Distortion or disfigurement of the foot, or a part of the foot, acquired through disease or injury after birth.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot occurring at or before birth.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
A condition in which one or more of the arches of the foot have flattened out.
A deformed foot in which the foot is plantarflexed, inverted and adducted.
Plantar declination of the foot.
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.
The forepart of the foot including the metatarsals and the TOES.
Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
The part of the foot between the tarsa and the TOES.
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.
A condition characterized by a series of interrelated digital symptoms and joint changes of the lesser digits and METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS of the FOOT. The syndrome can include some or all of the following conditions: hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, overlapping fifth toe, curly toe, EXOSTOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; interdigital heloma, or contracted toe.
A bone fixation technique using an external fixator (FIXATORS, EXTERNAL) for lengthening limbs, correcting pseudarthroses and other deformities, and assisting the healing of otherwise hopeless traumatic or pathological fractures and infections, such as chronic osteomyelitis. The method was devised by the Russian orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (1921-1992). (From Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1992 Summer;52(1):1)
A bony proliferation and articular degeneration of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT that is characterized by pain and a progressive decrease in the dorsiflexion range of motion.
Deformities acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease. The joint deformity is often associated with rheumatoid arthritis and leprosy.
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the hand occurring at or before birth.
Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus.
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.
The five long bones of the METATARSUS, articulating with the TARSAL BONES proximally and the PHALANGES OF TOES distally.
Surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. The tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease.
The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.
Bone lengthening by gradual mechanical distraction. An external fixation device produces the distraction across the bone plate. The technique was originally applied to long bones but in recent years the method has been adapted for use with mandibular implants in maxillofacial surgery.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Deformities of the hand, or a part of the hand, acquired after birth as the result of injury or disease.
A condition characterized by a broad range of progressive disorders ranging from TENOSYNOVITIS to tendon rupture with or without hindfoot collapse to a fixed, rigid, FLATFOOT deformity. Pathologic changes can involve associated tendons, ligaments, joint structures of the ANKLE, hindfoot, and midfoot. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot deformity in adults.
Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body.
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
Abnormalities of the nose acquired after birth from injury or disease.
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
The articulations extending from the ANKLE distally to the TOES. These include the ANKLE JOINT; TARSAL JOINTS; METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT; and TOE JOINT.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or bunion formation over the bony prominence.
Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.
A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.
Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.
Developmental bone diseases are a category of skeletal disorders that arise from disturbances in the normal growth and development of bones, including abnormalities in size, shape, structure, or composition, which can lead to various musculoskeletal impairments and deformities.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
'Shoes' are not a medical term, but an item of footwear designed to provide protection, support, and comfort to the feet during various activities, although ill-fitting or inappropriate shoes can contribute to various foot conditions such as blisters, corns, calluses, and orthopedic issues.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.
Distortion or disfigurement of the ear caused by disease or injury after birth.
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.
The articulation between a metatarsal bone (METATARSAL BONES) and a phalanx.
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.
Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.
An inward slant of the thigh in which the knees are close together and the ankles far apart. Genu valgum can develop due to skeletal and joint dysplasias (e.g., OSTEOARTHRITIS; HURLER SYNDROME); and malnutrition (e.g., RICKETS; FLUORIDE POISONING).
Rigid or flexible appliances used to maintain in position a displaced or movable part or to keep in place and protect an injured part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward. When referring to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body).
Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
The innermost digit of the foot in PRIMATES.
Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.
The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Congenital convex pes valgus. (1/191)

Congenital convex pes valgus (congenital vertical talus) is a rare condition. We reviewed ten feet in seven patients who had had surgical correction. All had been operated on by the senior author (JF) and the same surgical technique was used throughout, incorporating transfer of the tibialis anterior to the neck of the talus. The mean age at surgery was 31 months and the mean follow-up was nine years (6 to 14). All patients completed a questionnaire and had clinical, radiological and photographic evaluation performed by an independent examiner. None had required further surgery. All but one were satisfied with the result, and had no functional limitations. They all wore normal shoes. The mean ankle dorsiflexion was 17 degrees and plantar flexion 21 degrees. The mean arc of subtalar motion was 27 degrees. All radiological parameters measured were within the normal range, although irregularity of the talonavicular joint was common. No avascular necrosis of the body of the talus was seen. We conclude that the medium-term results of this procedure are very satisfactory.  (+info)

Fine mapping of the split-hand/split-foot locus (SHFM3) at 10q24: evidence for anticipation and segregation distortion. (2/191)

Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM, ectrodactyly, or lobster-claw deformity) is a human limb malformation characterized by aberrant development of central digital rays with absence of fingers and toes, a deep median cleft, and fusion of remaining digits. SHFM is clinically heterogeneous, presenting both in an isolated form and in combination with additional abnormalities affecting the tibia and/or other organ systems, including the genitourinary, craniofacial, and ectodermal structures. Three SHFM disease loci have been genetically mapped to chromosomes 7q21 (SHFM1), Xq26 (SHFM2), and 10q24 (SHFM3). We mapped data from a large Turkish family with isolated SHFM to chromosome 10q24 and have narrowed the SHFM3 region from 9 cM to an approximately 2-cM critical interval between genetic markers D10S1147 and D10S1240. In several instances we found evidence for a more severe phenotype in offspring of a mildly affected parent, suggesting anticipation. Finally, data from this family, combined with those from six other pedigrees, mapped to 10q24, demonstrate biased transmission of SHFM3 alleles from affected fathers to offspring. The degree of this segregation distortion is obvious in male offspring and is possibly of the same magnitude for female offspring.  (+info)

Musculoskeletal conditions in children attending two Togolese hospitals. (3/191)

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study was conducted in order to point out the different kinds of musculoskeletal conditions observed in children attending two Togolese hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 434 (242 females, 192 males) of the 29 620 children examined (1.5%) were suffering from these conditions. Probable joint and bone infections (187 patients, 43%), limb deformities (106 patients, 24%), osteochondrosis (60 patients, 14%) and vaso-occlusive crisis due to haemoglobinopathies (29 patients, 7%) were the main conditions observed. Osteomyelitis observed in 128 patients affected the humerus (25 patients), radius (10 patients), femur (68 patients), tibia (15 patients), fibula (five patients), and both tibia and fibula (five patients). Probably, infectious arthritis seen in 30 patients affected mainly the hip (11 patients) and the knee (13 patients). In the spine, infection affected the midthoracic and upper lumbar areas. Underdevelopment, sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell haemoglobin C disease were the main risk factors in determining susceptibility to infections. Vaso-occlusive crises were due to sickle cell anaemia (11 patients) and sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (18 patients). Osteochondrosis seen in 60 patients free from haemoglobinopathy involved the spine (Scheuermann's disease, 38 patients) and the hip (Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, 22 patients). Limb deformities were observed in the knee (varus and valgus deformities in 64 patients) and the foot (talipes varus equin in 40 patients). CONCLUSION: This study's findings, which require further confirmation, suggest some conclusions. Scheuermann's disease can explain in part the degenerative disc conditions observed in African adults. Valgus and varus deformities play an important role in the development of knee osteoarthritis in Black Africa. An African child with joint or bone pain should be investigated for sickle cell anaemia. In the future, improved lifestyle and better health care will be essential to reduce bone and joint infections, and allow refined diagnosis of connective tissue diseases now probably underestimated in African children.  (+info)

Heterozygous germline mutations in the p53 homolog p63 are the cause of EEC syndrome. (4/191)

EEC syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial clefts. We have mapped the genetic defect in several EEC syndrome families to a region of chromosome 3q27 previously implicated in the EEC-like disorder, limb mammary syndrome (LMS). Analysis of the p63 gene, a homolog of p53 located in the critical LMS/EEC interval, revealed heterozygous mutations in nine unrelated EEC families. Eight mutations result in amino acid substitutions that are predicted to abolish the DNA binding capacity of p63. The ninth is a frameshift mutation that affects the p63alpha, but not p63beta and p63gamma isotypes. Transactivation studies with these mutant p63 isotypes provide a molecular explanation for the dominant character of p63 mutations in EEC syndrome.  (+info)

Club foot, an adverse outcome of early amniocentesis: disruption or deformation? CEMAT. Canadian Early and Mid-Trimester Amniocentesis Trial. (5/191)

An association between the occurrence of club foot and early amniocentesis has been reported. The largest of these randomised studies was the Canadian Early and Mid-Trimester Amniocentesis Trial. Data describing the neonatal outcome, focusing on this association, are presented. Possible mechanisms for the association and the implications for the development of club foot are discussed.  (+info)

Novel HOXA13 mutations and the phenotypic spectrum of hand-foot-genital syndrome. (6/191)

Hand-foot-genital syndrome (HFGS) is a rare, dominantly inherited condition affecting the distal limbs and genitourinary tract. A nonsense mutation in the homeobox of HOXA13 has been identified in one affected family, making HFGS the second human syndrome shown to be caused by a HOX gene mutation. We have therefore examined HOXA13 in two new and four previously reported families with features of HFGS. In families 1, 2, and 3, nonsense mutations truncating the encoded protein N-terminal to or within the homeodomain produce typical limb and genitourinary abnormalities; in family 4, an expansion of an N-terminal polyalanine tract produces a similar phenotype; in family 5, a missense mutation, which alters an invariant domain, produces an exceptionally severe limb phenotype; and in family 6, in which limb abnormalities were atypical, no HOXA13 mutation could be detected. Mutations in HOXA13 can therefore cause more-severe limb abnormalities than previously suspected and may act by more than one mechanism.  (+info)

Split-hand/split-foot malformation is caused by mutations in the p63 gene on 3q27. (7/191)

Split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM), a limb malformation involving the central rays of the autopod and presenting with syndactyly, median clefts of the hands and feet, and aplasia and/or hypoplasia of the phalanges, metacarpals, and metatarsals, is phenotypically analogous to the naturally occurring murine Dactylaplasia mutant (Dac). Results of recent studies have shown that, in heterozygous Dac embryos, the central segment of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) degenerates, leaving the anterior and posterior segments intact; this finding suggests that localized failure of ridge maintenance activity is the fundamental developmental defect in Dac and, by inference, in SHFM. Results of gene-targeting studies have demonstrated that p63, a homologue of the cell-cycle regulator TP53, plays a critically important role in regulation of the formation and differentiation of the AER. Two missense mutations, 724A-->G, which predicts amino acid substitution K194E, and 982T-->C, which predicts amino acid substitution R280C, were identified in exons 5 and 7, respectively, of the p63 gene in two families with SHFM. Two additional mutations (279R-->H and 304R-->Q) were identified in families with EEC (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial cleft) syndrome. All four mutations are found in exons that fall within the DNA-binding domain of p63. The two amino acids mutated in the families with SHFM appear to be primarily involved in maintenance of the overall structure of the domain, in contrast to the p63 mutations responsible for EEC syndrome, which reside in amino acid residues that directly interact with the DNA.  (+info)

Delineation of a complex karyotypic rearrangement by microdissection and CGH in a family affected with split foot. (8/191)

We report on a male patient and members of his family with additional material in chromosome 3. This derivative chromosome 3 was transmitted from his mother who had a complex rearrangement between chromosomes 2, 3, and 7. It was possible to delineate her chromosomal rearrangement by microdissection and reverse painting and to exclude these aberrations from being responsible for neonatal deaths and several abortions in this family. Two members of this family suffer from ectrodactyly or split hand/foot malformations (SHFM) of the feet which possibly correlates with the derivative chromosome 7 containing a breakpoint in the SHFM1 critical region involving several homeobox genes.  (+info)

Acquired foot deformities refer to structural abnormalities of the foot that develop after birth, as opposed to congenital foot deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, neurological conditions, or complications from a medical condition like diabetes or arthritis.

