OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.
A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.
Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal pathogens that can infect various tissues and organs, potentially leading to localized or systemic symptoms, depending on the immune status of the host.
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
Triazoles are a class of antifungal drugs that contain a triazole ring in their chemical structure and work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, thereby disrupting the integrity and function of the membrane.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.
The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

Isolation of Fusarium sp. from a claw of a dog with onychomycosis. (1/37)

An 8-year-old male Golden Retriever had lameness and claw abnormality in the second digit of the left forelimb. Radiography revealed osteomyelitis in the distal phalanx bone of the affected limb. Microscopic examination of the claw revealed numerous hyphae in the claw matrix. Fungal DNA fragments coding the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) were detected from the claw matrix as well as fungal colonies of the clinical isolates by PCR. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the amplicons shared > 99% homology with Fusarium sp. Therapy including oral itraconazole resulted in regrowth of a new claw, in which no hyphae were detected. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report of canine onychomycosis in which Fusarium sp. was isolated from the affected claw.  (+info)

Efficacy of oral E1210, a new broad-spectrum antifungal with a novel mechanism of action, in murine models of candidiasis, aspergillosis, and fusariosis. (2/37)

 (+info)

Disseminated fusariosis and endogenous fungal endophthalmitis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia following platelet transfusion possibly due to transfusion-related immunomodulation. (3/37)

 (+info)

Characterization of five fungal endophytes producing Cajaninstilbene acid isolated from pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]. (4/37)

 (+info)

Fusarium pathogenesis investigated using Galleria mellonella as a heterologous host. (5/37)

 (+info)

Superimposed fungal ulcer after fibrin glue sealant in infectious corneal ulcer. (6/37)

 (+info)

Contact lens-related microbial keratitis: how have epidemiology and genetics helped us with pathogenesis and prophylaxis. (7/37)

 (+info)

Hyperspectral and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to analyse the impact of Fusarium culmorum on the photosynthetic integrity of infected wheat ears. (8/37)

 (+info)

Fusariosis is a rare but serious invasive fungal infection caused by the Fusarium species, a type of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and plants. The infection can affect various organs and tissues, including the lungs, sinuses, skin, nails, and internal organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys.

Fusariosis is often difficult to diagnose due to its nonspecific symptoms and the challenges of detecting the fungus in clinical samples. The infection can occur in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.

The severity of fusariosis varies depending on the site of infection and the patient's underlying health status. In some cases, it can cause severe illness and even death, especially in patients with prolonged neutropenia (low white blood cell count) or other serious medical conditions. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as voriconazole or amphotericin B, and sometimes surgical debridement of infected tissues.

"Fusarium" is a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and on plants. They are known to cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, as well as in plants. In humans, Fusarium species can cause localized and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections often manifest as keratitis (eye infection), onychomycosis (nail infection), and invasive fusariosis, which can affect various organs such as the lungs, brain, and bloodstream. Fusarium species produce a variety of toxins that can contaminate crops and pose a threat to food safety and human health.

Mycoses are a group of diseases caused by fungal infections. These infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, nails, hair, lungs, and internal organs. The severity of mycoses can range from superficial, mild infections to systemic, life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of fungus and the immune status of the infected individual. Some common types of mycoses include candidiasis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, which can be topical or systemic, depending on the location and severity of the infection.

Dermatomycoses are a group of fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails. These infections are caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. Dermatophyte infections, also known as tinea, are the most common type of dermatomycoses and can affect different areas of the body, such as the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), feet (tinea pedis or athlete's foot), hands (tinea manuum), and nails (tinea unguium or onychomycosis). Yeast infections, such as those caused by Candida albicans, can lead to conditions like candidal intertrigo, vulvovaginitis, and balanitis. Mold infections are less common but can cause skin disorders like scalded skin syndrome and phaeohyphomycosis. Dermatomycoses are typically treated with topical or oral antifungal medications.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Triazoles are a class of antifungal medications that have broad-spectrum activity against various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and dermatophytes. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes, leading to increased permeability and disruption of fungal growth. Triazoles are commonly used in both systemic and topical formulations for the treatment of various fungal infections, such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, and dermatophytoses. Some examples of triazole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used to treat serious and often life-threatening fungal infections. It works by binding to the ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to the loss of essential cell components and ultimately cell death.

The medical definition of Amphotericin B is:

A polyene antifungal agent derived from Streptomyces nodosus, with a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Amphotericin B is used to treat systemic fungal infections, such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, candidiasis, and aspergillosis, among others. It may be administered intravenously or topically, depending on the formulation and the site of infection.

