Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption.
Techniques for enhancing and directing cell growth to repopulate specific parts of the PERIODONTIUM that have been damaged by PERIODONTAL DISEASES; TOOTH DISEASES; or TRAUMA, or to correct TOOTH ABNORMALITIES. Repopulation and repair is achieved by guiding the progenitor cells to reproduce in the desired location by blocking contact with surrounding tissue by use of membranes composed of synthetic or natural material that may include growth inducing factors as well.
Solid fixation of a tooth resulting from fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of the periodontal ligament. It is uncommon in the deciduous dentition and very rare in permanent teeth. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.
Removal of degenerated and necrotic epithelium and underlying connective tissue of a periodontal pocket in an effort to convert a chronic ulcerated wound to an acute surgical wound, thereby insuring wound healing and attachment or epithelial adhesion, and shrinkage of the marginal gingiva. The term is sometimes used in connection with smoothing of a root surface or ROOT PLANING. (Jablonski; Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
'Mandibular diseases' refer to various medical conditions that primarily affect the structure, function, or health of the mandible (lower jawbone), including but not limited to infections, tumors, developmental disorders, and degenerative diseases.
The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)
Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.
The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).
Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
Thin outer membrane that surrounds a bone. It contains CONNECTIVE TISSUE, CAPILLARIES, nerves, and a number of cell types.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
Solutions for rinsing the mouth, possessing cleansing, germicidal, or palliative properties. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Furcation therapy with bioabsorbable collagen membrane: a clinical trial. (1/30)

This study compared the effectiveness of 2 barrier membranes, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) and collagen, in treating Class II furcation defects of mandibular molars in humans. Seventeen nonsmoking subjects with no history of systemic disease each presenting with Class II furcation defects in 2 mandibular molars were selected and underwent initial therapy. At the time of the surgery and at 8-month follow-up, soft-tissue measurements consisting of the gingival index, vertical and horizontal probing depth, recession and clinical attachment level were obtained at the midfurcation level. At the time of membrane placement and at 12-month re-entry, horizontal midfurcation probing depth and hard-tissue measurement of vertical fill (from the crown to the depth of the pocket) were also obtained. According to the surgical protocol, both membranes were completely covered with a coronally positioned flap, and in all cases healing was uneventful. Data were analyzed first by comparing baseline measurements (at surgery) with measurements at 8-month follow-up and 12-month re-entry for both e-PTFE and collagen membranes according to repeated-measures analysis of variance. The changes from surgery to follow-up and re-entry were then compared between the 2 treatment modalities with paired Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. No statistically significant differences were found between e-PTFE and collagen membranes with respect to gingival index, reduction in probing depth, gain in clinical attachment or filling of the horizontal defect. However, the improvement in vertical fill at 12-month re-entry was more substantial for the teeth treated with collagen membrane than those treated with e-PTFE (p < 0.05). Within the limits of this study, it appears that collagen is a beneficial material for regenerative therapy of Class II furcation defects in humans, yielding results that are similar to or better than (vertical fill) those for e-PTFE membrane.  (+info)

Evaluation of periodontal healing in class II furcation defects following guided tissue regeneration with two different types of polylactic acid membranes. (2/30)

BACKGROUND: Guided tissue regeneration procedures provide predictable reconstruction of periodontal tissues in the treatment of furcation involvements in animals and humans. This study was to compare long-term effectiveness of two different types of polylactic acid (PLA) membranes on periodontal regeneration in surgically created class II furcation defects in dogs. METHODS: Full thickness mucoperiosteal flap was raised on the buccal aspects of the experimental teeth and class II furcation defects having 5 mm vertical dimensions were created on mandibular premolar III and IV on each quadrant. The exposed root surfaces were thoroughly planed and PLA membranes were placed over the experimental defects on both sites. One site received liquid polymer membrane (LPM), and resorbable periodontal mesh (RPM) membranes were applied to the other site. The animals were sacrificed at 7 months after surgery and the specimens were processed for histological evaluation. RESULTS: The average length of new attachment formed on the treated roots in both groups ranged from 3.02 mm to 4.5 mm. Complete bone filling was observed at the furcation sites. No statistically significant differences were found between two membranes in any of the parameters (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates favorable regenerative outcomes by the use of two different types of PLA membranes that could be used as alternatives for guided tissue regeneration (GTR).  (+info)

Enamel matrix proteins associated with GTR and bioactive glass in the treatment of class III furcation in dogs. (3/30)

This study investigated, both histologically and histometrically, the efficacy of enamel matrix derived proteins (EMD) associated with bioactive glass (BG) and an absorbable membrane in the treatment of class III furcation defects in mongrel dogs. After surgical defect creation and chronification, the lesions were randomly divided into three groups according to the treatment employed: Test Group 1--EMD + BG + membrane, Test Group 2--EMD + membrane and Control Group--BG + membrane. After a 90-day healing period, the dogs were sacrificed. The descriptive analysis and the histometric data showed similar results for the experimental groups in all studied parameters (MANOVA, p > 0.05). The association of Emdogain with bioglass and GTR, or with GTR only, showed similar results when compared with the ones obtained with bioglass associated with membrane in the treatment of class III furcation defects in dogs. The three modalities of treatment showed partial filling of the furcations, with bone and cementum regeneration limited to the apical portion of the defects.  (+info)

Resolution of furcation bone loss after non-surgical root canal treatment: application of a peptidase-detection kit for treatment of type I endoperiodontal lesion. (4/30)

Here, we report the management of a type I endoperiodontal lesion with furcation bone loss. A 59-year-old female attended our hospital with the chief complaint of mobility of tooth 46 and recurrent gingival swelling around the tooth. She previously received dental treatment from two dentists, but her condition did not improve. The tooth manifested the symptoms of typical periodontitis, such as gingival swelling, tooth mobility, pus discharge from the periodontal pocket and furcation bone loss. The tooth had no caries and the pulp reacted to an electric pulp test. Careful examination of the gingiva revealed traces of dental fistula. X-ray examination via a gutta percha inserted into the fistula revealed that furcation bone loss was associated with the periapical lesion. We diagnosed a type I endoperiodontal lesion, and applied Periocheck, a detection kit for peptidase-producing bacteria, to check for decreases in bacteria in the furcation and root canals. Soon after non-surgical root canal treatment, the condition of tooth 46 improved without periodontal treatment. After confirming a negative score with Periocheck, the root canal was filled. After 3 months, the furcation bone loss was on the way to recovery. These results indicate that proper diagnosis and confirmation of a decrease in root canal bacteria are important for treating endoperiodontal lesions.  (+info)