Examples of acquired foot deformities include:

1. Hammertoe - A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Claw toe - A more severe form of hammertoe where the toe also curls under, forming a claw-like shape.
3. Mallet toe - A condition where the end joint of a toe is bent downward, causing it to resemble a mallet.
4. Bunions - A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint, often causing pain and difficulty wearing shoes.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette) - A similar condition to a bunion, but it occurs on the outside of the foot near the little toe joint.
6. Charcot foot - A severe deformity that can occur in people with diabetes or other neurological conditions, characterized by the collapse and dislocation of joints in the foot.
7. Cavus foot - A condition where the arch of the foot is excessively high, causing instability and increasing the risk of ankle injuries.
8. Flatfoot (pes planus) - A deformity where the arch of the foot collapses, leading to pain and difficulty walking.
9. Pronation deformities - Abnormal rotation or tilting of the foot, often causing instability and increasing the risk of injury.

Treatment for acquired foot deformities varies depending on the severity and underlying cause but may include orthotics, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.

Congenital foot deformities refer to abnormal structural changes in the foot that are present at birth. These deformities can vary from mild to severe and may affect the shape, position, or function of one or both feet. Common examples include clubfoot (talipes equinovarus), congenital vertical talus, and cavus foot. Congenital foot deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during fetal development, or a combination of both. Treatment options may include stretching, casting, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and type of the deformity.

Foot deformities refer to abnormal changes in the structure and/or alignment of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, or tendons in the foot, leading to a deviation from the normal shape and function of the foot. These deformities can occur in various parts of the foot, such as the toes, arch, heel, or ankle, and can result in pain, difficulty walking, and reduced mobility. Some common examples of foot deformities include:

1. Hammertoes: A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Mallet toes: A condition where the end joint of the toe is bent downward, creating a mallet-like shape.
3. Claw toes: A combination of both hammertoes and mallet toes, causing all three joints in the toe to bend abnormally.
4. Bunions: A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the base of the big toe, caused by the misalignment of the big toe joint.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette): A similar condition to a bunion but occurring on the outside of the foot, at the base of the little toe.
6. Flat feet (pes planus): A condition where the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole of the foot to come into contact with the ground when standing or walking.
7. High arches (pes cavus): An excessively high arch that doesn't provide enough shock absorption and can lead to pain and instability.
8. Cavus foot: A condition characterized by a very high arch and tight heel cord, often leading to an imbalance in the foot structure and increased risk of ankle injuries.
9. Haglund's deformity: A bony enlargement on the back of the heel, which can cause pain and irritation when wearing shoes.
10. Charcot foot: A severe deformity that occurs due to nerve damage in the foot, leading to weakened bones, joint dislocations, and foot collapse.

Foot deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life) due to various factors such as injury, illness, poor footwear, or abnormal biomechanics. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and management are essential for maintaining foot health and preventing further complications.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

Medical professionals define "flatfoot" or "pes planus" as a postural deformity in which the arch of the foot collapses, leading to the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. This condition can be classified as flexible (the arch reappears when the foot is not bearing weight) or rigid (the arch does not reappear). Flatfoot can result from various factors such as genetics, injury, aging, or certain medical conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and cerebral palsy. In some cases, flatfoot may not cause any symptoms or problems; however, in other instances, it can lead to pain, discomfort, or difficulty walking. Treatment options for flatfoot depend on the severity of the condition and associated symptoms and may include physical therapy, orthotics, bracing, or surgery.

Clubfoot, also known as talipes equinovarus, is a congenital foot deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward. The affected foot appears to be turned inward and downward, resembling a club or a bowling pin. This condition usually affects one foot but can occur in both feet as well.

The cause of clubfoot is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Clubfoot is often diagnosed at birth or during routine prenatal ultrasound exams. Treatment for clubfoot typically involves nonsurgical methods such as stretching, casting, and bracing to gradually correct the position of the foot over time. In some cases, surgery may be required to release tight tendons and realign the bones in the foot and ankle.

If left untreated, clubfoot can lead to significant mobility issues and difficulty walking or participating in activities. However, with early intervention and consistent treatment, most children with clubfoot are able to lead active and normal lives.

Equinus deformity is a condition in which the ankle remains in a permanently plantarflexed position, meaning that the toes are pointing downward. This limitation in motion can occur in one or both feet and can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired. Acquired equinus deformity can result from conditions such as cerebral palsy, stroke, trauma, or prolonged immobilization. The limited range of motion in the ankle can cause difficulty walking, pain, and abnormalities in gait. Treatment options for equinus deformity may include physical therapy, bracing, orthotic devices, or surgery.

Foot diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the foot, including its structures such as the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These conditions can cause symptoms like pain, swelling, numbness, difficulty walking, and skin changes. Examples of foot diseases include:

1. Plantar fasciitis: inflammation of the band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes.
2. Bunions: a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe.
3. Hammertoe: a deformity in which the toe is bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
4. Diabetic foot: a group of conditions that can occur in people with diabetes, including nerve damage, poor circulation, and increased risk of infection.
5. Athlete's foot: a fungal infection that affects the skin between the toes and on the soles of the feet.
6. Ingrown toenails: a condition where the corner or side of a toenail grows into the flesh of the toe.
7. Gout: a type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints, often starting with the big toe.
8. Foot ulcers: open sores or wounds that can occur on the feet, especially in people with diabetes or poor circulation.
9. Morton's neuroma: a thickening of the tissue around a nerve between the toes, causing pain and numbness.
10. Osteoarthritis: wear and tear of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Foot diseases can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and some may be prevented or managed with proper foot care, hygiene, and appropriate medical treatment.

The forefoot is the front part of the human foot that contains the toes and the associated bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. It is made up of five long bones called metatarsals and fourteen phalanges, which are the bones in the toes. The forefoot plays a crucial role in weight-bearing, balance, and propulsion during walking and running. The joints in the forefoot allow for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the toes, enabling us to maintain our footing on various surfaces and adapt to different terrain.

Neurogenic arthropathy is a joint disease that occurs as a result of nerve damage or dysfunction. Also known as Charcot joint, this condition is characterized by joint destruction and deformity due to the loss of sensation and proprioception, which normally help protect the joint from excessive stress and injury.

Neurogenic arthropathy often affects people with diabetes, syphilis, leprosy, spinal cord injuries, or other conditions that damage nerves. The damage impairs the ability to feel pain, temperature, and position, making it difficult for individuals to notice or respond to joint injuries. Over time, this can lead to joint degeneration, fractures, dislocations, and severe deformities if left untreated.

Treatment typically involves managing the underlying nerve condition, immobilizing the affected joint with a brace or cast, and in some cases, surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged joints. Regular exercise, physical therapy, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

The tarsal bones are a group of seven articulating bones in the foot that make up the posterior portion of the foot, located between the talus bone of the leg and the metatarsal bones of the forefoot. They play a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement.

There are three categories of tarsal bones:

1. Proximal row: This includes the talus, calcaneus (heel bone), and navicular bones. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, while the calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel. The navicular bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones.

2. Intermediate row: This includes the cuboid bone, which is located laterally (on the outside) to the navicular bone and articulates with the calcaneus, fourth and fifth metatarsals, and the cuneiform bones.

3. Distal row: This includes three cuneiform bones - the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms - which are located between the navicular bone proximally and the first, second, and third metatarsal bones distally. The medial cuneiform is the largest of the three and articulates with the navicular bone, first metatarsal, and the intermediate cuneiform. The intermediate cuneiform articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiforms and the second metatarsal. The lateral cuneiform articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, and fourth metatarsal.

Together, these bones form a complex network of joints that allow for movement and stability in the foot. Injuries or disorders affecting the tarsal bones can result in pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking.

The metatarsus is the region in the foot between the tarsal bones (which form the hindfoot and midfoot) and the phalanges (toes). It consists of five long bones called the metatarsals, which articulate with the tarsal bones proximally and the phalanges distally. The metatarsus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing, support, and propulsion during walking and running. Any abnormalities or injuries to this region may result in various foot conditions, such as metatarsalgia, Morton's neuroma, or hammertoes.

The term "diabetic foot" refers to a condition that affects the feet of people with diabetes, particularly when the disease is not well-controlled. It is characterized by a combination of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation (peripheral artery disease) in the feet and lower legs.

Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet, making it difficult for people with diabetes to feel injuries, cuts, blisters, or other foot problems. Poor circulation makes it harder for wounds to heal and increases the risk of infection.

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy and can lead to serious infections, hospitalization, and even amputation if not treated promptly and effectively. Preventive care, including regular foot exams, proper footwear, and good blood glucose control, is essential for people with diabetes to prevent or manage diabetic foot problems.

Hammertoe syndrome, also known as hammer toe, is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth smaller toes where they become permanently bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer. This condition can cause pain and difficulty walking, especially when wearing shoes that rub against the raised portion of the toe. Hammertoe syndrome can be caused by factors such as inherited foot type, arthritis, and muscle imbalance, and it can also result from wearing narrow or ill-fitting shoes for extended periods. Treatment options may include changes in footwear, orthotics, physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery.

The Ilizarov technique is a surgical method used for limb lengthening and reconstruction. It involves the use of an external fixation device, which consists of rings connected by adjustable rods and wires that are attached to the bone. This apparatus allows for gradual distraction (slow, steady stretching) of the bone, allowing new bone tissue to grow in the gap created by the distraction. The Ilizarov technique can be used to treat various conditions such as limb length discrepancies, bone deformities, and nonunions (failed healing of a fracture). It is named after its developer, Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov, a Soviet orthopedic surgeon.

Hallux limitus is a degenerative condition that affects the joint at the base of the big toe, also known as the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. It is characterized by stiffness and limited range of motion in the big toe, which can make it difficult to walk or participate in activities that require pushing off with the toes.

In hallux limitus, the cartilage in the MTP joint gradually wears away, leading to bone-on-bone contact and the formation of bone spurs. This can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joint. The condition is often caused by structural abnormalities, such as a long or elevated first metatarsal bone, or biomechanical issues that put excessive pressure on the MTP joint.

Hallux limitus can be treated with conservative measures such as shoe modifications, orthotics, physical therapy, and pain-relieving medications. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve symptoms and restore mobility to the joint.

Acquired joint deformities refer to structural changes in the alignment and shape of a joint that develop after birth, due to various causes such as injury, disease, or wear and tear. These deformities can affect the function and mobility of the joint, causing pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Examples of conditions that can lead to acquired joint deformities include arthritis, infection, trauma, and nerve damage. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the deformity and alleviate symptoms.

Congenital hand deformities refer to physical abnormalities or malformations of the hand, wrist, and/or digits (fingers) that are present at birth. These deformities can result from genetic factors, environmental influences during pregnancy, or a combination of both. They may affect the bones, muscles, tendons, joints, and other structures in the hand, leading to varying degrees of impairment in function and appearance.

