Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.
Analysis of the HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION in the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS. It is used to record the pattern, frequency, and duration of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
Mobilization of the lower end of the esophagus and plication of the fundus of the stomach around it (fundic wrapping) in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX that may be associated with various disorders, such as hiatal hernia. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
The area covering the terminal portion of ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of STOMACH at the cardiac orifice.
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.
Measurement of the pressure or tension of liquids or gases with a manometer.
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.
Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.
STOMACH herniation located at or near the diaphragmatic opening for the ESOPHAGUS, the esophageal hiatus.
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.
The physiologic or functional barrier to GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX at the esophagogastric junction. Sphincteric muscles remain tonically contracted during the resting state and form the high-pressure zone separating the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS from that of the STOMACH. (Haubrich et al, Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed., pp399, 415)
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.
Retrograde flow of duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the STOMACH.
Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
Disorders affecting the motor function of the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; the ESOPHAGUS body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX). Other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus).
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.
Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.
Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.
A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
The superior portion of the body of the stomach above the level of the cardiac notch.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction.
Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.
The S-isomer of omeprazole.
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
That part of the STOMACH close to the opening from ESOPHAGUS into the stomach (cardiac orifice), the ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION. The cardia is so named because of its closeness to the HEART. Cardia is characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells (GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS).
Pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ENT diseases.
Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.
The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).
A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.
A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
The structure at the pharyngoesophageal junction consisting chiefly of the CRICOPHARYNGEUS MUSCLE. It normally occludes the lumen of the ESOPHAGUS, except during SWALLOWING.
Inhaling liquid or solids, such as stomach contents, into the RESPIRATORY TRACT. When this causes severe lung damage, it is called ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.
A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.
A hydrated form of silicon dioxide. It is commonly used in the manufacture of TOOTHPASTES and as a stationary phase for CHROMATOGRAPHY.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improve digestion.
A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Spasmodic swallowing of air.
The use of electronic equipment to observe or record physiologic processes while the patient undergoes normal daily activities.
A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.
The insertion of a tube into the stomach, intestines, or other portion of the gastrointestinal tract to allow for the passage of food products, etc.
A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The act of dilating.
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Surgical procedures involving the STOMACH and sometimes the lower ESOPHAGUS to correct anatomical defects, or to treat MORBID OBESITY by reducing the size of the stomach. There are several subtypes of bariatric gastroplasty, such as vertical banded gastroplasty, silicone ring vertical gastroplasty, and horizontal banded gastroplasty.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.
Abnormal passage between the ESOPHAGUS and the TRACHEA, acquired or congenital, often associated with ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA.
Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression.
Abnormal or excessive excitability with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience.
Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.
Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane. This transport can be linked to the hydrolysis of ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. What is referred to as proton pump inhibitors frequently is about POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.
A plastic operation on the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The ejection of gas or air through the mouth from the stomach.
An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)
The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.
Excision of part (partial) or all (total) of the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another.
The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.
Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases or dysfunction of the digestive system or its organs or demonstration of their physiological processes.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.
A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.
Saccular protrusion beyond the wall of the ESOPHAGUS.
A Y-shaped surgical anastomosis of any part of the digestive system which includes the small intestine as the eventual drainage site.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Non-invasive, endoscopic imaging by use of VIDEO CAPSULE ENDOSCOPES to perform examination of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small bowel.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of congenital or traumatic defects in the respiratory DIAPHRAGM.
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.
Respiratory tract diseases are a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs, impairing breathing and oxygen uptake, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and sleep apnea.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.
Imaging techniques that use illumination created with several optical interference filters by which the frequency ranges are spectrally narrowed and light scatter is greatly reduced. Thus the reflected photons reconstituting the images are from distinct depths (the surface and deeper layers) of the object being imaged.
Use of nursing bottles for feeding. Applies to humans and animals.
A clinical syndrome with intermittent abdominal pain characterized by sudden onset and cessation that is commonly seen in infants. It is usually associated with obstruction of the INTESTINES; of the CYSTIC DUCT; or of the URINARY TRACT.
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.
Liquid formulations for the nutrition of infants that can substitute for BREAST MILK.
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: double blind controlled study of intermittent treatment with omeprazole or ranitidine. The European Study Group. (1/2087)

OBJECTIVE: To assess intermittent treatment over 12 months in patients with symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. DESIGN: Randomised, multicentre, double blind, controlled study. Patients with heartburn and normal endoscopy results or mild erosive changes received omeprazole 10 mg or 20 mg daily or ranitidine 150 mg twice daily for 2 weeks. Patients remaining symptomatic had omeprazole 10 mg or ranitidine dose doubled for another 2 weeks while omeprazole 20 mg was continued for 2 weeks. Patients who were symptomatic or mildly symptomatic were followed up for 12 months. Recurrences of moderate or severe heartburn during follow up were treated with the dose which was successful for initial symptom control. SETTING: Hospitals and primary care practices between 1994 and 1996. SUBJECTS: 677 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total time off active treatment, time to failure of intermittent treatment, and outcomes ranked from best to worst. RESULTS: 704 patients were randomised, 677 were eligible for analyses; 318 reached the end of the study with intermittent treatment without recourse to maintenance antisecretory drugs. The median number of days off active treatment during follow up was 142 for the entire study (281 for the 526 patients who reached a treatment related end point). Thus, about half the patients did not require treatment for at least 6 months, and this was similar in all three treatment groups. According to outcome, 378 (72%) patients were in the best outcome ranks (no relapse or one (or more) relapse but in remission until 12 months); 630 (93%) had three or fewer relapses in the intermittent treatment phase. Omeprazole 20 mg provided faster relief of heartburn. The results were similar in patients with erosive and non-erosive disease. CONCLUSIONS: Intermittent treatment is effective in managing symptoms of heartburn in half of patients with uncomplicated gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. It is simple and applicable in general practice, where most patients are seen.  (+info)

The effect of hiatus hernia on gastro-oesophageal junction pressure. (2/2087)

BACKGROUND: Hiatus hernia and lower oesophageal sphincter hypotension are often viewed as opposing hypotheses for gastro-oesophageal junction incompetence. AIMS: To examine the interaction between hiatus hernia and lower oesophageal sphincter hypotension. METHODS: In seven normal subjects and seven patients with hiatus hernia, the squamocolumnar junction and intragastric margin of the gastro-oesophageal junction were marked with endoscopically placed clips. Axial and radial characteristics of the gastro-oesophageal junction high pressure zone were mapped relative to the hiatus and clips during concurrent fluoroscopy and manometry. Responses to inspiration and abdominal compression were also analysed. RESULTS: In normal individuals the squamocolumnar junction was 0.5 cm below the hiatus and the gastro-oesophageal junction high pressure zone extended 1.1 cm distal to that. In those with hiatus hernia, the gastro-oesophageal junction high pressure zone had two discrete segments, one proximal to the squamocolumnar junction and one distal, attributable to the extrinsic compression within the hiatal canal. Inspiration and abdominal compression mainly augmented the distal one. Simulation of hernia reduction by algebraically summing the proximal segment pressures with the hiatal canal pressures restored normal maximal pressure, radial asymmetry, and dynamic responses of the gastro-oesophageal junction. CONCLUSIONS: Hiatus hernia reduces lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and alters its dynamic responsiveness by spatially separating pressure components derived from the intrinsic lower oesophageal sphincter and the extrinsic compression of the oesophagus within the hiatal canal.  (+info)

Improvement in quality of life measures after laparoscopic antireflux surgery. (3/2087)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patients with gastroesophageal reflux "well controlled medically" had a different quality of life from those with residual symptoms receiving aggressive medical therapy, and to determine whether laparoscopic antireflux surgery significantly altered quality of life in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Clinical determinants of outcome may not adequately reflect the full impact of therapy. The medical outcomes study short form (SF-36) is a well-validated questionnaire that assays eight specific health concepts in three general fields. It may provide a more sensitive tool for judging the success of antireflux therapy. METHODS: A total of 345 patients undergoing laparoscopic antireflux surgery completed at least one questionnaire during the study period. Preoperative questionnaires were completed by 290 patients, 223 completed a questionnaire 6 weeks after surgery, and 50 completed the same questionnaire 1 year after surgery. A subgroup of 70 patients was divided before surgery into two groups on the basis of their response to standard medical therapy. RESULTS: Preoperative scores were extremely low. All eight SF-36 health categories improved significantly 6 weeks and 1 year after surgery. In the 70-patient subgroup, 53 patients (76%) underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery because of symptoms refractory to medical therapy and 17 patients (24%) reported that their symptoms were well controlled but elected to have surgery because they wished to be medication-free. The preoperative quality of life scores of these two patient groups were equivalent in all but one category. Postoperative scores were significantly improved in all categories and indistinguishable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery is an effective therapy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux and may be more effective than medical therapy at improving quality of life.  (+info)

Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. (4/2087)

BACKGROUND: The causes of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia are poorly understood. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation of the possible association between gastroesophageal reflux and these tumors. METHODS: We performed a nationwide, population-based, case-control study in Sweden. Case ascertainment was rapid, and all cases were classified uniformly. Information on the subjects' history of gastroesophageal reflux was collected in personal interviews. The odds ratios were calculated by logistic regression, with multivariate adjustment for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: Of the patients interviewed, the 189 with esophageal adenocarcinoma and the 262 with adenocarcinoma of the cardia constituted 85 percent of the 529 patients in Sweden who were eligible for the study during the period from 1995 through 1997. For comparison, we interviewed 820 control subjects from the general population and 167 patients with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. Among persons with recurrent symptoms of reflux, as compared with persons without such symptoms, the odds ratios were 7.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.3 to 11.4) for esophageal adenocarcinoma and 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.9) for adenocarcinoma of the cardia. The more frequent, more severe, and longer-lasting the symptoms of reflux, the greater the risk. Among persons with long-standing and severe symptoms of reflux, the odds ratios were 43.5 (95 percent confidence interval, 18.3 to 103.5) for esophageal adenocarcinoma and 4.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.7 to 11.0) for adenocarcinoma of the cardia. The risk of esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma was not associated with reflux (odds ratio, 1.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.9). CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong and probably causal relation between gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The relation between reflux and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia is relatively weak.  (+info)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: diagnosis and management. (5/2087)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic, relapsing condition with associated morbidity and an adverse impact on quality of life. The disease is common, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 25 to 35 percent in the U.S. population. GERD can usually be diagnosed based on the clinical presentation alone. In some patients, however, the diagnosis may require endoscopy and, rarely, ambulatory pH monitoring. Management includes lifestyle modifications and pharmacologic therapy; refractory disease requires surgery. The therapeutic goals are to control symptoms, heal esophagitis and maintain remission so that morbidity is decreased and quality of life is improved.  (+info)

Pseudo-steroid resistant asthma. (6/2087)

BACKGROUND: Steroid resistant asthma (SRA) represents a small subgroup of those patients who have asthma and who are difficult to manage. Two patients with apparent SRA are described, and 12 additional cases who were admitted to the same hospital are reviewed. METHODS: The subjects were selected from a tertiary hospital setting by review of all asthma patients admitted over a two year period. Subjects were defined as those who failed to respond to high doses of bronchodilators and oral glucocorticosteroids, as judged by subjective assessment, audible wheeze on examination, and serial peak flow measurements. RESULTS: In 11 of the 14 patients identified there was little to substantiate the diagnosis of severe or steroid resistant asthma apart from symptoms and upper respiratory wheeze. Useful tests to differentiate this group of patients from those with severe asthma appear to be: the inability to perform reproducible forced expiratory manoeuvres, normal airway resistance, and a concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume (FEV1) being within the range for normal subjects (PC20). Of the 14 subjects, four were health care staff and two reported childhood sexual abuse. CONCLUSION: Such patients are important to identify as they require supportive treatment which should not consist of high doses of glucocorticosteroids and beta2 adrenergic agonists. Diagnoses other than asthma, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux, hyperventilation, vocal cord dysfunction and sleep apnoea, should be sought as these may be a cause of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure and pseudo-SRA, and may respond to alternative treatment.  (+info)

Review article: Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-clinical implications and management. (7/2087)

A significant proportion of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have Helicobacter pylori infection, but it is unclear whether or not H. pylori should be treated in this clinical setting. The aim of this review was to critically assess the relationship between H. pylori and GERD and its potential implications for the management of GERD. Data for this review were gathered from the following sources up to April 1998-the biomedical database MEDLINE, a detailed review of medical journals, and a review of abstracts submitted to relevant international meetings. On average, 40% of GERD patients carry H. pylori infection, with a reported infection prevalence ranging from 16% to 88%. To date, there has been no reported controlled trial of effective H. pylori therapy in GERD. GERD has been reported to develop de novo following the cure of H. pylori in peptic ulcer disease. In the presence of H. pylori, proton pump inhibitor therapy appears to accelerate the development of atrophic corpus gastritis, a potentially precancerous condition. Conversely, proton pump inhibitor therapy seems to become less effective after cure of H. pylori. The mechanisms underlying these important contrasting phenomena are poorly understood. The relationship between H. pylori and GERD is complex, and it is difficult to give definitive guidelines on the management of H. pylori infection in GERD. Controlled trials of H. pylori therapy in GERD are urgently needed, as well as further long-term data on both the natural history of gastric histopathological changes in the H. pylori-positive GERD patient treated with proton pump inhibitors, and the impact of H. pylori status on the clinical efficacy of antisecretory therapy. Pending these data, it is perhaps advisable to advocate cure of H. pylori in young patients with proton pump inhibitor-dependent GERD who, in the absence of anti-reflux surgery, are faced with the likelihood of long-term medical therapy.  (+info)

A manometric assessment of oesophagogastrostomy. (8/2087)

Intraluminal pressures were recorded in 14 patients who had undergone oesophagogastrectomy. Seven of these had a mid-thoracic and seven a high cervical oesophagogastrostomy. The incidence of postoperative reflux complications in each group was noted. No pressure gradient across the anastomosis was detected in any patient but the upper oesophageal sphincter was shown to be retained as a functioning unit in all cases. It is considered that the thoracic anastomosis provides no demonstrable barrier to reflux. In addition, a high cervical oesophagogastrostomy does not adversely affect the upper oesophageal sphincter. The wider application of this latter procedure may be associated with a decreased incidence of postoperative reflux complications.  (+info)

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the retrograde movement of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can cause discomfort and symptoms. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach) relaxes inappropriately, allowing the acidic or non-acidic gastric contents to flow back into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux becomes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when it is more severe, persistent, and/or results in complications such as esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett's esophagus. Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and chronic cough or hoarseness.

