and fabrics), and water-spot removers. (cdc.gov)
  • Its salts and minerals are important chemical reagents and industrial chemicals, mainly used in the production of hydrogen fluoride for fluorocarbons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrogen fluoride is itself an example of a non-systematic name of this nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • It can combine with a proton ( H+): This neutralization reaction forms hydrogen fluoride (HF), the conjugate acid of fluoride. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is therefore a weak base, and tends to remain as the fluoride ion rather than generating a substantial amount of hydrogen fluoride. (wikipedia.org)
  • That is, the following equilibrium favours the left-hand side in water: However, upon prolonged contact with moisture, soluble fluoride salts will decompose to their respective hydroxides or oxides, as the hydrogen fluoride escapes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrogen fluoride reacts with metals and water or steam. (cdc.gov)
  • The noxious gases that could be encountered during the manufacture of fertilizer were hydrogen-fluoride (7664-39-3) and hydrogen-sulfide. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Hydrogen-fluoride and hydrogen-sulfide gases evolved during the production of phosphoric-acid since the phosphate rock contained both fluoride and sulfide. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Hexafluorosilicic acid releases hydrogen fluoride when evaporated, so it has similar risks. (projectavalon.net)
  • Like hydrogen fluoride, it attacks glass and stoneware. (projectavalon.net)
  • Note the mention of hydrogen fluoride there. (projectavalon.net)
  • People with kidney disease are especially susceptible, since they can't effectively excrete fluoride. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Tamarind that is available in some parts of Africa, Southeast Asia and India has been used to excrete fluoride by urinating. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • It was thought that adding fluoride to drinking water would help lower the rate of tooth decay. (thecompounder.com)
  • Adding fluoride to the water has never prevented tooth decay, it merely delays it, by provoking a genetic malfunction that causes teeth to erupt later than normal. (westonaprice.org)
  • The U.S. FDA classifies ingested fluoride for purposes of reducing tooth decay as an "unapproved" drug. (truthseekerforum.com)
  • After further research showed that one part per million of fluoride in drinking water reduced tooth decay with minimal risk of stained teeth, Grand Rapids, Michigan, became the first city to artificially fluoridate its water in 1945. (straightdope.com)
  • The capacity of waterborne fluoride to prevent tooth decay was recognized in the early 1900s in Colorado Springs, Colorado, when a dentist noted that many of his patients' teeth exhibited tooth discoloration (i.e. (cdc.gov)
  • However, an elevated fluoride concentration in the serum, hypocalcemia, and hyperkalemia might indicate that an exposure has occurred. (cdc.gov)
  • He underwent two rounds of hemodialysis to assist with fluoride ion removal, although documentation of his serum fluoride concentration was not found in the medical record. (cdc.gov)
  • Pest control operators are required to measure the level of sulfuryl fluoride remaining in each room of the fumigated space until all measurements are below the EPA approved concentration of 1 part per million or less before buildings are cleared for reentry. (cdc.gov)
  • High fluoride concentration is also noted in areas stretching from Turkey to China, encompassing several countries including Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan as well as India and northern Thailand. (naturalnews.com)
  • For comparison, chloride concentration in seawater is about 19 g/L. The low concentration of fluoride reflects the insolubility of the alkaline earth fluorides, e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mining can increase local fluoride levels Fluoride can be present in rain, with its concentration increasing significantly upon exposure to volcanic activity or atmospheric pollution derived from burning fossil fuels or other sorts of industry, particularly aluminium smelters. (wikipedia.org)
  • their alleged reason for mass-medicating water with sodium fluoride was to sterilize humans and force the people in their concentration camps into calm submission. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • None student was aware of the fluoride concentration used in Itajaí community water supply, and 77.01% of the students comprehend that the main mode of action of fluoride is topical and primary. (bvsalud.org)
  • To evaluate fluoride concentration in the fingernails of children as a biomarker for fluoride exposure. (bvsalud.org)
  • Their nails were cut at 15 and 45 days (two collections), and the fluoride concentration in the nails was analyzed with the ion-specific electrode (Orion 9409) after rapid diffusion with HDMS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fluoride is taken out of circulation by the body and trace amounts bound in bone. (bionity.com)
  • A recent Harvard University study has suggested a disturbing connection between osteosarcoma, a particularly serious form of bone cancer and fluoride intake. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Calcium fluoride is found in seawater and sources of underground water and it can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis which affect dental and bone matter. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • Superphosphate and its effect on bone fluoride concentrations in sheep. (fluoridealert.org)