There are numerous types of congenital hand deformities, some of which include:

1. Polydactyly: The presence of extra digits on the hand, which can be fully formed or rudimentary.
2. Syndactyly: Webbing or fusion of two or more fingers, which may involve soft tissue only or bone as well.
3. Clinodactyly: A curved finger due to a sideways deviation of the fingertip, often affecting the little finger.
4. Camptodactyly: Permanent flexion or bending of one or more fingers, typically involving the proximal interphalangeal joint.
5. Trigger Finger/Thumb: A condition where a finger or thumb becomes locked in a bent position due to thickening and narrowing of the tendon sheath.
6. Radial Club Hand (Radial Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the radius bone, resulting in a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
7. Ulnar Club Hand (Ulnar Ray Deficiency): Underdevelopment or absence of the ulna bone, leading to a short, curved forearm and hand deformity.
8. Cleidocranial Dysplasia: A genetic disorder affecting bone growth, resulting in underdeveloped or absent collarbones, dental abnormalities, and occasionally hand deformities.
9. Apert Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder characterized by the fusion of fingers and toes (syndactyly) and other skeletal abnormalities.
10. Holt-Oram Syndrome: A genetic disorder involving heart defects and upper limb deformities, such as radial ray deficiency or thumb anomalies.

Treatment for hand deformities varies depending on the specific condition and severity. Options may include physical therapy, bracing, splinting, medications, or surgical intervention.

The subtalar joint is a joint in the foot that is located between the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones. It is called a "joint" because it allows for movement, specifically inversion and eversion, which are the movements that allow the foot to roll inward or outward. The subtalar joint plays an essential role in the biomechanics of the foot and ankle, helping to absorb shock during walking and running, and contributing to the stability of the foot during standing and walking. Issues with the subtalar joint can lead to various foot and ankle problems, such as flatfoot or chronic ankle instability.

A foot ulcer is a wound or sore on the foot that occurs most commonly in people with diabetes, but can also affect other individuals with poor circulation or nerve damage. These ulcers can be challenging to heal and are prone to infection, making it essential for individuals with foot ulcers to seek medical attention promptly.

Foot ulcers typically develop due to prolonged pressure on bony prominences of the foot, leading to breakdown of the skin and underlying tissues. The development of foot ulcers can be attributed to several factors, including:

1. Neuropathy (nerve damage): This condition causes a loss of sensation in the feet, making it difficult for individuals to feel pain or discomfort associated with pressure points, leading to the formation of ulcers.
2. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Reduced blood flow to the lower extremities can impair wound healing and make the body more susceptible to infection.
3. Deformities: Structural foot abnormalities, such as bunions or hammertoes, can cause increased pressure on specific areas of the foot, increasing the risk of ulcer formation.
4. Poorly fitting shoes: Shoes that are too tight, narrow, or ill-fitting can create friction and pressure points, contributing to the development of foot ulcers.
5. Trauma: Injuries or trauma to the feet can lead to the formation of ulcers, particularly in individuals with neuropathy who may not feel the initial pain associated with the injury.
6. Foot care neglect: Failure to inspect and care for the feet regularly can result in undetected wounds or sores that progress into ulcers.

Foot ulcers are classified based on their depth, severity, and extent of tissue involvement. Proper assessment, treatment, and prevention strategies are crucial in managing foot ulcers and minimizing the risk of complications such as infection, gangrene, and amputation.

The metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot that connect the tarsal bones in the hindfoot to the phalanges in the forefoot. They are located between the tarsal and phalangeal bones and are responsible for forming the arch of the foot and transmitting weight-bearing forces during walking and running. The metatarsal bones are numbered 1 to 5, with the first metatarsal being the shortest and thickest, and the fifth metatarsal being the longest and thinnest. Each metatarsal bone has a base, shaft, and head, and they articulate with each other and with the surrounding bones through joints. Any injury or disorder affecting the metatarsal bones can cause pain and difficulty in walking or standing.

A tendon transfer is a surgical procedure where a healthy tendon is moved to rebalance or reinforce a muscle that has become weak or paralyzed due to injury, disease, or nerve damage. The transferred tendon attaches to the bone in a new position, allowing it to power a different movement or stabilize a joint. This procedure helps restore function and improve mobility in the affected area.

The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone in the human foot, and it is commonly known as the heel bone. It articulates with the cuboid bone anteriorly, the talus bone superiorly, and several tendons and ligaments that help to form the posterior portion of the foot's skeletal structure. The calcaneus plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement, as it forms the lower part of the leg's ankle joint and helps to absorb shock during walking or running.

Osteogenesis, distraction refers to a surgical procedure and controlled rehabilitation process used in orthopedic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and neurosurgery to lengthen bones or correct bone deformities. The term "osteogenesis" means bone formation, while "distraction" refers to the gradual separation of bone segments.

In this procedure, a surgeon first cuts the bone (osteotomy) and then applies an external or internal distraction device that slowly moves apart the cut ends of the bone. Over time, new bone forms in the gap between the separated bone segments through a process called distraction osteogenesis. This results in increased bone length or correction of deformities.

Distraction osteogenesis is often used to treat various conditions such as limb length discrepancies, craniofacial deformities, and spinal deformities. The procedure requires careful planning, precise surgical technique, and close postoperative management to ensure optimal outcomes.

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.

Acquired hand deformities refer to structural changes in the hand or fingers that occur after birth, as a result of injury, illness, or other external factors. These deformities can affect any part of the hand, including the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. Common causes of acquired hand deformities include trauma, infection, degenerative diseases such as arthritis, tumors, and neurological conditions.

The symptoms of acquired hand deformities can vary depending on the severity and location of the deformity. They may include pain, stiffness, swelling, decreased range of motion, loss of function, and changes in appearance. Treatment for acquired hand deformities may involve a combination of medical interventions, such as medication, physical therapy, or splinting, as well as surgical procedures to correct the underlying structural problem. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms, improve function, and restore normal appearance and movement to the hand.

Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD) is a condition that affects the posterior tibial tendon, which runs along the inside of the ankle and helps to support the arch of the foot. In PTTD, the tendon becomes inflamed, stretched or torn, leading to instability and sometimes flatfoot deformity.

The medical definition of PTTD is:

A progressive degenerative condition of the posterior tibial tendon, resulting in loss of its function as a stabilizer and support for the arch of the foot. This can lead to acquired flatfoot deformity, characterized by pain, swelling, and weakness along the inside of the ankle and foot. In advanced stages, the condition may cause difficulty walking or standing for prolonged periods, and may require surgical intervention.

Orthotic devices are custom-made or prefabricated appliances designed to align, support, prevent deformity, or improve the function of movable body parts. They are frequently used in the treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as foot and ankle conditions, knee problems, spinal alignment issues, and hand or wrist ailments. These devices can be adjustable or non-adjustable and are typically made from materials like plastic, metal, leather, or fabric. They work by redistributing forces across joints, correcting alignment, preventing unwanted movements, or accommodating existing deformities. Examples of orthotic devices include ankle-foot orthoses, knee braces, back braces, wrist splints, and custom-made foot insoles.

Diabetic neuropathies refer to a group of nerve disorders that are caused by diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathies most commonly affect the nerves in the legs and feet.

There are four main types of diabetic neuropathies:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. It affects the nerves in the legs and feet, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain.
2. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects the autonomic nerves, which control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function. Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty regulating body temperature.
3. Proximal neuropathy: Also known as diabetic amyotrophy, this type of neuropathy affects the nerves in the hips, thighs, or buttocks, causing weakness, pain, and difficulty walking.
4. Focal neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects a single nerve or group of nerves, causing symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or pain in the affected area. Focal neuropathies can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the head, torso, and legs.

The risk of developing diabetic neuropathies increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Other factors that may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathies include genetics, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Acquired nose deformities refer to structural changes or abnormalities in the shape of the nose that occur after birth, as opposed to congenital deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, tumors, or surgical procedures. Depending on the severity and cause of the deformity, it may affect both the aesthetic appearance and functionality of the nose, potentially causing difficulty in breathing, sinus problems, or sleep apnea. Treatment options for acquired nose deformities may include minimally invasive procedures, such as fillers or laser surgery, or more extensive surgical interventions, such as rhinoplasty or septoplasty, to restore both form and function to the nose.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited disorders that cause nerve damage, primarily affecting the peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that transmit signals between the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. CMT affects both motor and sensory nerves, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy, as well as numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.

The disease is named after the three physicians who first described it: Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Marie, and Howard Henry Tooth. CMT is characterized by its progressive nature, meaning symptoms typically worsen over time, although the rate of progression can vary significantly among individuals.

There are several types of CMT, classified based on their genetic causes and patterns of inheritance. The two most common forms are CMT1 and CMT2:

1. CMT1: This form is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the myelin sheath, which insulates peripheral nerves and allows for efficient signal transmission. As a result, demyelination occurs, slowing down nerve impulses and causing muscle weakness, particularly in the lower limbs. Symptoms usually begin in childhood or adolescence and include foot drop, high arches, and hammertoes.
2. CMT2: This form is caused by mutations in the genes responsible for the axons, the nerve fibers that transmit signals within peripheral nerves. As a result, axonal degeneration occurs, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. Symptoms usually begin in early adulthood and progress more slowly than CMT1. They primarily affect the lower limbs but can also involve the hands and arms.

Diagnosis of CMT typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, family history, nerve conduction studies, and genetic testing. While there is no cure for CMT, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maintaining mobility and function through physical therapy, bracing, orthopedic surgery, and pain management.

Foot injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the various structures of the foot, including the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These injuries can result from various causes such as accidents, sports activities, falls, or repetitive stress. Common types of foot injuries include fractures, sprains, strains, contusions, dislocations, and overuse injuries like plantar fasciitis or Achilles tendonitis. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and severity of the injury but often include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty walking, and reduced range of motion. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial to ensure optimal healing and prevent long-term complications.

Spinal curvatures refer to the normal or abnormal curvature patterns of the spine as viewed from the side. The human spine has four distinct curves that form an "S" shape when viewed from the side: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These natural curves provide strength, flexibility, and balance to the spine, allowing us to stand upright, maintain proper posture, and absorb shock during movement.

Abnormal spinal curvatures are often referred to as spinal deformities and can be classified into two main categories: hyperkyphosis (increased kyphosis) and hyperlordosis (increased lordosis). Examples of such conditions include:

1. Kyphosis: An excessive curvature in the thoracic or sacral regions, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance. Mild kyphosis is common and usually not problematic, but severe cases can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and neurological issues.
2. Lordosis: An abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, resulting in an exaggerated swayback posture. This can lead to lower back pain, muscle strain, and difficulty maintaining proper balance.
3. Scoliosis: A lateral (side-to-side) spinal curvature that causes the spine to twist and rotate, forming a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Most scoliosis cases are idiopathic (of unknown cause), but they can also be congenital (present at birth) or secondary to other medical conditions.

These abnormal spinal curvatures may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and progression of the condition.

Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which most often occurs in the thoracic or lumbar regions. The curvature can be "C" or "S" shaped and may also include rotation of the vertebrae. Mild scoliosis doesn't typically cause problems, but severe cases can interfere with breathing and other bodily functions.

The exact cause of most scoliosis is unknown, but it may be related to genetic factors. It often develops in the pre-teen or teenage years, particularly in girls, and is more commonly found in individuals with certain neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curve, its location, and the age and expected growth of the individual. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring to ensure the curve doesn't worsen. More severe cases may require bracing or surgery to correct the curvature and prevent it from getting worse.

'Foot bones,' also known as the tarsal and metatarsal bones, are the 26 bones that make up the foot in humans. The foot is divided into three parts: the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot.

The hindfoot contains two bones: the talus, which connects to the leg bone (tibia), and the calcaneus (heel bone). These bones form the ankle joint and heel.

The midfoot is made up of five irregularly shaped bones called the navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones. These bones help form the arch of the foot and connect the hindfoot to the forefoot.

