Treponema denticola
Bacteroidetes
Bacteroides
Periodontitis
Prevotella intermedia
Periodontal Pocket
Chronic Periodontitis
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Campylobacter rectus
Dental Plaque
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Porphyromonas
Kinesis
Alveolar Bone Loss
Bacteroidaceae
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide
Lignans
Transendothelial and Transepithelial Migration
Periodontal Index
Periodontal Diseases
Mouth Mucosa
Biofilms
Simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, forsythin and arctiin in Chinese traditional medicines preparation by reversed phase-HPLC. (1/16)
A reversed phase (RP)-HPLC method was established for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, arctiin and forsythin in Yinqiao Jiedu Granules, which was a commonly used Chinese herbal medical preparation for treatment of rheum ailments. The determination was based on a gradient elution (A: 1% acetic acid, pH=3.0, B: methanol) on a C18 column and an automatic wavelength switching program, where 325 nm was used for chlorogenic acid and 280 nm for arctiin and forsythin, respectively. Good linearities were obtained over the range of 2-200 mg.l(-1) for the 3 objective compounds. The spike recoveries were within 96.0-97.9%. (+info)Tannic acid is an inhibitor of CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha)/CXCR4 with antiangiogenic activity. (2/16)
PURPOSE: Increasing evidence suggests that interaction between the chemoattractant CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha and its receptor CXCR4 plays a pivotal role in the metastasis of various tumors. Our previous studies showed that multi-component Chinese herbal medicines inhibited the effects of CXCL12/CXCR4. As a result of sequential chromatographic fractionation of one herbal medicine ingredient, Lianqiao (fruit of Forsythia suspensa), we observed that tannins were, at least in part, responsible for this activity. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-CXCL12/CXCR4 activity of a commercial tannic acid and evaluate its potential to inhibit tumor cell migration and angiogenesis in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The inhibitory effect of tannic acid on CXCL12/CXCR4 was measured by chemotaxis assay, ligand binding assay, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. The antiangiogenic effect of tannic acid was assessed by in vitro endothelial cell tube formation. RESULTS: Tannic acid, at nontoxic concentrations, specifically inhibited CXCL12-induced human monocyte migration (IC(50), 7.5 micro g/ml) but did not inhibit CCL2-, CCL3-, CCL5-, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP)-, or C5a-induced migration. The compound markedly blocked CXCL12 binding to THP-1 cells (IC(50), 0.36 micro g/ml). Tannic acid also inhibited CXCL12-induced, but not epidermal growth factor-induced, migration of MDA 231 breast tumor cells. Additionally, 0.5 micro g/ml of tannic acid selectively inhibited CXCL12-mediated, but not basic fibroblast growth factor- or endothelial cell growth supplement-mediated, bovine aorta endothelial cell capillary tube formation. CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that tannic acid is a novel selective CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonist and consequently may provide a mechanistic basis for the reported antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties of tannic acid. (+info)Isolation and identification of biologically active compounds from Forsythia viridissima flowers. (3/16)
Flavonol glycosides, rutin and isoquercitrin, lignan glycosides, arctiin and matairesinoside, as well as phenylethanoid verbascoside (= acteoside), ursolic acid and beta-sitosterol have been isolated from the flowers of Forsythia viridissima. Two other isolated substances were characterized respectively as a wax and a hydrocoloidal polysaccharide consisting of galactose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, glucose, xylose, and rhamnose. (+info)The content of lignan glycosides in Forsythia flowers and leaves. (4/16)
Quantitative determination of lignan glucosides in flowers and leaves of three taxons of Forsythia Vahl was performed using the HPLC method. The main lignan compound in the flowers of F. suspensa appeared to be (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside, whereas in the leaves of this species phillyrin was the predominant lignan. The content of (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside in F. suspensa flowers amounted to 4.3-7% and that of phillyrin did not reach 1%. The inverse ratio of (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside to phillyrin occurred in the leaves of F. suspensa, which contained up to 4.3% of phillyrin and 1.6% and less (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside. The flowers of F. viridissima and F. x intermedia were rich in arctiin: 5.5-10.2% and up to 11.5%, respectively. The leaves of these two species contained less arctiin: up to 4.3% in F. viridissima and up to 2.3% in F. x intermedia. The flowers showed the highest level of lignans at the phase of buds, it decreased during the blooming time. (+info)Paenibacillus forsythiae sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from rhizosphere soil of Forsythia mira. (5/16)
(+info)Manipulation of the apoplastic pH of intact plants mimics stomatal and growth responses to water availability and microclimatic variation. (6/16)
(+info)Lignans from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Protect High-Density Lipoprotein during Oxidative Stress. (7/16)