  • In aqueous solution, fluoride has a pKb value of 10.8. (wikipedia.org)
  • I refuse to drink the water coming into my home because of the high level of fluoride that Norwich, New York spikes into my water! (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
  • However, additional studies have demonstrated that the oral health benefits are reduced if the optimal level of fluoride is not maintained (29-30). (cdc.gov)
  • The logic of dosing water with fluoride, even it were a safe substance, is patently absurd. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • True, these are overdoses and thus preventable with reasonable care, but you'll also find claims that long-term exposure to lesser amounts of fluoride can lead to skeletal and kidney damage, learning disabilities and brain disorders, thyroid problems, allergies, and birth defects including Down syndrome. (straightdope.com)
  • 1) If water may be added to food, the water-(a) must be of potable quality; and(b) may include the addition of fluoride to generally acceptedlevels by municipal authorities, or by contractorsto municipal authorities managing municipal watersupplies. (who.int)
  • In the National Medical Library, over 40 articles can be found on the toxicity of fluoride. (drkaslow.com)
  • The toxicity of fluoride has caused many countries to rethink allowing fluoride to be added to water. (drkaslow.com)
  • I'm referring to the health risks associated with exposure to fluoride , and what you can do to protect yourself from its debilitating effects on the brain. (naturalnews.com)
  • These industrial chemicals-fluorosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride, and sodium fluoride-used to dose municipal water are byproducts created in the manufacturing of phosphate-based fertilizers. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Any chemist will tell you that sodium silicofluoride and hydrofluorisilicic acid are not the same as the sodium fluoride we are all told about. (drkaslow.com)
  • Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993. (cdc.gov)
  • Added to arsenic levels deemed acceptable by the FDA in foods like rice, this poison is building up in our systems and can pose a real health threat. (mamavation.com)
  • Most filter devices do not effectively reduce fluoride and this is why I have to add a tiny pinch borax and eat apple often to reduce fluoride and aluminum problems. (earthclinic.com)
  • Water can be purified by distillation or reverse osmosis in communities that have fluoridated water to reduce fluoride toxicity. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • Can anyone recommend a good filter to remove fluoride from our water supply? (projectavalon.net)
  • Generally not successful with a non reverse osmosis system however you will see many claim that their cartridges will remove fluoride. (psifilters.com.au)
  • This is part truth and part deception as a cartridge that contains a resin will remove fluoride but the problem is that it will only do it for 20 to 100 litres at best. (psifilters.com.au)
  • The only reliable way to remove fluoride 98% is with Reverse Osmosis. (psifilters.com.au)
  • The depression of the serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) correlated with the increase in urinary fluoride, with the number of red blood cells, with the hemoglobin, serum cholesterol, calcium, glucose and albumin. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Urinary fluoride levels have been correlated with severity of burns. (medscape.com)
  • Sodium fluoride and calcium fluoride are the types of fluoride. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • Calcium is another mineral that inhibits the fluorides away from the teeth and bones. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • This calls for inclusion of calcium and magnesium in the health supplement during detoxification of fluoride. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • Consumption of iodine has medically proved to raise urine addition of sodium fluoride in the body as a calcium fluoride. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • Check up on the different forms of fluoride, some are quite harmless eg- calcium fluoride. (projectavalon.net)
  • Lastly there are naturally occuring fluorides such as calcium fluoride. (projectavalon.net)
  • Fluoride ions penetrate and form insoluble salts with calcium and magnesium. (medscape.com)
  • Following the discovery that populations where fluoride occurred naturally in the water suffered from fewer cavities, the professional dental community began lobbying for its inclusion in water supplies during the 1940s. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Fluoride is naturally present in groundwater, fresh and saltwater sources, as well as in rainwater, particularly in urban areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • After peering into the mouths of nearly 3,000 kids in the area and finding that 87 percent had stained teeth, McKay and colleagues went on to establish that (a) such teeth were unusually resistant to serious cavities and (b) the cause of both phenomena was the naturally high fluoride level in the local water supply. (straightdope.com)
  • The main purpose of this page is to demonstrate that fluorides ARE pharmacological chemicals, and dangerous, contrary to statements by some members of the dental industry. (fluoridationqueensland.com)
