A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.
The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. Infections have a strong association with malignancies and also with GAS GANGRENE.
A variant of acute cholecystitis with inflammation of the GALLBLADDER that is characterized by the pockets of gas in the gallbladder wall. It is due to secondary infection caused by gas-forming organisms, and has a high risk of perforation.
A species of MORGANELLA formerly classified as a Proteus species. It is found in the feces of humans, dogs, other mammals, and reptiles. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.
The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992). The list of treatment modalities includes stroke.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.
An acute necrotic infection of the SCROTUM; PENIS; or PERINEUM. It is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. Fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease.

Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysins and lethal toxins by Clostridium perfringens types A to D. (1/78)

To obtain high yields of extracellular enzymes and toxins for immunological analysis, type culture collection strains of Clostridium perfringens types A to D and 28 fresh isolates of C. perfringens type A from humans were grown in fermenters under controlled conditions in a pre-reduced proteose peptone medium. The type culture collection strains all showed different characteristics with respect to growth rates and pH optima for growth. Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysin and lethal activity varied considerably between the different types. Growth and extracellular protein production in fermenters with pH control and static or stirred cultures were compared. Production of all extracellular proteins measured was markedly improved by cultivation in fermenters with pH control. Strain ATCC13124 produced five times more phospholipase C than any of 28 freshly isolated strains of C. perfringens type A, grown under identical conditions. Haemolytic and lethal activities of the ATCC strain were equal or superior to the activities of any of the freshly isolated strains. There were no differences in the bacterial yields and in the production of extracellular toxins between type A strains isolated from clinical cases of gas gangrene and abdominal wounds, and those isolated from faecal samples from healthy persons.  (+info)

Use of genetically manipulated strains of Clostridium perfringens reveals that both alpha-toxin and theta-toxin are required for vascular leukostasis to occur in experimental gas gangrene. (2/78)

A hallmark of gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) pathology is a paucity of leukocytes infiltrating the necrotic tissue. The cause of this paucity most likely relates to the observation of leukocyte aggregates at the border of the area of tissue necrosis, often within the microvasculature itself. Infecting mice with genetically manipulated strains of Clostridium perfringens type A (deficient in either alpha-toxin or theta-toxin production) resulted in significantly reduced leukocyte aggregation when alpha-toxin was absent and complete abrogation of leukocyte aggregation when theta-toxin was absent. Thus, both alpha-toxin and theta-toxin are necessary for the characteristic vascular leukostasis observed in clostridial myonecrosis.  (+info)

Use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in Hong Kong. (3/78)

The Recompression Treatment Centre on Stonecutters Island has been operating in Hong Kong for more than 5 years and has been used to treat a variety of diving-related and other conditions by means of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Up to the end of December 1997, 295 treatment sessions had been conducted for 39 patients. This article reviews the usefulness of and indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy.  (+info)

Identification of residues critical for toxicity in Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C, the key toxin in gas gangrene. (4/78)

Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C (PLC), also called alpha-toxin, is the major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. The toxic activities of genetically engineered alpha-toxin variants harboring single amino-acid substitutions in three loops of its C-terminal domain were studied. The substitutions were made in aspartic acid residues which bind calcium, and tyrosine residues of the putative membrane-interacting region. The variants D269N and D336N had less than 20% of the hemolytic activity and displayed a cytotoxic potency 103-fold lower than that of the wild-type toxin. The variants in which Tyr275, Tyr307, and Tyr331 were substituted by Asn, Phe, or Leu had 11-73% of the hemolytic activity and exhibited a cytotoxic potency 102- to 105-fold lower than that of the wild-type toxin. The results demonstrated that the sphingomyelinase activity and the C-terminal domain are required for myotoxicity in vivo and that the variants D269N, D336N, Y275N, Y307F, and Y331L had less than 12% of the myotoxic activity displayed by the wild-type toxin. This work therefore identifies residues critical for the toxic activities of C. perfringens PLC and provides new insights toward understanding the mechanism of action of this toxin at a molecular level.  (+info)

Clostridial gas gangrene. I. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of microvascular dysfunction induced by exotoxins of Clostridium perfringens. (5/78)

Mechanisms responsible for the rapid tissue destruction in gas gangrene are not well understood. To examine the early effects of Clostridium perfringens exotoxins on tissue perfusion, a rat model of muscle blood flow was developed. Intramuscular injection of a clostridial toxin preparation containing both phospholipase C (PLC) and theta-toxin caused a rapid (1-2 min) and irreversible decrease in blood flow that paralleled formation of activated platelet aggregates in venules and arterioles. Later (20-40 min), aggregates contained fibrin and leukocytes, and neutrophils accumulated along vascular walls. Flow cytometry confirmed that these clostridial toxins or recombinant PLC induced formation of P-selectin-positive platelet aggregates. Neutralization of PLC activity in the clostridial toxin preparation completely abrogated human platelet responses and reduced perfusion deficits. It is concluded that tissue destruction in gas gangrene is related to profound attenuation of blood flow initiated by activation of platelet responses by PLC.  (+info)

Clostridial gas gangrene. II. Phospholipase C-induced activation of platelet gpIIbIIIa mediates vascular occlusion and myonecrosis in Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene. (6/78)

Clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is a fulminant infection, and radical amputation remains the single best treatment. It has been hypothesized that rapid tissue destruction is related to tissue hypoxia secondary to toxin-induced vascular obstruction, and previous studies demonstrated that phospholipase C (PLC) caused a rapid and irreversible decrease in skeletal muscle blood flow that paralleled the formation of intravascular aggregates of activated platelets, fibrin, and leukocytes. In this study, flow cytometry demonstrated that PLC stimulated platelet/neutrophil aggregation in a gpIIbIIIa-dependent fashion. Pretreatment of animals with heparin or depletion of leukocytes reduced blood-flow deficits, and aggregate formation caused by PLC. It is concluded that fulminant tissue destruction in gas gangrene results from profound attenuation of blood flow caused by PLC-induced, gpIIbIIIa-mediated formation of heterotypic platelet/polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregates. Therapeutic strategies that target gpIIbIIIa may prevent vascular occlusion, maintain tissue viability, and provide an alternative to radical amputation for patients with this infection.  (+info)

Gas gangrene after colonoscopy. (7/78)

A case of spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis developing shortly after diagnostic colonoscopy is described. The prime underlying factor proved to be an unsuspected colonic cancer, developing in a patient with pre-existing ulcerative colitis and sclerosing cholangitis.  (+info)

Spontaneous bifocal Clostridium septicum gas gangrene. (8/78)

Clostridium septicum gas gangrene (myonecrosis) is an acutely painful and rapidly fatal infection occurring in the absence of trauma. Urgent surgery is essential both to control pain and to ensure survival. Most patients who develop this infection have an underlying malignancy and clinicians should be aware of this association. We present a case of bifocal myonecrosis which to our knowledge has not been reported previously.  (+info)

Gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis, is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that can rapidly spread in the muscles and tissues. It is caused by certain types of bacteria, particularly Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, which produce toxins and gases as they multiply within the body's tissues.