Periodontal regeneration following transplantation of proliferating tissue derived from periodontal ligament into class III furcation defects in dogs. (5/30)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing of class III furcation defects following transplantation of proliferating tissue derived from periodontal ligament (pPDL). Two weeks after removing alveolar bone, pPDL was excised. Class III furcation defects were created in the mandibular premolars. pPDL was transplanted into the furcation defects in the experimental group, while no treatment was performed on the furcation defects in the controls. Two, four and eight weeks after surgery, histologic examination, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry were carried out. bFGF and VEGF mRNA showed a significant increase in pPDL. In the pPDL treatment group, new cementum regenerated around almost the entire circumference of the furcation, with new bone filling most of the defect, while the control group presented epithelial downgrowth and defects filled with connective tissue. These results provide histological evidence that pPDL plays an important role in wound healing by promoting periodontal regeneration in class III furcation defects.  (+info)

Estrogen deficiency and periodontal condition in rats: a radiographic and macroscopic study. (6/30)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of ovariectomy-induced estrogen deficiency as a risk factor of periodontal disease in rats. Forty 90-day old female rats were either ovariectomized (OVX; n=20) or sham operated (SHAM; n=20). After 30 days, periodontitis was induced by placement of a cotton ligature around the upper second molars of 10 OVX and 10 SHAM animals. All animals were sacrificed 5 weeks later. Body weight was assessed before all surgical procedures. The left hemimaxillas were removed and the percentage of periodontal bone support was determined radiographically and buccal alveolar bone loss was determined macroscopically using an image-analysis software. Furcation involvement was also evaluated. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA at 5% significance level. Within the evaluated period, the ovariectomized rats gained more weight than the sham-operated animals (p<0.001). The animals in which periodontitis was induced had less bone support, greater alveolar bone loss and furcation involvement than those without ligature (p<0.001). However, there was no difference between ovariectomized and sham-operated animals (p>0.05). Based on the findings of this study, estrogen deficiency could not be considered as a risk factor for periodontal disease.  (+info)

Periodontal disease affecting tooth furcations. A review of the treatments available. (7/30)

The molars are the teeth that suffer the greatest periodontal destruction in untreated patients. When periodontal disease affects the furcation of a tooth, the chance that it will be lost increases considerably. An increase in the exposed root surface, anatomical peculiarities and irregularities of the furcation surface all favor the growth of bacteria. These problems make it harder for the patient to maintain hygiene, and impede adequate treatment. The treatment of furcations affected by periodontal disease is one of the most difficult problems for the general dentist and periodontist. The motivation of both the attending professional and of the patient are therefore of great importance. No ideal procedure for treating such lesions exists. The present paper reviews those options that are currently available. Long-term research will be needed, along with the development of new techniques, to solve the problem of furcations affected by periodontal disease, possibly including substitution of the affected tooth by an implant.  (+info)

Cross-sectional study of vitamin D and calcium supplementation effects on chronic periodontitis. (8/30)

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A furcation defect in dental terminology refers to the loss or destruction of supporting bone in the area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth, such as a molar, diverge or branch out. This condition is typically caused by periodontal disease, which results in inflammation and infection of the gums and surrounding tissues.

Furcation defects are classified into three categories based on their severity:

1. Class I: The furcation involvement is limited to the function groove, and the bone loss does not extend beyond this area. Treatment usually involves thorough cleaning and root planing of the affected area.
2. Class II: The bone loss extends halfway or more beneath the furcation, but not reaching the bottom of the furcation. This type of defect may require surgical treatment to promote bone regeneration.
3. Class III: The bone loss is so extensive that it reaches the bottom of the furcation and possibly beyond. In such cases, tooth extraction may be necessary if the tooth cannot be saved through regenerative procedures or other treatments.

It's important to note that early detection and treatment of periodontal disease can help prevent furcation defects from developing or worsening. Regular dental checkups and cleanings are essential for maintaining good oral health and preventing periodontal issues.

Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) in periodontics is a surgical procedure that aims to regenerate lost periodontal tissues, including the alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament, which have been destroyed due to periodontal disease. The goal of GTR is to restore the architectural relationship between these supporting structures and the tooth, thereby improving its prognosis and function.

The procedure involves placing a barrier membrane between the tooth root and the surrounding soft tissues, creating a protected space that allows for the selective growth of periodontal cells. The membrane acts as a physical barrier to prevent the ingrowth of epithelial cells and fibroblasts from the oral mucosa, which can interfere with the regeneration process.

The membrane can be either resorbable or non-resorbable, depending on the clinical situation and surgeon's preference. Resorbable membranes are made of materials that degrade over time, while non-resorbable membranes require a second surgical procedure for removal. The choice of membrane material and configuration depends on various factors such as the size and location of the defect, patient's medical history, and surgeon's experience.

GTR has been shown to be effective in treating intrabony defects, furcation involvements, and class II function defects, among others. However, its success depends on various factors such as patient selection, surgical technique, membrane type and placement, and postoperative care.

Tooth ankylosis is a dental condition where the tooth becomes abnormally fused to the alveolar bone, which is the part of the jawbone that contains the tooth sockets. This fusion typically occurs through the cementum of the root surface and the adjacent alveolar bone, resulting in the loss of the periodontal ligament (PLD) space that normally separates the tooth from the bone.

Ankylosis can affect both primary (deciduous or baby) teeth and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, ankylosis may lead to early exfoliation or premature loss of the tooth due to the lack of PDL resorption, which is necessary for natural tooth shedding. In permanent teeth, ankylosis can result in infraocclusion, where the affected tooth fails to erupt fully and remains at a lower level than the surrounding teeth.

The causes of tooth ankylosis include trauma, infection, developmental disorders, or previous orthodontic treatment. It is essential to diagnose and manage this condition promptly, as it can lead to complications such as malocclusion, dental crowding, or periodontal issues if left untreated. Treatment options may include extraction of the affected tooth, surgical separation from the bone, or orthodontic treatment to correct any resulting occlusal discrepancies.