Esophageal pH monitoring is a medical test used to measure the acidity (pH level) inside the esophagus. The test involves inserting a thin, flexible tube through the nose and down into the esophagus. The tube contains a sensor that detects changes in pH levels and transmits this information to a recording device worn by the patient.

The test typically lasts for 24 hours, during which time the patient keeps a diary of their activities and symptoms. This information is used to correlate any symptoms with changes in pH levels. The test can help diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and assess the effectiveness of treatment.

It's important to note that there are some precautions to be taken before and after the test, such as avoiding certain medications that may affect the pH levels or interfere with the test results. Patients should follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully to ensure accurate results.

Fundoplication is a surgical procedure in which the upper part of the stomach (the fundus) is wrapped around the lower esophagus and then stitched into place. This procedure strengthens the lower esophageal sphincter, which helps prevent acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus. It is commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and paraesophageal hernias.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is the region of the gastrointestinal tract where the esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach) meets the stomach. It serves as a physiological sphincter, which helps control the direction of flow and prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the esophagus. The EGJ is also known as the gastroesophageal junction or cardia.

Esophagitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophageal lining, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, and acid reflux.

Esophagitis can be caused by various factors, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infection, allergies, medications, and chronic vomiting. Prolonged exposure to stomach acid can also cause esophagitis, leading to a condition called reflux esophagitis.

If left untreated, esophagitis can lead to complications such as strictures, ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Treatment for esophagitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and protecting the esophageal lining to promote healing.

Manometry is a medical test that measures pressure inside various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. It is often used to help diagnose digestive disorders such as achalasia, gastroparesis, and irritable bowel syndrome. During the test, a thin, flexible tube called a manometer is inserted through the mouth or rectum and into the area being tested. The tube is connected to a machine that measures and records pressure readings. These readings can help doctors identify any abnormalities in muscle function or nerve reflexes within the digestive tract.

Peptic esophagitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation and damage of the lining of the esophagus caused by stomach acid backing up into the esophagus. This is also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The term "peptic" indicates that digestive enzymes or stomach acids are involved in the cause of the condition.

Peptic esophagitis can cause symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and painful swallowing. If left untreated, it can lead to complications like strictures, ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, medications to reduce acid production, and sometimes surgery.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a condition in which the stomach contents, particularly acid, flow backward from the stomach into the larynx (voice box) and pharynx (throat). This is also known as extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD) or supraesophageal reflux disease (SERD). Unlike gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where acid reflux causes symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation, LPR may not cause classic reflux symptoms, but rather symptoms related to the upper aerodigestive tract. These can include hoarseness, throat clearing, cough, difficulty swallowing, and a sensation of a lump in the throat.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that work to reduce gastric acid production by blocking the action of proton pumps in the parietal cells of the stomach. These drugs are commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other conditions where excessive stomach acid is a problem.

PPIs include several different medications such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. They are usually taken orally, but some PPIs are also available in intravenous (IV) form for hospital use.

By inhibiting the action of proton pumps, PPIs reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. They are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed, but long-term use may increase the risk of certain side effects, including bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection.

Esophagoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the visual examination of the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure is typically carried out using an esophagogastroduodenoscope (EGD), a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end.

During the procedure, the EGD is inserted through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus, allowing the medical professional to examine its lining for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. The procedure may also involve taking tissue samples (biopsies) for further examination and testing.

Esophagoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, and other disorders affecting the esophagus. It may also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing polyps or foreign objects from the esophagus.

Heartburn is not a cardiac condition, but rather a digestive disorder. The medical term for heartburn is "pyrosis." It is characterized by a burning sensation in the chest or throat, caused by the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus. This backflow of acid can irritate the lining of the esophagus, leading to discomfort and pain. Heartburn often occurs after eating, when lying down, or during bending over, and it can be worsened by certain foods, drinks, or medications. Chronic or severe heartburn may indicate a more serious condition, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

A hiatal hernia is a type of hernia that occurs when a part of the stomach protrudes or squeezes through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm, the muscular partition between the chest and abdominal cavities. Normally, the esophagus passes through this opening to connect to the stomach, but in a hiatal hernia, a portion of the stomach also moves up into the chest cavity through the hiatus.

There are two main types of hiatal hernias: sliding and paraesophageal. In a sliding hiatal hernia, the junction between the esophagus and stomach (gastroesophageal junction) slides upward into the chest cavity, which is the most common type. Paraesophageal hiatal hernias are less common but can be more severe, as they involve the stomach herniating alongside the esophagus, potentially leading to complications like obstruction or strangulation of the blood supply to the stomach.

Many people with hiatal hernias do not experience symptoms, but some may have heartburn, acid reflux, regurgitation, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, or shortness of breath. Treatment depends on the severity and associated symptoms, ranging from lifestyle modifications and medications to surgical repair in severe cases.

Barrett esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining of the lower esophagus changes, becoming more like the tissue that lines the intestines (intestinal metaplasia). This change can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer. The exact cause of Barrett esophagus is not known, but it is often associated with long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as chronic acid reflux.

In Barrett esophagus, the normal squamous cells that line the lower esophagus are replaced by columnar epithelial cells. This change is usually detected during an upper endoscopy and biopsy. The diagnosis of Barrett esophagus is confirmed when the biopsy shows intestinal metaplasia in the lower esophagus.

It's important to note that not everyone with GERD will develop Barrett esophagus, and not everyone with Barrett esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. However, if you have been diagnosed with Barrett esophagus, your healthcare provider may recommend regular endoscopies and biopsies to monitor the condition and reduce the risk of cancer. Treatment options for Barrett esophagus include medications to control acid reflux, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a specialized ring of muscle located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. It functions as a physiological valve that regulates the direction of content flow between the esophagus and the stomach. Normally, the LES remains contracted to prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, and it relaxes during swallowing to allow food to enter the stomach.

A dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter may lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid frequently backs up into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.

Bile reflux is a condition in which bile flows backward from the small intestine into the stomach and sometimes into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting a greenish-yellow fluid (bile), and abdominal pain. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps to break down fats in the small intestine. Normally, a muscle called the sphincter of Oddi prevents bile from flowing backward into the stomach. However, if this muscle becomes weak or damaged, bile reflux can occur.

Bile reflux is different from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus. Although both conditions can cause similar symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation, they require different treatments. Bile reflux can increase the risk of complications such as inflammation of the stomach lining (gastritis), ulcers, and cancer of the esophagus. If left untreated, bile reflux can lead to serious health problems, so it is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms.

Duodenogastric reflux (DGR) is a medical condition in which the contents of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, flow backward into the stomach. This occurs when the pyloric sphincter, a muscle that separates the stomach and duodenum, fails to function properly, allowing the reflux of duodenal juice into the stomach.

Duodenogastric refluxate typically contains bile acids, digestive enzymes, and other stomach-irritating substances. Chronic DGR can lead to gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), ulcers, and other gastrointestinal complications. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and indigestion. Treatment usually involves medications that reduce acid production or neutralize stomach acid, as well as lifestyle modifications to minimize reflux triggers.

Laryngitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the larynx, or voice box. This inflammation can lead to hoarseness, throat pain, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. Laryngitis can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, vocal strain, or other factors such as exposure to irritants like smoke or chemicals. In some cases, laryngitis may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist for more than a few days or are accompanied by other concerning symptoms.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Esophageal motility disorders are a group of conditions that affect the normal movement (motility) of the muscles in the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The esophageal muscles normally contract and relax in a coordinated manner to help move food from the mouth to the stomach.

In esophageal motility disorders, this muscle movement is impaired, leading to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), chest pain, heartburn, or regurgitation of food. Some common examples of esophageal motility disorders include:

1. Achalasia: a condition in which the lower esophageal sphincter muscle fails to relax properly, preventing food from passing into the stomach.
2. Diffuse esophageal spasm: a disorder characterized by uncoordinated contractions of the esophageal muscles, leading to difficulty swallowing and chest pain.
3. Nutcracker esophagus: a condition in which the esophageal muscles contract too forcefully, causing pain and difficulty swallowing.
4. Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter: a disorder in which the lower esophageal sphincter muscle is too tight, making it difficult to swallow and leading to symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation.
5. Ineffective esophageal motility: a condition in which the esophageal muscles have weak or disorganized contractions, leading to difficulty swallowing and other symptoms.

Esophageal motility disorders can be diagnosed through tests such as manometry, which measures the pressure and coordination of esophageal muscle contractions, or barium swallow studies, which use X-rays to visualize the movement of food through the esophagus. Treatment may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery, depending on the specific disorder and its severity.

Histamine H2 antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach. Histamine is a chemical that is released by the body during an allergic reaction and can also be released by certain cells in the stomach in response to food or other stimuli. When histamine binds to the H2 receptors in the stomach, it triggers the release of acid. By blocking the action of histamine on these receptors, H2 antagonists reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ulcers. Examples of H2 antagonists include ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), and cimetidine (Tagamet).

Esophageal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant esophageal neoplasms are typically classified as either squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas, depending on the type of cell from which they originate.

Esophageal cancer is a serious and often life-threatening condition that can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and coughing. Risk factors for esophageal neoplasms include smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.

Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Vesico-Ureteral Reflux (VUR) is a medical condition that affects the urinary system, specifically the junction where the ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) connect with the bladder. In normal physiology, once the bladder fills up with urine and contracts during micturition (urination), the pressure within the bladder should prevent the backflow of urine into the ureters.

However, in VUR, the valve-like mechanism that prevents this backflow does not function properly, allowing urine to flow backward from the bladder into the ureters and potentially even into the kidneys. This reflux can lead to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney damage, and other complications if left untreated. VUR is more commonly diagnosed in children but can also occur in adults.

Gastric acidity determination is a medical test used to measure the amount of acid in the stomach. This test is often performed to diagnose or monitor conditions such as gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The test involves measuring the pH level of the stomach contents using a thin, flexible tube called a catheter that is passed through the nose and down into the stomach. In some cases, a small sample of stomach fluid may also be collected for further testing.

The normal range for gastric acidity is typically considered to be a pH level below 4. A higher pH level may indicate that the stomach is producing too little acid, while a lower pH level may suggest that it is producing too much. Based on the results of the test, healthcare providers can develop an appropriate treatment plan for the underlying condition causing abnormal gastric acidity.

Deglutition disorders, also known as swallowing disorders, are conditions that affect the ability to move food or liquids from the mouth to the stomach safely and efficiently. These disorders can occur at any stage of the swallowing process, which includes oral preparation (chewing and manipulating food in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (activating muscles and structures in the throat to move food toward the esophagus), and esophageal phase (relaxing and contracting the esophagus to propel food into the stomach).

Symptoms of deglutition disorders may include coughing or choking during or after eating, difficulty initiating a swallow, food sticking in the throat or chest, regurgitation, unexplained weight loss, and aspiration (inhaling food or liquids into the lungs), which can lead to pneumonia.

Deglutition disorders can be caused by various factors, such as neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), structural abnormalities (e.g., narrowing or blockage of the esophagus), muscle weakness or dysfunction, and cognitive or behavioral issues. Treatment for deglutition disorders may involve dietary modifications, swallowing exercises, medications, or surgical interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Eosinophilic esophagagitis (EE) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder characterized by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction and eosinophil-predominant inflammation. It's typically diagnosed through endoscopic biopsy that reveals more than 15 eosinophils per high power field in the esophagus, despite treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune response. In EE, these cells accumulate in the esophagus and cause inflammation, leading to symptoms such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), food impaction, chest pain, heartburn, and regurgitation.

The disorder is often associated with other atopic conditions, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema. Treatment typically involves a combination of dietary modifications, medications (such as proton pump inhibitors or corticosteroids), and esophageal dilation in cases where there is stricture formation.

Omeprazole is defined as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers, and other conditions where reducing stomach acid is desired. It works by blocking the action of the proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. By inhibiting these pumps, omeprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, providing relief from symptoms such as heartburn and pain caused by excess stomach acid.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral suspension, and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated. As with any medication, omeprazole should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully considered before use.

Tooth erosion is defined as the progressive, irreversible loss of dental hard tissue, primarily caused by chemical dissolution from acids, rather than mechanical forces such as abrasion or attrition. These acids can originate from extrinsic sources like acidic foods and beverages, or intrinsic sources like gastric reflux or vomiting. The erosion process leads to a reduction in tooth structure, altering the shape and function of teeth, and potentially causing sensitivity, pain, and aesthetical concerns. Early detection and management of tooth erosion are crucial to prevent further progression and preserve dental health.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

Aspiration pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that occurs when foreign materials such as food, liquid, or vomit enter the lungs, resulting in inflammation or infection. It typically happens when a person inhales these materials involuntarily due to impaired swallowing mechanisms, which can be caused by various conditions such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or general anesthesia. The inhalation of foreign materials can cause bacterial growth in the lungs, leading to symptoms like cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Aspiration pneumonia can be a serious medical condition, particularly in older adults or individuals with weakened immune systems, and may require hospitalization and antibiotic treatment.