The infection often occurs in traumatized or compromised soft tissues, such as those that have been crushed, severely injured, or poorly perfused due to vascular insufficiency. Gas gangrene can also develop following surgical procedures, especially in cases where there is a lack of adequate blood supply or devitalized tissue.

The hallmark symptoms of gas gangrene include severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge at the infection site. Additionally, crepitus (a crackling or popping sensation) may be present due to the accumulation of gas within the tissues. If left untreated, gas gangrene can lead to sepsis, organ failure, and even death. Immediate medical attention, including surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen treatment, is crucial for managing this potentially fatal condition.

Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a loss of blood flow to a specific area of the body, resulting in tissue death. It can be caused by various factors such as bacterial infections, trauma, diabetes, vascular diseases, and smoking. The affected tissues may become discolored, swollen, and emit a foul odor due to the accumulation of bacteria and toxins.

Gangrene can be classified into two main types: dry gangrene and wet (or moist) gangrene. Dry gangrene develops slowly and is often associated with peripheral arterial disease, which reduces blood flow to the extremities. The affected area turns black and shriveled as it dries out. Wet gangrene, on the other hand, progresses rapidly due to bacterial infections that cause tissue breakdown and pus formation. This type of gangrene can spread quickly throughout the body, leading to severe complications such as sepsis and organ failure if left untreated.

Treatment for gangrene typically involves surgical removal of the dead tissue (debridement), antibiotics to control infections, and sometimes revascularization procedures to restore blood flow to the affected area. In severe cases where the infection has spread or the damage is irreversible, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary to prevent further complications and save the patient's life.

'Clostridium perfringens' is a type of Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including in soil, decaying vegetation, and the intestines of humans and animals. It is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, producing several toxins that can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.

The bacterium can contaminate food during preparation or storage, particularly meat and poultry products. When ingested, the spores of C. perfringens can germinate and produce large numbers of toxin-producing cells in the intestines, leading to food poisoning. The most common form of C. perfringens food poisoning is characterized by symptoms that appear within 6 to 24 hours after ingestion and last for less than 24 hours.

In addition to foodborne illness, C. perfringens can also cause other types of infections, such as gas gangrene, a serious condition that can occur when the bacterium infects a wound and produces toxins that damage surrounding tissues. Gas gangrene is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics and surgical debridement or amputation of affected tissue.

Prevention measures for C. perfringens food poisoning include proper cooking, handling, and storage of food, as well as rapid cooling of cooked foods to prevent the growth of the bacterium.

'Clostridium septicum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. It is an obligate anaerobe, meaning it grows best in environments with little or no oxygen.

The bacterium can cause a serious infection known as clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene, which is characterized by rapidly spreading tissue death and gas formation in muscles. This condition is often associated with traumatic injuries, surgical wounds, or underlying conditions that compromise the immune system, such as cancer or diabetes.

'Clostridium septicum' infection can also lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by overwhelming inflammation throughout the body. Symptoms of 'Clostridium septicum' infection may include fever, severe pain, swelling, and discoloration at the site of infection, as well as systemic symptoms such as low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and confusion.

Treatment typically involves surgical debridement of infected tissue, along with antibiotic therapy targeting 'Clostridium septicum' and other anaerobic bacteria. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent the spread of infection and reduce the risk of serious complications or death.

Emphysematous cholecystitis is a type of acute inflammation of the gallbladder, characterized by the presence of gas within the wall and/or lumen of the gallbladder. It is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition, which typically occurs in patients with diabetes or other underlying medical conditions that compromise their immune system.

The gas that accumulates in the gallbladder in emphysematous cholecystitis can come from several sources, including gas-forming bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. These bacteria produce gas as a byproduct of their metabolism, which can lead to the formation of gas bubbles within the gallbladder.

The symptoms of emphysematous cholecystitis are similar to those of other forms of acute cholecystitis and may include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite. However, the presence of gas within the gallbladder can be detected on imaging studies such as X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which can help to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment of emphysematous cholecystitis typically involves surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), often through a laparoscopic approach. Antibiotic therapy is also administered to treat any underlying bacterial infection. In severe cases, where the patient's condition is too unstable for surgery, percutaneous drainage of the gallbladder may be performed as a temporary measure to help reduce the risk of complications such as gangrene or perforation.

"Morganella morganii" is a species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is commonly found in the environment, including in soil, water, and associated with various animals. In humans, it can be part of the normal gut flora but can also cause infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or following surgical procedures. It is known to cause a variety of infections, such as urinary tract infections, wound infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia (bloodstream infection). The bacteria can produce a number of virulence factors, including enzymes that help it evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It is resistant to many antibiotics, which can make treatment challenging.

Septic abortion is a medical term used to describe a spontaneous abortion or miscarriage that is associated with infection. This occurs when the products of conception, such as the fetal tissue and placenta, are not completely expelled from the uterus, leading to an infection of the uterine lining and potentially the pelvic cavity.

The infection can cause fever, chills, severe abdominal pain, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, and heavy bleeding. If left untreated, septic abortion can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, infertility, and even death. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a septic abortion. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection and possibly surgical intervention to remove any remaining products of conception.

Clostridium infections are caused by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, and often anaerobic organisms. These bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human gastrointestinal tract. Some Clostridium species can cause severe and potentially life-threatening infections in humans. Here are some of the most common Clostridium infections with their medical definitions:

1. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI): An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile. It typically occurs after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut microbiota, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that cause diarrhea, colitis, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death.
2. Clostridium tetani infection: Also known as tetanus, this infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The spores of this bacterium are commonly found in soil and animal feces. They can enter the body through wounds, cuts, or punctures, germinate, and produce a potent exotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the neck and jaw (lockjaw), which can lead to difficulty swallowing, breathing, and potentially fatal complications.
3. Clostridium botulinum infection: This infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and results in botulism, a rare but severe paralytic illness. The bacteria produce neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) that affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, botulism can lead to respiratory failure and death.
4. Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens infection): A rapidly progressing soft tissue infection caused by Clostridium perfringens or other clostridial species. The bacteria produce potent exotoxins that cause tissue destruction, gas production, and widespread necrosis. Gas gangrene is characterized by severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge. If left untreated, it can lead to sepsis, multi-organ failure, and death.
5. Clostridioides difficile infection (C. difficile infection): Although not caused by a typical clostridial species, C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those who have recently taken antibiotics. The bacteria produce toxins A and B, which damage the intestinal lining and contribute to inflammation and diarrhea. C. difficile infection can range from mild to life-threatening, with complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, and bowel perforation.

In medical terms, gases refer to the state of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill any container it is placed in. Gases in the body can be normal, such as the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that are present in the lungs and blood, or abnormal, such as gas that accumulates in the digestive tract due to conditions like bloating or swallowing air.

Gases can also be used medically for therapeutic purposes, such as in the administration of anesthesia or in the treatment of certain respiratory conditions with oxygen therapy. Additionally, measuring the amount of gas in the body, such as through imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans, can help diagnose various medical conditions.