Dental cementum is a type of hard connective tissue that covers the root of a tooth. It is primarily composed of calcium salts and collagen fibers, and it serves to attach the periodontal ligaments (the fibers that help secure the tooth in its socket) to the tooth's root. Cementum also helps protect the root of the tooth and contributes to the maintenance of tooth stability. It continues to grow and deposit new layers throughout an individual's life, which can be seen as incremental lines called "cementum annulations."

The Periodontal Index (PI) is not a current or widely used medical/dental term. However, in the past, it was used to describe a method for assessing and measuring the severity of periodontal disease, also known as gum disease.

Developed by Henry H. Klein and colleagues in 1978, the Periodontal Index was a scoring system that evaluated four parameters: gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, calculus (tartar) presence, and periodontal pocket depths. The scores for each parameter ranged from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse periodontal health. The overall PI score was the sum of the individual parameter scores, ranging from 0 to 12.

However, due to its limited ability to predict future disease progression and the introduction of more comprehensive assessment methods like the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE), the use of the Periodontal Index has become less common in dental practice and research.

Subgingival curettage is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected tissue from the area below the gum line (subgingival) down to the bottom of the periodontal pocket. This procedure is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist during a deep cleaning or scaling and root planing procedure to treat periodontal disease. The goal of subgingival curettage is to remove damaged, infected, or necrotic tissue from the periodontal pocket, which can help promote healing and reduce the depth of the pocket. This procedure may also be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the extent of periodontal damage and guide treatment planning.

Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) is a clinical measurement in dentistry that refers to the amount of connective tissue attachment between the tooth and its surrounding supportive structures (including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) that has been lost due to periodontal disease. It is typically expressed in millimeters and represents the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), which is the point where the tooth's crown meets the root, to the bottom of the periodontal pocket.

Periodontal pockets are formed when the gums detach from the tooth due to inflammation and infection caused by bacterial biofilms accumulating on the teeth. As the disease progresses, more and more of the supporting structures are destroyed, leading to increased pocket depths and attachment loss. This can eventually result in loose teeth and even tooth loss if left untreated.

Therefore, periodontal attachment loss is an important indicator of the severity and progression of periodontal disease, and its measurement helps dental professionals assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions and monitor disease status over time.

A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.

In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.

Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.

Mandibular diseases refer to conditions that affect the mandible, or lower jawbone. These diseases can be classified as congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developing after birth). They can also be categorized based on the tissues involved, such as bone, muscle, or cartilage. Some examples of mandibular diseases include:

1. Mandibular fractures: These are breaks in the lower jawbone that can result from trauma or injury.
2. Osteomyelitis: This is an infection of the bone and surrounding tissues, which can affect the mandible.
3. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders: These are conditions that affect the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, causing pain and limited movement.
4. Mandibular tumors: These are abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, and can develop in any of the tissues of the mandible.
5. Osteonecrosis: This is a condition where the bone tissue dies due to lack of blood supply, which can affect the mandible.
6. Cleft lip and palate: This is a congenital deformity that affects the development of the face and mouth, including the lower jawbone.
7. Mandibular hypoplasia: This is a condition where the lower jawbone does not develop properly, leading to a small or recessed chin.
8. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the growth and development of the mandible, such as condylar hyperplasia or hemifacial microsomia.

In the context of dentistry, a molar is a type of tooth found in the back of the mouth. They are larger and wider than other types of teeth, such as incisors or canines, and have a flat biting surface with multiple cusps. Molars are primarily used for grinding and chewing food into smaller pieces that are easier to swallow. Humans typically have twelve molars in total, including the four wisdom teeth.

In medical terminology outside of dentistry, "molar" can also refer to a unit of mass in the apothecaries' system of measurement, which is equivalent to 4.08 grams. However, this usage is less common and not related to dental or medical anatomy.

Bone substitutes are materials that are used to replace missing or damaged bone in the body. They can be made from a variety of materials, including natural bone from other parts of the body or from animals, synthetic materials, or a combination of both. The goal of using bone substitutes is to provide structural support and promote the growth of new bone tissue.

Bone substitutes are often used in dental, orthopedic, and craniofacial surgery to help repair defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. They can also be used to augment bone volume in procedures such as spinal fusion or joint replacement.

There are several types of bone substitutes available, including:

1. Autografts: Bone taken from another part of the patient's body, such as the hip or pelvis.
2. Allografts: Bone taken from a deceased donor and processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
3. Xenografts: Bone from an animal source, typically bovine or porcine, that has been processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
4. Synthetic bone substitutes: Materials such as calcium phosphate ceramics, bioactive glass, and polymer-based materials that are designed to mimic the properties of natural bone.

The choice of bone substitute material depends on several factors, including the size and location of the defect, the patient's medical history, and the surgeon's preference. It is important to note that while bone substitutes can provide structural support and promote new bone growth, they may not have the same strength or durability as natural bone. Therefore, they may not be suitable for all applications, particularly those that require high load-bearing capacity.

A surgical flap is a specialized type of surgical procedure where a section of living tissue (including skin, fat, muscle, and/or blood vessels) is lifted from its original site and moved to another location, while still maintaining a blood supply through its attached pedicle. This technique allows the surgeon to cover and reconstruct defects or wounds that cannot be closed easily with simple suturing or stapling.

Surgical flaps can be classified based on their vascularity, type of tissue involved, or method of transfer. The choice of using a specific type of surgical flap depends on the location and size of the defect, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. Some common types of surgical flaps include:

1. Random-pattern flaps: These flaps are based on random blood vessels within the tissue and are typically used for smaller defects in areas with good vascularity, such as the face or scalp.
2. Axial pattern flaps: These flaps are designed based on a known major blood vessel and its branches, allowing them to cover larger defects or reach distant sites. Examples include the radial forearm flap and the anterolateral thigh flap.
3. Local flaps: These flaps involve tissue adjacent to the wound and can be further classified into advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps based on their movement and orientation.
4. Distant flaps: These flaps are harvested from a distant site and then transferred to the defect after being tunneled beneath the skin or through a separate incision. Examples include the groin flap and the latissimus dorsi flap.
5. Free flaps: In these flaps, the tissue is completely detached from its original blood supply and then reattached at the new site using microvascular surgical techniques. This allows for greater flexibility in terms of reach and placement but requires specialized expertise and equipment.