The objective of the present study was to investigate the beneficial properties lignan compounds obtained from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae) for protecting human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) against lipid peroxidation. The isolated compounds (1-8) inhibited the generation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values from 8.5 to 18.7 microM, since HDL oxidation mediated by catalytic Cu2+. They also exerted an inhibitory effect against thermo-labile radical initiator (AAPH)-induced lipid peroxidation of HDL with IC50 values from 12.1 to 51.1 microM. Compounds 1 and 5 exerted inhibitory effects against the Cu2+-induced lipid peroxidation of HDL, as shown by an extended lag time prolongation at the concentration of 3.0 microM. These results suggest that the antioxidative effects of F. suspensa are due to its lignans and that these constituents may be useful for preventing the oxidation of HDL. (+info)New phenylethanoid glycosides from the fruits of forsythia suspense (thunb.) vahl. (8/16)
(+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Forsythia" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a genus of flowering plants in the olive family, Oleaceae. These plants are known for their yellow flowers that typically bloom in early spring. They are often used as ornamental shrubs in gardens and landscapes. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try and help with those!
Treponema denticola is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that belongs to the genus Treponema. It is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal diseases such as chronic periodontitis. T. denticola is one of the "red complex" bacteria, which also includes Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, that are strongly associated with periodontal disease. These bacteria form a complex biofilm in the subgingival area and contribute to the breakdown of the periodontal tissues, leading to pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.
T. denticola has several virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteases, fimbriae, and endotoxins, that allow it to evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It can also modulate the host's immune response, leading to a chronic inflammatory state that contributes to the progression of periodontal disease.
In addition to its role in periodontal disease, T. denticola has been linked to several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between T. denticola and these conditions.
Bacteroidetes is a large phylum of gram-negative, predominantly anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, including humans. They play an important role in the breakdown and fermentation of complex carbohydrates in the gut, producing short-chain fatty acids as a byproduct. Some species of Bacteroidetes have also been identified as opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals or under certain conditions.
The medical relevance of Bacteroidetes lies in their role in maintaining gut homeostasis, modulating the immune system, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including changes in the abundance and diversity of Bacteroidetes, has been associated with various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the ecology and function of Bacteroidetes is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.
Bacteroides are a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are normally present in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are part of the normal gut microbiota and play an important role in breaking down complex carbohydrates and other substances in the gut. However, some species of Bacteroides can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or when they spread to other parts of the body. They are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria difficult to treat.
Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.
The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.
Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.
Prevotella intermedia is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is a normal resident of the human microbiota but can also be an opportunistic pathogen, causing various types of infections such as periodontitis, endocarditis, and brain abscesses. P. intermedia has been associated with several diseases, including respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and joint infections. It is often found in mixed infections with other anaerobic bacteria. Proper identification of this organism is important for the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.
In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.
Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.
Chronic periodontitis is a type of gum disease that is characterized by the inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It is a slow-progressing condition that can lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which can result in loose teeth or tooth loss if left untreated.
Chronic periodontitis is caused by the buildup of dental plaque and calculus (tartar) on the teeth, which harbor bacteria that release toxins that irritate and inflame the gums. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of the periodontal tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
The signs and symptoms of chronic periodontitis include:
* Red, swollen, or tender gums
* Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
* Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
* Receding gums (exposure of the tooth root)
* Loose teeth or changes in bite alignment
* Deep periodontal pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums)
Risk factors for chronic periodontitis include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves a thorough dental cleaning to remove plaque and calculus, followed by additional procedures such as scaling and root planing or surgery to eliminate infection and promote healing of the periodontal tissues. Good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and quitting smoking are essential for preventing chronic periodontitis and maintaining good oral health.
"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.
P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.