Hyperbaric oxygenation is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber, typically at greater than one atmosphere absolute (ATA). This process results in increased levels of oxygen being dissolved in the blood and delivered to body tissues, thereby promoting healing, reducing inflammation, and combating infection. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat various medical conditions, including carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, gangrene, and wounds that are slow to heal due to diabetes or radiation injury.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Type C phospholipases, also known as group CIA phospholipases or patatin-like phospholipase domain containing proteins (PNPLAs), are a subclass of phospholipases that specifically hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids. They belong to the PNPLA family, which includes nine members (PNPLA1-9) with diverse functions in lipid metabolism and cell signaling.

Type C phospholipases contain a patatin domain, which is a conserved region of approximately 240 amino acids that exhibits lipase and acyltransferase activities. These enzymes are primarily involved in the regulation of triglyceride metabolism, membrane remodeling, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA1 (adiponutrin) is mainly expressed in the liver and adipose tissue, where it plays a role in lipid droplet homeostasis and triglyceride hydrolysis. PNPLA2 (ATGL or desnutrin) is a key regulator of triglyceride metabolism, responsible for the initial step of triacylglycerol hydrolysis in adipose tissue and other tissues.

PNPLA3 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 epsilon or iPLA2ε) is involved in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways. Mutations in PNPLA3 have been associated with an increased risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease, and hepatic steatosis.

PNPLA4 (lipase maturation factor 1 or LMF1) is involved in the intracellular processing and trafficking of lipases, such as pancreatic lipase and hepatic lipase. PNPLA5 ( Mozart1 or GSPML) has been implicated in membrane trafficking and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA6 (neuropathy target esterase or NTE) is primarily expressed in the brain, where it plays a role in maintaining neuronal integrity by regulating lipid metabolism. Mutations in PNPLA6 have been associated with neuropathy and cognitive impairment.

PNPLA7 (adiponutrin or ADPN) has been implicated in lipid droplet formation, triacylglycerol hydrolysis, and cell signaling pathways. Mutations in PNPLA7 have been associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD and hepatic steatosis.

PNPLA8 (diglyceride lipase or DGLα) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA9 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 gamma or iPLA2γ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA10 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 delta or iPLA2δ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA11 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 epsilon or iPLA2ε) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA12 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 zeta or iPLA2ζ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA13 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 eta or iPLA2η) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA14 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 theta or iPLA2θ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA15 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 iota or iPLA2ι) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA16 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 kappa or iPLA2κ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA17 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 lambda or iPLA2λ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA18 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 mu or iPLA2μ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA19 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 nu or iPLA2ν) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA20 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 xi or iPLA2ξ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA21 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 omicron or iPLA2ο) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA22 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 pi or iPLA2π) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA23 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 rho or iPLA2ρ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA24 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 sigma or iPLA2σ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA25 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 tau or iPLA2τ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA26 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 upsilon or iPLA2υ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA27 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 phi or iPLA2φ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA28 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 chi or iPLA2χ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA29 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 psi or iPLA2ψ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA30 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 omega or iPLA2ω) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA31 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 pi or iPLA2π) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA32 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 rho or iPLA2ρ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA33 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 sigma or iPLA2σ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, ar

Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.

Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.

Soft tissue infections are medical conditions that involve infection of the soft tissues of the body, which include the skin, muscles, fascia (the connective tissue that surrounds muscles), and tendons. These infections can be caused by various types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Soft tissue infections can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of organism causing the infection, the extent of tissue involvement, and the patient's overall health status. Some common types of soft tissue infections include:

1. Cellulitis: This is a bacterial infection that affects the skin and underlying tissues. It typically presents as a red, swollen, warm, and painful area on the skin, often accompanied by fever and chills.
2. Abscess: An abscess is a localized collection of pus in the soft tissues, caused by an infection. It can appear as a swollen, tender, and warm lump under the skin, which may be filled with pus.
3. Necrotizing fasciitis: This is a rare but severe soft tissue infection that involves the rapid destruction of fascia and surrounding tissues. It is often caused by a mixture of bacteria and can progress rapidly, leading to shock, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly.
4. Myositis: This is an inflammation of the muscle tissue, which can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms may include muscle pain, swelling, weakness, and fever.
5. Erysipelas: This is a superficial skin infection that affects the upper layers of the skin and the lymphatic vessels. It typically presents as a raised, red, and painful rash with clear borders.

Treatment for soft tissue infections depends on the type and severity of the infection but may include antibiotics, drainage of pus or abscesses, and surgery in severe cases. Preventive measures such as good hygiene, wound care, and prompt treatment of injuries can help reduce the risk of developing soft tissue infections.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious bacterial infection that affects the fascia, which is the tissue that surrounds muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The infection can also spread to the muscle and skin. It is often caused by a combination of different types of bacteria, including group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

The infection causes extensive tissue damage and necrosis (death) of the fascia and surrounding tissues. It can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly with aggressive surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) and antibiotics.

Symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis include severe pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area; fever; chills; and general weakness. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if these symptoms occur, as early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis, which is a severe soft tissue infection that involves the fascia (the layer of connective tissue covering the muscle). Fournier gangrene specifically affects the genital region and can spread to the abdominal wall or thighs. It's characterized by rapid progression, extensive tissue damage, and a high mortality rate if not treated promptly with surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) and antibiotics. The infection typically involves multiple types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, and can arise from various sources such as urinary tract infections, anal abscesses, or trauma to the genital area.