The forefoot contains the metatarsals (five long bones) and the phalanges (14 small bones). The metatarsals connect the midfoot to the toes, while the phalanges make up the toes themselves.

These bones work together to provide stability, support, and movement for the foot, allowing us to walk, run, and jump.

Congenital Lower Extremity Deformities refer to abnormal structures or development in the lower limbs (including thighs, legs, and feet) that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity, from mild differences in shape or position to severe defects that significantly limit mobility or function.

Congenital lower extremity deformities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences during pregnancy, or a combination of both. Some common examples include:

1. Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot): A deformity where the foot is turned inward and downward at birth.
2. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH): A condition where the hip joint does not form properly, leading to instability or dislocation.
3. Congenital Femoral Deficiency: A rare condition where there is a deficiency or absence of the femur (thigh bone) or abnormal development of the hip joint.
4. Fibular Hemimelia: A congenital absence or shortening of the fibula bone, which can lead to foot and ankle deformities.
5. Tibial Hemimelia: A rare condition where there is a partial or complete absence of the tibia bone, leading to significant leg length discrepancies and joint instability.

Treatment for congenital lower extremity deformities can range from non-surgical interventions such as bracing, casting, or physical therapy to surgical procedures aimed at correcting the deformity and improving function.

Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

"Foot joints" is a general term that refers to the various articulations or connections between the bones in the foot. There are several joints in the foot, including:

1. The ankle joint (tibiotalar joint): This is the joint between the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg and the talus bone of the foot.
2. The subtalar joint (talocalcaneal joint): This is the joint between the talus bone and the calcaneus (heel) bone.
3. The calcaneocuboid joint: This is the joint between the calcaneus bone and the cuboid bone, which is one of the bones in the midfoot.
4. The tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc joint): These are the joints that connect the tarsal bones in the midfoot to the metatarsal bones in the forefoot.
5. The metatarsophalangeal joints: These are the joints between the metatarsal bones and the phalanges (toes) in the forefoot.
6. The interphalangeal joints: These are the joints between the phalanges within each toe.

Each of these foot joints plays a specific role in supporting the foot, absorbing shock, and allowing for movement and flexibility during walking and other activities.

The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

The spine has several important functions:

1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.

The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.

Hallux Valgus is a medical condition that affects the foot, specifically the big toe joint. It is characterized by the deviation of the big toe (hallux) towards the second toe, resulting in a prominent bump on the inner side of the foot at the base of the big toe. This bump is actually the metatarsal head of the first bone in the foot that becomes exposed due to the angulation.

The deformity can lead to pain, stiffness, and difficulty wearing shoes. In severe cases, it can also cause secondary arthritis in the joint. Hallux Valgus is more common in women than men and can be caused by genetic factors, foot shape, or ill-fitting shoes that put pressure on the big toe joint.

Bone lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and then gradually stretching the bone apart, allowing new bone to grow in its place. This process is also known as distraction osteogenesis. The goal of bone lengthening is to increase the length of a bone, either to improve function or to correct a deformity.

The procedure typically involves making an incision in the skin over the bone and using specialized tools to cut through the bone. Once the bone is cut, a device called an external fixator is attached to the bone on either side of the cut. The external fixator is then gradually adjusted over time to slowly stretch the bone apart, creating a gap between the two ends of the bone. As the bone is stretched, new bone tissue begins to grow in the space between the two ends, eventually filling in the gap and lengthening the bone.

Bone lengthening can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including limb length discrepancies, congenital deformities, and injuries that result in bone loss. It is typically performed by an orthopedic surgeon and may require several months of follow-up care to ensure proper healing and growth of the new bone tissue.

'Leg length inequality' (LLIS) is a condition where there is a discrepancy in the lengths of an individual's lower extremities, specifically the bones of the thigh (femur) and/or the leg (tibia/fibula). This discrepancy can be congenital or acquired due to various causes such as fractures, infections, or surgical procedures. The inequality can lead to functional scoliosis, lower back pain, and other musculoskeletal issues. It is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies like X-rays, and may be treated with various methods including orthotics, shoe lifts, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

Congenital limb deformities refer to abnormalities in the structure, position, or function of the arms or legs that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity and may affect any part of the limb, including the bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.

Congenital limb deformities can be caused by genetic factors, exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, or other environmental factors. Some common types of congenital limb deformities include:

1. Clubfoot: A condition in which the foot is twisted out of shape, making it difficult to walk normally.
2. Polydactyly: A condition in which a person is born with extra fingers or toes.
3. Radial clubhand: A rare condition in which the radius bone in the forearm is missing or underdeveloped, causing the hand to turn inward and the wrist to bend.
4. Amniotic band syndrome: A condition in which strands of the amniotic sac wrap around a developing limb, restricting its growth and leading to deformities.
5. Agenesis: A condition in which a limb or part of a limb is missing at birth.

Treatment for congenital limb deformities may include surgery, bracing, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the severity and nature of the deformity. In some cases, early intervention and treatment can help to improve function and reduce the impact of the deformity on a person's daily life.

Developmental bone diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the growth and development of bones. These diseases are present at birth or develop during childhood and adolescence, when bones are growing rapidly. They can result from genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or environmental factors such as poor nutrition.

Some examples of developmental bone diseases include:

1. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): Also known as brittle bone disease, OI is a genetic disorder that affects the body's production of collagen, a protein necessary for healthy bones. People with OI have fragile bones that break easily and may also experience other symptoms such as blue sclerae (whites of the eyes), hearing loss, and joint laxity.
2. Achondroplasia: This is the most common form of dwarfism, caused by a genetic mutation that affects bone growth. People with achondroplasia have short limbs and a large head relative to their body size.
3. Rickets: A condition caused by vitamin D deficiency or an inability to absorb or use vitamin D properly. This leads to weak, soft bones that can bow or bend easily, particularly in children.
4. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare bone disorder where normal bone is replaced with fibrous tissue, leading to weakened bones and deformities.
5. Scoliosis: An abnormal curvature of the spine that can develop during childhood or adolescence. While not strictly a developmental bone disease, scoliosis can be caused by various underlying conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.

Treatment for developmental bone diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment may include medication, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery to correct deformities and improve function. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor growth, manage symptoms, and prevent complications.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "shoes" are not a medical term. Shoes are items of footwear intended to protect and comfort the feet. They typically have a durable sole that provides protection from sharp objects, hot surfaces, and the effects of moisture. The upper part of a shoe can be made from various materials such as leather, plastic, or textiles, and is designed to provide coverage and support for the foot.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild, contagious viral infection common in infants and children but can sometimes occur in adults. The disease is often caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.

The name "hand, foot and mouth" comes from the fact that blister-like sores usually appear in the mouth (and occasionally on the buttocks and legs) along with a rash on the hands and feet. The disease is not related to foot-and-mouth disease (also called hoof-and-mouth disease), which affects cattle, sheep, and swine.

HFMD is spread through close personal contact, such as hugging and kissing, or through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be spread by touching objects and surfaces that have the virus on them and then touching the face. People with HFMD are most contagious during the first week of their illness but can still be contagious for weeks after symptoms go away.

There is no specific treatment for HFMD, and it usually resolves on its own within 7-10 days. However, over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers may help alleviate symptoms. It's important to encourage good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, to prevent the spread of HFMD.

Acquired ear deformities refer to abnormal shapes or structures of the ear that result from injury, infection, inflammation, or other external factors after birth. These deformities can affect the appearance and function of the ear, causing symptoms such as hearing loss or discomfort. Examples of acquired ear deformities include:

1. Cauliflower ear: a condition characterized by swelling, thickening, and distortion of the ear caused by repeated trauma or injury to the ear cartilage.
2. Microtia: a congenital ear abnormality that can become worse over time due to infection, inflammation, or trauma, resulting in an underdeveloped or absent ear.
3. Macrotia: an abnormally large ear that may result from injury or other external factors.
4. Stenosis: a narrowing of the ear canal that can result from chronic inflammation, infection, or scarring.
5. Hematoma: a collection of blood in the ear tissue caused by trauma or injury, which can lead to deformity if not treated promptly.
6. Keloids: overgrowths of scar tissue that can form after injury or surgery and distort the shape of the ear.

Treatment for acquired ear deformities may include surgical reconstruction, splinting, or other interventions depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Foot dermatoses refer to various skin conditions that affect the feet. These can include inflammatory conditions like eczema and psoriasis, infectious diseases such as athlete's foot (tinea pedis), fungal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections (like plantar warts caused by HPV), and autoimmune blistering disorders. Additionally, contact dermatitis from irritants or allergens can also affect the feet. Proper diagnosis is essential to determine the best course of treatment for each specific condition.

The metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint is the joint in the foot where the metatarsal bones of the foot (the long bones behind the toes) connect with the proximal phalanges of the toes. It's a synovial joint, which means it's surrounded by a capsule containing synovial fluid to allow for smooth movement. The MTP joint is responsible for allowing the flexion and extension movements of the toes, and is important for maintaining balance and pushing off during walking and running. Issues with the MTP joint can lead to conditions such as hallux valgus (bunions) or hammertoe.

Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.

The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.

Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.

It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.

A contracture, in a medical context, refers to the abnormal shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, which can result in limited mobility and deformity of joints. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as injury, prolonged immobilization, scarring, neurological disorders, or genetic conditions.

Contractures can cause significant impairment in daily activities and quality of life, making it difficult for individuals to perform routine tasks like dressing, bathing, or walking. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, casting, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the contracture.

In medical terms, ribs are the long, curved bones that make up the ribcage in the human body. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in total, and they play a crucial role in protecting the lungs and heart, allowing room for expansion and contraction during breathing. Ribs also provide attachment points for various muscles involved in respiration and posture.

Pectus Excavatum, commonly referred to as "Funnel Chest," is a congenital deformity of the chest wall where the sternum (breastbone) and rib cartilages grow inward, creating a sunken or caved-in appearance of the chest. This condition can vary in severity, from mild to severe, and may affect one's appearance, breathing, and overall health. In some cases, surgical intervention might be required to correct the deformity and improve related symptoms.

Musculoskeletal abnormalities refer to structural and functional disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other related tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, trauma, overuse, degenerative processes, infections, or tumors. They may cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformity, weakness, and susceptibility to injuries. Examples of musculoskeletal abnormalities include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures, dislocations, tendinitis, bursitis, myopathies, and various congenital conditions.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

An external fixator is a type of orthopedic device used in the treatment of severe fractures or deformities of bones. It consists of an external frame that is attached to the bone with pins or wires that pass through the skin and into the bone. This provides stability to the injured area while allowing for alignment and adjustment of the bone during the healing process.

External fixators are typically used in cases where traditional casting or internal fixation methods are not feasible, such as when there is extensive soft tissue damage, infection, or when a limb needs to be gradually stretched or shortened. They can also be used in reconstructive surgery for bone defects or deformities.

The external frame of the fixator is made up of bars and clamps that are adjustable, allowing for precise positioning and alignment of the bones. The pins or wires that attach to the bone are carefully inserted through small incisions in the skin, and are held in place by the clamps on the frame.

External fixators can be used for a period of several weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's healing process. During this time, the patient may require regular adjustments and monitoring by an orthopedic surgeon or other medical professional. Once the bone has healed sufficiently, the external fixator can be removed in a follow-up procedure.

"Genu valgum," also known as "knock-knee," is a condition where there is an excessive angle between the thighbone (femur) and the shinbone (tibia), causing the knees to touch or come close together while the ankles remain separated when standing with the feet and knees together. This abnormal alignment can lead to difficulty walking, running, and participating in certain activities, as well as potential long-term complications such as joint pain and osteoarthritis if not properly addressed. Genu valgum is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies such as X-rays, and treatment may include observation, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery depending on the severity of the condition and the individual's age and overall health.