'Campylobacter rectus' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause periodontal disease, an infection and inflammation of the tissues surrounding the teeth. It is normally found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. The bacteria are microaerophilic, meaning they require reduced levels of oxygen to grow. Infection with 'Campylobacter rectus' can lead to tissue destruction, bone loss, and potentially systemic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. Proper oral hygiene and dental care are important in preventing infection and controlling the spread of this bacterium.
Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.
The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.
The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.
"Fusobacterium nucleatum" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and plays a significant role in periodontal disease. It has also been implicated in various extraintestinal infections, including septicemia, brain abscesses, and lung and liver infections. This bacterium is known to have a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as the ability to adhere to and invade host cells, produce biofilms, and evade the immune response. It has been linked to several systemic diseases, including colorectal cancer, where it may promote tumor growth and progression through various mechanisms.
"Porphyromonas" is a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity and other areas of the body. One species, "Porphyromonas gingivalis," is a major contributor to chronic periodontitis, a severe form of gum disease. These bacteria are also associated with various systemic diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and aspiration pneumonia. The name "Porphyromonas" comes from the Greek words "porphyra," meaning purple, and "monas," meaning unit, referring to the bacteria's ability to produce porphyrins, which are pigments that can give a purple color to their colonies.
In the context of physiology and medicine, "kinesis" refers to a type of movement or motion that is spontaneous and not under the direct control of willful thought. It is a broad term that can encompass various forms of involuntary movements in the body, including muscle contractions, heartbeats, and peristalsis (the wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system).
It's worth noting that "kinesis" is also a term used in the field of psychology to refer to an individual's range of motion or mobility, but this usage is less common in medical contexts.
Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.
In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.
Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non-spore forming bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are rod-shaped and can vary in size and shape. Bacteroidaceae are important breakdowners of complex carbohydrates and proteins in the gut, and play a significant role in maintaining the health and homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. Some members of this family can also be opportunistic pathogens and have been associated with various infections and diseases, such as abscesses, bacteremia, and periodontal disease.
'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.
Benzoylarginine-2-Naphthylamide is a synthetic substance that is used in laboratory settings as a reagent for the detection and measurement of certain enzymes, specifically proteases such as trypsin. It is a colorless to pale yellow crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. When treated with an enzyme that can cleave it, such as trypsin, it produces a colored product that can be measured and used to quantify the enzyme's activity. This compound is not used for medical purposes in humans or animals.
Lignans are a type of plant compound that have antioxidant and estrogen properties. They are found in various plants such as seeds, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Once consumed, some lignans can be converted by intestinal bacteria into enterolactone and enterodiol, which can have weak estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects in the body. These compounds have been studied for their potential health benefits, including reducing the risk of cancer and heart disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand their effects and potential health benefits.
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.
Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.
Bacteroides infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterial genus Bacteroides, which are a group of anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli that are normal inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, they can cause intra-abdominal infections, such as appendicitis, peritonitis, and liver abscesses, as well as wound infections, bacteremia, and gynecological infections when they spread to other parts of the body, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems.
Bacteroides species are often resistant to many antibiotics, making infections challenging to treat. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, often requiring combination therapy, is essential for successful treatment. Surgical intervention may also be necessary in certain cases of Bacteroides infections, such as abscess drainage or debridement of necrotic tissue.
Bacteroidaceae is a family of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. Infections caused by Bacteroidaceae are relatively rare, but can occur in cases of severe trauma, surgery, or compromised immune systems. These infections may include bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), abscesses, and wound infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against anaerobic bacteria. It is important to note that proper identification of the specific species causing the infection is necessary for appropriate treatment, as different species within Bacteroidaceae may have different susceptibilities to various antibiotics.
Transendothelial migration (TEM) and transepithelial migration (TRM) are terms used to describe the movement of cells, typically leukocytes (white blood cells), across endothelial or epithelial cell layers. These processes play a crucial role in immune surveillance and inflammation.
Transendothelial migration refers specifically to the movement of cells across the endothelium, which is the layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels. This process allows leukocytes to leave the bloodstream and enter surrounding tissues during an immune response. TEM can be further divided into two main steps:
1. Adhesion: The initial attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium, mediated by adhesion molecules expressed on both the leukocyte and endothelial cell surfaces.
2. Diapedesis: The transmigration step where leukocytes squeeze between adjacent endothelial cells and move through the basement membrane to reach the underlying tissue.