The gastric fundus is the upper, rounded portion of the stomach that lies above the level of the cardiac orifice and extends up to the left dome-shaped part of the diaphragm. It is the part of the stomach where food and liquids are first stored after entering through the esophagus. The gastric fundus contains parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen, a precursor to the digestive enzyme pepsin. It is also the site where the hormone ghrelin is produced, which stimulates appetite.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles is a class of chemical compounds that have both a pyridinylmethylsulfinyl group and a benzimidazole ring in their structure. Pyridinylmethylsulfinyl refers to a functional group consisting of a sulfinyl group (-S(=O)-) attached to a methyl group (-CH2-) that is, in turn, attached to a pyridine ring. Benzimidazoles are heterocyclic compounds containing a fused benzene and imidazole ring.

These types of compounds have been studied for their potential biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor properties. However, it's important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific substances or classes of substances that have established clinical use or are under investigation for therapeutic purposes. As such, 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles do not have a recognized medical definition in this sense.

Peristalsis is an involuntary muscular movement that occurs in the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It is characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the walls of these organs, which creates a wave-like motion that helps propel food, fluids, and waste through the digestive system.

The process of peristalsis begins with a narrowing or constriction of the muscle in one area of the digestive tract, followed by a relaxation of the muscle in the adjacent area. This creates a localized contraction that moves along the length of the organ, pushing its contents forward. The wave of contractions continues to move along the digestive tract until it reaches the anus, where waste is eliminated from the body.

Peristalsis plays a crucial role in maintaining proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as in the elimination of waste products from the body. Disorders that affect peristalsis, such as gastrointestinal motility disorders, can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea.

Anti-ulcer agents are a class of medications that are used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing stomach acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach and duodenum from damage caused by stomach acid.

There are several types of anti-ulcer agents, including:

1. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These medications block the action of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. PPIs include drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
2. H-2 receptor antagonists: These medications block the action of histamine on the H-2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Examples include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
3. Antacids: These medications neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief from symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.
4. Protective agents: These medications form a barrier between the stomach lining and stomach acid, protecting the lining from damage. Examples include sucralfate and misoprostol.

Anti-ulcer agents are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

A cough is a reflex action that helps to clear the airways of irritants, foreign particles, or excess mucus or phlegm. It is characterized by a sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth and nose. A cough can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and it can be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fever. Coughing can be caused by various factors, including respiratory infections, allergies, asthma, environmental pollutants, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as heart failure or lung cancer.

Esophageal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or constriction of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This narrowing can make it difficult to swallow food and liquids, leading to symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), pain or discomfort while swallowing, regurgitation, and weight loss.

Esophageal stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Scarring or fibrosis due to prolonged acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2. Radiation therapy for cancer treatment
3. Ingestion of corrosive substances
4. Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus
5. Esophageal tumors or cancers
6. Surgical complications

Depending on the underlying cause and severity of the stenosis, treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, dilation procedures to widen the narrowed area, or surgery to remove the affected portion of the esophagus. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any difficulty swallowing or other symptoms related to esophageal stenosis.

Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid is a radioactive tracer used in medical imaging procedures, specifically in nuclear medicine. It is composed of tiny particles of sulfur colloid that are labeled with the radioisotope Technetium-99m. This compound is typically injected into the patient's body, where it accumulates in certain organs or tissues, depending on the specific medical test being conducted.

The radioactive emissions from Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid are then detected by a gamma camera, which produces images that can help doctors diagnose various medical conditions, such as liver disease, inflammation, or tumors. The half-life of Technetium-99m is approximately six hours, which means that its radioactivity decreases rapidly and is eliminated from the body within a few days.

Esomeprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Esomeprazole is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which the stomach produces too much acid. It is also used to promote healing of erosive esophagitis, a condition in which the esophagus becomes damaged by stomach acid.

Esomeprazole is available in delayed-release capsule and suspension forms, and it is typically taken once a day. It may be prescribed or taken over-the-counter. Common side effects of esomeprazole include headache, diarrhea, nausea, and stomach pain.

It's important to note that long-term use of PPIs like esomeprazole has been associated with an increased risk of certain health problems, such as bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection. As with any medication, it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking esomeprazole.

Esophageal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Here are some common esophageal diseases with their brief definitions:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining, often caused by GERD, infection, or medication.
3. Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, which can make swallowing difficult.
4. Esophageal cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, often as a result of long-term GERD or smoking.
5. Esophageal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the normal movement and function of the esophagus, such as achalasia, diffuse spasm, and nutcracker esophagus.
6. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the lower esophagus changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Esophageal diverticula: Small pouches that form in the esophageal wall, often causing difficulty swallowing or regurgitation.
8. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): A chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the esophagus due to an allergic reaction.

These are some of the common esophageal diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

The cardia is a term used in anatomical context to refer to the upper part of the stomach that surrounds and opens into the lower end of the esophagus. It is responsible for controlling the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach and is also known as the cardiac orifice or cardiac sphincter. Any medical condition that affects this area, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), can lead to symptoms like heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and chest pain.

Otorhinolaryngologic diseases, also known as ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the ears, nose, and/or throat. These specialized areas are closely related both anatomically and functionally, and disorders in one area can often have impacts on the others.

Here are some examples of otorhinolaryngologic diseases categorized by the affected area:

1. Otologic diseases - affecting the ear:
* Otitis media (ear infection)
* Otitis externa (swimmer's ear)
* Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Hearing loss
* Meniere's disease (inner ear disorder causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss)
* Acoustic neuroma (noncancerous tumor on the vestibular nerve)
2. Rhinologic diseases - affecting the nose:
* Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
* Non-allergic rhinitis
* Sinusitis (sinus infection)
* Deviated septum
* Nasal polyps
* Epistaxis (nosebleed)
3. Laryngologic diseases - affecting the throat and voice box:
* Laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx, causing hoarseness or voice loss)
* Vocal cord nodules or polyps
* Reflux laryngitis (acid reflux irritating the throat)
* Subglottic stenosis (narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords)
* Laryngeal cancer
4. Common otorhinolaryngologic diseases:
* Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils, often causing sore throat and difficulty swallowing)
* Adenoiditis (inflammation of the adenoids, commonly seen in children)
* Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA, a disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep)
* Pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx or throat)

Otorhinolaryngologists, also known as ENT specialists, diagnose and treat these conditions. They may use various methods such as physical examination, imaging studies, endoscopy, and laboratory tests to determine the best course of treatment for each individual patient.

Gastric acid, also known as stomach acid, is a digestive fluid produced in the stomach. It's primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH of gastric acid is typically between 1.5 and 3.5, making it a strong acid that helps to break down food by denaturing proteins and activating digestive enzymes.

The production of gastric acid is regulated by the enteric nervous system and several hormones. The primary function of gastric acid is to initiate protein digestion, activate pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, and kill most ingested microorganisms. However, an excess or deficiency in gastric acid secretion can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis, ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Gastric emptying is the process by which the stomach empties its contents into the small intestine. In medical terms, it refers to the rate and amount of food that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This process is regulated by several factors, including the volume and composition of the meal, hormonal signals, and neural mechanisms. Abnormalities in gastric emptying can lead to various gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, such as gastroparesis, where the stomach's ability to empty food is delayed.

Laryngeal diseases refer to conditions that affect the structure and function of the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx is a complex structure composed of cartilages, muscles, membranes, and mucous glands that play essential roles in breathing, swallowing, and vocalization.

Laryngeal diseases can be categorized into several types based on their causes and manifestations. Some common laryngeal diseases include:

1. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx that can cause hoarseness, throat pain, coughing, and difficulty swallowing. Acute laryngitis is often caused by viral infections or irritants, while chronic laryngitis may result from prolonged exposure to smoke, chemicals, or acid reflux.
2. Vocal cord lesions: Abnormal growths on the vocal cords, such as polyps, nodules, or cysts, that can affect voice quality and cause hoarseness, breathiness, or pain. These lesions are often caused by overuse, misuse, or trauma to the vocal cords.
3. Laryngeal cancer: Malignant tumors that develop in the larynx and can invade surrounding structures, such as the throat, neck, and chest. Laryngeal cancer is often associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
4. Laryngeal stenosis: Narrowing of the airway due to scarring or thickening of the tissues in the larynx. This condition can cause difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing, especially during physical activity or sleep.
5. Reinke's edema: Swelling of the vocal cords caused by fluid accumulation in the mucous membrane that covers them. Reinke's edema is often associated with smoking and can cause hoarseness, low voice, and difficulty projecting the voice.
6. Laryngeal papillomatosis: A rare condition characterized by the growth of benign tumors (papillomas) in the larynx, usually caused by HPV infection. These tumors can recur and may require repeated surgeries to remove them.
7. Vocal cord paralysis: Inability of one or both vocal cords to move due to nerve damage or other medical conditions. This condition can cause hoarseness, breathiness, and difficulty speaking or swallowing.

These are some of the common laryngeal disorders that can affect a person's voice, breathing, and swallowing functions. Proper diagnosis and treatment by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist) are essential to manage these conditions effectively and prevent complications.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Esophageal achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. In this condition, the muscles at the lower end of the esophagus fail to relax properly during swallowing, making it difficult for food and liquids to pass into the stomach. This results in symptoms such as difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation of food, chest pain, and weight loss. The cause of esophageal achalasia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to damage to the nerves that control the muscles of the esophagus. Treatment options include medications to relax the lower esophageal sphincter, botulinum toxin injections, and surgical procedures such as laparoscopic Heller myotomy or peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM).

Lansoprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. The medical definition of Lansoprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that is a selective gastric proton pump inhibitor, which suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. It is used as an effective therapy for various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Lansoprazole is available in the form of capsules or oral granules for delayed-release oral administration.

Here's a brief overview of its mechanism of action:

* Lansoprazole is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the parietal cells in the stomach, where it is converted into its active form.
* The active form of lansoprazole binds to and inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system, which is responsible for pumping hydrogen ions (protons) from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach, where they combine with chloride ions to form hydrochloric acid.
* By inhibiting this proton pump, lansoprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to relieve symptoms and promote healing of gastrointestinal disorders.

Metoclopramide is a medication that is primarily used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. It is classified as a dopamine antagonist and a prokinetic agent, which means it works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can slow down stomach and intestine function.

The medical definition of Metoclopramide is:
A synthetic congener of procainamide, used as an antiemetic and to increase gastrointestinal motility. It has a antidopaminergic action, binding to D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and stomach, and it may also block 5HT3 receptors at intrapyloric and central levels. Its actions on the gut smooth muscle are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary)

Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and gastroparesis, which is a condition that affects the normal movement of food through the digestive tract. It can also be used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Like any medication, Metoclopramide can have side effects, including drowsiness, restlessness, and muscle spasms. In some cases, it may cause more serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs. It is important to use Metoclopramide only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

Cisapride is a medication that was used to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders, such as gastroparesis and constipation. It belongs to a class of drugs called "prokinetic agents" which work by increasing the contractions or movements of the muscles in the digestive tract, thereby helping to move food and waste through the system more efficiently.

Cisapride was first approved for use in the United States in 1993, but its use was later restricted due to concerns about serious side effects, including cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and interactions with other medications. In 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested that cisapride be withdrawn from the market due to these safety concerns.

While cisapride is no longer available for use in many countries, it may still be used in some cases under strict guidelines and monitoring conditions. It is important to note that the use of cisapride should only be initiated and monitored by a healthcare professional, and patients should inform their doctor about all other medications they are taking to avoid potential interactions.

Rabeprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The medical definition of Rabeprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that acts as a prodrug, being selectively converted to the active form in the acidic environment of gastric parietal cells. It suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Rabeprazole is used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is available by prescription in various forms, including tablets and sodium salt for oral administration.

In simpler terms, Rabeprazole works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to prevent and heal damage to the esophagus and stomach caused by excessive acid production.

Physiological monitoring is the continuous or intermittent observation and measurement of various body functions or parameters in a patient, with the aim of evaluating their health status, identifying any abnormalities or changes, and guiding clinical decision-making and treatment. This may involve the use of specialized medical equipment, such as cardiac monitors, pulse oximeters, blood pressure monitors, and capnographs, among others. The data collected through physiological monitoring can help healthcare professionals assess the effectiveness of treatments, detect complications early, and make timely adjustments to patient care plans.

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is a band of muscle fibers located at the upper end of the esophagus, where it meets the throat or pharynx. The UES acts as a physiological barrier between the pharynx and the esophagus, helping to prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the upper airway.

During swallowing, the UES relaxes to allow the passage of food from the mouth into the esophagus, and then contracts again to prevent the backflow of food or stomach acid into the throat. The UES also plays a role in protecting the airway during activities such as coughing, sneezing, or vomiting, by closing to prevent the entry of foreign materials or fluids into the lungs.

Abnormalities in UES function can contribute to various swallowing disorders and respiratory symptoms, such as aspiration, coughing, and choking.

Respiratory aspiration is defined as the entry of foreign materials (such as food, liquids, or vomit) into the lower respiratory tract during swallowing, which includes the trachea and lungs. This can lead to respiratory complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or lung abscesses. Aspiration can occur in individuals with impaired swallowing function due to various conditions like neurological disorders, stroke, or anesthesia.

Domperidone is a medication that belongs to the class of dopamine antagonists. It works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can cause nausea and vomiting. Domperidone is primarily used to treat symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastric motility disorders, including bloating, fullness, and regurgitation. It works by increasing the contractions of the stomach muscles, which helps to move food and digestive juices through the stomach more quickly.

Domperidone is available in various forms, such as tablets, suspension, and injection. The medication is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as dry mouth, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. In rare cases, domperidone may cause more serious side effects, including irregular heart rhythms, tremors, or muscle stiffness.