A splint is a device used to support, protect, and immobilize injured body parts, such as bones, joints, or muscles. It can be made from various materials like plastic, metal, or fiberglass. Splints are often used to keep the injured area in a stable position, reducing pain, swelling, and further damage while the injury heals. They come in different shapes and sizes, tailored to fit specific body parts and injuries. A splint can be adjustable or custom-made, depending on the patient's needs. It is essential to follow healthcare professionals' instructions for using and caring for a splint to ensure proper healing and prevent complications.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is the articulation between the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the talus bone in the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements, which are essential for walking, running, and jumping. The ankle joint is reinforced by strong ligaments on both sides to provide stability during these movements.

Pronation is a term used in the medical field, particularly in the study of human biomechanics and orthopedics. It refers to the normal motion that occurs in the subtalar joint of the foot, which allows the foot to adapt to various surfaces and absorb shock during walking or running.

During pronation, the arch of the foot collapses, and the heel rolls inward, causing the forefoot to rotate outward. This motion helps distribute the forces of impact evenly across the foot and lower limb, reducing stress on individual structures and providing stability during weight-bearing activities.

However, excessive pronation can lead to biomechanical issues and increase the risk of injuries such as plantar fasciitis, shin splints, and knee pain. Proper assessment and management of foot mechanics, including orthotics or physical therapy interventions, may be necessary to address excessive pronation and related conditions.

Malunited fractures refer to a type of fracture where the bones do not heal in their proper alignment or position. This can occur due to various reasons such as inadequate reduction of the fracture fragments during initial treatment, improper casting or immobilization, or failure of the patient to follow proper immobilization instructions. Malunited fractures can result in deformity, limited range of motion, and decreased functionality of the affected limb. Additional treatments such as surgery may be required to correct the malunion and restore normal function.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the spine, also known as Pott's disease, is a specific form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves the vertebral column. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, including the spine.

In Pott's disease, the infection leads to the destruction of the spongy bone (vertebral body) and the intervertebral disc space, resulting in vertebral collapse, kyphosis (hunchback deformity), and potential neurological complications due to spinal cord compression. Common symptoms include back pain, stiffness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Early diagnosis and treatment with a multidrug antibiotic regimen are crucial to prevent long-term disability and further spread of the infection.

"Hallux" is a medical term that refers to the big toe or great toe, which is the first digit of the human foot. It is derived from Latin, where "hallus" means "big toe." In some contexts, specific pathologies or conditions related to the big toe may also be referred to as hallux issues, such as hallux valgus (a common foot deformity where the big toe drifts toward the second toe) or hallux rigidus (a form of degenerative arthritis that affects the big toe joint).

Orthopedic fixation devices are medical implants used in orthopedic surgery to provide stability and promote the healing of fractured or broken bones, as well as joints or spinal segments. These devices can be internal or external and include a variety of products such as:

1. Intramedullary nails: Long rods that are inserted into the center of a bone to stabilize fractures in long bones like the femur or tibia.
2. Plates and screws: Metal plates are attached to the surface of a bone with screws to hold the fragments together while they heal.
3. Screws: Used alone or in combination with other devices, they can be used to stabilize small fractures or to fix implants like total joint replacements.
4. Wires: Used to hold bone fragments together, often in conjunction with other devices.
5. External fixators: A external frame attached to the bones using pins or wires that is placed outside the skin to provide stability and alignment of fractured bones.
6. Spinal fixation devices: These include pedicle screws, rods, hooks, and plates used to stabilize spinal fractures or deformities.
7. Orthopedic staples: Small metal staples used to stabilize small bone fragments or for joint fusion.

The choice of orthopedic fixation device depends on the location and severity of the injury or condition being treated. The primary goal of these devices is to provide stability, promote healing, and restore function.

Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure to fuse together the bones of a joint, in order to restrict its movement and provide stability. This procedure is typically performed when a joint has been severely damaged by injury, arthritis, or other conditions, and non-surgical treatments have failed to relieve symptoms such as pain and instability.

During the surgery, the cartilage that normally cushions the ends of the bones is removed, and the bones are realigned and held in place with hardware such as plates, screws, or rods. Over time, the bones grow together, forming a solid fusion that restricts joint motion.

Arthrodesis can be performed on various joints throughout the body, including the spine, wrist, ankle, and knee. While this procedure can provide significant pain relief and improve function, it does limit the range of motion in the fused joint, which may impact mobility and daily activities. Therefore, arthrodesis is typically considered a last resort when other treatments have failed.