Transepithelial migration, on the other hand, refers to the movement of cells across an epithelium, which is a layer of cells that forms a barrier between a body cavity or lumen (such as the gut or airways) and the underlying tissue. TRM can be observed in various physiological processes like wound healing and immune cell trafficking, but it also plays a role in pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis. Similar to TEM, TRM can be divided into several steps:
1. Adhesion: The initial attachment of cells to the epithelium, facilitated by adhesion molecules and receptors.
2. Polarization: Cells become polarized, forming protrusions that help them navigate through the tight junctions between epithelial cells.
3. Diapedesis: The transmigration step where cells move across the epithelium, often involving the disassembly and reassembly of tight junctions between epithelial cells.
4. Re-epithelialization: After cell migration is complete, the epithelial layer needs to be restored by re-establishing tight junctions and maintaining barrier integrity.
The Periodontal Index (PI) is not a current or widely used medical/dental term. However, in the past, it was used to describe a method for assessing and measuring the severity of periodontal disease, also known as gum disease.
Developed by Henry H. Klein and colleagues in 1978, the Periodontal Index was a scoring system that evaluated four parameters: gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, calculus (tartar) presence, and periodontal pocket depths. The scores for each parameter ranged from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse periodontal health. The overall PI score was the sum of the individual parameter scores, ranging from 0 to 12.
However, due to its limited ability to predict future disease progression and the introduction of more comprehensive assessment methods like the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE), the use of the Periodontal Index has become less common in dental practice and research.
Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.
Bacterial load refers to the total number or concentration of bacteria present in a given sample, tissue, or body fluid. It is a measure used to quantify the amount of bacterial infection or colonization in a particular area. The bacterial load can be expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter (ml), gram (g), or other units of measurement depending on the sample type. High bacterial loads are often associated with more severe infections and increased inflammation.
According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.
There are two major stages of periodontal disease:
1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.
Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.
The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.
Biofilms are defined as complex communities of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that adhere to surfaces and are enclosed in a matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS matrix is composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and other molecules that provide structural support and protection to the microorganisms within.
Biofilms can form on both living and non-living surfaces, including medical devices, implants, and biological tissues. They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and host immune responses, making them difficult to eradicate and a significant cause of persistent infections. Biofilms have been implicated in a wide range of medical conditions, including chronic wounds, urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, and device-related infections.
The formation of biofilms typically involves several stages, including initial attachment, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. Understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and development is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat biofilm-associated infections.
Forsythia
Tannerella forsythia
Forsythia viridissima
Forsythia ovata
Forsythia suspensa
USCGC Forsythia
Forsythia (disambiguation)
Forsythia europaea
Forsythia × intermedia
Forsythia koreana
Peavy Arboretum
Anton Christian Houen
Sycamore-class buoy tender
List of trifoliate plants
Contagion (2011 film)
Camila Oliveira Fairclough
Pinoresinol
Shuanghuanglian
Pembridge
Phillyrin
Forsythieae
Stereoselectivity
Pruning
Levittown, Pennsylvania
Seoraksan National Park
List of flora of Indiana
William Forsyth (horticulturist)
Snow Drop (manhwa)
4-Coumarate-CoA ligase
Glen Magna Farms
Intermedia6