It is important to note that domperidone has a risk of causing cardiac arrhythmias, particularly at higher doses and in patients with pre-existing heart conditions. Therefore, it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Silicic Acid" is not a recognized medical term. Silicic acid, also known as orthosilicic acid, is a compound that contains silicon and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2 (Si(OH)4). It's commonly found in water, soil, and various plants.

In the context of health and medicine, silica or silicic acid supplements are sometimes used for their potential benefits to bone health, collagen production, and hair and nail growth. However, more research is needed to fully understand these effects and their optimal usage.

If you have any questions related to a specific medical condition or treatment, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional.

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study, diagnosis, management, and treatment of disorders and diseases of the digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts.

Physicians who specialize in this field are called gastroenterologists. They undergo extensive training in internal medicine and then complete a fellowship in gastroenterology, where they gain expertise in using various diagnostic techniques such as endoscopy, colonoscopy, and radiologic imaging to evaluate GI tract disorders.

Gastroenterologists treat a wide range of conditions affecting the digestive system, including but not limited to:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
3. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
4. Celiac disease
5. Hepatitis and other liver diseases
6. Pancreatic disorders, such as pancreatitis
7. Gastrointestinal cancers, like colon, rectal, and esophageal cancer
8. Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), which include chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and difficulty with bowel movements

By focusing on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of digestive diseases, gastroenterologists play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being for their patients.

Gastrointestinal agents are a class of pharmaceutical drugs that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs involved in digestion such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. These agents can have various effects on the GI tract, including:

1. Increasing gastric motility (promoting bowel movements) - laxatives, prokinetics
2. Decreasing gastric motility (reducing bowel movements) - antidiarrheal agents
3. Neutralizing gastric acid - antacids
4. Reducing gastric acid secretion - H2-blockers, proton pump inhibitors
5. Protecting the mucosal lining of the GI tract - sucralfate, misoprostol
6. Relieving symptoms associated with GI disorders such as bloating, abdominal pain, and nausea - antispasmodics, antiemetics

Examples of gastrointestinal agents include:

* Laxatives (e.g., psyllium, docusate)
* Prokinetics (e.g., metoclopramide)
* Antacids (e.g., calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide)
* H2-blockers (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine)
* Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole)
* Sucralfate
* Misoprostol
* Antispasmodics (e.g., hyoscyamine, dicyclomine)
* Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron, promethazine)

It is important to note that gastrointestinal agents can have both therapeutic and adverse effects, and their use should be based on a careful evaluation of the patient's condition and medical history.

Barium sulfate is a medication that is commonly used as a contrast material in medical imaging procedures, such as X-rays and CT scans. It works by coating the inside of the digestive tract, making it visible on an X-ray or CT scan and allowing doctors to see detailed images of the stomach, intestines, and other parts of the digestive system.

Barium sulfate is a white, chalky powder that is mixed with water to create a thick, milky liquid. It is generally safe and does not cause significant side effects when used in medical imaging procedures. However, it should not be taken by individuals who have a known allergy to barium or who have certain digestive conditions, such as obstructions or perforations of the bowel.

It's important to note that while barium sulfate is an important tool for medical diagnosis, it is not a treatment for any medical condition and should only be used under the direction of a healthcare professional.

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

Aerophagy is the excessive swallowing of air, which can occur during activities such as eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing gum. This can lead to symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, and excessive burping or passing of gas. In some cases, aerophagy may be a sign of an underlying digestive disorder. It is generally not considered a serious medical condition, but if it becomes chronic or is accompanied by other symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical advice.

Ambulatory monitoring is a medical practice that involves the continuous or intermittent recording of physiological parameters in a patient who is mobile and able to perform their usual activities while outside of a hospital or clinical setting. This type of monitoring allows healthcare professionals to evaluate a patient's condition over an extended period, typically 24 hours or more, in their natural environment.

Ambulatory monitoring can be used to diagnose and manage various medical conditions such as hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, sleep disorders, and mobility issues. Common methods of ambulatory monitoring include:

1. Holter monitoring: A small, portable device that records the electrical activity of the heart for 24-48 hours or more.
2. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): A device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals throughout the day and night.
3. Event monitors: Devices that record heart rhythms only when symptoms occur or when activated by the patient.
4. Actigraphy: A non-invasive method of monitoring sleep-wake patterns, physical activity, and circadian rhythms using a wristwatch-like device.
5. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM): A device that measures blood sugar levels continuously throughout the day and night.

Overall, ambulatory monitoring provides valuable information about a patient's physiological status in their natural environment, allowing healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and management of medical conditions.

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is not a substance that is typically found within the human body. It is a strong mineral acid with the chemical formula HCl. In a medical context, it might be mentioned in relation to gastric acid, which helps digest food in the stomach. Gastric acid is composed of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride and sodium chloride dissolved in water. The pH of hydrochloric acid is very low (1-2) due to its high concentration of H+ ions, making it a strong acid. However, it's important to note that the term 'hydrochloric acid' does not directly refer to a component of human bodily fluids or tissues.

Hoarseness is a condition characterized by an abnormal change in the quality of voice, making it sound rough, breathy, strained, or weak. Medically, it's described as a disorder of phonation, which is the process of producing sound by vibrating the vocal cords in the larynx (voice box). Hoarseness can be caused by various factors, such as inflammation, irritation, or injury to the vocal cords, and may result in symptoms like altered voice pitch, volume, and clarity. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if hoarseness persists for more than two weeks, especially if it's accompanied by other concerning symptoms like difficulty swallowing or breathing.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question as intubation is a procedure typically related to the respiratory system rather than the gastrointestinal system.

Intubation generally refers to the process of inserting a tube into a specific part of the body. In the context of medical terminology, intubation usually means the placement of a flexible plastic tube through the mouth or nose and into the trachea (windpipe). This is done to secure and maintain an open airway during surgery or in emergency situations when a person cannot breathe on their own.

However, if you're referring to a procedure that involves the gastrointestinal tract, it might be "gastric lavage" or "nasogastric intubation."

Gastric lavage is a medical procedure where a tube is inserted through the mouth or nose, down the esophagus, and into the stomach to wash out its contents. This can help remove harmful substances from the stomach in case of poisoning.

Nasogastric intubation refers to the insertion of a thin, flexible tube through the nostril, down the back of the throat, and into the stomach. The tube can be used for various purposes, such as draining the stomach of fluids and air or administering nutrients and medications directly into the stomach.

I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have further questions, please let me know!

Ranitidine is a histamine-2 (H2) blocker medication that works by reducing the amount of acid your stomach produces. It is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, and to manage conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Ranitidine is also used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Additionally, ranitidine can be used to prevent and treat upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by stress or injury in critically ill patients.

The medication is available in both prescription and over-the-counter forms, and it comes in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. As with any medication, ranitidine should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully monitored.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Dilation, also known as dilatation, refers to the process of expanding or enlarging a body passage or cavity. In medical terms, it typically refers to the widening of a bodily opening or hollow organ, allowing for increased flow or access. This can occur naturally, such as during childbirth when the cervix dilates to allow for the passage of a baby, or it can be induced through medical procedures or interventions.

For example, dilation of the pupils is a natural response to darkness or certain medications, while dilation of blood vessels is a common side effect of some drugs and can also occur in response to changes in temperature or emotional state. Dilation of the stomach or intestines may be necessary for medical procedures such as endoscopies or surgeries.

It's important to note that dilation can also refer to the abnormal enlargement of a body part, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, which refers to an enlarged and weakened heart muscle.

Enteral nutrition refers to the delivery of nutrients to a person through a tube that is placed into the gastrointestinal tract, specifically into the stomach or small intestine. This type of nutrition is used when a person is unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as swallowing difficulties, malabsorption, or gastrointestinal disorders.

Enteral nutrition can be provided through different types of feeding tubes, including nasogastric tubes, which are inserted through the nose and down into the stomach, and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes, which are placed directly into the stomach or small intestine through a surgical incision.

The nutrients provided through enteral nutrition may include commercially prepared formulas that contain a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, or blenderized whole foods that are pureed and delivered through the feeding tube. The choice of formula or type of feed depends on the individual's nutritional needs, gastrointestinal function, and medical condition.

Enteral nutrition is a safe and effective way to provide nutrition support to people who are unable to meet their nutritional needs through oral intake alone. It can help prevent malnutrition, promote wound healing, improve immune function, and enhance overall health and quality of life.

Dyspepsia is a medical term that refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, nausea, belching, and early satiety (feeling full quickly after starting to eat). It is also commonly known as indigestion. Dyspepsia can have many possible causes, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, gastritis, and functional dyspepsia (a condition in which there is no obvious structural or biochemical explanation for the symptoms). Treatment for dyspepsia depends on the underlying cause.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the stomach that can be benign or malignant. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Gastric adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop from glandular cells in the stomach lining.
2. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that can be found in the stomach and other parts of the digestive tract. They originate from the stem cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
3. Leiomyomas: These are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the stomach wall.
4. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop from fat cells in the stomach wall.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): These are tumors that develop from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. They can be benign or malignant.
6. Gastric carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells in the stomach lining. They are the most common type of stomach neoplasm and include adenocarcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, and others.
7. Lymphomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the immune cells in the stomach wall.

Stomach neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of stomach neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Gastroplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reducing the size of the stomach to treat morbid obesity. It is also known as vertical banded gastroplasty or stomach stapling. In this procedure, a part of the stomach is permanently stapled vertically to create a small pouch at the top of the stomach. This restricts the amount of food that can be eaten at one time and causes a feeling of fullness with smaller amounts of food.

The goal of gastroplasty is to help patients lose weight by reducing their calorie intake, promoting weight loss, and improving overall health. However, it is important to note that gastroplasty requires significant lifestyle changes, including regular exercise and healthy eating habits, to maintain long-term weight loss success.

As with any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with gastroplasty, such as infection, bleeding, and complications related to anesthesia. It is important for patients to discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before deciding whether or not to undergo the procedure.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Electric impedance is a measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in an electrical circuit or component, caused by both resistance (ohmic) and reactance (capacitive and inductive). It is expressed as a complex number, with the real part representing resistance and the imaginary part representing reactance. The unit of electric impedance is the ohm (Ω).

In the context of medical devices, electric impedance may be used to measure various physiological parameters, such as tissue conductivity or fluid composition. For example, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) uses electrical impedance to estimate body composition, including fat mass and lean muscle mass. Similarly, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique that uses electric impedance to create images of internal organs and tissues.

A tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is an abnormal connection between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach). This congenital anomaly is usually present at birth and can vary in size and location. It can cause complications such as respiratory distress, feeding difficulties, and recurrent lung infections. TEF is often treated surgically to separate the trachea and esophagus and restore their normal functions.

Gastrostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an opening through the abdominal wall into the stomach. This opening, called a stoma or gastrostomy tract, allows for the passage of a tube (gastrostomy tube) that can be used to provide enteral nutrition and hydration directly into the stomach when a person is unable to consume food or fluids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as dysphagia, neurological disorders, or head and neck cancers.

Gastrostomy tubes come in different types and sizes, including percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes, laparoscopic gastrostomy tubes, and open surgical gastrostomy tubes. The choice of the procedure depends on various factors such as the patient's medical condition, anatomy, and overall health status.

The primary purpose of a gastrostomy is to ensure adequate nutrition and hydration for individuals who have difficulty swallowing or are unable to consume enough food or fluids by mouth to meet their nutritional needs. It can also help prevent complications associated with prolonged fasting, such as malnutrition, dehydration, and weight loss.

Irritable mood is not a formal medical diagnosis, but it is often described as a symptom in various mental health conditions. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) does not have a specific definition for irritable mood. However, the term "irritable" is used to describe a mood state in several psychiatric disorders such as:

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): In MDD, an individual may experience an irritable mood along with other symptoms like depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, changes in appetite and sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
2. Bipolar Disorder: In bipolar disorder, an individual may experience irritable mood during a manic or hypomanic episode. During these episodes, the person may also have increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, rapid speech, distractibility, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences.
3. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): This disorder is characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to the situation and occur at least three times per week, along with an irritable or angry mood most of the time between temper outbursts.
4. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): In PMDD, an individual may experience irritability, anger, and increased interpersonal conflicts in addition to other symptoms like depressed mood, anxiety, and physical symptoms during the late luteal phase of their menstrual cycle.

It is essential to consult a mental health professional if you or someone else experiences persistent irritable mood or any other symptoms that may indicate an underlying mental health condition.

Impedance plethysmography is a non-invasive method used to measure changes in blood volume or flow in a particular area of the body. It works by passing a small electrical current through the tissue and measuring the opposition (impedance) to that current, which varies with the amount of blood present in the area.

In impedance cardiography, this technique is used to estimate cardiac output, stroke volume, and other hemodynamic parameters. The changes in impedance are measured across the chest wall, which correlate with the ventricular ejection of blood during each heartbeat. This allows for the calculation of various cardiovascular variables, such as the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (cardiac output) and the resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation (systemic vascular resistance).

Impedance plethysmography is a safe and reliable method for assessing cardiovascular function, and it has been widely used in clinical settings to evaluate patients with various cardiovascular disorders, including heart failure, hypertension, and peripheral arterial disease.

Apnea is a medical condition defined as the cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or more. It can occur during sleep (sleep apnea) or while awake (wakeful apnea). There are different types of sleep apnea, including obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and complex sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the airway becomes blocked during sleep, while central sleep apnea occurs when the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe. Complex sleep apnea syndrome, also known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas. Sleep apnea can lead to various complications, such as fatigue, difficulty concentrating, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke.

A proton pump is a specialized protein structure that functions as an enzyme, known as a proton pump ATPase, which actively transports hydrogen ions (protons) across a membrane. This process creates a gradient of hydrogen ions, resulting in an electrochemical potential difference, also known as a proton motive force. The main function of proton pumps is to generate and maintain this gradient, which can be used for various purposes, such as driving the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or transporting other molecules against their concentration gradients.