Adverse effects associated with Amphotericin B include infusion-related reactions (such as fever, chills, and hypotension), nephrotoxicity, electrolyte imbalances, and anemia. These side effects are often dose-dependent and may be managed through careful monitoring and adjustment of the dosing regimen.

Debridement is a medical procedure that involves the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing process or prevent further infection. This can be done through various methods such as surgical debridement (removal of tissue using scalpel or scissors), mechanical debridement (use of wound irrigation or high-pressure water jet), autolytic debridement (using the body's own enzymes to break down and reabsorb dead tissue), and enzymatic debridement (application of topical enzymes to dissolve necrotic tissue). The goal of debridement is to promote healthy tissue growth, reduce the risk of infection, and improve overall wound healing.

Pyrimidines are heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring. They are one of the two types of nucleobases found in nucleic acids, the other being purines. The pyrimidine bases include cytosine (C) and thymine (T) in DNA, and uracil (U) in RNA, which pair with guanine (G) and adenine (A), respectively, through hydrogen bonding to form the double helix structure of nucleic acids. Pyrimidines are also found in many other biomolecules and have various roles in cellular metabolism and genetic regulation.

... is an infection seen in people with low neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. It is a ... July 2008). "Successful salvage treatment of disseminated cutaneous fusariosis with liposomal amphotericin B and terbinafine ...
Dounin M (1930). "The fusariosis of cereal crops in European-Russia in 1923". Phytopathol. 16: 305-308. Ranjan KS, Sinha AK ( ...
Kernel rot or Fusariosis on maize (corn) caused by Fusarium sporotrichioides; Sour rot caused by Geotrichum candidum; ...
Clinical evidence for its utility in treatment of invasive disease caused by Fusarium species (fusariosis) is limited. It ... "Posaconazole as salvage treatment for invasive fusariosis in patients with underlying hematologic malignancy and other ...
... tuberculosis and fusariosis. Preventive measures include wearing a face mask in dusty areas, washing hands, avoiding direct ...
December 2001). "Fusariosis associated with pathogenic fusarium species colonization of a hospital water system: a new paradigm ...
However, in some circumstances Morogo may increase the risk of fungal infection, specifically fusariosis, especially among ...
Half of human disease involving Fusarium is caused by F. solani and it is involved in most cases of systemic fusariosis and ...
Fusarium oxysporum causes a disease called fusariosis in roots that causes a yellowing and wilting, with serious ecological ...
Fusariosis Geotrichosis Granuloma gluteale infantum Histoplasmosis (cave disease, Darling's disease, Ohio Valley disease, ...
... may be part of microbiota including digestive as well as oral/dental, there have been rare cases of Fusariosis ...
Fusariosis is an infection seen in people with low neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. It is a ... July 2008). "Successful salvage treatment of disseminated cutaneous fusariosis with liposomal amphotericin B and terbinafine ...
Human Fusariosis: An Emerging Infection That is Difficult to Treatexternal icon. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina ... Fusariosis. *This disease is caused by a range of different fungi in the genus Fusarium. ...
ECMM Publication on Fusariosis in Children. 06-12-2016. ECMM Board and Council congratulate Dr. Angela Hassler who conducted ...
1.3 Scedosporiosis and Fusariosis 1.4 Usage 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Important Administration Instructions for Use in ... Scedosporiosis and Fusariosis. 6 mg/kg every 12 hours for the first 24 hours. 4 mg/kg every 12 hours. ... 1.3 Scedosporiosis and Fusariosis. Voriconazole for injection is indicated for the treatment of serious fungal infections ...
and occurs mainly in patients with leukemia.Case report: Two cases of disseminated fusariosis in pediatric patients are ... Disseminated fusariosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the hyaline fungus Fusarium spp. ... It is important to consider disseminated fusariosis in high-risk patients who present with profound and prolonged neutropenia ... Human fusariosis: An emerging infection that is difficult to treat. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020; 53:1-7. ...
Sea turtle egg fusariosis: unraveling the biology of an emerging fungal pathogen. By Christopher Smyth ... Bsalamphibiansalamander batwhite nose syndromePdfungianimal diseaseSnakeSnake Fungal DiseaseSea TurtleSea Turtle EggFusariosis ... sporodochia fluorescent morphologyFungiSea turtlescrowdsourcingScience Communicationsea turtlesea turtle eggfusariosis fusarium ...
OLOROFIM TREATMENT AGAINST DISSEMINATED FUSARIOSIS CAUSED BY F. OXYSPORUM UT Health San Antonio ...
Fusariosis / drug therapy * Fusariosis / prevention & control* * Fusarium / drug effects * Fusarium / pathogenicity * Gene ...
Fusariosis. Species of Fusarium are found as plant pathogens causing various diseases on cereal grains. This group of fungi are ... and fusariosis. Although these noncandidal fungal infections are considerably less common than oral candidiasis, they commonly ...
infections, fusariosis, and scedosporiosis. Temporary disturbances in vision (such as blurred vision, changes in color vision, ...