... is a rare congenital malformation syndrome, where an individual has features such as ... "Hand and foot deformity with flat facies , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". ... About: Emery-Nelson syndrome "OMIM Entry - 139750 Hand and foot deformity with flat facies". omim.org. Retrieved 2021-09-02. ... deformities of the hands and feet, and an unusual facies". Journal of Medical Genetics. 7 (4): 379-382. doi:10.1136/jmg.7.4.379 ...
Club foot or club feet is a congenital or acquired deformity. Club foot may also refer to: The Clubfoot, painting by Jusepe de ... USA Club Foot (song), by Kasabian Club Foot Orchestra, avant garde musical group Club foot (furniture), a form of foot used in ... furniture design Klub Foot, London live music club This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Club foot ... Ribera, now at the Louvre Club Foot, music venue in Austin, Texas, ...
A foot deformity is a disorder of the foot that can be congenital or acquired. Such deformities can include hammer toe, club ... foot, flat feet, pes cavus, etc. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Congenital ...
Lane was born in Massachusetts and suffered from a congenital deformity in his foot. He was a laborer who traveled to the ... The body was exhumed and his mummified club foot was found. For some time the club foot was kept in the courthouse, but later ... "Club Foot George's Club Foot". roadsideamerica.com/story/6169. Retrieved February 11, 2011. (Use American English from July ... The club foot was later removed from the museum by Lane's extended family. It was cremated and the ashes were spread at a ...
Congenital deformities of the feet, hips and spine may require surgical correction at or about one year of age. Overall ... Surgery may be necessary to address the congenital deformities frequently occurring in conjunction with arthrogryposis. Surgery ... The type of displacement of the hips and knees is more variable, and they often have club feet.[citation needed] About 10% of ... with contracture and deformity that affect at least two joints. It is the most common form of arthrogryposis. It is ...
Congenital foot deformities may be readily identified, e.g. club foot (talipes equino varus). Currently the'gold-standard' ... Children who go barefoot have a lower incidence of flat feet and deformity while having greater foot flexibility than children ... have flat feet. Few flexible flat feet have been found to be symptomatic, hence only painful flat feet should be diagnosed and ... that adult's feet are least flat, and that older people's feet become flatter. The normal findings of flat foot versus ...
... was born in Chatsworth, KwaZulu-Natal, with a congenital deformity, constriction ring syndrome, and club foot ...
"A memoir on the congenital club feet of children and on the mode of correcting that deformity". Wellcome Library. Retrieved 8 ... A memoir on the congenital club feet of children and on the mode of correcting that deformity (an English translation of the ... continued to take an interest in other aspects of surgery and in 1818 he translated Scarpa's Memoir on the congenital club feet ...
Hephaestus, of Greek Mythology, was born with a club foot. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deformity. Birth defect Body ... dysmorphic disorder Congenital abnormality Disfigurement Genetic variation Malformation Monstrous birth Phocomelia Polymelia ... A deformity, dysmorphism, or dysmorphic feature is a major abnormality of an organism that makes a part of the body appear or ... Deformity can be caused by a variety of factors: Arthritis and other rheumatoid disorders Chronic application of external ...
An example is polydactyly, where a foot or hand has more than 5 digits. Clubfoot, one of the most common congenital deformities ... Congenital limb deformities are congenital musculoskeletal disorders which primarily affect the upper and lower limbs. ... One class of congenital limb deformities, limb reduction defects, occurs when one or more limbs are undersized or missing parts ... A wide variety of abnormalities of the hands and feet, including the nails and the creases of the hand, have been described and ...
The boy was born with a congenital deformity of his left foot, and walked with a limp his whole life despite attempts to repair ... he was rejected due to the deformity of his foot, although he was briefly appointed to the Virginia State Engineers Office. ...
... congenital vertical talus is characterized by presence of a very rigid foot deformity. The foot deformity in congenital ... It gets its name from the foot's resemblance to the bottom of a rocking chair. There are two subcategories of congenital ... Mosca, Vincent (2014). Principles and management of pediatric foot and ankle deformities and malformations (first ed.). ... van Bosse, Harold Jacob Pieter (December 2015). "Syndromic Feet". Foot and Ankle Clinics. 20 (4): 619-644. doi:10.1016/j.fcl. ...
Alleviating painful or debilitating conditions of the lower limb; Accommodation of foot deformities; Re-alignment of anatomical ... congenital deformity, neural condition, or disease. A Certified Pedorthist - C.Ped., BOCPD or C.Ped (C) is a health ... Orthotist Health care providers Podiatrist Prosthetist Foot health practitioner in the United Kingdom American Board for ... who has specialized training to modify footwear and employ supportive devices to address conditions which affect the feet and ...
... resulting in a bowlegged deformity. Ankle: talipes varus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot). A notable subtype is ... "Congenital Coxa Vera: eMedicine Orthopedic Surgery". 2019-05-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) ... It is correct for a knock-kneed deformity to be called both a varus deformity at the hip (coxa vara) and a valgus deformity at ... Thus, a varus deformity of the tibia (i.e. a mid-shaft tibial fracture with varus deformity) refers to the distal segment in a ...
... lower extremity deformities, congenital MeSH C05.660.585.512.380 - foot deformities, congenital MeSH C05.660.585.600 - ... upper extremity deformities, congenital MeSH C05.660.585.988.425 - hand deformities, congenital MeSH C05.660.906.364 - ... equinus deformity MeSH C05.330.488.300 - hallux limitus MeSH C05.330.488.310 - hallux rigidus MeSH C05.330.495.150 - clubfoot ... congenital MeSH C05.116.099.708.486 - hyperostosis frontalis interna MeSH C05.116.099.708.582 - Langer-Giedion syndrome MeSH ...
This includes the management of a wide variety of disorders, injuries, foot deformities, infections and local manifestations of ... and bone spurs Heel pain Nerve entrapment Joint degeneration and arthrosis Skin and nail conditions Congenital deformities such ... support worker Podiatry technician Podiatry hygienist Foot health professional Podiatric surgical nurse Foot hygienist Foot ... Structural deformities, including bunions, hammertoes, flat feet, high arches, ...
... congenital deformity) Diastematomyelia (split spinal cord) Tethered spinal cord is a disorder and not a mechanism so it does ... or fatty tumours on the lower back Foot and spinal deformities Weakness in the legs (loss of muscle strength and tone) Change ... It can be congenital, such as in tight filum terminale, or the result of injury later in life. In children, symptoms may ... ISBN 978-1-60406-241-0. "TETHERED CORD SYNDROME". Iskandar BJ, Fulmer BB, Hadley MN, Oakes WJ (2001). "Congenital tethered ...
The most common foot deformity in arthrogryposis is club feet or talipes equinovarus. In the early years of life the serial ... Less frequent patients with arthrogryposis may develop congenital vertical talus also known as rocker bottom foot. Similarly, ... Machida J, Inaba Y, Nakamura N (March 2017). "Management of foot deformity in children". Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 22 (2 ... Generally, foot surgery is usually reserved for patients with a walking or ambulatory potential. Foot surgery may also be ...
Rupp had been recovering from a surgery on his left foot to treat Haglund's deformity, a congenital bump on the heel which ... Goe, Ken (October 24, 2018). "Distance runner Galen Rupp undergoes foot surgery, won't run a spring marathon". The Oregonian. ... but had not competed at the 2018 Chicago Marathon or 2018 Boston Marathon due to two stress fractures in her foot. Saina ran a ...
... congenital deformity like club foot & cerebral palsy. Ophthalmological procedures and interventions, e.g. cataract surgery ... Surgical interventions for conductive deformity of middle ear for restoration of hearing & audiometry for restoring hearing of ...
... may refer to: Clubfoot, (also called congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV)), a congenital deformity involving one foot ... a deformity of the fingers and fingernails Clubbing (subculture) (also known as club culture), a custom of visiting and ...
... "rocker-bottom foot" deformity or congenital convex pes valgus) and/or a foot deformity resembling that seen in Charcot-Marie- ... Mutations in this gene have been associated with Wilms' tumor and congenital vertical talus (also known as " ...
... , also called pes planus or fallen arches, is a postural deformity in which the arches of the foot collapse, with the ... Sometimes children are born with flat feet (congenital). There is a functional relationship between the structure of the arch ... moderate flat foot, and greater than 30° severe flat foot. Most flexible flat feet are asymptomatic, and do not cause pain. In ... On going up onto tip toe the deformity will correct when this is a flexible flat foot in a child with lax joints. Such ...
... is a congenital or acquired defect where one or both feet are rotated inward and downward. Congenital clubfoot is the ... Without appropriate treatment, the foot deformity will persist and lead to pain and impaired ability to walk, which can have a ... Without treatment the foot remains deformed and people walk on the sides or tops of their feet, which can cause calluses, foot ... The affected foot and leg may be smaller than the other, while in about half of cases, clubfoot affects both feet. Most of the ...
The spina bifida Kahlo suffered from is a congenital deformity, which results from incomplete closure of neural tube and a ... Her right foot is bleeding and deformed, reflecting what was happening to her body while she suffered in pain. Of the 30-plus ... Hence the wreckage in the painting over her right leg; between the toes of her right foot is a bleeding crack. Along with ... In this painting, Frida paints herself, precisely her legs and feet, lying in a bath of grey water. The painting was included ...
Congenital and acquired deformities include adult acquired flatfoot, non-neuromuscular foot deformity, diabetic foot disorders ... Techniques in Foot & Ankle Surgery The Foot & Ankle Journal - the first open access journal for podiatry and foot & ankle ... A patient may also be referred to a foot and ankle surgeon for the surgical care of nail problems and phalangeal deformities ( ... The last 50 years has shown high quality research into the etiology and management of foot and ankle deformities. Several ...
Myositis ossificans High-arched foot Genu valgus Congenital heart defect These are the syndromes associated with this ... Other isolated congenital deformities of the hand can occur alongside this deformity; one such instance is the family described ... "Radiographic features of Kirner's deformity". Congenital Anomalies. 53 (2): 78-82. doi:10.1111/cga.12010. PMID 23751041. S2CID ... Kirner's deformity, also known as dystelephangy, is an uncommon genetic hand malformation which is characterized by a radial ...
He also specialized in congenital deformities, particularly gigantism and phocomelia due to thalidomide. He never charged ... Kelikian wrote three classic monographs on hand, ankle, and foot surgery, as well as a book on Armenian poetry. ...
His beliefs formed the basis for the modern day approaches to such medical conditions as club foot, congenital dislocation of ... While in Millbury, he grew interested in the treatment of fractures and deformities and advocated the use of continuous ... New York: Hall, Clayton & Medole, 1862? The American method of treating joint diseases and deformities. Philadelphia: Collins, ... traction to correct deformities and relieve joint discomfort. His successful work with weights and pulleys preceded Gurdon ...
Services include: Orthopedics: Correction of deformities from polio and other infectious diseases, correction of club feet and ... congenital deformities such as syndactyly, and a wide variety of other procedures to decrease disability and improve appearance ... corrections of deformities caused by severe infections such as noma, removal of head and neck tumors, and others. Plastic ... other congenital abnormalities, treatment of chronic dislocations, malunited fractures and nonunions of fractures, hip ...
"Foot Deformities, Congenital" by people in this website by year, and whether "Foot Deformities, Congenital" was a major or ... "Foot Deformities, Congenital" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Foot Deformities, Congenital*Foot Deformities, Congenital. *Congenital Foot Deformity. *Deformity, Congenital Foot ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Foot Deformities, Congenital" by people in Profiles. ...
bilateral foot, foot, x-rays, radiographs, congenital foot, pes, feet, 1st MTP angle, 1st metatarsophalangeal angle, weight- ... Radiographic Evaluation of Congenital and Acquired Foot Deformities: 1st MTP Angle. Purpose ... Home / DSI Services / DSI Use Cases / Radiographic Evaluation of Congenital and Acquired Foot Deformities 1st MTP Angle ... absence of a foot deformity. If present, our hope is for the algorithm to further diagnose/characterize the specific foot ...
Hand and foot deformity with flat facies is a rare congenital malformation syndrome, where an individual has features such as ... "Hand and foot deformity with flat facies , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". ... About: Emery-Nelson syndrome "OMIM Entry - 139750 Hand and foot deformity with flat facies". omim.org. Retrieved 2021-09-02. ... deformities of the hands and feet, and an unusual facies". Journal of Medical Genetics. 7 (4): 379-382. doi:10.1136/jmg.7.4.379 ...
Foot Deformities, Congenital / complications * Foot Deformities, Congenital / genetics * Genetic Association Studies * Hand ... and hands and feet anomalies. Since 2012, mutations in genes encoding six proteins of the BAF complex were identified in both ...
Congenital deformities of the spine are spinal deformities identified at birth that are a byproduct of anomalous vertebral ... The feet must be studied for clubfeet, cavus or varus deformities, vertical tali, clawing of the toes, or other signs of motor ... Congenital Lordosis. Congenital lordosis is the least common of the three major patterns of congenital spinal deformity. It is ... Congenital spinal deformity may be described broadly in terms of the direction of the particular deformity. Some deformities ...
... and feet. We describe here some problems in general anesthesia from the anesthetic management point of view. An 8-year-old girl ... The Freeman-Sheldon syndrome is a rare congenital myopathy and dysplasia that results in deformity of the face, hands, ... The Freeman-Sheldon syndrome is a rare congenital myopathy and dysplasia that results in deformity of the face, hands, and feet ... An 8-year-old girl with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome underwent surgery under general anesthesia for the correction of lip deformity ...
Club foot--Deformities of the foot, which is twisted out of shape or position. Diaphragmatic hernia--Herniation of the ... Club foot, Other musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies, Major congenital anomalies recode, Minor congenital anomalies recode. ... NTMUSCUL 1124 Major congenital anomalies recode ........... NTCONMJR 1125 Minor congenital anomalies recode ........... ... Club foot, Diaphragmatic hernia, Other musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies, and Other congenital anomalies. REFERENCES ...