In the context of gastric physiology, the term "proton pump" often refers to the H+/K+-ATPase present in the parietal cells of the stomach. This proton pump is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid into the stomach lumen, contributing to the digestion and sterilization of ingested food. Inhibiting this specific proton pump with medications like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is a common treatment strategy for gastric acid-related disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Esophageal atresia is a congenital condition in which the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, does not develop properly. In most cases, the upper esophagus ends in a pouch instead of connecting to the lower esophagus and stomach. This condition prevents food and liquids from reaching the stomach, leading to difficulty swallowing and feeding problems in newborn infants. Esophageal atresia often occurs together with a congenital defect called tracheoesophageal fistula, in which there is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the windpipe (trachea).

The medical definition of 'Esophageal Atresia' is:

A congenital anomaly characterized by the absence of a normal connection between the upper esophagus and the stomach, resulting in the separation of the proximal and distal esophageal segments. The proximal segment usually ends in a blind pouch, while the distal segment may communicate with the trachea through a tracheoesophageal fistula. Esophageal atresia is often associated with other congenital anomalies and can cause serious complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly after birth.

Esophagoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing or reshaping the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure may be performed to treat various conditions such as esophageal atresia (a birth defect in which the esophagus does not develop properly), esophageal stricture (narrowing of the esophagus), or esophageal cancer.

During an esophagoplasty, a surgeon may use tissue from another part of the body, such as the stomach or colon, to reconstruct the esophagus. The specific technique used will depend on the individual patient's needs and the nature of their condition.

It is important to note that esophagoplasty is a complex surgical procedure that carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and complications related to anesthesia. Patients who undergo this procedure may require extensive postoperative care and rehabilitation to recover fully.

Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the larynx, which is the upper part of the windpipe (trachea), and the vocal cords using a specialized instrument called a laryngoscope. The laryngoscope is inserted through the mouth or nose to provide a clear view of the larynx and surrounding structures. This procedure can be performed for diagnostic purposes, such as identifying abnormalities like growths, inflammation, or injuries, or for therapeutic reasons, such as removing foreign objects or taking tissue samples for biopsy. There are different types of laryngoscopes and techniques used depending on the reason for the examination and the patient's specific needs.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Eructation is the medical term for belching or burping. It refers to the act of expelling gas from the upper digestive tract (esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. This voluntary or involuntary action helps to relieve symptoms of bloating, discomfort, or pain caused by excessive gas build-up in the stomach. Eructation often occurs after swallowing air while eating or drinking quickly, consuming carbonated beverages, or experiencing anxiety or stress. In some cases, frequent eructations may indicate an underlying digestive disorder such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastritis.

A mucous membrane is a type of moist, protective lining that covers various body surfaces inside the body, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal cavity. These membranes are composed of epithelial cells that produce mucus, a slippery secretion that helps trap particles, microorganisms, and other foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body or causing damage to tissues. The mucous membrane functions as a barrier against infection and irritation while also facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the body and its environment.

Vomiting is defined in medical terms as the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a violent, involuntary act that is usually accompanied by strong contractions of the abdominal muscles and retching. The body's vomiting reflex is typically triggered when the brain receives signals from the digestive system that something is amiss.

There are many potential causes of vomiting, including gastrointestinal infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, alcohol consumption, and certain medications or medical conditions. In some cases, vomiting can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as a brain injury, concussion, or chemical imbalance in the body.

Vomiting is generally not considered a serious medical emergency on its own, but it can lead to dehydration and other complications if left untreated. If vomiting persists for an extended period of time, or if it is accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, fever, or difficulty breathing, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Gastric juice is a digestive fluid that is produced in the stomach. It is composed of several enzymes, including pepsin, which helps to break down proteins, and gastric amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Gastric juice also contains hydrochloric acid, which creates a low pH environment in the stomach that is necessary for the activation of pepsin and the digestion of food. Additionally, gastric juice contains mucus, which helps to protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging effects of the hydrochloric acid. The production of gastric juice is controlled by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

The pylorus is the lower, narrow part of the stomach that connects to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It consists of the pyloric canal, which is a short muscular tube, and the pyloric sphincter, a circular muscle that controls the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum. The pylorus regulates the entry of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine by adjusting the size and frequency of the muscular contractions that push the chyme through the pyloric sphincter. This process helps in further digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

Bronchiolitis obliterans is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the bronchioles, which are the smallest airways in the lungs. This results in the narrowing or complete obstruction of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced lung function.

The condition is often caused by a respiratory infection, such as adenovirus or mycoplasma pneumonia, but it can also be associated with exposure to certain chemicals, drugs, or radiation therapy. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

Symptoms of bronchiolitis obliterans include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and crackles heard on lung examination. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical exam, imaging studies (such as chest X-ray or CT scan), and pulmonary function tests. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for bronchiolitis obliterans is focused on managing symptoms and preventing further lung damage. This may include bronchodilators to help open up the airways, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and oxygen therapy to help with breathing. In severe cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

"Failure to Thrive" is a medical term used to describe a condition in infants and children who are not growing and gaining weight as expected. It is typically defined as significant deviation from normal growth patterns, such as poor weight gain or loss, slow increase in length/height, and delayed developmental milestones. The condition can have various causes, including medical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Early identification and intervention are crucial to address the underlying cause and promote healthy growth and development.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Chest pain is a discomfort or pain that you feel in the chest area. The pain can be sharp, dull, burning, crushing, heaviness, or tightness. It may be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pain that radiates to the arm, neck, jaw, or back.

Chest pain can have many possible causes, including heart-related conditions such as angina or a heart attack, lung conditions such as pneumonia or pleurisy, gastrointestinal problems such as acid reflux or gastritis, musculoskeletal issues such as costochondritis or muscle strain, and anxiety or panic attacks.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience chest pain that is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms, as it may be a sign of a serious medical condition. A healthcare professional can evaluate your symptoms, perform tests, and provide appropriate treatment.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Deglutition is the medical term for swallowing. It refers to the process by which food or liquid is transferred from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements and neural responses. The deglutition process involves several stages, including oral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases, each of which plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.

Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty with swallowing, which can result from various underlying conditions such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or muscular weakness. Proper evaluation and management of deglutition disorders are essential to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.

Venous insufficiency is a medical condition that occurs when the veins, particularly in the legs, have difficulty returning blood back to the heart due to impaired valve function or obstruction in the vein. This results in blood pooling in the veins, leading to symptoms such as varicose veins, swelling, skin changes, and ulcers. Prolonged venous insufficiency can cause chronic pain and affect the quality of life if left untreated.

Esophagectomy is a surgical procedure in which part or all of the esophagus (the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach) is removed. This surgery is typically performed as a treatment for esophageal cancer, although it may also be used to treat other conditions such as severe damage to the esophagus from acid reflux or benign tumors.

During an esophagectomy, the surgeon will make incisions in the neck, chest, and/or abdomen to access the esophagus. The affected portion of the esophagus is then removed, and the remaining ends are reconnected, often using a section of the stomach or colon to create a new conduit for food to pass from the throat to the stomach.

Esophagectomy is a complex surgical procedure that requires significant expertise and experience on the part of the surgeon. It carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and complications related to anesthesia. Additionally, patients who undergo esophagectomy may experience difficulty swallowing, chronic pain, and other long-term complications. However, for some patients with esophageal cancer or other serious conditions affecting the esophagus, esophagectomy may be the best available treatment option.

Lung transplantation is a surgical procedure where one or both diseased lungs are removed and replaced with healthy lungs from a deceased donor. It is typically considered as a treatment option for patients with end-stage lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, who have exhausted all other medical treatments and continue to suffer from severe respiratory failure.

The procedure involves several steps, including evaluating the patient's eligibility for transplantation, matching the donor's lung size and blood type with the recipient, and performing the surgery under general anesthesia. After the surgery, patients require close monitoring and lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the new lungs.

Lung transplantation can significantly improve the quality of life and survival rates for some patients with end-stage lung disease, but it is not without risks, including infection, bleeding, and rejection. Therefore, careful consideration and thorough evaluation are necessary before pursuing this treatment option.

Gastrointestinal motility refers to the coordinated muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food, digestive enzymes, and waste products through the gastrointestinal tract. This process involves the movement of food from the mouth through the esophagus into the stomach, where it is mixed with digestive enzymes and acids to break down food particles.

The contents are then emptied into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed, and the remaining waste products are moved into the large intestine for further absorption of water and electrolytes and eventual elimination through the rectum and anus.

Gastrointestinal motility is controlled by a complex interplay between the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and local reflexes. Abnormalities in gastrointestinal motility can lead to various symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation.

Famotidine is a type of medication called an H2 blocker, or histamine-2 receptor antagonist. It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Famotidine is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, and to manage conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is also used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn.

Famotidine is available by prescription and over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid. It is important to take famotidine exactly as directed by a healthcare professional, and to talk to them about any potential risks or side effects.

Sulfoxides are organic compounds characterized by the functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and a carbon atom. The general structure is R-S(=O)O-R', where R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups. They are often formed by the oxidation of sulfides, which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. Sulfoxides have a trigonal pyramidal geometry at the sulfur atom due to the presence of two electron-withdrawing oxygen atoms. They exhibit properties of both polar and nonpolar compounds, making them useful as solvents and intermediates in organic synthesis.

Voice disorders are conditions that affect the quality, pitch, or volume of a person's voice. These disorders can result from damage to or abnormalities in the vocal cords, which are the small bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound.

There are several types of voice disorders, including:

1. Vocal cord dysfunction: This occurs when the vocal cords do not open and close properly, resulting in a weak or breathy voice.
2. Vocal cord nodules: These are small growths that form on the vocal cords as a result of excessive use or misuse of the voice, such as from shouting or singing too loudly.
3. Vocal cord polyps: These are similar to nodules but are usually larger and can cause more significant changes in the voice.
4. Laryngitis: This is an inflammation of the vocal cords that can result from a viral infection, overuse, or exposure to irritants such as smoke.
5. Muscle tension dysphonia: This occurs when the muscles around the larynx become tense and constricted, leading to voice changes.
6. Paradoxical vocal fold movement: This is a condition in which the vocal cords close when they should be open, causing breathing difficulties and a weak or breathy voice.
7. Spasmodic dysphonia: This is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary spasms of the vocal cords, resulting in voice breaks and difficulty speaking.

Voice disorders can cause significant impairment in communication, social interactions, and quality of life. Treatment may include voice therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the disorder.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Diagnostic techniques for the digestive system are medical tests and procedures used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions and diseases related to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and associated organs. These techniques can be categorized into invasive and non-invasive methods.

Non-invasive diagnostic techniques:

1. Imaging tests: These include X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and ultrasounds. They help visualize the structure and function of the digestive organs without requiring any invasive procedures.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood, stool, and urine samples can be analyzed to detect signs of infection, inflammation, or other abnormalities related to digestive system disorders. Examples include complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests (LFTs), coagulation studies, and fecal occult blood test (FOBT).
3. Breath tests: These are used to diagnose conditions like lactose intolerance, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), or helicobacter pylori infection by analyzing the patient's exhaled air after consuming a specific substance.

Invasive diagnostic techniques:

1. Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to its end is inserted through the mouth or rectum to directly visualize the GI tract's inner lining. There are different types of endoscopies, such as gastroscopy (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum), colonoscopy (colon and rectum), sigmoidoscopy (lower part of the colon), and enteroscopy (small intestine).
2. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): This combines endoscopy with ultrasound technology to provide detailed images of the digestive organs' structure and surrounding tissues, allowing for accurate diagnosis and staging of conditions like cancer.
3. Biopsy: During an endoscopy or surgery, a small tissue sample can be taken from the affected area for further examination under a microscope to confirm a diagnosis or assess the severity of a condition.
4. Capsule endoscopy: A patient swallows a tiny camera-equipped capsule that transmits images as it passes through the GI tract, allowing doctors to diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.
5. Imaging studies: Procedures like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scans can provide detailed images of the digestive organs and help diagnose conditions like tumors, inflammation, or obstructions.

These diagnostic techniques help healthcare providers identify and manage various gastrointestinal conditions, ensuring appropriate treatment and improved patient outcomes.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The digestive system is a series of organs that work together to convert food into nutrients and energy. Digestive system surgical procedures involve operations on any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These procedures can be performed for a variety of reasons, such as to treat diseases, repair damage, or remove cancerous growths.

Some common digestive system surgical procedures include:

1. Gastric bypass surgery: A procedure in which the stomach is divided into two parts and the smaller part is connected directly to the small intestine, bypassing a portion of the stomach and upper small intestine. This procedure is used to treat severe obesity.
2. Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine the lining for polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities.
3. Colectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the colon is removed, often due to cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or diverticulitis.
4. Gastrostomy: A procedure in which a hole is made through the abdominal wall and into the stomach to create an opening for feeding. This is often done for patients who have difficulty swallowing.
5. Esophagectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the esophagus is removed, often due to cancer. The remaining esophagus is then reconnected to the stomach or small intestine.
6. Liver resection: A procedure in which a portion of the liver is removed, often due to cancer or other diseases.
7. Pancreatectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed, often due to cancer or chronic pancreatitis.
8. Cholecystectomy: A procedure in which the gallbladder is removed, often due to gallstones or inflammation.

These are just a few examples of digestive system surgical procedures. There are many other types of operations that can be performed on the digestive system depending on the specific needs and condition of each patient.

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a complex structure in the neck that plays a crucial role in protection of the lower respiratory tract and in phonation. It is composed of cartilaginous, muscular, and soft tissue structures. The primary functions of the larynx include:

1. Airway protection: During swallowing, the larynx moves upward and forward to close the opening of the trachea (the glottis) and prevent food or liquids from entering the lungs. This action is known as the swallowing reflex.
2. Phonation: The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound that forms the basis of human speech and voice production.
3. Respiration: The larynx serves as a conduit for airflow between the upper and lower respiratory tracts during breathing.