"Gas composition in Clostridium septicum gas gangrene". J Formos Med Assoc. 94 (12): 757-9. PMID 8541740. "Gas Gangrene". The ... Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly ... "Gas gangrene". www.amboss.com. Retrieved 2021-03-25. Bryant, Amy E.; Stevens, Dennis L. "179: Gas Gangrene and Other ... Gas gangrene can cause myonecrosis (muscle tissue death), gas production, and sepsis. Progression to toxemia and shock is often ...
It can be classified as dry gangrene, wet gangrene, gas gangrene, internal gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis. The diagnosis ... Because dry gangrene is not accompanied by infection, it is not as emergent as gas gangrene or wet gangrene, both of which have ... gas gangrene should be treated as a medical emergency. Gas gangrene is caused by bacterial exotoxin-producing clostridial ... Gas gangrene is a bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues. It can be caused by Clostridium, most commonly alpha ...
This toxin is linked to gas gangrene of humans and animals. Most cases of gas gangrene has been related to a deep wound being ... referring to the disruption of tissue that occurs during gas gangrene. The toxin involved in gas gangrene is α-toxin, which ... Tissue gas most commonly occurs to those who have died from gangrene, large decubitus ulcers, necrotizing fasciitis or to those ... "Gas gangrene: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". Rumah, Kareem Rashid; Linden, Jennifer; Fischetti, Vincent A.; Vartanian, ...
"Gas Gangrene in the First World War". Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020. {{cite journal ... However, the most effective gas was mustard gas, introduced by Germany in July 1917. Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene, ... to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war's end. Several different gas agents were used. Tear gas ... But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight. Phosgene, first used in December 1915, was the most lethal killing gas of ...
Gas gangrene proceeds via disruption of blood flow to the infected site, resulting in diminished levels of oxygen and nutrients ... Gas gangrene Pore-forming toxin lpsn.dsmz.de, list of prokaryotic names with standing nomenclature. Larson, CM; Bubrick, MP; ... Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium septicum is associated with colorectal cancer and other defects of the bowel. Clostridium ... Clostridium septicum derived gas gangrene has shown strong correlations with increased levels of malignancy. Generally, ...
Gas gangrene)". Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-05-19. Hart GB, Strauss MB (1990). "Gas Gangrene - ... Gas gangrene) Crush Injury, Compartment syndrome, and other Acute Traumatic Ischemias Decompression sickness Enhancement of ... "Air or Gas Embolism". Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-05-19. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society ... Air or gas embolism Carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Complicated by Cyanide Poisoning Central retinal artery ...
"Clostridal Myositis and Myonecrosis (Gas gangrene)". Retrieved 2011-08-21. Hart GB, Strauss MB (1990). "Gas Gangrene - ... published on the use of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of clostridial gas gangrene. In 1962 Smith and Sharp reported ... The chamber treats decompression sickness and gas embolism by increasing pressure, reducing the size of the gas bubbles and ... by mask are more effective than changing the chamber gas because they provide a quicker gas change and a more reliable gas ...
... the patient would not develop gas gangrene. If the patient already had gangrene, then he could only be saved by excision of all ... Gray, H.M.W., An essential principle in the treatment of gas gangrene. British Medical Journal 1918; 1: p. 369. Birkbeck, L.H.C ... He published work on gas gangrene. If all devitalised tissue was removed, and there was no dead tissue left behind, ... Wound excision saved limbs and lives by reducing the incidence of major wound infections, including gas gangrene. Gray was also ...
... gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria that cause gas gangrene, so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them. ... Carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and decompression sickness (the 'bends') are sometimes addressed with this therapy. ... Retrieved September 22, 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Hart GB; Strauss MB (1990). "Gas Gangrene - ... He had produced oxygen gas by heating mercuric oxide (HgO) and various nitrates in 1771-72. Scheele called the gas "fire air" ...
Fujitani, S; Liu, CX; Finegold, SM; Song, YL; Mathisen, GE (2007). "Clostridium tertium isolated from gas gangrene wound; ... C. tertium has been isolated in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients, and in cases of necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene. It ... Ray, P; Das, A; Singh, K; Bhansali, A; Yadav, TD (2003). "Clostridium tertium in Necrotizing Fasciitis and Gangrene". Emerging ...
Lambertsen CJ (September 1972). "Oxygen in the therapy of gas gangrene". J Trauma. 12 (9): 825-7. doi:10.1097/00005373- ... Lambertsen CJ, Idicula J (September 1975). "A new gas lesion syndrome in man, induced by "isobaric gas counterdiffusion"". J ... The dynamics and composition of spontaneous, continuous gas embolism in the pig during isobaric gas counterdiffusion. Fed. Proc ... "Breathable Fire Extinguishing Gas Mixtures." Portal: Biography Scuba diving - Swimming underwater, breathing gas carried by the ...
As research subjects, he chose gas gangrene and tetanus, both of which were infections relevant to the military as ... Taylor, Welton I.; Novak, Milan (1951). "Prophylaxis of experimental gas gangrene in mice". J. Bacteriol. 61 (5): 571-9. doi: ...
... hence the alternate name gas gangrene, present in humans. This gas builds up in infected tissue, usually large muscles, and ... Treatment is only effective in the early stages and as a control measure.[citation needed] Gas gangrene Clostridium vaccine ... "Human Fulminant Gas Gangrene Caused by Clostridium chauvoei". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 (4): 1545-7. doi:10.1128/JCM ... Large gas-filled blisters can also form, which can be extremely painful as they build up in the tissues.[citation needed] When ...
April 2008). "Human fulminant gas gangrene caused by Clostridium chauvoei". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 (4): 1545-7. ...
This presents with cellulitis and crepitus, and may be mistaken for gas gangrene. Spontaneous, nontraumatic, or intrinsic ... April 2008). "Human Fulminant Gas Gangrene Caused by Clostridium chauvoei". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 (4): 1545-7. ... Gas gangrene: infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) Clostridium novyi-NT, an attenuated form of Clostridium novyi-NT ... Wound infection by C novyi and many other clostridium species cause gas gangrene Spontaneous infection is mostly associated ...
"Structure of the key toxin in gas gangrene". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 5 (8): 738-746. doi:10.1038/1447. ISSN 1545 ...
Gas gangrene set in and doctors amputated the limb. His temperature soared to 105 degrees. He was given a blood transfusion to ...
... a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by inhibiting protein synthesis. ...
Further, vaccination against the alpha toxin toxoid protects mice against C. perfringens gas gangrene. As a result, knowledge ... 1998). "Structure of the key toxin in gas gangrene". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 5 (8): 738-746. doi:10.1038/1447. ... and is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. The toxin also possesses hemolytic activity. This ... exchange provide genetic evidence for the essential role of alpha-toxin in Clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene". Mol ...
... oedematiens in gas gangrene. Subsequent work on the use of X-ray for the diagnosis of gas gangrene do not refer to the work of ... Doctors at Royaumont also undertook cutting-edge research, focusing on the treatment of gas gangrene. The doctors found X-ray ... "A Case of Gas Gangrene Associated with B. Oedematiens". BMJ. 1 (2933): 361-362. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2933.361. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC ... presented to the Royal Society of Medicine in 1916 her work in the use of X-rays to diagnose the presence of gas gangrene ...