  • While many public systems add chemicals to sanitize and deodorize water, fluoride is the only substance that's added in the guise of a medication. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • Carbon cartridges are extremely good at removing substances like Chlorine, pesticides, lead and chemicals but not copper or fluoride. (psifilters.com.au)
  • Big Corporations want big profits, while the government prefers a more docile citizenry through fluoride doses to mitigate dissent. (eclinik.net)
  • Bottle-fed infants receive the highest doses of fluoride as they rely solely on liquids for food, combined with their small size. (truthseekerforum.com)
  • Fluoride in small amount is beneficial to teeth see Fluoride therapy . (bionity.com)
  • Is there a maximum number of teeth brushing per day without having fluoride poisoning? (gansipur.com)
  • Anyone who feels the need for treating teeth with fluoride can do so easily through the purchase of toothpastes and mouthwashes that contain the chemical. (drdeborahmd.com)
  • In fact, The Lancet has officially classified fluoride as a neurotoxin. (naturalnews.com)
  • But new science has upended this assumption, revealing that fluoride is a developmental neurotoxin and an endocrine disruptor. (millionairejack.com)
  • The article also noted that severe fluoride toxicity may lead to multi-organ failure, central vasomotor, and even death. (naturalnews.com)
  • Its severe and sometimes delayed health effects are due to deep tissue penetration by the fluoride ion. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluoride causes some severe chronic and health complications to the body. (homeremedieslog.com)
  • I think it would be stronger if they would have presented the levels of fluoride found that caused osteosarcoma and liver cancer in rats. (topdocumentaryfilms.com)
  • Quantitation of fluoride was performed using an ion-selective electrode for the anion. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Typically the fluoride anion is surrounded by four or six cations, as is typical for other halides. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some countries have made fluoridated salt available, so that people who want to ingest fluoride still have the option. (thecompounder.com)
  • However, they have stopped forcing millions of people to ingest fluoride through their drinking water. (thecompounder.com)
  • Based on the autopsy findings, patient history, toxicology results, and previously reported data the forensic pathologists ruled that the cause of death was due to a fluoride poisoning, and the manner of death was listed as suicide. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Our goal is to help professionals and the public to keep up with the most recent findings on fluorides as well as some previous science that has been overlooked or has been classified. (fluoridationqueensland.com)
  • These conditions are seen in areas where there is natural fluoride in the drinking water at levels above that added in public water supplies in the United States. (wikidoc.org)
  • Seawater fluoride levels are usually in the range of 0.86 to 1.4 mg/L, and average 1.1 mg/L (milligrams per litre). (wikipedia.org)
  • in general levels rarely exceed 10 mg/litre In parts of Asia the groundwater can contain dangerously high levels of fluoride, leading to serious health problems. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, mature leaves contain as much as 10 to 20 times the fluoride levels of young leaves from the same plant. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gas fumigant, used to kill insects and rodents in food processing warehouses, leaves extremely high levels of fluoride residue "in or on" stored foods. (truthseekerforum.com)
  • It was a transversal descriptive study that gathered primary data through a semi-structured questionnaire, approaching the students' knowledge about the fluoride application methods, the recommendations and the fluoride concentrations of products used in the clinical routine, as well as the fluoride levels to which the patients are already exposed to. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biomarkers indicate levels of a particular chemical agent in the environment studied, which may be useful for monitoring health status, and nails may be major indicators of fluoride. (bvsalud.org)
  • Implementation of these recommendations should contribute to the achievement of continuous levels of optimally fluoridated drinking water for the U.S. population, minimize potential fluoride overfeeds (i.e., any fluoride level that is greater than the recommended control range of the water system), and contribute to the safe operation of all fluoridated water systems. (cdc.gov)
  • Yesterday I stumbled across an article on mercola.com which told of all the dangers of fluoride in tea! (earthclinic.com)
  • See the dangers of Fluoride in the article 'Safe as Houses' click here . (canceractive.com)
  • Apparently the dietitians are to teach us that any connection between artificial colors and neurotoxicity, or fears of the dangers of fluoride, are imaginary and come from hysterical (or at least unduly concerned) parents. (anh-usa.org)
  • Sulfuryl fluoride poisoning usually occurs after inhalational exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Consequently, fluoride ions release, and further tissue destruction occurs. (medscape.com)
  • Lecithin is a type of iodine recommended for removing fluorides in the body. (homeremedieslog.com)