Categories: Foot Deformities, Congenital Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Since that time, other myopathies have been defined as congenital myopathies, which have the following characteristics: Onset ... The first report of a congenital myopathy was in 1956, when a patient with central core disease (CCD) was described. ... Surgery for treatment of contractures, foot deformities, and scolioisis is most common. ... encoded search term (Congenital Myopathies) and Congenital Myopathies What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Static deformities of foot (flat foot, talipes calcaneus, equinovarus, excavatus). Deformity of upper extremity (cubitus varus ... Congenital diseases (types, symptoms, management). Developmental dislocation of the hip joint (types, symptoms, management, ... Club foot deformity, torticollis muscularis etc... Literature. required literature *JANÍČEK, Pavel. Ortopedie (Orthopedics). 3 ... Deformities of the spine. Scoliosis (types, Cobb measurement, methods of examination), conservative and operative treatment. ...
Club foot.--Deformities of the foot, which is twisted out of shape or position. Diaphragmatic hernia.--Herniation of the ... Congenital Anomalies of Child The data provided in this item relate to 21 specific anomalies or anomaly groups. It is well ... Congenital anomalies Because of a processing error for births occuring in Texas, there was an interchange in the number for ... Malformed genitalia.--Congenital anomalies of the reproductive organs. Renal agenesis.--One or both kidneys are completely ...
Congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism, and neuropathy (CCFDN) is a rare disorder that affects several parts of the body. ... Muscle weakness can also lead to skeletal abnormalities such as hand and foot deformities and abnormal curvature of the spine. ... Congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism, and neuropathy (CCFDN) is a rare disorder that affects several parts of the body. It ... Kalaydjieva L. Congenital cataracts-facial dysmorphism-neuropathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Aug 29;1:32. doi: 10.1186/1750- ...
Childhood hip conditions, congenital foot deformities, post-traumatic limb reconstruction and deformity correction.. ... Specialist interest in congenital foot deformities and childhood hip conditions. * Special Interests:. ...
These children have craniosynostosis and facial bone abnormalities as well as deformities of the hands and feet. They usually ... What Congenital Syndromes Cause Abnormal Head Shape?. A small number of children who present with abnormal head shape are born ... How Do Positional Deformities Cause Abnormal Head Shape? Infants with positional deformities may present with a number of ... Deformities result from positioning during pregnancy, sleeping position, or from neck tightness. An asymmetrical skull can ...
congenital fibrosarcoma congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles + Congenital Foot Deformities + congenital generalized ... epidermolysis bullosa with congenital localized absence of skin and deformity of nails ... spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with congenital joint dislocations T-cell immunodeficiency, congenital alopecia, and nail ... palmoplantar keratoderma and congenital alopecia 1 (DOID:0111244). Annotations: Rat: (1) Mouse: (1) Human: (1) Chinchilla: (1) ...
In two brothers with severe congenital hypotonia and foot deformities, we identified compound heterozygous variants in CNTNAP1 ... Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 7 MedGen: C4225386 OMIM: 616286 GeneReviews: Not available ... Two novel variants in CNTNAP1 in two siblings presenting with congenital hypotonia and hypomyelinating neuropathy. Nizon M, et ... Phenotype of CNTNAP1: a study of patients demonstrating a specific severe congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy with survival ...
Achilles Tendon Injuries, Congenital Foot Disorders, Foot Deformities, Fractures, Hip Dysplasia, Joint Preservation, Lower ... He has expertise in treating children with hip dysplasia, limb deformities and fractures, as well as those with foot and ankle ... Common Foot and Ankle Injuries in Children , Q&A with Aaron Brandt, M.D. ... Extremity Reconstruction, Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Pediatric Foot Care, Pediatric Orthopaedics ...read more ...
It most commonly refers to the presence of six toes on one foot, but more toes are possible. ... Polydactyly is the most common congenital anomaly of the forefoot. ... Congenital Hand Deformities Need a Curbside Consult? Share cases and questions with Physicians on Medscape consult. Share a ... Multiplanar supramalleolar osteotomy in the management of complex rigid foot deformities in children. J Child Orthop. 2009 Feb ...
Deformities in the legs or feet, though rare, can affect a ducks ability to walk. These deformities can be congenital or ... While it is common for ducks to have some difficulty walking on land due to their webbed feet and upright posture, severe ... Infections, such as bumblefoot or footpad dermatitis, can cause inflammation, pain, and swelling in a ducks feet, making it ... There can be several reasons behind a ducks inability to walk, including neurological disorders, injuries, deformities, ...
... who specialises in foot conditions at The Private Clinic, shares everything you need to know about bunions ... A congenital bunion is often a result of deformities from birth or inherited foot type. An acquired bunion is often a result of ... With your feet flat on the floor, point your toes as far as you can and then curl them back underneath the foot as far as they ... Then, while seated, roll a ball under the length of your foot for two or three minutes. If your foot isnt properly aligned or ...
Background: Idiopathic flexible flatfeet, congenital clubfeet and pes cavovarus are the most common foot deformities in ... Is there a correlation between static radiographs and dynamic foot function in pediatric foot deformities? ... Is there a correlation between static radiographs and dynamic foot function in pediatric foot deformities? ... O 054 - Radiographic predictors of foot function during walking in pediatric foot deformities ...
If the club foot is congenital, it results from a congenital flexural deformity "contracture" of the deep digital flexor tendon ... Club Foot. A club foot is a term that describes a hoof with a foot axis of 60 degrees or more. This condition can be acquired ( ... Carpal valgus is one of the angular limb deformities that occurs in foals. These congenital deformities are common, but easily ... The leg then develops a flexural deformity from the disuse, and the hoof changes shape as a result. An acquired club foot also ...
Deformity 738.9. *. foot (acquired) 736.70. *. cavovarus 736.75. *. congenital 754.59. *. congenital NEC 754.70. *. specified ... Home > 2013 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes > Congenital Anomalies 740-759 > Certain congenital musculoskeletal deformities 754- ...
Marys Medical Center Orthopedic Department specializes in various forms of limb deformity including anchrondroplasia and ... Posteromedial Bowing of the Tibia - is a congenital bowing of the tibia and a calcaneogalgus (heel bone) foot deformity. ... Associated deformities include genu varum (bowlegs), genu valgum (knock knees), hip flexion deformity with compensatory ... is combined with correction of deformities of the ankles, knees, hips, elbows and hands. The correction of the hip deformity ...
Congenital defect in which the meninges of the spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column ... Congenital defect in which the spinal cord protrudes through an opening in the vertebral column ...
I treat orthopaedic problems such as congenital anomalies, foot deformities, knee and overuse injuries, hip dislocations, and ... BACK PAIN AND SPINAL DEFORMITY IN CYSTIC-FIBROSIS AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DISEASES OF CHILDREN Rose, J., Gamble, J., Schultz, A., ... Foot and Ankle Program. Hip Preservation. Motion & Gait Analysis Laboratory. Orthopedics. Sports Medicine. ... Foot and Ankle. Gait Abnormalities. Growth Related Problems. Hip Dislocation. Knee Injuries. Low Bone Density. Orthopedics. ...
Ankle Institute specializes in foot, ankle and heel pain treatments in the Saint George, UT 84770, Hurricane, UT 84737, Cedar ... Congenital foot problems are deformities affecting the feet, toes, and/or ankles that children are born with. Some of these ... Another common newborn foot deformity is congenital vertical talus, characterized by an upward bending of the foots arch. This ... What are Causes of Congenital Foot Problem?. A congenital foot problem is one that happens to a child at birth. These ...
I also specialise in lesser toe hammering, congenital foot deformities, ankle arthroscopies, charcot foot, calf muscle release ... diabetic foot problems, degenerate and inflammatory foot conditions. ... I have worked from then to date in the NHS sector at Kingston Hospital as a Foot and Ankle Surgeon with special interests in ... Foot & Ankle Surgery 2013: Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon, Harvest Length Utilising a limited Exposure: a Cadveric Study ...
... congenital hand disorders, brachial plexus injuries, leg and foot deformities, neuromuscular and congenital disorders and ... spine deformities, hip problems, tumors/bone lesions, ...
  • Childhood hip conditions, congenital foot deformities, post-traumatic limb reconstruction and deformity correction. (uhcw.nhs.uk)
  • He has expertise in treating children with hip dysplasia, limb deformities and fractures, as well as those with foot and ankle conditions. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • We perform extensive limb lengthening (ELL) for stature and for restoration of proportion of the limbs to the trunk, in which the upper to the lower bone segments (femur to tibia, humerus to forearm) is combined with correction of deformities of the ankles, knees, hips, elbows and hands. (stmarysmc.com)
  • To improve prosthetic wear and function we lengthen the residual limb of above knee amputation, below knee amputation, foot amputation, above elbow amputation and below elbow amputation. (stmarysmc.com)
  • Hurler's Disease - is a hereditary disease characterized by severe abnormalities in the development of skeletal cartilage and bone often resulting in dwarfism and limb deformities. (stmarysmc.com)
  • We correct the limb deformities associated with this condition. (stmarysmc.com)
  • Ollier's is treated by staged lengthenings of the short limb combined with deformity correction. (stmarysmc.com)
  • These include (but are not limited to): fractures, club feet , limb deformities, cerebral palsy, dislocated hips in babies and other congenital and developmental conditions. (mtw.nhs.uk)
  • Limb deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or develop at a later stage because of fracture, infection, arthritis or tumor. (cfosm.com)
  • Amniotic Band Syndrome (ABS) is an uncommon congenital abnormality that causes entrapment of fetal parts (usually a limb or digits) in fibrous amniotic bands while in utero. (mpma.org)
  • [ 3 ] Some congenital abnormalities may be benign, causing no spinal deformity, and remain undetected throughout a lifetime. (medscape.com)
  • Some deformities will result in sagittal plane abnormalities (kyphosis or lordosis), whereas others will primarily affect the coronal plane (scoliosis). (medscape.com)
  • Skeletal abnormalities are frequent complications of patients with a congenital myopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Muscle weakness can also lead to skeletal abnormalities such as hand and foot deformities and abnormal curvature of the spine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These children have craniosynostosis and facial bone abnormalities as well as deformities of the hands and feet. (memorialhermann.org)
  • Congenital and Inherited Skin Tumors Dogs can be born with or may inherit any of several different kinds of skin abnormalities. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Introduction to Congenital Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Craniofacial and musculoskeletal abnormalities are common among children. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Multiple Congenital Anomalies: A Diagnostic Compendium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nicolaides-Baraitser and Coffin-Siris syndromes are emerging conditions with overlapping clinical features including intellectual disability and typical somatic characteristics, especially sparse hair, low frontal hairline, large mouth with thick and everted lips, and hands and feet anomalies. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital anomalies of the spine have a range of clinical presentations. (medscape.com)
  • Perform a thorough musculoskeletal examination to exclude any other congenital anomalies or signs that occur with known syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • I treat orthopaedic problems such as congenital anomalies, foot deformities, knee and overuse injuries, hip dislocations, and gait problems. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Clubfoot is one of a number of relatively common congenital anomalies that can be present from a baby's birth. (cbm.org.au)
  • Metatarsus adductus is a common forefoot deformity where the bones in the front part of the foot are bent or turned inward, towards the body. (cfosm.com)
  • however, metatarsus adductus is not rare deformity, which clinically is a curved foot type. (medscape.com)
  • Foot Ankle Int . 2006 May. (medscape.com)
  • I also specialise in lesser toe hammering, congenital foot deformities, ankle arthroscopies, charcot foot, calf muscle release, steroid and local anaesthetic injections into degenerate foot areas, ankle replacements and ankle fusion, MTPJ fusion and MTPJ arthroplasty. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • The feet are twisted inward and downward at the ankles in such a way that the ankle or side of the foot meets the ground while walking instead of the sole of the foot. (cfosm.com)
  • Congenital vertical talus (CVT) is a rare condition in which the talus (heel bone) and navicular bones (ankle bone) of the child's feet are abnormally positioned. (cfosm.com)
  • This postural deformity is located at the ankle joint, where the foot appears to be bent upwards. (cfosm.com)
  • Foot Ankle - Foot and Ankle Center of Washington - We are experienced in the use of advanced foot orthotic therapies to treat problems in the most effective manner. (powershow.com)
  • Foot and Ankle Injuries Treating your foot and Ankle Pain - If you experience foot or ankle pain, you may be able to find some relief with at-home treatments. (powershow.com)
  • If conservative methods fail, you may require foot and ankle surgery. (powershow.com)
  • Our doctor will assess your condition and provide you with quality foot and ankle treatment. (drmichaelmetyk.com)
  • Ankle sprains are caused by an unnatural twisting or force on the ankle bones of the foot, which may result in excessive stretching or tearing of one or more ligaments on the outside of the ankle. (mpma.org)
  • Ankle surgery may be required to correct a serious deformity of the ankle and its bone structure. (mpma.org)
  • In such case it affects foot and ankle, twisting the heel and toes inward. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • Congenital club foot is a birth deformity in which one or both of an infant's feet are rotated inward beneath the ankle, making normal movement rigid and painful. (asu.edu)
  • Lack of proper foot care, inadequate hydration, and certain medical conditions, like diabetes or thyroid disorders, can also play a role. (feetnet.com)
  • Congenital deformities of the lower limbs are developmental disorders that cause alterations in the shape and appearance of the legs. (cfosm.com)
  • The project aim is to determine the molecular pathology of a set of three disorders exhibiting a similar congenital ocular phenotype in which the fovea and macular do not develop normally. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Increased prevalence of these three foot disorders was found in older age groups for both men and women. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital Vertical Talus: Etiology and Management. (orthobullets.com)
  • Congenital vertical talus is a rare foot deformity. (orthobullets.com)
  • VERTICAL TALUS DEFINITON - Rocker bottom foot vertical talus the foot has an appearance of ' rocker bottom' deformity - Complete oblitertion of longitudinal arch can be seen - Sole of the foot is convex downwards. (physiofeeds.com)
  • Specialty Developmental hip dysplasia, Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Congenital clubfoot and pediatric foot abnormality , Lower extremity deformity (includ. (snuh.org)
  • It's an uncommon, congenital fetal abnormality which can lead to disfigured feet. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • Specialty Spinal deformity/malformation (scoliosis, kyphosis, etc. (snuh.org)