- northwest China Forsythia × intermedia Zabel - an artificial garden hybrid between F. suspensa and F. viridissima Forsythia japonica Makino - Japan Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai - Korea Forsythia likiangensis Ching & K.M.Feng - southwest China Forsythia × mandschurica Uyeki - northeast China Forsythia mira M.C.Chang - north central China Forsythia ovata Nakai - Korea Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai - Korea Forsythia suspensa (Thunb. (wikipedia.org)
- Forsythia × intermedia, as its name suggests, is a hybrid of F. suspensa and F. viridissima, introduced in continental Europe about 1880. (wikipedia.org)
- Forsythia x intermedia 'Discovery,' is part of the HILLIER™ Collection , from Hillier Nurseries, United Kingdom. (planthaven.com)
- The bright yellows of forsythia shrubs ( Forsythia x intermedia ) are a hallmark of spring. (umaine.edu)
- The varieties known as 'intermedia' are hybrid plants achieved by crossing weeping forsythia (F. suspensa) and greenstem forsythia (F. viridissima), with traits that are "intermediate" between the two parents. (bondi.is)
- We showed this for Porphyromonas gingivalis , Prevotella intermedia and very rarely studied due to great difficulties of culturing Tanerella forsythia , which all cause periodontitis and are exceptionally resistant to complement. (lu.se)
Suspensa4
- Two species of forsythia are at the heart of the selected forms and garden hybrids: Forsythia suspensa and F. viridissima. (wikipedia.org)
- Forsythia suspensa, the first to be noticed by a Westerner, was seen in a Japanese garden by the botanist-surgeon Carl Peter Thunberg, who included it (as a lilac) in his Flora Japonica 1784. (wikipedia.org)
- and the fruit of Forsythia suspensa and It turns out there are brands of medicine for Forsythia is a shrub. (firebaseapp.com)
- Institute of Oriental Medicine posit that extract of Forsythia suspensa may be used to Hitta perfekta Forsythia Isolated bilder och redaktionellt nyhetsbildmaterial hos Getty Images. (firebaseapp.com)
Tannerella1
- Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, fusiform Gram-negative oral pathogen strongly associated with periodontitis, a multibacterial inflammatory disease that leads to the destruction of the teeth-supporting tissue, ultimately causing tooth loss. (karger.com)
Shrubs8
- Forsythia are deciduous shrubs typically growing to a height of 1-3 m (3 ft 3 in - 9 ft 10 in) and, rarely, up to 6 m (20 ft) with rough grey-brown bark. (wikipedia.org)
- Forsythia are early spring-flowering shrubs with yellow blooms, often seen in private gardens, public landscaping works and parks-notably during Eastertide), when some of the plants are nicknamed Easter Tree in honor of the coming spring. (wikipedia.org)
- When to Prune Forsythia Shrubs & How to Keep Them Healthy! (naturehills.com)
- Forsythia is a genus of about 7 species of mainly deciduous shrubs from Eastern Asia with one species form Southeast Europe. (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
- Forsythia and Asian azaleas are the first signs of spring in many of our yards, but you can light up your garden year-round if you plant flowering shrubs native to Western North Carolina! (buncombemastergardener.org)
- Other beloved flowering shrubs similar to forsythia include Japanese andromeda and flowering quince. (bondi.is)
- It is generally not recommended to grow forsythia in containers because even dwarf cultivars spread their branches and grow into very wide little shrubs. (almanac.com)
- Depending on the specific variety, space forsythia shrubs about 4-6 feet apart to allow for their mature size. (yourgarden.online)
Tackling Forsythia bushes1
- These days, modern plant breeders are tackling Forsythia bushes, bringing compact and dwarf varieties to market. (naturehills.com)
Shrub4
- Forsythia - this is a very early spring blooming ornamental shrub. (inmygarden.eu)
- Yes, forsythia is a winter hardy woody shrub, tolerating cold to -15°F (-26°C). (almanac.com)
- Forsythia , with its vibrant yellow blooms heralding the arrival of spring, is a beautiful and easy-to-grow shrub. (yourgarden.online)
- Forsythia is a hardy and low-maintenance shrub that will brighten your garden and bring joy to your outdoor space. (yourgarden.online)
Flowering plants1
- Forsythia /fɔːrˈsɪθiə/, /fɔːrˈsaɪθiə/ is a genus of flowering plants in the olive family Oleaceae. (wikipedia.org)
Cuttings2
- Forsythias also can be propagated by rooting stem cuttings taken in spring, after the plants finish blooming. (almanac.com)
- Forsythia can be propagated through softwood cuttings in late spring or hardwood cuttings in late fall. (yourgarden.online)
20202
- Of current interest for spring 2020 - forsythia is part of an anti-viral formula being studied in China. (alainnlibrary.com)
- 20 Mar 2020 Even the forsythia are in bloom, despite the fact they already bloomed last November. (firebaseapp.com)