Surgical flaps play a crucial role in reconstructive surgery, helping to restore form and function after trauma, tumor removal, or other conditions that result in tissue loss.

The periodontal ligament, also known as the "PDL," is the soft tissue that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone within the dental alveolus (socket). It consists of collagen fibers organized into groups called principal fibers and accessory fibers. These fibers are embedded into both the cementum of the tooth root and the alveolar bone, providing shock absorption during biting and chewing forces, allowing for slight tooth movement, and maintaining the tooth in its position within the socket.

The periodontal ligament plays a crucial role in the health and maintenance of the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), cementum, alveolar bone, and the periodontal ligament itself. Inflammation or infection of the periodontal ligament can lead to periodontal disease, potentially causing tooth loss if not treated promptly and appropriately.

Connective tissue is a type of biological tissue that provides support, strength, and protection to various structures in the body. It is composed of cells called fibroblasts, which produce extracellular matrix components such as collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. These components give connective tissue its unique properties, including tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to compression.

There are several types of connective tissue in the body, each with its own specific functions and characteristics. Some examples include:

1. Loose or Areolar Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue is found throughout the body and provides cushioning and support to organs and other structures. It contains a large amount of ground substance, which allows for the movement and gliding of adjacent tissues.
2. Dense Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue has a higher concentration of collagen fibers than loose connective tissue, making it stronger and less flexible. Dense connective tissue can be further divided into two categories: regular (or parallel) and irregular. Regular dense connective tissue, such as tendons and ligaments, has collagen fibers that run parallel to each other, providing great tensile strength. Irregular dense connective tissue, such as the dermis of the skin, has collagen fibers arranged in a more haphazard pattern, providing support and flexibility.
3. Adipose Tissue: This type of connective tissue is primarily composed of fat cells called adipocytes. Adipose tissue serves as an energy storage reservoir and provides insulation and cushioning to the body.
4. Cartilage: A firm, flexible type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes within a matrix of collagen and proteoglycans. Cartilage is found in various parts of the body, including the joints, nose, ears, and trachea.
5. Bone: A specialized form of connective tissue that consists of an organic matrix (mainly collagen) and an inorganic mineral component (hydroxyapatite). Bone provides structural support to the body and serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions.
6. Blood: Although not traditionally considered connective tissue, blood does contain elements of connective tissue, such as plasma proteins and leukocytes (white blood cells). Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

The periosteum is a highly vascularized and innervated tissue that surrounds the outer surface of bones, except at the articular surfaces. It consists of two layers: an outer fibrous layer containing blood vessels, nerves, and fibroblasts; and an inner cellular layer called the cambium or osteogenic layer, which contains progenitor cells capable of bone formation and repair.

The periosteum plays a crucial role in bone growth, remodeling, and healing by providing a source of osteoprogenitor cells and blood supply. It also contributes to the sensation of pain in response to injury or inflammation of the bone. Additionally, the periosteum can respond to mechanical stress by activating bone formation, making it an essential component in orthopedic treatments such as distraction osteogenesis.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.

The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.

The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.

According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.

There are two major stages of periodontal disease:

1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.

Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.

A mouthwash is an antiseptic or therapeutic solution that is held in the mouth and then spit out, rather than swallowed. It is used to improve oral hygiene, to freshen breath, and to help prevent dental cavities, gingivitis, and other periodontal diseases.