  • Hand and foot deformity with flat facies is a rare congenital malformation syndrome, where an individual has features such as facial dysmorphism, short stature, and other malformations with the limbs. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 1 ] In contrast, congenital spinal malformations that result in progressive spinal deformity are relatively rare, occurring with a reported frequency of 0.5/1000 births. (medscape.com)
  • congenital absence of fingers and toes ( Q71.3 -, Q72.3 -) congenital deformities and malformations of fingers and toes ( Q66 . (aapc.com)
  • A variety of congenital skeletal malformations of the hands and the feet, especially a hallus valgus deformity with microdactyly, also are characteristic. (medscape.com)
  • His son presented with cardiac conduction disturbance with no congenital heart or skeletal defect. (medscape.com)
  • This is why chronic tears demonstrate associated flatfoot deformity, with plantar flexion of the talus often seen on sagittal MR images. (radsource.us)
  • [ 10 ] The grandfather presented with phocomelia of arms, with three digits on each hand, congenital heart defect, and narrow shoulders. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with metatarsalgia present with pain in their forefoot, usually in the ball of the foot (Figure 1). (footeducation.com)
  • This causes the padding of the forefoot to be pulled away and results in greater pressure beneath the bones of the foot. (footeducation.com)
  • The study objective was to estimate the heritability of hallux valgus, lesser toe deformities, and plantar forefoot soft tissue atrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital talipusequinovarus, commonly called clubfoot is the most common foot deformity. (cfosm.com)
  • Affecting one or both feet, clubfoot is a deformity of the foot, which sees a baby's foot or feet twisted inwards. (cbm.org.au)
  • The Freeman-Sheldon syndrome is a rare congenital myopathy and dysplasia that results in deformity of the face, hands, and feet. (nih.gov)
  • Ollier's Disease - a condition where multiple enchondromas (benign tumors of cartilage) are found (usually asymmetrically) throughout the skeleton leading to leg length difference and deformity. (stmarysmc.com)
  • Congenital tumors are rare in dogs and cats. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Although long-term studies are needed, achieving correction without extensive surgery may lead to more flexible and functional feet, much as Ponseti method has done for clubfeet. (orthobullets.com)
  • Ponseti developed a treatment method, later called the Ponseti method, that consisted of a series of manipulations and castings of the club foot performed in the first few months of life. (asu.edu)
  • Angelicheva D, Turnev I, Dye D, Chandler D, Thomas PK, Kalaydjieva L. Congenital cataracts facial dysmorphism neuropathy (CCFDN) syndrome: a novel developmental disorder in Gypsies maps to 18qter. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tarsal coalition is a developmental deformity that occurs because of an abnormal connection between two bones at back of the foot (tarsal bones). (cfosm.com)
  • Associated deformities include genu varum (bowlegs), genu valgum (knock knees), hip flexion deformity with compensatory hyperlordosis (exaggerated lumbar curve) of the spine and spinal stenosis (narrowing), dislocated radial head, flexion deformity of the elbow and trident hand. (stmarysmc.com)
  • Three years later, he had developed a 15 valgus deformity, an increased quadriceps angle and patellofemoral instability. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • He was able to return to sports after undergoing a distal femoral osteotomy to correct the valgus and medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction to stabilize the patella.CONCLUSION: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in athletes with open physes has the potential to cause distal femoral valgus deformity, an increased quadriceps angle, and subsequent patellofemoral instability. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • I specialise in foot treatments such as plantar fasciopathy, hallux rigidus and lateral ligament complex injuries including reconstruction, excision of coalition, neuromas, achilles tendon injuries, plantar plate issues, toe alignment, hallux valgus and varus deformities including osteotomies and soft tissue release. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • It tells us the this common foot condition is indeed very heritable, and our paper notes that this is more so in women than men, and more so in women who show hallux valgus before age 65 (what we called early onset), where hallux valgus appears to be even more heritable than height, which is well appreciated as being inherited from one's parents," Dr. Hannan told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • Almost half of the women aged 70+ years had hallux valgus, lesser toe deformity and/or plantar soft tissue atrophy," the authors report. (medscape.com)
  • Given that congenital hallux valgus is extremely rare, our finding that hallux valgus is heritable in adults raises questions as to which anatomical or functional characteristics are inherited that may predispose to the development of the condition in later life. (medscape.com)
  • Anatomical factors such as a large first-second inter-metatarsal angle, an excessively long first metatarsal and a round first metatarsal head have recently been shown to be associated with increased hallux valgus severity in older people, and it has been speculated that these foot structures may be more susceptible to lateral deviation of the hallux and subsequent hallux valgus deformity as a result of footwear compression. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital deformities of the spine are spinal deformities identified at birth that are a byproduct of anomalous vertebral development in the embryo. (medscape.com)
  • Others may be associated with severe, progressive spinal deformity leading to cor pulmonale or even paraplegia (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Congenital spinal deformity may be described broadly in terms of the direction of the particular deformity. (medscape.com)
  • The resultant spinal deformity is often a complex, three-dimensional structure with differences in both the coronal and sagittal plane, along with a rotational component along the axis of the spine. (medscape.com)
  • The correction of the hip deformity indirectly improves the hyperlordosis and spinal stenosis. (stmarysmc.com)
  • An 8-year-old girl with Freeman-Sheldon syndrome underwent surgery under general anesthesia for the correction of lip deformity and microstomia. (nih.gov)
  • The only difference is that for hypochondroplasia we do less lengthening in amount and less deformity correction. (stmarysmc.com)
  • Most cases of flat foot was made of the lower limbs by trained are caused by loose joint connections. (who.int)
  • 6-month-old male presents for contractures/abnormal positioning of the feet. (acrdsi.org)
  • Surgery for treatment of contractures, foot deformities, and scolioisis is most common. (medscape.com)
  • Claw toe normally happen when muscles of foot got weaken, or we can say it's caused by nerve damage from disease like alcoholism or diabetes. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • Factors that may predispose to the development of metatarsalgia include: a bunion deformity, arthritis of the great toe, ligament instability of the midfoot, an excessively tight calf muscle, a congenital foot deformity, and claw toe deformities. (footeducation.com)
  • The foot can easily be approximated against the lower tibia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism, and neuropathy (CCFDN) is a rare disorder that affects several parts of the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Phenotype of CNTNAP1: a study of patients demonstrating a specific severe congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy with survival beyond infancy. (nih.gov)
  • Alcoholic peripheral neuropathy is a nerve loss condition in the foot caused by the prolonged use of alcoholic beverages. (mpma.org)
  • 5 m/s) velocities observed in Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) and congenital hypomyelination neuropathy (CHN). (medscape.com)
  • This defect of foot look like the top of the foot is on the bottom. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • Tarsal coalition may be a congenital defect or result from conditions such as injuries or prolonged swelling. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Complex deformities around the knee joint are usually severe and have several aetiologies. (researchgate.net)
  • The legs angle out at the knee joint in a way that a child stands with both feet joined and the knees apart. (cfosm.com)
  • Others may experience foot pain, knee pain, (abducted), and the heel is rolled outward shin splints and pain in the achilles tendon. (who.int)
  • A congenital bunion is often a result of deformities from birth or inherited foot type. (readersdigest.co.uk)
  • An acquired bunion is often a result of foot stress or injury or uncomfortable footwear -narrow sole, high heels or ill-fitting shoes. (readersdigest.co.uk)
  • Deformities of the 1st metatarsal, such as those present with a Bunion or with midfoot instability, may also be observed on x-ray. (footeducation.com)
  • Multiple angles and measurements can be used to evaluate abnormal development of the foot, but the task of obtaining these can be cumbersome and time-intensive. (acrdsi.org)
  • The largest group of infants with an abnormal head shape is those who have positional deformities which develop during pregnancy or while sleeping. (memorialhermann.org)
  • What Congenital Syndromes Cause Abnormal Head Shape? (memorialhermann.org)
  • How Do Positional Deformities Cause Abnormal Head Shape? (memorialhermann.org)
  • Treatment of spastic varus/ equinovarus foot with split-tendon transfers in Cerebral Palsy: how does it affect the hindfoot motion? (researchgate.net)
  • Introduction The flexible spastic varus foot in cerebral palsy is commonly corrected by split-tendon transfer of tibialis anterior or tibialis posterior. (researchgate.net)
  • Eventually, patients with adult acquired flat usual in infants, common in children and foot may develop severe arthritis in the foot uncommon in adults [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • Other etiologic factors for PTT tears include inflammatory arthropathy, obesity, hypertension, an accessory navicular, a cornuate navicular, and congenital flat foot deformity. (radsource.us)
  • Patient with severe congenital hyperlordosis. (medscape.com)
  • While it is common for ducks to have some difficulty walking on land due to their webbed feet and upright posture, severe impairment or complete inability to walk is not normal. (sissel-online.com)
  • They or more severe factors such as rupture of were given a brief general medical exami- the ligaments or tendons in the foot [ 7 ]. (who.int)
  • Following the patient history is a physical examination, which focuses on ridging of the sutures, shape of the head and neck, and other possible deformities associated with syndromes. (memorialhermann.org)
  • Currently, there is no genetic cure for any congenital myopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Bethlem myopathy (BM) and Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (DMCU) result from a mutation in collagen type VI. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bunions are malformation of the joint connecting to big toe of the foot which can lead to swollen and tender. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • This leads to a rigid flat foot with a rocker-bottom appearance. (cfosm.com)
  • Stiff sole/rocker bottom shoes with soft liners can help lessen pressure to the ball of the foot. (footeducation.com)
  • With your feet flat on the floor, point your toes as far as you can and then curl them back underneath the foot as far as they will go. (readersdigest.co.uk)
  • Toes bent upward from the joints at the ball of the foot. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • The pain that is experienced in metatarsalgia typically occurs in the ball of the foot (at the base of the second or third toes under the second or third metatarsal heads). (footeducation.com)
  • The second and third toes may separate in metatarsalgia and patients will either have pain at the bottom and/or top of the ball of the foot (base of the toes). (footeducation.com)
  • This can be done with a combination of soft padded comfortable shoes , metatarsal pads , soft accommodative orthotics , activity modifications (avoid putting forced pressure to the ball of foot), calf stretching , foot muscle strengthening (try and gently curl toes), and NSAIDS (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). (footeducation.com)
  • The researchers speculate that the high heritability of lesser toe deformities might be associated with excessively long toes, which may be vulnerable to deformity resulting from footwear compression. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital kyphosis from posterior unbalanced hemivertebra. (medscape.com)
  • In tarsal coalition, the feet are fixed in a flattened position. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This orthopaedic surgeons to record whether the develops with repetitive stress on the main participant had flat foot or not, and whether supporting tendon of the arch over a long the flat foot was unilateral or bilateral and period of time [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • These include North Carolina Macular Dystrophy, Sorsby Syndrome (in which patients also have a variable degree of hand and foot deformity) and Progressive Bifocal Chorioretinal Atrophy. (fightforsight.org.uk)
  • Congenital talipes equinovarus ( CTEV ) DEFINITION Congenital talipes equinovarus is most common Congenital foot disorder. (physiofeeds.com)
  • Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a prevalent congenital foot deformity. (ac.ir)
  • BACKGROUND: Pediatric athletes who undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are at risk for a growth deformity if the surgery violates the physes.CASE: A 12-year-old African American boy underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a hamstring autograft. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Standard orthopedic surgery is recommended for foot deformities at an early age. (medscape.com)
  • These deformities can be congenital or caused by injuries, infections, or nutritional deficiencies. (sissel-online.com)
  • Stretching the feet is a great way to prevent injuries. (drmichaelmetyk.com)
  • In some countries, clinical services (manipulation and casting, follow up, foot abduction bracing and parent advice) are led by physiotherapists with clinical oversight and provision of tenotomies by orthopaedic surgeons. (physio-pedia.com)
  • Acrocyanosis is a painless disorder that affects the arteries supplying blood to the skin of the hands and feet. (mpma.org)
  • It's a disorder of foot that can be inborn or assimilated. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • Posterior tibial tendon tears typically occur in middle-aged women, presenting with chronic pain and progressive flat foot deformity. (radsource.us)
  • With chronic rupture of the posterior tibial tendon and failure of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, increased force is transmitted to other static stabilizers of the arch such as the spring ligament, the ligaments of the sinus tarsi, and the plantar fascia. (radsource.us)
  • Such tumor can occur in hand and feet, and has a greater tendency toward malignant transformation than Ollier`s Disease. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • Several factors including genetics influence the fetal growth in the womb, and exposure to teratogenic drugs and chemicals can increase the risk of congenital deformities. (cfosm.com)
  • Impairment of the function, deformity, analysis of the gait. (muni.cz)
  • Lastly, balance exercises such as calf raises strengthen the muscles in your feet and ankles. (drmichaelmetyk.com)
  • Stretching the calf muscles can also be beneficial for the feet, and this is done by placing your hands on a wall and stepping one foot back while keeping it flat on the floor. (drmichaelmetyk.com)
  • Club foot, calf and leg are smaller and shorter than normal. (footpainmanagement.org)
  • Dozens of skin lesions may occur, and those on the feet often ulcerate or cause foot deformities and lameness. (msdvetmanual.com)