Viridissima2
- Vahl - eastern and central China Forsythia togashii H.Hara - Japan (Shōdoshima) Forsythia velutina Nakai - Korea Forsythia viridissima Lindl. (wikipedia.org)
- Forsythia viridissima, meanwhile, had overtaken it in European gardens. (wikipedia.org)
Bushes4
- Forsythia bushes are the perfect choice for experienced gardeners and beginners alike. (naturehills.com)
- Our son, William, was born on May 2, 2013, in the short burst of time when Forsythia bushes bloomed. (firstcandle.org)
- On the drive to the hospital with her grandfather, she noticed the bright yellow bushes and exclaimed, "Forsythia flowers! (firstcandle.org)
- Our hope renews every spring when blooming Forsythia bushes remind us of William's short, but bright, burst of life. (firstcandle.org)
Lian Qiao1
- Forsythia is called Lian Qiao and is the "Qiao" in the extremely popular Yin Qiao San that we carry for early stage upper respiratory infections. (firebaseapp.com)
Blooms6
- Welcome spring back again with the vivid bell-shaped blooms of the revered Forsythia bush. (naturehills.com)
- The forsythia flower blooms before its leaves appear, making the plant even more spectacular. (naturehills.com)
- I love forsythia and have tried some shots of the individual blooms as opposed to the mass of them but haven't gotten close to what you've done here. (blogspot.com)
- Forsythia is a hardy plant that blooms with little to no maintenance-try using it in magical workings related to longevity and sustainability of your goals. (alainnlibrary.com)
- Forsythia blooms on old wood, so it's best to prune immediately after it has finished flowering in the spring. (yourgarden.online)
- In summary, forsythia is a wonderful addition to any garden, and with the right care, it will flourish and delight you with its vibrant blooms year after year. (yourgarden.online)
Prune4
- If we prune forsythia in the late winter, while it is still dormant, we remove branches that have pre-formed flower buds, reducing the upcoming spring flower display. (umaine.edu)
- When would you prune a forsythia in NH, in the Fall? (mikesbackyardnursery.com)
- Hi Mike-I happen to like a Japanese style of arching branches on my Forsythia so rarely prune them as you do. (mikesbackyardnursery.com)
- Prune large forsythias by cutting out the oldest branches near the ground. (almanac.com)
Plant4
- Plant a single Forsythia to decorate the corner of your garage, or use 12 as a showy forsythia hedge. (naturehills.com)
- My forsythia goes in the sun on the parlor plant-stand. (agardenforthehouse.com)
- Plant forsythia every 4 to 6 feet apart from each other to give them room to expand. (bondi.is)
- Forsythia is best started from a purchased plant set out in spring. (almanac.com)
Buds4
- Close up of forsythia flower buds. (umaine.edu)
- Forsythias start developing next year's flower buds in early- to mid-summer, on one-year-old wood. (umaine.edu)
- I thought that pruning is done on a flowering mature forsythia after the bloom is finished, so that new buds for the following Spring will be set. (mikesbackyardnursery.com)
- Laurie Cabot, in her book Love Magic , recommends clipping a few forsythia stalks and placing them in a jar of water on your altar to bring love your way-as the buds begin to open up and flower, so will your love life. (alainnlibrary.com)
Aphids1
- Forsythia can be susceptible to aphids. (yourgarden.online)
Branches4
- The most attractive forsythias are those managed to enhance their natural growth habit-slender branches that grow upward and outward, stiffly arching down to earth under the weight of spring flowers. (umaine.edu)
- I have a forsythia that does not bloom except for a few lower branches. (mikesbackyardnursery.com)
- My mother in law has a forsythia that bloomed very nicely about 3 years ago, but since, just a few lower branches. (mikesbackyardnursery.com)
- Anyway, I feel really inspired to cut some forsythia branches now! (agardenforthehouse.com)
Honeysuckle1
- Scotch broom, forsythia, Spice bush, honeysuckle and rhododendron grow 6-to-8 feet tall. (bondi.is)
Cultivars2
- Development of cultivated varieties (cultivars) of forsythia has focused on three characteristics: flower color (shade of yellow), floral bud cold hardiness, and growth habit. (umaine.edu)
- All forsythias have yellow flowers, with cultivars varying from soft yellow to intense gold. (umaine.edu)
Gardener1
- Whether you're a novice gardener or a seasoned enthusiast, forsythia can add a burst of color and joy to your garden. (yourgarden.online)
Proven Winners1
- Proven Winners ® ColorChoice ® Show Off Sugar Baby forsythia benchcard, available at provenwinners.com . (springmeadownursery.com)
Flowers8