Mouthwashes can contain a variety of ingredients, including water, alcohol, fluoride, chlorhexidine, essential oils, and other antimicrobial agents. Some mouthwashes are available over-the-counter, while others require a prescription. It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by the manufacturer or your dentist to ensure the safe and effective use of mouthwash.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Class I - Furcation defect is less than 3 mm in depth. Class II - Furcation defect is at least 3 mm in depth (and thus, in ... The furcation defect is thus a cul-de-sac. Class III - Furcation defect encompassing the entire width of the tooth so that no ... This distance plays an important role in furcation defects because the deeper the furcation entrance is within the bone, the ... may be considered to either close the furcation defect with grafting procedures or allow greater access to the furcation defect ...
... cementum and periodontal ligament regeneration in a canine class II furcation defect model". Journal of Periodontal Research. ...
Along with this other relevant parameters such as plaque, bleeding, furcation involvement and mobility are measured to gain an ... During this phase, any defects need to be restored with removable or fixed through dental prosthesis, prosthodontics, or other ... Complexity of management; Probing depth, pattern of bone loss, furcation lesions, number of remaining teeth, tooth mobility, ... ridge defects, masticatory dysfunction. Add to Stage as descriptor: Localized < 30% teeth, generalized > or equal to 30%. ...
... enamel hyperplasia or other enamel defects, mobility, furcation involvement, and other oral pathology. Charting not only ... The lesion usually starts at the cementoenamel junction and furcation area between the roots of a tooth. They appear as an ... It is the most common oral birth defect in horses. Also called mesioclusion, prognathism, undershot jaw, and underbite, MAL/3 ...
Teeth with furcation defects as a result of gum recession may require open flap debridement (OFD) as these areas can be very ... November 2018). "Autologous platelet concentrates for treating periodontal infrabony defects". The Cochrane Database of ... or plaque-induced defects in the bone, gingiva, or alveolar mucosa. The objectives of this surgery include accessibility of ... It can result in exposure of furcations Mobility of teeth Post-op sensitivity due to root dentine exposure Patient may need ...
He was one of the first to classify furcation defects and the role of occlusal trauma on periodontal disease and was described ... and developed a classification system for furcation involvement In 1965, Glickman proposed a theory involving the relation of ...
... probing depth Presence of furcation Vertical bony defects History of tooth loss related to periodontitis Tooth hypermobility ... This is especially true in molar tooth sites where furcations (areas between the roots) have been exposed. If nonsurgical ... Genetic factors which could modify the risk of a person developing periodontitis include: Defects of phagocytosis: person may ...
... furcation defects MeSH C07.465.714.258 - gingival diseases MeSH C07.465.714.258.250 - gingival hemorrhage MeSH C07.465.714.258. ...
... of bony and tissue defects Unable to achieve wound closure after surgery due to insufficient soft tissues Severe furcation ... The selective ingrowth of bone-forming cells into a bone defect region could be improved if the adjacent tissue is kept away ... A barrier membrane is utilized in the GBR technique to cover the bone defect and create a secluded space, which prevents the ... A study used e-PTFE membranes to cover surgically constructed average size bone defects in the mandibular angles of rats. ...
Swedish periodontist who classified dental furcation defects Hamp, a version of the Mitsubishi A6M Zero Japanese World War II ...
Assessment of infra-bony defects and furcation lesions Assessment of root canal anatomy in multi-rooted teeth Treatment ...
The hair defects are characterized as being rough, course, with profuse shedding. Hair is curly and kinky at infancy but later ... the floor of the pulp chamber and furcation is moved apically down. This is due to the failure of the Hertwig epithelial root ... Prognathism defects are diagnosed based the level of severity that this condition interferes with being able to chew or speak ... Dental defects are characterized by dark-yellow/brownish colored teeth, thin and/or possibly pitted enamel, that is malformed. ...
In addition to that, presence of angular or vertical bone loss (especially at 6's) and arrowhead or furcation lesions are also ... There may be a combination of vertical and horizontal bone loss defects. Early diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis is ... The neutrophils may show an intrinsic functional defect and respond abnormally when challenged by certain pathogens. The plasma ... with the aim of gaining access and visibility to root and furcation areas so that a thorough instrumentation and debridement ...
This furcation is commonplace in the study of protein evolution. Structural features which are highly necessary for function ... immunochemical and spectroscopic studies and evidence for a compound heterozygosity of the defect". Proceedings of the National ...
... and furcation involvement which may limit visibility of underlying deep calculus and debris. First and foremost, periodontal ... "Effects of ultrasonic instrumentation on enamel surfaces with various defects". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 16 (2 ...
Discharge of pus, involvement of the root furcation area and deeper pocketing may all indicate reduced prognosis for an ... "Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001724. doi: ... Plaque index/score Furcation involvement Suppuration Mobility Radiographs Measuring disease progression is carried out by ... for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (4): CD003875. doi ...
Class I - Furcation defect is less than 3 mm in depth. Class II - Furcation defect is at least 3 mm in depth (and thus, in ... The furcation defect is thus a cul-de-sac. Class III - Furcation defect encompassing the entire width of the tooth so that no ... This distance plays an important role in furcation defects because the deeper the furcation entrance is within the bone, the ... may be considered to either close the furcation defect with grafting procedures or allow greater access to the furcation defect ...
"Furcation Defects" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Furcation Defects" was a major or minor topic ... A Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Showed a Regenerative Potential in Intrabony Defects and Furcation Defects but Not in ... "Furcation Defects" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Periodontal regeneration - furcation defects: a consensus report from the AAP Regeneration Workshop. J Periodontol. 2015 Feb; ...
... may not provide additional benefits in the treatment furcation defects.. Keywords : Periodontitis; Furcation Defects; Triclosan ... Clinical evaluation of subgingival application of a triclosan gel in the treatment of periodontal furcation defects. IJD, Int. ... as to mechanical instrumentation in periodontal furcation defects. Thirty patients presenting probing depht of , 4mm and ... furcation involvement on the buccal surfaces of molars were randomly assigned to receive either scaling and root planning plus ...
For the treatment of furcation defects APCs may be beneficial as an adjunct to open flap debridement alone and bone grafting, ... Autologous Platelet Concentrates in Treatment of Furcation Defects-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Panda, Sourav; ... for the treatment of furcation defects, in terms of scientific quality of the clinical trials and regeneration parameters ... The outcome variables, relative to baseline and post-operative defect characteristics (probing pocket depth (PPD), horizontal ...
Treatment of periodontal furcation defects. Coronally positioned flaps versus dura mater membranes in class II defects. J Clin ... The following is a case presentation of multiple adjacent recession defects. The patient presented with a shallow palate from ... Full-thickness skin grafting of post surgical oral defects: shortand long-term outcomes. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 1995;53:998- ... Repair of gingival defects by a sliding flap operation. J Periodontol 1956;27:290-295. ...