The larynx is located at the level of the C3-C6 vertebrae in the neck, just above the trachea. It consists of several important structures:

1. Cartilages: The laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages, as well as the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. These form a framework for the larynx and provide attachment points for various muscles.
2. Vocal cords: The vocal cords are thin bands of mucous membrane that stretch across the glottis (the opening between the arytenoid cartilages). They vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound.
3. Muscles: There are several intrinsic and extrinsic muscles associated with the larynx. The intrinsic muscles control the tension and position of the vocal cords, while the extrinsic muscles adjust the position and movement of the larynx within the neck.
4. Nerves: The larynx is innervated by both sensory and motor nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except for one muscle called the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Sensory innervation is provided by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The larynx plays a crucial role in several essential functions, including breathing, speaking, and protecting the airway during swallowing. Dysfunction or damage to the larynx can result in various symptoms, such as hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, or stridor (a high-pitched sound heard during inspiration).

Esophageal varices and gastric varices are abnormal, enlarged veins in the lower part of the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach) and in the stomach lining, respectively. They occur as a result of increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This condition is known as portal hypertension.

Esophageal varices are more common than gastric varices and tend to be more symptomatic. They can cause bleeding, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Gastric varices may also bleed, but they are often asymptomatic until they rupture.

The most common causes of esophageal and gastric varices are cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and portal hypertension due to other liver diseases such as schistosomiasis or Budd-Chiari syndrome. Treatment options for esophageal and gastric varices include medications to reduce bleeding, endoscopic therapies to treat active bleeding or prevent recurrent bleeding, and surgical procedures to relieve portal hypertension.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as serous otitis media or glue ear, is a medical condition characterized by the presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection. The fluid accumulation occurs due to the dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, which results in negative pressure and subsequent accumulation of sterile fluid within the middle ear space.

OME can lead to hearing difficulties, especially in children, as the fluid buildup impairs sound conduction through the ossicles in the middle ear. Symptoms may include mild hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a sensation of fullness or pressure in the affected ear. In some cases, OME can resolve on its own within a few weeks or months; however, persistent cases might require medical intervention, such as placement of tympanostomy tubes (ear tubes) to drain the fluid and restore hearing.

An esophageal diverticulum is a small pouch or sac that forms as a result of a protrusion or herniation of the inner lining (mucosa) of the esophagus through the outer layer of muscle in the wall of the esophagus. Esophageal diverticula can occur in any part of the esophagus, but they are most commonly found in the lower third of the esophagus, near the junction with the stomach.

Esophageal diverticula may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Acquired esophageal diverticula are often associated with underlying conditions such as esophageal motility disorders, strictures, or tumors that increase the pressure inside the esophagus and cause the mucosa to bulge out through weakened areas of the esophageal wall.

Symptoms of esophageal diverticula may include difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain, heartburn, and recurrent respiratory infections due to aspiration of food or saliva into the lungs. Treatment options for esophageal diverticula depend on the size and location of the diverticulum, as well as the presence of any underlying conditions. Small asymptomatic diverticula may not require treatment, while larger symptomatic diverticula may be treated with surgical removal or endoscopic repair.

Roux-en-Y anastomosis is a type of surgical connection between two parts of the gastrointestinal tract, typically performed during gastric bypass surgery for weight loss. In this procedure, a small pouch is created from the upper stomach, and the remaining portion of the stomach is bypassed. The Roux limb, a segment of the small intestine, is then connected to both the pouch and the bypassed stomach, creating two separate channels for food and digestive juices to mix. This surgical technique helps to reduce the amount of food that can be consumed and absorbed, leading to weight loss.

Respiratory disorders are a group of conditions that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. These disorders can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally and may cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

There are many different types of respiratory disorders, including:

1. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease that causes the airways to become narrow and swollen, leading to difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make it hard to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
4. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Sleep apnea: A disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep.
7. Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A type of interstitial lung disease that causes scarring of the lung tissue and makes it hard to breathe.
9. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall.
10. Lung transplantation: A surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy one from a donor.

Respiratory disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to environmental pollutants, smoking, and infections. Treatment for respiratory disorders may include medications, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the disorder.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Capsule endoscopy is a medical procedure that uses a small, pill-sized camera to capture images of the digestive tract. The capsule is swallowed and transmits images wirelessly as it moves through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, allowing doctors to examine the lining of the small intestine, which can be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

The procedure is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as Crohn's disease, celiac disease, obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, and tumors in the small intestine. The images captured by the capsule are transmitted to a recorder worn by the patient, and then reviewed and analyzed by a healthcare professional.

Capsule endoscopy is generally considered safe and non-invasive, with few risks or side effects. However, it may not be suitable for everyone, including patients with swallowing difficulties, pacemakers, or certain gastrointestinal obstructions. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine if capsule endoscopy is the right diagnostic tool for a particular condition.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

A diaphragmatic hernia is a type of hernia that occurs when the abdominal organs (such as the stomach, intestines, or liver) protrude through an opening in the diaphragm, the thin muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. This condition can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired due to injury or surgery.

There are two main types of diaphragmatic hernias:

1. Bochdalek hernia: This is a congenital defect that occurs when the posterior portion of the diaphragm fails to close properly during fetal development, creating an opening through which abdominal organs can move into the chest cavity. It is more common on the left side and can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia (underdevelopment of the lungs) and other complications if not detected and treated early.
2. Morgagni hernia: This is a less common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia that occurs when there is an opening in the anterior portion of the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity near the sternum. It tends to be asymptomatic and may not be discovered until adulthood.

Acquired diaphragmatic hernias can result from trauma, such as a car accident or penetrating injury, which causes a tear in the diaphragm. In some cases, surgical procedures involving the abdomen or chest can also lead to a diaphragmatic hernia.

Symptoms of a diaphragmatic hernia may include difficulty breathing, chest pain, vomiting, and bowel obstruction. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the defect in the diaphragm and return the abdominal organs to their proper position.

Morbid obesity is a severe form of obesity, defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher or a BMI of 35 or higher in the presence of at least one serious obesity-related health condition, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or sleep apnea. It is called "morbid" because it significantly increases the risk of various life-threatening health problems and reduces life expectancy.

Morbid obesity is typically associated with significant excess body weight, often characterized by a large amount of abdominal fat, that can strain the body's organs and lead to serious medical complications, such as:

* Type 2 diabetes
* High blood pressure (hypertension)
* Heart disease
* Stroke
* Sleep apnea and other respiratory problems
* Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
* Osteoarthritis
* Certain types of cancer, such as breast, colon, and endometrial cancer

Morbid obesity can also have significant negative impacts on a person's quality of life, including mobility issues, difficulty with daily activities, and increased risk of mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. Treatment for morbid obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

Respiratory tract diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. These diseases can be categorized into upper and lower respiratory tract infections based on the location of the infection.

Upper respiratory tract infections affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, and include conditions such as the common cold, flu, sinusitis, and laryngitis. Symptoms often include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever.

Lower respiratory tract infections affect the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs, and can be more severe. They include conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, chest congestion, shortness of breath, and fever.

Respiratory tract diseases can also be caused by allergies, irritants, or genetic factors. Treatment varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, breathing treatments, or surgery in severe cases.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

Amyl nitrite is a volatile, light-colored liquid with an fruity or floral smell. It is a type of alkyl nitrite that is commonly used as a recreational drug, often inhaled for its ability to produce a brief sense of euphoria and relaxation, as well as to enhance sexual experiences.

In a medical setting, amyl nitrite has been used in the past as a vasodilator, a medication that widens blood vessels and improves circulation. It was traditionally used to treat angina pectoris, a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. However, its use in this context is now rare due to the availability of safer and more effective medications.

It's important to note that amyl nitrite can be dangerous if used improperly or in large quantities. It can cause a rapid and dangerous drop in blood pressure, which can lead to fainting, seizures, or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, the use of amyl nitrite can interact with certain medications, such as Viagra, and increase the risk of life-threatening side effects.

Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) is a medical imaging technique used in endoscopy to enhance the visibility of mucosal surfaces, particularly for the detection and diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions. It works by using specialized optical filters that only allow specific wavelengths of light to pass through, typically blue (415 nm) and green (540 nm), which are absorbed and reflected differently by blood vessels and tissues.

The blue light is absorbed by hemoglobin in the blood vessels, making them appear darker and more prominent, while the green light provides a better view of the mucosal surface structure. This allows for improved visualization of subtle changes in the mucosa, such as capillary patterns and vessel architecture, which can be indicative of various gastrointestinal conditions, including inflammation, dysplasia, and cancer.

NBI is a valuable tool in the early detection and characterization of gastrointestinal lesions, enabling more targeted biopsies and potentially reducing the need for unnecessary procedures or treatments.

Bottle feeding is a method of providing nutrition to infants and young children using a bottle and an artificial nipple. The bottle is filled with milk or formula, and the child sucks on the nipple to draw the liquid out. This can be done with expressed breast milk or commercial infant formula. Bottle feeding can be a convenient alternative to breastfeeding, but it is important to follow proper techniques to ensure that the baby is receiving adequate nutrition and to prevent dental problems and ear infections. It's also important to clean the bottles and nipples properly to avoid contamination and growth of bacteria.

Colic is a term used to describe excessive, frequent crying or fussiness in a healthy infant, often lasting several hours a day and occurring several days a week. Although the exact cause of colic is unknown, it may be related to digestive issues, such as gas or indigestion. The medical community defines colic by the "Rule of Three": crying for more than three hours per day, for more than three days per week, and for longer than three weeks in an infant who is well-fed and otherwise healthy. It typically begins within the first few weeks of life and improves on its own, usually by age 3-4 months. While colic can be distressing for parents and caregivers, it does not cause any long-term harm to the child.

Bronchiectasis is a medical condition characterized by permanent, abnormal widening and thickening of the walls of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). This can lead to recurrent respiratory infections, coughing, and the production of large amounts of sputum. The damage to the airways is usually irreversible and can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infections, genetic disorders, immune deficiencies, or exposure to environmental pollutants. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Treatment typically includes chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery.

Infant formula is a manufactured food designed and marketed for feeding to babies and infants under 12 months of age, but may also be used as a supplementary feedings for older children. It is usually derived from cow's milk, but can also be made from soy or other proteins. Infant formulas are designed to provide a well-balanced diet with appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals to support growth and development in infants who are not breastfed. They come in various forms such as powder, concentrate, or ready-to-feed liquid and must meet strict nutritional and safety standards set by regulatory agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Commission (EC).

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a specific type of chronic, progressive, and irreversible fibrotic lung disease of unknown cause, characterized by scarring (fibrosis) in the lungs that thickens and stiffens the lining of the air sacs (alveoli). This makes it increasingly difficult for the lungs to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream, leading to shortness of breath, cough, decreased exercise tolerance, and, eventually, respiratory failure.

The term "idiopathic" means that the cause of the disease is unknown. The diagnosis of IPF requires a combination of clinical, radiological, and pathological findings, excluding other known causes of pulmonary fibrosis. It primarily affects middle-aged to older adults, with a higher prevalence in men than women.

The progression of IPF varies from person to person, but the prognosis is generally poor, with a median survival time of 3-5 years after diagnosis. Currently, there are two FDA-approved medications for the treatment of IPF (nintedanib and pirfenidone), which can help slow down disease progression but do not cure the condition. Lung transplantation remains an option for select patients with advanced IPF.

A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits in the absence of any structural or biochemical abnormalities. The symptoms can vary from person to person, ranging from mild to severe.

The exact cause of IBS is not known, but it's thought to involve a combination of factors such as muscle contractions in the intestine, abnormalities in the nervous system, inflammation in the intestines, severe infection, or changes in bacteria in the gut.