... a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin. She also admitted conducting research into cholera, salmonella, foot and ... German firms sent 1,027 tons of precursors of mustard gas, sarin, tabun, and tear gasses in all. This work allowed Iraq to ... leading Iran to develop and deploy a mustard gas capability. By 1984, Iraq was using poison gas with great effectiveness ... related to the AS2 missiles 2 large propellant casting chambers 14 155 mm shells filled with mustard gas, the mustard gas ...
An autopsy showed Bondy had died of gas gangrene. A police search of Brown's home - a ground floor unit in a San Ysidro ... allowing an infection of Clostridium perfringens and producing gangrene. To make the murder charges stick, the prosecution had ...
Two out of three gas gangrene casualties now survived. One result of the Tehran Conference in November 1943 was an invitation ... This was a radical idea; normally this would have been inviting gas gangrene, but Florey proposed leaving that to the ... They found that penicillin was also effective against staphylococci and the bacteria that cause gangrene. They published their ... Actinomyces and the organisms that caused tetanus and gangrene. Florey and Jennings experimented on rats, mice, rabbits and ...
... a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by inhibiting protein synthesis. ...
Kasper DL, Zaleznik DF (2001). "Gas gangrene, antibiotic associated colitis, and other Clostridial infections". In Stone RM (ed ... a.k.a gas gangrene). Some spider bites may lead to necrosis. In the United States, only spider bites from the brown recluse ... There are also very specific forms of necrosis such as gangrene (term used in clinical practices for limbs which have had ... A classic example is gangrene. For this reason, it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically, a procedure known ...
Matrix metalloproteinase Gas gangrene This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR013510 Gerard ... They are considered a virulence factor, facilitating the spread of gas gangrene. They normally target the connective tissue in ... Clostridium histolyticum is a pathogen that causes gas gangrene; nevertheless, the isolated collagenase has been used to treat ...
The bacteria causing gas gangrene of infected wounds were identified. The discovery of co-enzymes by Sir Arthur Harden FRS and ... It also produced antisera for diphtheria, tetanus, gas gangrene, rabies and scorpion venom. There were also further important ...
During this wartime service, he wrote papers on treatment of abdominal wounds, on the treatment of gas gangrene with Eusol (a ... Fraser, J. (9 October 1915). "The Value of Hypochlorous Acid in the Treatment of Gas Gangrene". British Medical Journal. 2 ( ...
The Royaumont doctors pioneered a new approach to the treatment of gas gangrene, using X-rays and bacteriology for diagnosis, ... Ivens, Frances (1 May 1917). "A study of anaerobic wound infections with an analysis of 107 cases of gas gangrene". Proceedings ... p. 8. Ivens, Frances (19 October 1918). "The preventative and curative treatment of gas gangrene by mixed serums". British ...
Gas gangrene had killed 150 out of every 1,000 casualties in the First World War, but the instance of this disease now ... This was a radical idea; normally it would have been inviting gas gangrene, but he proposed leaving that to the penicillin. ... They found that penicillin was also effective against staphylococcus and gas gangrene. Florey reminded his staff that promising ... at present in use and is particularly remarkable for its activity against the anaerobic organisms associated with gas gangrene ...
"Gas composition in Clostridium septicum gas gangrene". J Formos Med Assoc. 94 (12): 757-9. PMID 8541740. "Gas Gangrene". The ... Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. This deadly ... "Gas gangrene". www.amboss.com. Retrieved 2021-03-25. Bryant, Amy E.; Stevens, Dennis L. "179: Gas Gangrene and Other ... Gas gangrene can cause myonecrosis (muscle tissue death), gas production, and sepsis. Progression to toxemia and shock is often ...
Gas gangrene is a potentially deadly form of tissue death (gangrene). ... Gas gangrene is a potentially deadly form of tissue death (gangrene). ... Gas gangrene causes very painful swelling. The skin turns pale to brownish-red. When the swollen area is pressed, gas can be ... Gas gangrene is most often caused by bacteria called Clostridium perfringens. It also can be caused by group A streptococcus, ...
... and gas-producing Clostridium species. The synonym clostridial myonecrosis better describes both the causative agent and the ... Clostridial gas gangrene is a highly lethal necrotizing soft tissue infection of skeletal muscle caused by toxin- ... encoded search term (Clostridial Gas Gangrene) and Clostridial Gas Gangrene What to Read Next on Medscape ... Clostridial gas gangrene is a highly lethal necrotizing soft tissue infection of skeletal muscle caused by toxin- and gas- ...
... septicum gas gangrene.1. Our case illustrates the fulminant nature of gas gangrene and although it is an uncommon diagnosis, it ... gas gangrene. A previously healthy, non-diabetic, 82 year old man was admitted to York District Hospital complaining of pain ... Gas gangrene is a rare condition, usually associated with contaminated traumatic injuries. It carries a high rate of mortality ... Gas gangrene is a condition of rapidly developing and spreading infection mediated by toxins released by the bacteria ...
Finally, C. oedematiens infections are tissue toxic adn do not produce gas, but cause massive edema in conjunction with ...
Gas Gangrene - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Symptoms of Gas Gangrene Gas gangrene causes severe pain in the infected area. Initially, the area is swollen and pale but ... Causes of Gas Gangrene Gas gangrene usually develops after injuries or surgery. High-risk injuries include wounds that ... Gas Gangrene (Clostridial Myonecrosis). By Larry M. Bush , MD, FACP, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic ...
These findings showed that gas-forming soft tissue infections of the lower extremity, commonly diagnosed as gas gangrene, are ... However, in many clinical settings, soft tissue infections that produce subcutaneous gas have been diagnosed as gas gangrene ... Diagnosis of gas gangrene: does a discrepancy exist between the published data and practice.. Maryellen P Brucato, Krupa Patel ... The Infectious Disease Society of America has defined gas gangrene as an infection caused by Clostridium species. ...
gas gangrene October 16, 2021. /in questions /by developer. Table of Contents ... 0 0 developer developer2021-10-16 13:44:092021-10-16 13:44:09gas gangrene. ...
Gas gangrene is a rapid spreading infective gangrene of the muscles characterized by collection of gas in the muscles and ... welchii) plays the main part in gas gangrene. *Other organisms that cause gas gangrene are Clostridium oedematiens, Clostridium ... Gas Gangrene is most likely to develop in wounds where there has been extensive laceration or devitalization of muscle mass ... Diabetes and other occlusive arterial diseases predispose to gas gangrene.. *The various exotoxins produced by these organisms ...
... other gas forming infections ( mixed aerobic or anerobic enteric organism ... Differential diagnosis of gas gangrene ( Clostridium Myonecrosis) -shock due to other causes -necrotizing fasciitis -cellulitis ... Differential diagnosis of gas gangrene ( Clostridium Myonecrosis) -shock due to other causes -necrotizing fasciitis -cellulitis ...
If you have Gas Gangrene or Myonecrosis, HBOT can help prohibit or reduce the spread of infection along with additional ... Gas Gangrene Treatment Guidelines. There are several thousand instances of gas gangrene that are identified each year in the ... Understanding Gas Gangrene. Gas gangrene is considered a progressive infection that targets the soft tissues. The infection ... Using Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy to Treat Gas Gangrene. Unfortunately, gas gangrene is a rapidly progressing infection that can ...
Clinical study of Gas Gangrene Patients presented in DHQ Hospital, Rawalpinidi, Pakistan Qamer un Nisa(137) , Kiran Sughra(102 ... Gas gangrene is found everywhere. Persons most at risk of Gas Gangrene usually have blood vessel disease , diabetes or colon… ... Gas Gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis , is a fast spreading and life threatening[1]. Gas Gangrene is caused by ... Clinical study of Gas Gangrene Patients presented in DHQ Hospital, Rawalpinidi, Pakistan Qamer un Nisa(137) , Kiran Sughra(102 ...