Vertical furcation depth (VFD), and the percentage of bone defect fill (%v-BDF) were considered as secondary outcomes. A meta- ... Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Treatment of Grade 2 Furcation Defects: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Francesco ... In periodontitis patients, furcation defects are crucial sites to regenerate due to their complex anatomy. Various modern ... In periodontitis patients, furcation defects are crucial sites to regenerate due to their complex anatomy. Various modern ...
This entry was posted in Oral Care and tagged bone defects, furcation involvement, furcation of tooth, furcation treatment, ... This entry was posted in Oral Care and tagged bone defects, furcation involvement, furcation of tooth, furcation treatment, ... Bone Defects and Furcation Involvement Part 2 Continued from Part 1. Diagnosis and treatment planning for bone defects and ... periodontal disease, Periodontitis, scaling, tooth furcation on April 7, 2012. by oileng. Bone Defects and Furcation ...
Furcation Defects, glass ionomer, Glass Ionomer Cements, human, Humans, in vitro study, injury, mineral trioxide aggregate, ... Preparation of access openings and furcation perforations were done, and the teeth divided into five experimental groups (A, B ... Sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium phosphate cement, and glass ionomer cement in the repair of furcation ... The results indicated that the dye penetration used as furcation perforation repair material was least with mineral trioxide ...
A periodontal defect could form in the furcation area from the harbored bacteria in the crack. ... Concerns with this defect included:. *The tooth, if restored, could be stable for a period of time, but a crack of this ...
... diagnosed as anterior maxilla horizontal defect, alveolar process atrophy, periodontitis furcation defect, and unilateral ... 37] study, periodontal furcation defects were treated with autogenous bone graft and L-PRF. Bone grafting with no membrane ... having the largest defect. No post-resection reconstruction, patients treated with enucleation, or palatal cleft were recorded ... 3, 4]. Several methods are widely used to treat bony defects, from filling it with bone matrices to grafting bones to induce or ...
C. Defects. D. Sealants. E. Existing restorations and potential needs. F. Implants. G. Anomalies. H. Occlusion. I. Fixed and ... F. Presence, location, and extent of furcation involvement. A comprehensive hard-tissue evaluation that includes the charting ... 4. Mucogingival relationships/defects. 5. Recession. 6. Attachment level/attachment loss. B. Presence, degree, and distribution ...
Treatment of mandibular class II furcation defects by the use of amelogenins and autologous bone. Two case reports ...
... furcation involvement Class II or III, or moderate ridge defect, which corresponds to Stage III, or patients with (1), (2) from ... periodontitis leaves structural defects even after treatment and, in severe cases causes tooth loss44,45. In this study, ... and defects around dental restorations, dental carious lesions, and poorly maintained dentures, which become a niche for ... or sever ridge defect, which corresponds to Stage IV in the generalized pattern. ...
Autogenous bone graft combined with buccal fat pad as barrier in treatment of class II furcation defect: a case report ... Use of Buccal Fat Pad in the Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucosal Defect: A Case Report Rodrigo Dias Nascimento, PhD; Rodrigo Dias ... In addition, this tissue is easily obtained and is usually located close to the site to be relocated when the defect is in the ... Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to Use of Buccal Fat Pad in the Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucosal Defect: A ...
Effects of EMD liquid (Osteogain) on periodontal healing in class III furcation defects in monkeys. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44 ... Table 2 Different EVs application forms used in animals with experimental periodontal defect. Full size table. ... As for the application of EVs in vivo, some scholars directly injected MSC-EVs into the defect area of animal models [49, 56, ... The synthetic gel can be injected into the bone defect area under the state of periodontitis and promote local bone repair or ...
... the Effectiveness of Enamel Matrix Proteins and Autologous Bone Graft in the Treatment of Mandibular Class II Furcation Defects ...
Furcation Defects/classification, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification, Gingival Recession/classification, Humans, Male, Middle ... furcation involvement, number of missing teeth, and periodontitis. Data from the same MMP and control patients were available ...
1.A two-wall intrabony defect.. 2.A three-wall intrabony defect.. 3.A Class II furcation.. 4.A Class III furcation.. A.1, 2, 3D ... However, Class III furcations have not yielded satisfactory results by this method.. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is a ... The size of the bony defect does not contraindicate treatment. Thorough access, debridement, and removal of toxic non-vital ... indicates that Class II furcations and two or three walled vertical interproximal and circumferential intrabony defects will ...
... buccal furcation defects are deeper than the lingual, and buccal furcation defects on 1st Molars are deeper than those on 2nd ... 3) facial and interproximal Class II furcation defects in maxillary molars;. 4) facial and lingual Class II furcation defects ... furcation defects; periodontal disease. Purpose: To evaluate and compare dimensions of furcation defects clinically (pre- and ... 28 patient with 28 pairs of class II furcation defects (10 B, 10 M, and 8 D); Defects were on one surface only. Test defects ...
Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Furcation Defects among Dental Practitioners: A Multinational Survey Shiva Shankar Gummaluri ...
Furcation Defects 1 0 Intervertebral Disk Degeneration 1 0 Infertility, Male 1 0 ... National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities ...
It is also possible to form it before application onto the defect, or to insert it by the help of a spatula. ... maxresorb® inject can be injected directly into the defect through the syringe. ... and complete bone bonding to the surrounding bone surface of the defect. maxresorb® inject is a non-hardening synthetic bone ...
Use of PRF for the Treatment of Intrabony and Furcation Defects. Chapter 14. Use of PRF for Extraction Site Management. Section ...
Furcation defect coverage. 700 RON. *. Immobilization of periodontal teeth/tooth. 150 RON ...
Effectiveness of Injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin with Demineralised Freeze Dried Bone Allograft in Class II Furcation Defects: ...
Grafting for Periodontal Defect Bone Loss with Furcation Defect Connective Tissue Graft - Upper teeth ...
Birth defect in which one or more fissures form in the upper lip, which takes place while the fetus is growing. ... A piece of tissue or alloplastic material placed in contact with tissue to repair a defect or supplement a deficiency. ... defects and esthetic aspects of the oral and maxillofacial regions. ...
Assessment of infra-bony defects and furcation lesions. *. Assessment of root canal anatomy in multi-rooted teeth ...
  • Treatment of mandibular class II furcation defects by the use of amelogenins and autologous bone. (minervamedica.it)
  • Effects of a mineralized human cancellous bone allograft in regeneration of mandibular Class II furcation defects. (zimvie.ca)
  • Advances in the development of biomaterials and surgical techniques have significantly changed the prognosis of single and multi-rooted teeth presenting with severe intrabony and furcation defects. (perio.org)
  • This program will address the application of advanced regenerative procedures to intrabony and furcation defects to increase the probability for tooth retention during a long-term follow-up period. (perio.org)
  • In 1953, Irving Glickman graded furcation involvement into the following four classes: Grade I - Incipient furcation involvement, with an associated periodontal pocket remaining coronal to the alveolar bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • In early grade III lesions, soft tissue may still occlude the furcation involvement, thus, making it difficult to detect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nabers probe is used to check for furcation involvement clinically. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comparison of clinical and cone beam computed tomography measurements to diagnose furcation involvement. (harvard.edu)