- There is a long-standing belief that forsythia flowers produce lactose, but lactose occurs only very rarely in natural sources other than milk, and attempts to find lactose in forsythia have been unsuccessful. (wikipedia.org)
- The bold, bell-shaped Forsythia flowers rival any Scottish Broom. (naturehills.com)
- My forsythia still only has 5 flowers on it. (blogspot.com)
- The only viable sources of forsythia active compounds are the flowers and leaves. (alainnlibrary.com)
- This early spring flower is associated with the sun, thanks to its yellow flowers, and it seems to have an uncanny ability to blossom without any care or tending whatsoever-it's not uncommon to find random forsythia plants in full bloom at properties long since abandoned. (alainnlibrary.com)
- According to some legends, once the forsythia flowers begin to bloom, it means you'll still have three more snowfalls before the winter is truly over. (alainnlibrary.com)
- To make: Collect fresh forsythia flowers and spread them in a single layer on clean dish towels or paper towels. (alainnlibrary.com)
- Once you've planted and cared for your forsythia, it will reward you with its brilliant yellow flowers, signaling the arrival of spring. (yourgarden.online)
Bush3
- Click the photos to see the individual product pages of each forsythia bush. (naturehills.com)
- In addition, you'll love the graceful, arched form a natural forsythia bush exhibits . (naturehills.com)
- There's a Korean legend that tells the story of man returning to his wife after a long journey, and finding her waiting by a forsythia bush. (alainnlibrary.com)
Pruning3
- If you find yourself confronted with an old forsythia that has not been pruned in years, consider pruning it while it is still dormant. (umaine.edu)
- Here's an updated photo to show you how well this Forsythia responded to this pruning. (mikesbackyardnursery.com)
- Forsythia has a natural arching habit in an irregular rounded shape and forsythia pruning should allow for this natural growth. (bondi.is)
Uncommon1
- Pests and diseases are uncommon with forsythia. (almanac.com)
Plant's1
- Forsythia - also one of the plant's common names - is named after William Forsyth. (wikipedia.org)
Depends2
- To survive in the oral habitat, T. forsythia depends on cohabiting bacteria for the provision of nutrients. (karger.com)
- The appropriate dose of forsythia depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. (bondi.is)
Tolerant2
- Forsythias are fairly tolerant of poor garden soil, and they have some drought tolerance once established. (bondi.is)
- Once established, forsythia is relatively drought-tolerant. (yourgarden.online)
Species2
- The following species of Forsythia have been documented: Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald. (wikipedia.org)
- Forsythias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the brown-tail and Gothic moth. (wikipedia.org)
Soil2
- Forsythias grow best in full sun - at least six hours of sunlight each day - and well-drained soil that is annually mulched with organic material such as composted manure. (umaine.edu)
- Forsythia is not too picky about soil but prefers well-draining soil. (yourgarden.online)
Nursery1
- You'll get it with the easy-care, happy yellow forsythia for sale at Nature Hills Nursery. (naturehills.com)
Graceful1
- Forsythias have a naturally graceful fountain-like growth habit, but they can be their own worst enemy. (umaine.edu)
Full1
- Forsythia thrives in full sun to partial shade. (yourgarden.online)
Lovely1
- Versatile enough to be used across your landscape, Forsythia is a lovely native of Asia. (naturehills.com)
Early1
- Container-grown forsythias can be transplanted until early summer, but they will not bloom again until the following spring. (almanac.com)
Garden1
- I just looked out of my window - and indeed, the forsythia in my garden is blooming too :) Wish you a sunny spring week! (joelix.com)
Winter3
- A VASE OF GLOWING, GOLDEN FORSYTHIA is just the thing to alleviate winter dullness in the house. (agardenforthehouse.com)
- The forsythia is blooming and the winter sun was just warm enough. (joelix.com)
- In late winter, forsythia can be forced to bloom indoors. (almanac.com)
Grow2
- How to Grow Forsythia. (yourgarden.online)
- In this guide, we'll walk you through the steps to successfully grow forsythia in your outdoor space. (yourgarden.online)
Year4
- But forsythia can really be trimmed at any time of the year. (mikesbackyardnursery.com)
- Best picture of Forsythia I have seen this year. (blogspot.com)
- Forsythias need regular water for the first year or two after planting. (almanac.com)
- Forsythias bloom on year-old wood that starts growing as soon as flowering subsides. (almanac.com)