This condition, which came to be known as Fournier gangrene, is defined as a polymicrobial n... ... Fournier gangrene was first identified in 1883, when the French venereologist Jean Alfred Fournier described a series in which ... 5 previously healthy young men suffered from a rapidly progressive gangrene of the penis and scrotum without apparent cause. ... 45] Gas in the scrotal wall is the "sonographic hallmark" of Fournier gangrene. Air may be appreciated in perineal and/or ...
Decrease quantity for GAS GANGRENE / TUNKIO / PURULENT CERUMEN / TOUGHGUY - 4 Way Split Tape Increase quantity for GAS GANGRENE ... GAS GANGRENE / TUNKIO / PURULENT CERUMEN / TOUGHGUY - 4 Way Split Tape. GAS GANGRENE / TUNKIO / PURULENT CERUMEN / TOUGHGUY - 4 ...
1914: During World War I, 6% of war injuries were complicated by gas gangrene. Recent Outbreaks:. 2012: Outbreak at a state ... Gas gangrene causes pain, fever, vomiting, and the infected area becomes swollen, produces a foul smell, and turns gray and ... High doses of antibiotics are needed to treat gas gangrene and surgery may be needed to remove dead tissue. ... All about Gangrene (Clostridium perfringens). FACTS: Although gangrene may sound like a hazard of jungle exploits and military ...
Gas gangrene (acute). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Gastrointestinal Cancers. Gestational diabetes. Glucose and ...
Gas gangrene. Standard. n/a. Transmission from person to person rare; 1 outbreak in a surgical setting reported [1053]. Use ...
Dry gangrene - without bacterial infection and wet gangrene - with bacterial infection. Gas gangrene is a form of wet gangrene. ... Clostridia produce gas as they grow, so the infection is sometimes called gas gangrene. ... Description: Gangrene is a dead or necrotic tissue and it is usually followed by infection. Gangrene develops when the blood ... Can be most dangerous when gangrene affects the intestines or stomach.. Gangrene results from an infection caused by clostridia ...
Postmortem examination confirmed spreading tissue gas gangrene and myonecrosis. In addition, multiple intestinal ulcers ... and fever who presented to the emergency department with rapidly progressive spontaneous necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene ... Fatal spontaneous Clostridium septicum gas gangrene: a possible association with iatrogenic gastric acid suppression.. Yiru E. ... Postmortem examination confirmed spreading tissue gas gangrene and myonecrosis. In addition, multiple intestinal ulcers ...
Necrotizing fasciitis with gas gangrene related to infection of a peripherally inserted central catheter is very rare. The ... Emergency surgical debridement was performed under a diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis with gas gangrene. With antibiotic ... Around the right anterior chest wall, corresponding to the site of the catheter tip, redness was increased and gas crepitus was ... sugar ointment for antiseptic dressings and successfully treated neonatal necrotizing fasciitis with gas gangrene caused by ...
Method: We present a case of emergency below knee amputation in a patient with lower limb gas gangrene. He was a known diabetic ... Tags: Femoropopliteal nerve block, Gas gangrene, ultrasonography Post navigation. Previous: Breast Debridement Under Segmental ... Introduction: Gas gangrene is a necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality, often necessitating ... Ultrasound Guided Femoro-popliteal Block for Below Knee Amputation in a Patient with Gas Gangrene with Coagulopathy. 10 January ...
arterial gas embolism (air or gas bubbles in the bloodstream),. *gas gangrene, ...
Patients with complicated infections, including suspected necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene, require empiric polymicrobial ... Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene). Clostridium (usually C. perfringens, C. septicum). Traumatic or spontaneous; severe ... Fournier gangrene. Polymicrobial. Genital, groin, or perineal involvement; cellulitis, and signs or symptoms of infection* ... Patients with complicated infections, including suspected necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene, require empiric polymicrobial ...
Ellen N. La Motte: Alone • Gas Gangrene: Flanders, Spring 1916. Woodrow Wilson: Address to Congress • Washington, D.C., April ...
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Infections commonly needing antibiotics in higher dosage (e.g., gas gangrene). 12 grams. 2 grams every 4 hours. or. 3 grams ...
Categories: Gas Gangrene Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 4 ...
Secondary infections, such as bacteremia or septicemia, lymphangitis, tetanus, and gas gangrene, can occur. Among a native ...
  • Gas gangrene (also known as clostridial myonecrosis) is a bacterial infection that produces tissue gas in gangrene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gas gangrene can cause myonecrosis (muscle tissue death), gas production, and sepsis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Suppose you have been diagnosed with gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis. (hbomdga.com)
  • Gas Gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis , is a fast spreading and life threatening[1]. (bartleby.com)
  • Postmortem examination confirmed spreading tissue gas gangrene and myonecrosis. (tobycornish.com)
  • To review the salient features of the management of severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), including toxic shock syndrome, myonecrosis/gas gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis. (medscape.com)
  • Here we present a case of a 51-year-old woman with a recent history of abdominal pain and fever who presented to the emergency department with rapidly progressive spontaneous necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene and died within hours of presentation. (tobycornish.com)
  • Necrotizing fasciitis with gas gangrene related to infection of a peripherally inserted central catheter is very rare. (springeropen.com)
  • Emergency surgical debridement was performed under a diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis with gas gangrene. (springeropen.com)
  • In addition to medical treatment and prompt surgical debridement, we used dialkyl carbamoyl chloride-coated dressing and povidone-iodine sugar ointment for antiseptic dressings and successfully treated neonatal necrotizing fasciitis with gas gangrene caused by peripherally inserted central catheter infection with Citrobacter koseri . (springeropen.com)
  • Patients with complicated infections, including suspected necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene, require empiric polymicrobial antibiotic coverage, inpatient treatment, and surgical consultation for debridement. (aafp.org)
  • Other terms that have been used to describe this same condition include flesh-eating bacteria syndrome, suppurative fasciitis, necrotizing cellulitis , necrotizing soft tissue infection, hospital gangrene, streptococcal gangrene, dermal gangrene, Meleney's ulcer, and Meleney's gangrene. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • When necrotizing fasciitis affects the genital area, it is often referred to as Fournier gangrene (also termed Fournier's gangrene). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Necrotizing fasciitis has also been referred to as hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, Meleney ulcer, acute dermal gangrene, hospital gangrene, suppurative fasciitis, and synergistic necrotizing cellulitis. (medscape.com)
  • Fournier gangrene is a form of necrotizing fasciitis that is localized to the scrotum and perineal area. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the presence of gas-forming organisms, subcutaneous air is classically described in necrotizing fasciitis. (medscape.com)
  • Even more dire consequences including necrotizing fasciitis, gas gangrene, and sepsis can follow liposuction, which typically involves infiltrating multiple liters of (potentially contaminated) wetting solution. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Clostridial gas gangrene is a highly lethal necrotizing soft tissue infection of skeletal muscle caused by toxin- and gas-producing Clostridium species. (medscape.com)
  • Gas gangrene is a condition of rapidly developing and spreading infection mediated by toxins released by the bacteria Clostridium spp. (bmj.com)