  • Localized periodontal defect associated with unusual furcation involvement on a mandibular incisor. (harvard.edu)
  • 4mm and furcation involvement on the buccal surfaces of molars were randomly assigned to receive either scaling and root planning plus a triclosan gel (test group) or scaling and root planning plus a placebo gel (control group). (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore it is of no surprise if the disease leads to bone defects in our jaw bone or cause furcation involvement . (intelligentdental.com)
  • Furcation Involvement Classification: A Comprehensive Review and a New System Proposal. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Ross IF, Thompson RH: Furcation involvement in maxillary and mandibular molars. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Wang HL, Burgett FG, Shyr Y. The relationship between restoration and furcation involvement on molar teeth. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Qiao J, Wang S, Duan J, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Sun C, Liu D. The accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography in assessing maxillary molar furcation involvement. (spindlerperio.net)
  • indication of recession, furcation involvement, mobility and mucogingival defects 4. (testzonen.se)
  • Management of Furcation-Involved Molars: Recommendation for Treatment and Regeneration. (harvard.edu)
  • Treatment effect of guided tissue regeneration on the horizontal and vertical components of furcation defects: A retrospective study. (harvard.edu)
  • Periodontal regeneration - furcation defects: a consensus report from the AAP Regeneration Workshop. (harvard.edu)
  • The aim of this review was to evaluate the adjunctive effect of autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) for the treatment of furcation defects , in terms of scientific quality of the clinical trials and regeneration parameters assessment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bone regeneration is required to treat these defects, provide support for dental implants, jaw reconstruction after cystic lesion removal, cleft repair, etc. [3, 4]. (termedia.pl)
  • However, when employing MSC transplantation to treat tissue defects, the research found that: less than one percent of MSCs could home and colonize in the tissue defect area, continuously promoting tissue regeneration, and the paracrine mechanism of MSCs plays a more important role than the replacement of damaged cells by differentiation [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Assessment of guided tissue regeneration procedures in intrabony defects with bioabsorbable and non-resorbable barriers. (oralhealthgroup.com)
  • 3.Tatakis, N.D., Trombelli, L. Adverse effects associated with a bioabsorbable guided tissue regeneration device in the treatment of human gingival recession defects. (oralhealthgroup.com)
  • 1. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) using a new platinum foil barrier in the treatment of periodontal osseous defects. (dramrzahran.com)
  • Clinical and biochemical comparison of guided tissue regeneration versus guided tissue regeneration plus low-level laser therapy in the treatment of class II furcation defects: A clinical study. (ufjf.br)
  • Autologous Platelet Concentrates in Treatment of Furcation Defects-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • citation needed] Only multirooted teeth have furcation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Discuss the diagnosis and prognosis of furcation invasions by tooth type and compare to single rooted teeth. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Clinical significance of furcation anatomy of the maxillary first premolar: a biometric study on extracted teeth. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Furcation-Involved Teeth offers dental professionals a comprehensive review of the aetiology and diagnosis of furcation defects, including treatment options. (bookbaz.ir)
  • In the case of multi-rooted teeth, the presence of furcation and several other local anatomical factors on the root surface will aggravate this condition. (studylib.net)
  • These morphological factors related to furcations and roots may contribute to the etiology and compromise the prognosis of periodontally involved teeth. (studylib.net)
  • Complex hard and soft tissue defects around teeth and implants. (edu.in)
  • Parodontics - filling two-or multi-bone pockets and bi-and tri-furcations of the teeth, augmentation of the atrophied sinus. (dsisrael.com)
  • Cyst defects - Defects after extirpation of the bone cyst, defects after resection of the root apex, and defects after removal of impacted teeth surgically, as well as other multigrid bone defects of the alveolar processes and facial bones. (dsisrael.com)
  • In dentistry, a furcation defect is bone loss, usually a result of periodontal disease, affecting the base of the root trunk of a tooth where two or more roots meet (bifurcation or trifurcation). (wikipedia.org)
  • A tooth with a furcation defect typically possessed a more diminished prognosis owing to the difficulty of rendering the furcation area free from periodontal pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Grade II - There is a definite horizontal component to the bone loss between roots resulting in a probeable area, but sufficient bone still remains attached to the tooth (at the dome of the furcation) so that multiple areas of furcal bone loss, if present, do not communicate. (wikipedia.org)
  • Grade III - Bone is no longer attached to the furcation of the tooth, essentially resulting in a through-and-through tunnel. (wikipedia.org)
  • if cumulative measurements from different sides equal or exceed the width of the tooth, however, a grade III defect may be assumed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Class II - Furcation defect is at least 3 mm in depth (and thus, in general, surpassing half of the buccolingual thickness of the tooth) but not through-and-through (i.e. there is still some interradicular bone attached to the angle of the furcation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Class III - Furcation defect encompassing the entire width of the tooth so that no bone is attached to the angle of the furcation. (wikipedia.org)
  • There was an extensive mucosal defect in the region of tooth #3, with vertical and horizontal changes in the contour of the mucosa. (allenpress.com)
  • Ward C, Greenwell H, Wittwer JW, Drisko C. Furcation depth and interroot separation dimensions for 5 different tooth types. (spindlerperio.net)
  • For each tooth, the following measurements were obtained using a micrometer caliper: buccal and palatal root length, mesial and distal root trunk length, crown length, and width of the furcation entrance. (studylib.net)
  • Vertical root furcation refers to a dental condition characterized by the separation or division of the roots of a tooth into two or more distinct branches. (lakenormanofs.com)
  • It occurs when the roots of a tooth divide at a level below the gum line, creating a deep furcation defect. (lakenormanofs.com)
  • Implantology - sinus lifting or sub-antral augmentation, filling of alveolar defects for supporting of sinus base after the tooth extraction, filling the extraction defects in order to create the basis for the implant. (dsisrael.com)
  • Masters DH, Hoskins S. Projections of cervical enamel in molar furcations. (spindlerperio.net)
  • 3. Clinical evaluation of peptide-enhanced bone graft in the treatment of maxillary class II molar furcations. (dramrzahran.com)
  • Consider local factors (deep pockets, infrabony defects, furcations/root grooves) as well as patient factors (level of oral hygiene, compliance, tobacco use, diabetes). (reenawadia.com)
  • The following is a case presentation of multiple adjacent recession defects. (thejcdp.com)
  • Comparative evaluation of the clinical and radiographic efficacy of 0.05% zoledronate gel as local drug delivery system in treating intrabony defects in stage III grade B periodontitis patients with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus-A randomized split-mouth clinical trial. (perioabstracts.com)
  • As an alternative, an acellular dermal matrix allograft was utilized to correct these gingival defects negating the requirement for a second palatal surgical procedure. (thejcdp.com)
  • Repair of gingival defects by a sliding flap operation. (thejcdp.com)
  • Tal H: Relationship between the depth of furcal defects and alveolar bone loss. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Screw "tent-pole" grafting technique for reconstruction of large vertical alveolar ridge defects using human mineralized allograft for implant site preparation. (zimvie.ca)