It's important to note that while IBS can cause great discomfort and distress, it does not lead to serious complications such as changes in bowel tissue or increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, it can significantly affect a person's quality of life and daily activities.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

... but gastroesophageal reflux becomes gastroesophageal reflux disease when signs and symptoms develop into a recurrent problem. ... Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is one of the upper gastrointestinal chronic ... December 2019). "Gastroesophageal reflux in laryngopharyngeal reflux patients: Clinical features and therapeutic response". ... Occasional gastroesophageal reflux without troublesome symptoms or complications is even more common. The classic symptoms of ...
"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease". A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia. PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. ... Hiccups that are secondary to some other cause, like gastroesophageal reflux disease or esophageal webs, are dealt with by ... Swallowing air excessively Gastroesophageal reflux Hiatal hernia Rapid eating Carbonated beverages, alcohol, dry breads, and ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the digestive acid in the stomach comes in contact with the ... "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 23 July 2021. "Barrett's Esophagus". The Mayo ... It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Its effectiveness is ... The primary uses of esomeprazole are gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, ...
Dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter causes gastroesophageal reflux, which causes heartburn, and, if it happens often ... "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 359 (16): 1700-07. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0804684. PMC ... can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease, with damage of the esophageal mucosa. The esophagus is innervated by the vagus ... such as managing reflux or treating infection. Prolonged esophagitis, particularly from gastric reflux, is one factor thought ...
"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)". Cedars-Sinai. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-03. ... and gastroesophageal reflux disease. There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and ...
... can be confused with acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). While bile reflux ... Biliary reflux, bile reflux (gastritis), duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DGER) or duodenogastric reflux is a condition that ... "Bile reflux - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Sifrim D (2013). "Management of bile reflux". Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 9 ( ... The damage of reflux Bile Reflux page at CNN Health:symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, prevention (All articles with ...
Prior to the development of the EE Diagnostic Panel, EoE could only be diagnosed if gastroesophageal reflux did not respond to ... Samadi F, Levine MS, Rubesin SE, Katzka DA, Laufer I (April 2010). "Feline esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux". AJR. ... or if a negative ambulatory pH study ruled out gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Radiologically, the term "ringed ... biopsies of patients with exclusion of other causes of eosinophilia in the esophagus including gastroesophageal reflux disease ...
... frequent heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux; and heavy night sweats. Many people experience episodes of OSA transiently, for ...
Yvan Vandenplas (2017). "Gastroesophageal reflux and cystic fibrosis". Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children: GER in Children. ... gastroesophageal reflux, lipoid pneumonia, fat embolism, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and pulmonary aspiration. Lipid-laden ...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease". GI/Liver Secrets (Fourth ed.). Mosby. pp. 13-19. ISBN 978-0-323-06397-5. Retrieved 8 January ...
Kjellin; Ramel; Rössner; Thor (1996). "Gastroesophageal reflux in obese patients is not reduced by weight reduction". Scand J ... Anand G, Katz PO (2008). "Gastroesophageal reflux disease and obesity". Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 8 (4): 233-9. PMID 19107097. ... August 2009). "Obesity and gastroesophageal reflux: quantifying the association between body mass index, esophageal acid ... exposure, and lower esophageal sphincter status in a large series of patients with reflux symptoms". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 13 ...
... gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD/GORD); and as preparation for endoscopy and radiographic studies of the gastrointestinal ...
Patti, Marco G. (2016-01-01). "An Evidence-Based Approach to the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease". JAMA Surgery. ... This prevents the reflux of gastric acid (in GERD). Although antacids and PPI drug therapy can reduce the effects of reflux ... When used to alleviate gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with delayed gastric emptying, it is frequently combined ... Esophagogastric dissociation Minjarez, Renee C.; Jobe, Blair A. (16 May 2006). "Surgical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux ...
... is the current gold standard for diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It provides ... Therefore, the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on the basis of symptoms or endoscopic findings is ... October 1997). "Can the combination of symptoms and endoscopy confirm the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease?". Am ... A quantitative measure of gastroesophageal reflux". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 62 (4): 325-32. PMID 4432845. Talley NJ, Zinsmeister ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease Human gastrointestinal microbiota Proton-pump inhibitor Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_ ... It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). There were previously conflicting statements in the academic ... Minjarez, Renee C.; Jobe, Blair A. (2006). "Surgical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease". GI Motility Online. doi: ... The cardia is defined as the region following the "z-line" of the gastroesophageal junction, the point at which the epithelium ...
Sandhu DS, Fass R (January 2018). "Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease". Gut and Liver. 12 (1 ... This is often secondary to conditions such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and ... Ranjitkar S, Smales RJ, Kaidonis JA (January 2012). "Oral manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease". Journal of ... Industry Develop effective over-the-counter medications for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that minimise side effects ...
It is also used in gastroesophageal reflux disease. While metoclopramide is used to try to increase breast milk production, ... A systematic review found a wide range of reported outcomes for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants ... 43: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease". Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease (9th ed.). Philadelphia: ... Hibbs AM, Lorch SA (August 2006). "Metoclopramide for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants: a systematic ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the Esophagus, This backwash (acid reflux) ... "Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2023-09-10. Beasley DE, Koltz AM, Lambert ... Many people experience acid reflux from time to time. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD ...
... gastrointestinal problems including constipation and gastroesophageal reflux. Some patients show irregular breathing. CDD is ...
GÖK M, GENÇDAL G (January 2020). "Long-term results of the stretta procedure in patients with gastroesophageal reflux: A single ... Katz PO; Gerson LB; Vela MF (2013). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease". Am J ... Stretta is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that delivers ... Aug 2015). "Update on novel endoscopic therapies to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease: A review". World J Gastrointest ...
Leung, Alexander KC; Hon, Kam Lun (2019-06-17). "Gastroesophageal reflux in children: an updated review". Drugs in Context. 8: ... Yet, a child with severe acid reflux who appears to be in pain while eating may also make a caregiver hesitant to offer ... Infants and children who have had unpleasant eating experiences (e.g. acid reflux or food intolerance) may be reluctant to eat ... Problems with the gastrointestinal system such as excessive gas and acid reflux are painful conditions which may make the child ...
... less gastroesophageal reflux (0-2% vs 15-31%); and lower morbidity and overall adverse event rate (1.9% vs 14.5%), though some ...
"Upper G.I. Surgery - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)". Keck School of Medicine of USC. Archived from the original on 9 ... Implants are used in those and other locations to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastroparesis, ...
... used for severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); carries risk of heart arrhythmias; Clomethiazole - a sedative/hypnotic ...
It is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. Effectiveness is similar to other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It is ... Behm BW, Peura DA (August 2011). "Dexlansoprazole MR for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease". Expert Review of ... is used to heal and maintain healing of erosive esophagitis and to treat heartburn associated with gastroesophageal reflux ...
... including constipation and gastroesophageal reflux. MICPCH in males may occur with or without severe epileptic encephalopathy ( ...
Koufman JA (2002). "Laryngopharyngeal reflux is different from classic gastroesophageal reflux disease". Ear, Nose, & Throat ... Jul 1979). "Gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration: incidence, functional abnormality, and results of surgical ... While LPR is commonly used interchangeably with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), it presents with a different ... Dec 2002). "The prevalence of hypopharynx findings associated with gastroesophageal reflux in normal volunteers". J Voice. 16 ( ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is relieved in almost all patients. Venous thromboembolic disease signs such as leg swelling ... The mini-gastric bypass uses the low set loop reconstruction and thus has rare chances of bile reflux. The MGB has been ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects approximately 40% of adults. Strictures occur in 7-23% of patients with GERD who ... It can be caused by or associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, a dysfunctional lower esophageal sphincter ... For example, an H2 antagonist (e.g. ranitidine) or a proton-pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole) can treat underlying acid reflux ...
The Nissen fundoplication, a surgical procedure for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, is named after him. ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Principles of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Springer. p. 163. ISBN 3211323171.{{cite book ... Now based in Basel, he operated on two patients with reflux esophagitis, wrapping a portion of the stomach around the lower ...
... but gastroesophageal reflux becomes gastroesophageal reflux disease when signs and symptoms develop into a recurrent problem. ... Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is one of the upper gastrointestinal chronic ... December 2019). "Gastroesophageal reflux in laryngopharyngeal reflux patients: Clinical features and therapeutic response". ... Occasional gastroesophageal reflux without troublesome symptoms or complications is even more common. The classic symptoms of ...
... it could be indicative of a more serious condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Gastroesophageal Reflux. Contributors: Andrea Johnson, RD, CSP, LDN. Reviewers: Academy Nutrition ... But when it occurs frequently, it could be indicative of a more serious condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or ...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease). Identify symptoms and learn how to treat it. ... Gastroesophageal reflux - discharge (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Medical ... Gastroesophageal reflux - series (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Understanding Esophageal Dilation (American Society ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology) Also in Spanish ...
... Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Feb;14(2):175-82.e1-3. doi: 10.1016/ ... Background & aims: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects up to 30% of adults in Western populations and is increasing ... and reduced reflux symptoms in prospective observational studies. Tobacco smoking cessation reduced reflux symptoms in normal- ...
Persistent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most frequent disorders for which infants and children undergo ... encoded search term (Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Surgery) and Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Surgery What to Read Next ... Reflux symptoms in 100 normal infants: diagnostic validity of the infant gastroesophageal reflux questionnaire. Clin Pediatr ( ... Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Surgery. Updated: May 04, 2022 * Author: Tom Jaksic, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Robert K Minkes, ...
encoded search term (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease What to Read Next on Medscape ... LINX® reflux management system to bridge the "treatment gap" in gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review of 35 ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Clinical Presentation. Updated: Oct 20, 2021 * Author: Marco G Patti, MD; Chief Editor: BS ... Challenges in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Assessment and Management 0.5 CME / CE / ABIM MOC Credits ...
Mayo Clinic Healthcare expert explains why reflux disease isnt `just heartburn Jan. 12, 2023, 04:28 p.m. CDT ... Colonoscopy, Upper endoscopy, Flexible sigmoidoscopy, Fecal transplant, Capsule endoscopy, Irritable bowel syndrome, Ga... ... stroesophageal reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, Fecal incontinence, Anemia, Polyp, Chronic constipation, Chronic ...
Normal physiological adaptations of the aerodigestive system to sleep prolong and intensify nocturnal reflux events. This ... Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux has been associated with poor sleep quality. ... Sleep and Nocturnal Gastroesophageal Reflux: An Update Chest. 2018 Oct;154(4):963-971. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.05.030. Epub ... Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux has been associated with poor sleep quality. Normal physiological adaptations of the ...
Treatment options for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) including medications and lifestyle changes. ... Your doctor may suggest certain lifestyle, dietary or physical changes to help prevent acid reflux. Learn more. ...
post a link to Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) information on Facebook. ... post a link to Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) information on Twitter. ... send a link to Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) information by email. ... share a link to Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) information by text. ...
Most children with gastroesophageal reflux have normal weight gain, minimal irritability, and no respiratory symptoms.1 GERD ... Gastroesophageal reflux is a benign, self-limited process caused by transient, intermittent relaxations of the lower esophageal ... Gastroesophageal reflux often occurs postprandially and lasts less than three minutes with minimal symptoms. ... Are medications for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) safe and effective in children? ...
Fundoplication Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Fundoplication Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ( ... gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). symptoms, it will also be repaired during this surgery. ... 2007). Seven-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing proton-pump inhibition with surgical therapy for reflux ... Examples of these symptoms are asthma, hoarseness, and cough along with reflux. ...
GERD is mild acid reflux that occurs at least twice a week or moderate to severe acid reflux that occurs at least once a week. ... Clinical Pearl of the Day: Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid ... Pharmacy Clinical Pearl of the Day: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease December 14, 2021. Saro Arakelians, PharmD ... GERD is mild acid reflux that occurs at least twice a week or moderate to severe acid reflux that occurs at least once a week. ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Montreal global definition11), is a common condition in which reflux of stomach contents (acid ... Upper endoscopy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: best practice advice from the clinical guidelines committee of the ... Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with a 5 to 7 times increased likelihood of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma ... Canadian Consensus Conference on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults - update 2004. Can J Gastroenterol ...
Learn about Gastroesophageal reflux - discharge or find a doctor at Mount Sinai Health System. ... Gastroesophageal reflux - discharge. Peptic esophagitis - discharge; Reflux esophagitis - discharge; GERD - discharge; ... Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the ... Do you feel a burning in your chest not long after you eat or lie down? If so, you may have Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or ...
2008). Use of medications for gastroesophageal reflux at discharge among extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 121(1 ... Use of medications for gastroesophageal reflux at discharge among extremely low birth weight infants ... Use of medications for gastroesophageal reflux at discharge among extremely low birth weight infants. ...
What is GERD (Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease)?. Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease or better known as just reflux or GERD ... If reflux is left untreated, pneumonia can return.. The Tests to Diagnose Reflux/GERD:. An Upper GI series or A Milk Scan, ... A baby who has reflux will often cry and cry hard. The cry is that of pain. Like some colicky babies, a reflux child will seem ... This doesnt mean if youve had a child with reflux, all your children will have it. The reason some believe reflux may be ...
cause of gastroesophageal reflux rather than treat its symptoms and may well be a permanent solution to the ... Gastroesophageal reflux results from weakness or relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) [1]. ... to gastroesophageal reflux. I considered the possibility that a continuing training regimen might be ... repetitions, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux ceased and the exercise was discontinued without relapse. ...
Tag: gastroesophageal reflux disease treatment. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). More than 40 percent of normal babies ...
Tu1757 Positional Changes in the Gastroesophageal Valve May Explain Why Upright Reflux Occurs Earlier Than Bipositional Reflux ... "Tu1757 Positional Changes in the Gastroesophageal Valve May Explain Why Upright Reflux Occurs Earlier Than Bipositional Reflux ...
The relationship between food and the pathophysiological mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is unclear. There ... gastroesophageal reflux disease; GERD; plant-based diet; plant-only diet; vegan diet; heartburn; regurgitation; non-cardiac ... The Role of a Plant-Only (Vegan) Diet in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Online Survey of the Italian General Population by ... Wiklund, I. Review of the Quality of Life and Burden of Illness in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Dig. Dis. 2004, 22, 108-114 ...
This is called reflux or gastroesophageal reflux.. In infants, this ring of muscles has not fully developed, and this can cause ... Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a long-lasting problem where reflux occurs often. It may cause more severe symptoms. ... Reflux in infants. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus. This ... Gastroesophageal reflux disease - children. Peptic esophagitis - children; Reflux esophagitis - children; GERD - children; ...