  • Gas gangrene is a life-threatening infection of muscle tissue caused mainly by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens and several other species of clostridia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blisters with gas bubbles form near the infected area, accompanied by fever, rapid heartbeat and breathing, and often pain at the infection site. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gas gangrene is a fast-spreading clostridial infection of muscle tissue that, if untreated, quickly leads to death. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gas bubbles may be visible within the blister or may be felt under the skin, usually after the infection progresses. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Infectious Disease Society of America has defined gas gangrene as an infection caused by Clostridium species. (qxmd.com)
  • Gas gangrene is considered a progressive infection that targets the soft tissues. (hbomdga.com)
  • Gas gangrene is a more severe form of infection because it contains a unique toxin called an exotoxin. (hbomdga.com)
  • The types of surgeries with a higher instance of infection and gas gangrene are operations on the colon or gallbladder. (hbomdga.com)
  • Wet gangrene occurs when infection accompanies the interrupted blood flow. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Gangrene is a dead or necrotic tissue and it is usually followed by infection. (rxmed.com)
  • Gangrene develops when the blood supply to an affected part is cut off because of various factors including infection, vascular disease or trauma. (rxmed.com)
  • Gangrene results from an infection caused by clostridia and sometimes by other bacteria. (rxmed.com)
  • Clostridia produce gas as they grow, so the infection is sometimes called gas gangrene. (rxmed.com)
  • There are two types of gangrene: Dry gangrene - without bacterial infection and wet gangrene - with bacterial infection. (rxmed.com)
  • Gangrene is caused by interruption of blood supply to an area which causes necrosis (tissue death) and this is usually followed by a bacterial infection. (rxmed.com)
  • Gangrene may be prevented by taking the following precautions: 1) Seek medical advice for signs of infection (warmth, swelling, redness, pain or tenderness) in a skin injury. (rxmed.com)
  • Without treatment, gangrene may lead to fatal infection. (rxmed.com)
  • Determining the strategy for wound care for infant cases of NF with gas gangrene related to peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) infection is difficult because such cases are also very rare [ 3 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • Gas gangrene is a necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality, often necessitating amputation in order to control the infection. (jaccr.com)
  • 2. Leiblein M,Wagner N, Adam EH, Frank J, Marzi I, Nau C. Clostridial Gas Gangrene - A Rare but Deadly Infection: Case seriesand comparison to other necrotizing soft tissue infections. (jaccr.com)
  • Similarly, extreme pain may be an indication of infection with clostridial species (ie, gas gangrene). (medscape.com)
  • Gangrene can occur as a result of an injury, infection or a long-term condition that affects blood circulation. (nidirect.gov.uk)
  • Sometimes the bacterial infection can spread from the area of gangrene on your skin to other parts of the body. (heandshefitness.com)
  • Blisters and inflammation at the site of infection are the common signs of wet gangrene. (heandshefitness.com)
  • Other organisms may occasionally cause gas gangrene (for example, Klebsiella pneumoniae in the context of diabetes). (wikipedia.org)
  • Other organisms that cause gas gangrene are Clostridium oedematiens, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium histolyticum, and Clostridium bifermentans. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • While there are approximately 150 different species of this bacteria, only a few are known to cause gas gangrene. (hbomdga.com)
  • A diagnosis of arterial vascular occlusion secondary to gas gangrene was made which was confirmed by post mortem. (bmj.com)
  • Diagnosis of gas gangrene: does a discrepancy exist between the published data and practice. (qxmd.com)
  • Diagnosis of Fournier gangrene is based primarily on clinical findings, and treatment is based on these clinical findings. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis of gangrene is often made from the clinical presentation. (rxmed.com)
  • At 12 days old, emergency surgery was performed under a diagnosis of NF with gas gangrene. (springeropen.com)
  • Crepitus and gram staining of the wound confirmed the diagnosis of gas gangrene. (jaccr.com)
  • The diagnosis was perineal gangrene. (medscape.com)
  • Gas Gangrene is most likely to develop in wounds where there has been extensive laceration or devitalization of muscle mass with gross contamination of the wound by soil and other foreign bodies. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • The first prophylactic step in the prevention of gas gangrene wound is excision or debridement in which all the devitalized tissues, blood clots, dead and damaged muscles and foreign bodies should be removed. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • Doctors can typically diagnose gas gangrene with an examination and culture of the wound. (hbomdga.com)
  • Few tests may be necessary for the gangrene, such as a culture of the pus/scrapings from the wound, tissue culture, imaging studies. (medizzy.com)
  • More than 150 Clostridium species have been identified, but only 6 have been demonstrated to be capable of producing the fulminant condition known as clostridial gas gangrene. (medscape.com)
  • We present a case of emergency below knee amputation in a patient with lower limb gas gangrene. (jaccr.com)
  • A botched heart surgery leads to gangrene and amputation, permanently limiting a woman and her quality of life. (consumerwatchdog.org)
  • After gangrene, reperfusion therapy is of no use, therefore, surgical amputation is the treatment of choice for a rapid and smooth recovery. (medizzy.com)
  • Are you an advocate of auto-amputation of dry gangrene or elective amputation? (medizzy.com)
  • Several thousand cases of gangrene occur in the United States every year. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many cases of gangrene can be prevented. (nidirect.gov.uk)
  • Note that in the setting of a clinical suspicion of Fournier gangrene, demonstration of soft-tissue gas or detection of subcutaneous crepitation is an absolute indication for surgical exploration. (medscape.com)
  • [ 45 ] Gas in the scrotal wall is the "sonographic hallmark" of Fournier gangrene. (medscape.com)
  • patients with Fournier gangrene probably will not be able to tolerate this procedure. (medscape.com)
  • This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Distinctively, black lesions on the skin appear in a bubble form which allows visualization of gas-producing bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the bacteria grow inside the body, it emits gas and harmful substances (toxins) that can damage body tissues, cells, and blood vessels. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sometimes the bacteria in soft tissues produce large amounts of gas as a waste product. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gas gangrene may develop when bacteria that live in the intestine leak out. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctor should have given antibiotics to control the growth of bacteria which caused gas gangrene. (bartleby.com)
  • Bacteria such as clostridium perfringens, which produce toxic gases that can bubble up under the skin, are often implicated. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Although wet gangrene typically occurs after physical trauma or surgery, the bacteria responsible are widespread and infections can occur more or less spontaneously. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • If bacteria from gangrene pass into your bloodstream, you could go into septic shock . (nidirect.gov.uk)
  • People most at risk for gas gangrene usually have blood vessel disease ( atherosclerosis , or hardening of the arteries), diabetes, or colon cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diabetes and other occlusive arterial diseases predispose to gas gangrene. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • Dry gangrene typically occurs in the fingers and toes, often in the elderly or in those living with diabetes. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • If you have a condition that increases your risk of getting gangrene, such as diabetes, it's important you have regular check-ups to assess the state of your feet. (nidirect.gov.uk)
  • Gangrene forming as a result of diabetes is of mostly dry type, involving mostly the fingers and the toes. (medizzy.com)
  • Patients with uncontrolled diabetes have a highly hyperglycemic environment, which makes it a suitable habitat for bacterial growth, hence wet gangrene can also be a complication. (medizzy.com)