  • His dentist had reported a crown fracture and on a recent cleaning visit buccal swelling was noted with a 12 mm sulcular defect communicating with the buccal furcation. (puredentallearning.com)
  • Multivariate outcome evaluation of furcation-involved molars treated with non-surgical mechanical therapy alone or combined with open flap debridement: A retrospective study. (harvard.edu)
  • A retrospective study on molar furcation assessment via clinical detection, intraoral radiography and cone beam computed tomography. (spindlerperio.net)
  • The extent and configuration of the defect are factors in both diagnosis and treatment planning. (wikipedia.org)
  • For this reason, surgical periodontal treatment may be considered to either close the furcation defect with grafting procedures or allow greater access to the furcation defect for improved oral hygiene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that repeated subgingival irrigations with a triclosan gel, as an adjunct to mechanical therapy, may not provide additional benefits in the treatment furcation defects. (bvsalud.org)
  • For the treatment of furcation defects APCs may be beneficial as an adjunct to open flap debridement alone and bone grafting , while limited evidence of an effect of APCs when used in combination with GTR was found. (bvsalud.org)
  • Treatment of periodontal furcation defects. (thejcdp.com)
  • Treatment of intraosseous periodontal defects with a combined adjunctive therapy of citric acid conditioning, bone grafting, and placement of collagenous membranes. (thejcdp.com)
  • Bone grafts are proven to be the most effective method of restoring bony jaw defects caused by a disease or invasive treatment. (termedia.pl)
  • The size of the bony defect does not contraindicate treatment. (oralhealthgroup.com)
  • In a study comparing resorbable and non-resorbable membranes (1997), no significant differences could be demonstrated in the treatment results of vertical intrabony defects. (oralhealthgroup.com)
  • Is chemical root treatment of benefit in furcation therapy? (spindlerperio.net)
  • 5. A comparative clinical study for two synthetic bone grafts in the treatment of intrabony defects. (dramrzahran.com)
  • 9. A comparative Clinical evaluation of two different GTR barriers in the treatment of lingual class II furcation defects. (dramrzahran.com)
  • 12. Treatment of peri-implant dehiscence defects using bioresorbable collagen barrier supported by allograft (DFDBA). (dramrzahran.com)
  • Periapical and interproximal intraoral radiographs can help diagnosing and locating the furcation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The outcome variables, relative to baseline and post-operative defect characteristics (probing pocket depth ( PPD ), horizontal and vertical clinical attachment loss (HCAL, VCAL), horizontal and vertical furcation depth (HFD, VFD) were considered for meta-analysis . (bvsalud.org)
  • The use of BFP seems to be a feasible alternative for filling and treating peri-implant mucosal defects. (allenpress.com)
  • However, the volume of regenerative periodontal tissue was about half of the experimental defect. (opendentistryjournal.com)
  • Research indicates that Class II furcations and two or three walled vertical interproximal and circumferential intrabony defects will provide predictably good results. (oralhealthgroup.com)
  • Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB for reconstruction of human large extraction site defects. (harvard.edu)
  • After extraction, a bone graft material (Fusion- Veterinary Transplant Services) was placed in this large defect to help stimulate bone growth. (montanapetdental.com)
  • Because of the central location of maxillary and mandibular bones, bony defects can result in changes in physiological processes, such as breathing and mastication, and psycho-social functions, including speech and self-confidence, affected by esthetics of the face. (termedia.pl)
  • Use of furcal bone sounding to improve accuracy of furcation diagnosis. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Full-thickness skin grafting of post surgical oral defects: shortand long-term outcomes. (thejcdp.com)
  • 4. Healing response of Marginal tissue defects following Periodontal plastic surgical procedures in smokers and non-smokers. (dramrzahran.com)
  • The effects of bone chips dehydrated with surgical solvent on healing bone defects. (zimvie.ca)
  • DSI Syntoss Plus bone graft material can be used in any bone defects and ridges and surgical bone manipulation procedures. (dsisrael.com)
  • Discuss the etiology, incidence, and distribution of furcation invasions. (spindlerperio.net)
  • What role does root anatomy play in the etiology and management of furcation defects? (spindlerperio.net)
  • citation needed] Recently, cone beam computerised technology (CBCT) has also be used to detect furcation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography in identification and postoperative evaluation of furcation defects. (spindlerperio.net)
  • most of the indices are based on horizontal measurements of attachment loss in the furcation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Showed a Regenerative Potential in Intrabony Defects and Furcation Defects but Not in Periodontal Plastic Surgery. (harvard.edu)
  • Platelet-rich fibrin is a second-generation platelet concentrate, showing a substantial regenerative property with minimal to no inflammatory reactions upon application in defects [10]. (termedia.pl)
  • Different periodontal phenotypes and different defect anatomies require specific regenerative strategies. (perio.org)
  • Describe Cervical Enamel Projections (CEPs), their classification and discuss their correlation with furcation involvements. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Machtei EE, Wasenstein SM, Peretz B, Laufer D. The relationship between cervical enamel projection and class II furcation defects in humans. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Hou G-L, Tsai C-C. Cervical enamel projection and intermediate bifurcational ridge correlated with molar furcation involvements. (spindlerperio.net)
  • To compare and evaluate the surface characteristics of different restorative materials used for restoration of cervical defects when subjected to periodontal prophylactic instrumentation techniques. (org.in)
  • These factors include: furcation entrance width, root trunk length and the presence of root concavities, cervical enamel projections, bifurcation ridges and enamel pearls (Al-Shammari, et al. (studylib.net)
  • Europea de Periodoncia, con el objetivo de actualizar la clasificación de 1999 en uso durante los últimos 19 años. (bvsalud.org)
  • The distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the furcation entrance is called the root trunk length. (wikipedia.org)
  • This distance plays an important role in furcation defects because the deeper the furcation entrance is within the bone, the more bone loss necessary before the furcation becomes exposed. (wikipedia.org)
  • We evaluated whether periodontal wound healing is promoted by application of collagen hydrogel scaffold in combination with FGF2 in furcation defects in beagle dogs. (opendentistryjournal.com)
  • Subsequently, FGF2 (50 µg)/collagen hydrogel scaffold and collagen hydrogel scaffold alone were implanted into class II furcation defects in dogs. (opendentistryjournal.com)
  • Careful radiographic or x-ray examination is done but it may not reveal the presence of a bone defect or its precise morphology. (intelligentdental.com)
  • Discuss debridement, tunneling and root amputations/hemisections for furcation management. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Hou G, Tsai CC. Types and dimensions of root trunk correlating with diagnosis of molar furcation involvements. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Paolantonio M, Placido M, Scarano A, Piatelli A. Molar root furcation: Morphometric and morphologic analysis. (spindlerperio.net)
  • Vertical root furcation can be caused by various factors such as periodontal disease, trauma, or anatomical abnormalities. (lakenormanofs.com)
  • Vascularized bone-graft are generally used to treat defects bigger than 6 cm because of their perceived benefit of lower resorption rate and higher success rate [8]. (termedia.pl)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subgingival irrigation with a gel of triclosan - polydimethylsiloxane 1% as to mechanical instrumentation in periodontal furcation defects. (bvsalud.org)