Treating disseminated fusariosis: amphotericin B, voriconazole or both? MYCOSES Ho, D. Y., Lee, J. D., Rosso, F., Montoya, J. G ... We present a case of disseminated fusariosis in a patient with neutropenic fever successfully treated using both liposomal ...
IFIs included candidiasis, fusariosis, trichosporonosis, and aspergillosis. Absence of a positive BG finding had a 100% ...
Velez A, Greene J, Sandin R, Vincent A. Disseminated fusariosis following cutaneous injury from contact with a palm tree. ... International retrospective analysis of 73 cases of invasive fusariosis treated with voriconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother ...
Endobronchial fusariosis in a child following bilateral lung transplant. Al Yazidi, L. S., Huynh, J., Britton, P. N., Morrissey ...
During my master thesis I examined the effects of the new emerging fungal diseases fusariosis on the microbiome of the yellow- ... Since preliminary data from my master thesis have confirmed for the first time that fusariosis infections are affecting the ... interaction of the host-associated bacterial microbiome and fungal mycobiome with Fusariosis infection and hatching success of ... report of hatching failure in eggs of an Amazonian freshwater turtle with symptoms of the fungal emerging disease fusariosis. ...
... developed invasive pulmonary fusariosis. Detailed immunological assessment revealed the presence of common variable ... Here we describe the first case of invasive fusariosis caused by Fusarium ramigenum in a human and also identify immunological ... Guarro J. Fusariosis, a complex infection caused by a high diversity of fungal species refractory to treatment. Eur J Clin ... Here we describe the first case of invasive fusariosis caused by Fusarium ramigenum in a human and also identify immunological ...
Fusariosis in patients with disease that is refractory to amphotericin B or in patients who are intolerant of amphotericin B;. ...
melonis, agente causal de la fusariosis vascular Cruz Choque, David (1996) En Península Ibérica como segundo centro de ... FUSARIOSIS VASCULAR (1)FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM (1)MADRID (1) MELON (1). MELONIS (1)RESISTENCIA A ENFERMEDADES (1)TESIS DOCTORAL (1) ...
Fusarium often develops during crop growth, provoking fusariosis, a common disease on corn and cereals mainly affecting the cob ...
... high mortality in sea turtles due to the emerging fungal disease Fusariosis has received less attention. This emerging disease ... investigating the protective effects of the eggshell microbiome against the emerging fungal disease Fusariosis using the yellow ...
fusariosis. ++. (fū-zar″ē-ō′sĭs) [Fusarium + -osis] Infection or intoxication by species of fungiof the genus Fusarium. It ...
... fusariosis), this work aimed at selecting ginger genotypes from the germplasm bank of ESALQ/USP with characteristics related to ...
Zearalenone and fusariosis?. November 26, 2018. January 22, 2019. Eric 40 Comments ...
Rare case of disseminated fusariosis in a young patient with graft vs. host disease following an allogeneic transplant. Exp ...
Kodi mungachiritse fusariosis mwa omvera? Por Monica sanchez amapanga zaka 6. .. Mitengo yonse ya cacti, succulents ndi ...
Dive into the research topics where Monique Mourits is active. These topic labels come from the works of this person. Together they form a unique fingerprint ...
  • Disseminated fusariosis is an opportunistic infection caused by the hyaline fungus Fusarium spp. (ac.ir)
  • Thus, my PhD research aims to understand the I) epidemiology and aetiology of Fusarium pathogens, II) interaction of the host-associated bacterial microbiome and fungal mycobiome with Fusariosis infection and hatching success of the yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle, and III) effects of pollution and forest fragmentation on the microbiome and how these stressors can affect disease susceptibility and adaptability processes. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Here we describe the first case of invasive fusariosis caused by Fusarium ramigenum in a human and also identify immunological deficiencies that most likely contributed to invasiveness. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we describe a case of invasive fusariosis caused by a hitherto unknown opportunist, Fusarium ramigenum , and report on the immunological causes most likely contributing to this infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Caracterizacion de accesiones de melon (cucumis melo L.) con enfasis en la evaluacion de su resistencia a Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. (umsa.bo)
  • Fusarium often develops during crop growth, provoking fusariosis, a common disease on corn and cereals mainly affecting the cob. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • 6, 7 Moreover, the presence of a Fusarium skin lesion at admission was associated with the subsequent development of invasive fusariosis in a prospective cohort. (ventsistema.net)
  • The role of Fusarium mycotoxins and lytic enzymes in fusariosis of pea ( Pisum sativum L. (poznan.pl)
  • A 32-year-old Caucasian male with a seemingly insignificant medical history of mild respiratory illness during the preceding two years, developed invasive pulmonary fusariosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Approximately 50 percent of cases of invasive fusariosis are caused by FSSC, followed by FOSC and FFSC [ 1,16 ]. (medilib.ir)