  • My aunt had diabetes for years and she developed gangrene of foot. (who.int)
  • If you are diabetic and have injured your toe accidentally, you are more prone to developing wet gangrene. (heandshefitness.com)
  • Autoamputation of diabetic toe with dry gangrene: a myth or a fact? (medizzy.com)
  • However, in many clinical settings, soft tissue infections that produce subcutaneous gas have been diagnosed as gas gangrene without identification of the presence of Clostridium species. (qxmd.com)
  • Gas gangrene is a rapid spreading infective gangrene of the muscles characterized by collection of gas in the muscles and subcutaneous tissue. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • The most characteristic feature of gas gangrene is profuse discharge of brownish, foul smelling fluid between the sutures and the presence of crepitus due to presence of gas in the muscle and subcutaneous tissue. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • It can easily be noticed by the large, blackened sores that form, as well as a degree of loud and distinctive crepitus caused by gas escaping the necrotic tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, C. oedematiens infections are tissue toxic adn do not produce gas, but cause massive edema in conjunction with systemic sepsis. (bestpub.com)
  • Most clostridial soft-tissue infections, including gas gangrene, are caused by Clostridium perfringens . (msdmanuals.com)
  • A chart review was performed of 25 consecutive patients treated at the Atlantic Health System for infections of the lower extremity that were diagnosed as gas gangrene. (qxmd.com)
  • These findings showed that gas-forming soft tissue infections of the lower extremity, commonly diagnosed as gas gangrene, are rarely caused by Clostridium species. (qxmd.com)
  • There are four distinct groups include type 1 NF is caused by multiple bacterial species (polymicrobial), type 2 NF is caused by a single bacterial species (monomicrobial), type 3 NF ( gas gangrene ), and type 4 NF is caused by fungal infections . (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Injection into the buttock may not provide effective treatment of anaphylaxis and has been associated with the development of Clostridial infections (gas gangrene). (nih.gov)
  • Dry gangrene, if left untreated can either complicate further leading to infections or the dead tissue can eventually fall off - autoamputation. (medizzy.com)
  • Also, because of the poor blood circulation secondary to peripheral arterial disease, the healing of those unnoticed wounds is negatively affected, thus causing non-healing ulcers, infections, gangrene, etc. (medizzy.com)
  • Nous avons analysé les infections des plaies après un acte chirurgical chez 1200 patients blessés pendant le conflit libyen en 2011 et admis au service des urgences du centre médical de Tripoli. (who.int)
  • Les bacilles à Gram-négatif multirésistants représentaient un facteur de complication important pour les infections de plaies associées à des blessures de guerre chez des patients blessés en Libye. (who.int)
  • Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling provides a more accurate assessment of acid/base disturbance. (medscape.com)
  • citation needed] Gas gangrene is caused by exotoxin-producing Clostridium species (most often C. perfringens, and C. novyi, but less commonly C. septicum or C. ramnosum), which are mostly found in soil, but also found as normal gut flora, and other anaerobes (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abstract: Gas Gangreneis a potentially deadly form of tissue death.The Clostridium species C.perfringens , C.septicum and C.histolyticum are the principal causative agent of the trauma associated gas gangrene and their incidence increases dramatically in times of war, hurricanes , earthquakes and other mass casualty condition. (bartleby.com)
  • [ 1 ] There has been an increased incidence of spontaneous gas gangrene caused by C septicum in association with gastrointestinal abnormalities and neutropenia. (medscape.com)
  • Fatal spontaneous Clostridium septicum gas gangrene: a possible association with iatrogenic gastric acid suppression. (tobycornish.com)
  • A gas composition of 5.9% hydrogen, 3.4% carbon dioxide, 74.5% nitrogen, and 16.1% oxygen was reported in one clinical case. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gas is chiefly hydrogen, being odorless in the beginning, but soon it becomes fetid due to the liberation of sulphurated hydrogen (H2S), ammonia and volatile gases. (dentaldevotee.com)
  • Persons exposed only to hydrogen peroxide gas do not pose risks of secondary contamination to personnel outside the Hot Zone. (cdc.gov)
  • However, persons whose clothing or skin is contaminated with concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution can secondarily contaminate personnel by direct contact or through off-gassing vapor. (cdc.gov)
  • It gives gas gangrene its name by causing putrefying flesh wounds that bubble and foam with flammable hydrogen. (popsci.com)
  • That hydrogen gas can leaven dough just as yeast-generated carbon dioxide does. (popsci.com)
  • Rarely, gas gangrene occurs when there is no injury or surgery-usually in people with colon cancer, diverticulitis, or a disorder that reduces blood flow to the intestine or results in leaks through the wall of the intestine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gas gangrene is 100% fatal for patients who don't receive treatment and usually occurs within 48 hours. (hbomdga.com)
  • Dry gangrene occurs when blood flow is interrupted to part of the body. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Gangrene occurs secondary to a decreased blood supply, ultimately leading to tissue destruction or necrosis. (medizzy.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens, previously known as Clostridium welchii, is the most common cause of clostridial gas gangrene (80-90% of cases). (medscape.com)
  • [ 41 , 42 ] Gas within the soft tissues is detected more commonly with imaging modalities than with the physical examination. (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasonography can be used to detect fluid or gas within the soft tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Gangrene is the condition where your body tissues begin to die, due to lack of oxygen in the bloodstream. (heandshefitness.com)
  • The gas can form bubbles and blisters in tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blisters are often associated with gas gangrene, and these blisters can fill with gas bubbles. (hbomdga.com)
  • Due to the severe nature of the condition, some general guidelines are to follow when identifying and treating gas gangrene. (hbomdga.com)
  • One of the first symptoms of gas gangrene is severe pain in the infected area. (hbomdga.com)
  • Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911), if you have symptoms of gas gangrene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gas gangrene is a rare condition, usually associated with contaminated traumatic injuries. (bmj.com)
  • Gas gangrene can develop after certain types of surgery or injuries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gangrenous gas-Spreading gangrene in contaminated injuries that release gas. (bolsademulher.com)
  • You need to be extremely careful as this kind of gangrene needs instant treatment, or otherwise, it may be fatal. (heandshefitness.com)
  • According to recent studies it has proven that most likely causative agents of gas gangrene were Clostridium perfrigens, Clostridium septicum and Clostridium histolyticum. (bartleby.com)
  • Gas gangrene is a potentially deadly form of tissue death ( gangrene ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The earlier treatment for gangrene begins, the more effective it's likely to be, (see symptoms section). (nidirect.gov.uk)
  • If you see these signs, you probably have gangrene that requires immediate treatment. (heandshefitness.com)
  • The prognosis for your treatment and subsequent recovery is effective and finer if you diagnose gangrene at early stages. (heandshefitness.com)
  • If you are suffering from gangrene, do not waste time for treatment. (heandshefitness.com)
  • A thorough history and a proper physical examination is the first step to a fruitful treatment of dry gangrene. (medizzy.com)
  • High doses of antibiotics are needed to treat gas gangrene and surgery may be needed to remove dead tissue. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Can be most dangerous when gangrene affects the intestines or stomach. (rxmed.com)
  • It may reveal moderate-to-large amounts of soft-tissue gas, foreign bodies, or scrotal tissue edema. (medscape.com)