  • All these cell wall traits are potential molecular markers useful in plant breeding programs targeted to the selection of wheat varieties with a durable resistance to Fusariosis," they concluded. (agfax.com)
  • Fusariosis is an infection seen in people with low neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that fights infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since preliminary data from my master thesis have confirmed for the first time that fusariosis infections are affecting the hatching success of a freshwater turtle, my current research is focused on the infection processes of this new emerging fungal disease. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Fusariosis is an emerging infectious complication of immune deficiency, but models to study this infection are lacking. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Skin Involvement Skin involvement in fusariosis can represent a primary site of infection, usually a cellulitis of the toes, or a manifestation of metastatic infection in patients with disseminated fusariosis. (ventsistema.net)
  • The latter happens rather frequently, e.g., in case of cutaneous lesions, micro-lesions of the cornea provoked by … Thus, we examined 126 publications reporting 216 patients with fusariosis [5, 8-131]. (ventsistema.net)
  • Transcending sea turtles: First report of hatching failure in eggs of an Amazonian freshwater turtle with symptoms of the fungal emerging disease fusariosis. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Poster presentation and Guest Speaker: Investigation of the egg and cloacal microbiota of the Yellow-Spotted Amazon river turtle after the first report of egg hatching failure caused by the emerging fungal disease Fusariosis. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Tanase A, Colita A, Ianosi G, Neagoe D, Branisteanu DE, Calina D, Docea AO, Tsatsakis A and Ianosi SL: Rare case of disseminated fusariosis in a young patient with graft vs. host disease following an allogeneic transplant. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • During my master thesis I examined the effects of the new emerging fungal diseases fusariosis on the microbiome of the yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle, including I) quantifying the egg microbiome and the influence of the nest environment, II) quantifying the influence of the egg microbiome on the gut microbiome of new hatchlings III) gut microbiome assemblage along with juvenile development and the influence of the river environment. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Two cases of disseminated fusariosis in pediatric patients are presented. (ac.ir)
  • It is important to consider disseminated fusariosis in high-risk patients who present with profound and prolonged neutropenia and persistent fever that does not resolve after broad-spectrum antibiotics to initiate antifungal therapy in a timely manner. (ac.ir)
  • the identification of hyphal and yeast-like structures in the same specimen is highly suggestive of fusariosis in high-risk patients. (medilib.ir)
  • 5. Invasive fusariosis with prolonged fungemia in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: case report and review of the literature. (nih.gov)
  • Improvement in the outcome of invasive fusariosis in the last decade. (uni-koeln.de)
  • due to Scopulariopsis species, and invasive fusariosis. (mindanaotimes.net)
  • Endophthalmitis as the initial manifestation of invasive fusariosis in an allogeneic stem cell transplant patient: A case report. (ucsd.edu)
  • 6. Successful treatment of disseminated fusariosis with voriconazole in an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patient. (nih.gov)
  • Ana Sofia Carranco Narvaez (2020) Unveiling the effects of the new fungal disease Fusariosis on the microbiome of the yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle. (uni-ulm.de)
  • 10. A case of fusariosis in an immunocompromised patient successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin B. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Disseminated fusariosis presenting as panniculitis-like lesions on the legs of a neutropenic girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (nih.gov)
  • Case report: Herein, we presented a 35-year-old man diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia with a prolonged febrile neutropenic period and ecthyma gangrenosum-like lesions, along with fungemia and disseminated fusariosis. (ac.ir)
  • This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of patients with fusariosis from a multicenter cohort in Mexico. (bvsalud.org)
  • 20. Treating disseminated fusariosis: amphotericin B, voriconazole or both? (nih.gov)
  • Conclusion: Ecthyma gangrenosum-like lesions due to disseminated fusariosis might be easily misdiagnosed. (ac.ir)
  • The results of this study suggest that fusariosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of shell and skin lesions in sea turtles. (fiocruz.br)
  • The diagnosis of proven fusariosis was made according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium (EORT/MSG) criteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • HR (high resistance) to Verticillosis and Fusariosis. (ingegnoli.it)
  • 2. [Disseminated fusariosis in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia]. (nih.gov)
  • Fusariosis are widely known phytomycoses globally with a wide range of mycotoxins, and beans are used for food, including in dietetics, and livestock feed, all over the world. (ac.ir)