Prevalence of Campylobacter-like Organisms in Patients with Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease Versus Normals. ... Comments Off on Prevalence of Campylobacter-like Organisms in Patients with Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease Versus Normals ...
You dont have access to Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Pocket Guide.. This Pocket Guide is included in any of these ...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Alternate Names : GERD, Heartburn, Reflux Esophagitis. Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors , ... This splashing is known as gastroesophageal reflux. What are the causes and risks of the disease?. GERD can be caused by a weak ... Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a condition in which stomach contents splash up into the esophagus. The esophagus ... You are here : 3-RX.com , Medical Encyclopedia , Diseases and Conditions , Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Category : Health ...
All posts tagged in: Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease. * Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) & Tooth Erosion. Esthetics and ...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... It also occurs frequently in infants Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children Gastroesophageal reflux is the backward movement of ... Complications of gastroesophageal reflux Prolonged exposure of the lower part of the esophagus to repeated reflux may cause ... most effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux and for esophagitis and erosive esophagitis due to gastroesophageal reflux ...
Gastrointestinal System - Gastroesophageal/Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD/GORD). Related Tools & Resources. ... ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Last Reviewed: 2023-06-22 - ... on the diagnosis and management of gastroespohageal reflux disease in adults. ...
  • But when it occurs frequently, it could be indicative of a more serious condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. (eatright.org)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is one of the upper gastrointestinal chronic diseases in which stomach content persistently and regularly flows up into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and/or complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) happens when a muscle at the end of your esophagus does not close properly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects up to 30% of adults in Western populations and is increasing in prevalence. (nih.gov)
  • Persistent gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease (GERD) is one of the most frequent disorders for which infants and children undergo abdominal surgery. (medscape.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with a set of typical (esophageal) symptoms, including heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia. (medscape.com)
  • Are medications for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) safe and effective in children? (aafp.org)
  • 1 GERD occurs when reflux symptoms are more severe or when complications arise. (aafp.org)
  • Weaknesses of the evidence included the small size of the trials, and the fact that trials in infants are based on parent or physician interpretation of cry/fuss time, and that many of these patients did not have GERD but merely functional reflux. (aafp.org)
  • When you have heartburn that bothers you often, it's called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. (healthwise.net)
  • If a person has a hiatal hernia , which can cause gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms, it will also be repaired during this surgery. (cigna.com)
  • GERD is mild acid reflux that occurs at least twice a week or moderate to severe acid reflux that occurs at least once a week. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the tube connecting the mouth and stomach (esophagus). (pharmacytimes.com)
  • The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care recommends not screening adults with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) for esophageal adenocarcinoma and precursor conditions (Barrett esophagus or dysplasia), because there is an absence of evidence for benefit, and there are uncertain harms, important resource implications and variable patient values and preferences. (cmaj.ca)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach). (mountsinai.org)
  • If the sphincter does not close properly, food and liquid can move backward into the esophagus and cause heartburn and other symptoms known as gastroesophageal disease (GERD). (mountsinai.org)
  • If so, you may have Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. (mountsinai.org)
  • To determine if you have GERD, your doctor may request an upper endoscopy exam to look into your esophagus and stomach to diagnose reflux. (mountsinai.org)
  • Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease or better known as just 'reflux' or 'GERD' is when the contents of the stomach start pushing or splashing back up the esophagus or into the nose and throat. (justmommies.com)
  • The good news is: 90% of all children out grow reflux/GERD. (justmommies.com)
  • There are online support groups available if you would like to chat with other parents who are experiencing reflux/GERD in their children. (justmommies.com)
  • The relationship between food and the pathophysiological mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is unclear. (mdpi.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a long-lasting problem where reflux occurs often. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a condition in which stomach contents splash up into the esophagus. (3-rx.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common health problems in the Western world today, affecting up to 20% of the adult population weekly and 50% monthly, generating substantial suffering among patients as well as significant costs to both patients and also to society in general. (ki.se)
  • GERD or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease is a type of digestive disorder in which the lower esophagea. (speakinghealth.com)
  • Sleep disturbances are frequently encountered in up to 25% of the GERD patients, likely due to nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (GER). (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease , commonly called GERD, is a chronic condition that happens when the acids in the stomach back up into the esophagus. (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent, chronic medical condition that affects 13% of the adult population globally at least once a week. (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • With advance in diagnostic techniques allowing for an improved understanding of involved physiological mechanisms of nocturnal reflux, there is growing evidence of a bidirectional relationship between GERD and sleep disturbances. (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • Registered Dietician, discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (rheumatology-now.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease , or GERD , is when your lower esophageal sphincter doesn't close properly, meaning that often times, contents from your stomach can go back up into your esophagus. (rheumatology-now.com)
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) with high prevalence and incidence in the pediatric population is a relevant issue in public health. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a digestive disease that occurs when acidic stomach juices, or food and fluids back from the stomach into the esophagus. (chandigarhayurvedcentre.com)
  • Those who suffer from these symptoms are said to be suffering from gastro-oesophageal reflux disorders (GORD) or gastroesophageal reflux disorders (GERD). (hubpages.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease known as GERD is both uncomfortable and dangerous for anyone, especially for those who use their voice as a profession, or for musicians who play wind instruments. (peakperformancerd.com)
  • With GERD, the gastric contents of the stomach reflux back into the esophagus by way of the lower esophageal sphincter known as the LES. (peakperformancerd.com)
  • In addition to GERD there is laryngopharyngeal reflux, this is acid reflux into the larynx that can cause laryngitis, or a sore throat, or mucous, and in some cases reflux in general can make swallowing difficult. (peakperformancerd.com)
  • If the reflux is severe, damages esophageal mucosa and causes unpleasant symptoms, it becomes a pathology, which is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (medicsciences.com)
  • Acid reflux or GERD: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease is the western medical terminology for symptoms that may include stomach pain, hyperacidity, heart burns, etc. (curemanual.com)
  • AIM: To investigate the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients with a laryngoscopic diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). (unipi.it)
  • A positive correlation between LPR diagnosis and GERD was supposed based on the presence of esophagitis (ERD), pathological acid exposure time (AET) in the absence of esophageal erosions (NERD), and a positive correlation between symptoms and refluxes (hypersensitive esophagus, HE). (unipi.it)
  • 11/41 patients had a normal AET and a positive association between symptoms and refluxes (HE), and 25/41 patients had a normal AET and a negative association between symptoms and refluxes (no GERD patients). (unipi.it)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved vonoprazan 10 mg and 20 mg tablets (Voquezna, Phathom Pharmaceuticals) for the healing and maintenance of healing of all grades of erosive esophagitis, also known as erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as well as relief of associated heartburn, the company has announced . (medscape.com)
  • Background: Asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression have each been linked to exposure to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks (9/11). (cdc.gov)
  • cough, dyspnea, or wheeze), gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS) and selfreported clinician-diagnosed asthma and GERD history were obtained from surveys. (cdc.gov)
  • Continued follow-up monitors changes in health status and indicates significant long term medical and psychological effects among first responders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and respiratory outcomes (i.e., asthma). (cdc.gov)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a serious phenomenon in pediatric health care. (medscape.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a growing phenomenon in pediatric patients that requires much attention. (medscape.com)
  • Acid reflux is due to poor closure of the lower esophageal sphincter, which is at the junction between the stomach and the esophagus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is the distalmost segment of the esophagus (3-5 cm in adults), and its ability to prevent reflux depends on a number of anatomic factors. (medscape.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux is a benign, self-limited process caused by transient, intermittent relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter. (aafp.org)
  • Fortunately, there's a band of muscle between the stomach and the esophagus - called the Lower Esophageal Sphincter or L-E-S, that clamps down to prevent the stomach contents from moving or refluxing upward and burning the lining of the esophagus. (mountsinai.org)
  • Reflux occurs when the ring-shaped muscle that normally prevents the contents of the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus (called the lower esophageal sphincter) does not function properly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Acid and bile reflux into the esophagus when the lower esophageal sphincter is not functioning properly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Due to decrease lower esophageal sphincter (LES) tone, LES is not properly closed, as result gastric content reflux into esophagus and damage the mucosa of esophagus. (enmeder.com)
  • These drug Increase lower esophageal sphincter tone as result gastric content reflux into esophagus and damage the mucosa of esophagus. (enmeder.com)
  • Etiopathophysiology of this disease is multifactorial and includes dysfunction of crural diaphragm, damaged acute anatomical angle of gastroesophageal junction and decreased tone of lower esophageal sphincter. (medicsciences.com)
  • Mayo Clinic Healthcare expert explains why reflux disease isn't `just' heartburn Jan. 12, 2023, 04:28 p.m. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Heartburn (a burning pain behind the breastbone) is the most obvious symptom of gastroesophageal reflux. (msdmanuals.com)
  • What Causes Heartburn or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease? (rheumatology-now.com)
  • discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn. (rheumatology-now.com)
  • Family Physician discusses gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn. (rheumatology-now.com)
  • To assess for gastric reflux in relation to heartburn, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, and aspiration. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Reflux refers to Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease, commonly associated as heartburn or indigestion. (vch.ca)
  • For more information about how throat problems and gastro-esophageal reflux can affect your voice, watch the video "But doctor, I don't have heartburn! (vch.ca)
  • Gas refluxes were found more frequently in patients with globus (29.7 +/- 3.6) and hoarseness (21.5 +/- 7.4) than in patients with heartburn or regurgitation (7.8 +/- 6.2). (unipi.it)
  • Approximately 50% of patients with gastric reflux develop esophagitis. (medscape.com)
  • Among children 12 months and older, there was moderate-quality evidence that PPIs can improve reflux symptoms in those with erosive esophagitis. (aafp.org)
  • An increased incidence of reflux esophagitis has been reported after eradication of H. pylori in patients with duodenal ulcer. (nih.gov)
  • To determine if H. pylori is associated with lower rates of esophagitis, we studied the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with and without reflux esophagitis and a subgroup of patients with concomitant peptic ulcer disease. (nih.gov)
  • Reflux esophagitis was determined by endoscopic and/or histologic criteria. (nih.gov)
  • Of 514 patients, 39.5% had H. pylori infection and 22.2% had reflux esophagitis. (nih.gov)
  • The prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis was 30.7%, compared with 42.0% in patients without esophagitis (p = 0.039). (nih.gov)
  • Our study demonstrates that H. pylori infection is significantly less prevalent in patients with reflux esophagitis and may protect against its development. (nih.gov)
  • About 90% of infants will outgrow their reflux by their first birthday. (wikipedia.org)
  • Frequent spitting up- While spit-up is normal in infants, spit-up that happens frequently, specifically long after they've eaten, is a symptom of reflux. (justmommies.com)
  • In infants, this ring of muscles has not fully developed, and this can cause reflux. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Reflux in infants goes away once this muscle develops, often by age 1 year. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • How is gastroesophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosed in infants? (pennutrition.com)
  • Can infants who present with gastroesophageal reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease have an underlying cow's milk protein allergy? (pennutrition.com)
  • What changes in breastfeeding have been shown to be effective in treating infants with gastroesophageal reflux? (pennutrition.com)
  • Are probiotics effective in the prevention and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and GER-related symptoms in healthy full-term human milk-fed infants? (pennutrition.com)
  • Can positioning therapy help to improve symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux/gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants? (pennutrition.com)
  • Are infants with gastroesophageal reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease susceptible to long-term feeding difficulties? (pennutrition.com)
  • Weight loss was followed by decreased time with esophageal acid exposure in 2 RCTs (from 5.6% to 3.7% and from 8.0% to 5.5%), and reduced reflux symptoms in prospective observational studies. (nih.gov)
  • Reflux should be ruled out (using esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH testing if necessary) once a cardiac cause for the chest pain has been excluded. (medscape.com)
  • Among patients who experience nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux , the left lateral decubitus sleep position correlated with significantly shorter esophageal acid exposure time and faster esophageal acid clearance, according to research. (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • Schuitenmaker and colleagues included 57 patients who were referred for ambulatory pH-impedance reflux monitoring with supine esophageal acid exposure of 0.5% or higher. (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • Reflux less than or equal to 4% across the esophageal sphincter. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In 1934 gastroenterologist Asher Winkelstein described reflux and attributed the symptoms to stomach acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The acid reflux can induce asthma attack symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing in those with underlying asthma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acid reflux into the mouth can cause breakdown of the enamel, especially on the inside surface of the teeth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reflux means that stomach acid and juices move back up into your esophagus, the tube that leads from the throat to the stomach. (healthwise.net)
  • Many people experience acid reflux from time to time. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • In gastroesophageal reflux disease, stomach contents, including acid and bile, flow backward from the stomach into the esophagus, causing inflammation in the esophagus and pain in the bottom of the chest. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children Gastroesophageal reflux is the backward movement of food and acid from the stomach into the esophagus and sometimes into the mouth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because the esophagus lacks a similar protective lining, stomach acid and bile that flow backward (reflux) into the esophagus may cause symptoms and in some cases damage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus. (rheumatology-now.com)
  • Ayurveda distinguishes Acid reflux illness as Amlapitta.The infection frequently gives indications like Indigestion (Avipaak), sluggishness (Klama), queasiness (Utklesa), harsh and unpleasant burping (Tikta-Amla Udgaar), greatness (Gauravata), heart and throat consume (Hrit-Kantha Daha) and aversion towards food ( Aruchi). (chandigarhayurvedcentre.com)
  • Acid reflux. (chandigarhayurvedcentre.com)
  • These symptoms are in simpler terms also known as acid refluxes. (hubpages.com)
  • Therefore, every chest congestion may not be because of gastric acid refluxes. (hubpages.com)
  • Although gravity is not your friend when it comes to snoring, it is your friend when fighting reflux because gravity helps keep stomach acid and food in your stomach and out of your esophagus. (mattressfirm.com)
  • Acid reflux is caused by a backed up, constipated colon. (curemanual.com)
  • Otherwise you wouldn't be suffering from acid reflux. (curemanual.com)
  • You can prevent acid reflux by eating a diet recommended for humans. (curemanual.com)
  • A chronic cough or wheezing- Since fluids are almost constantly back splashing, especially in areas like the nose and throat, reflux children tend to have a noticeable moist cough and wheezing. (justmommies.com)
  • Improper use of the voice and vocal muscles is the main factor that causes voice problems, but strokes, neurological diseases, cancer and chronic health issues such as gastroesophageal reflux can also lead to voice problems. (vch.ca)
  • Poelmans J, Tack J, Feenstra L. Prospective study on the incidence of chronic ear complaints related to gastroesophageal reflux and on the outcome of antireflux therapy. (ac.ir)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux contributing to chronic sinus disease in children: A prospective analysis. (ac.ir)
  • Bothwell MR, Parsons DS, Talbot A, Barbero GJ, Wilder B. Outcome of reflux therapy on pediatric chronic sinusitis. (ac.ir)
  • Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. (medscape.com)
  • Many doctors make the reflux diagnosis without performing any tests, but several tests are available. (justmommies.com)
  • Updated guidelines from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) on the diagnosis and management of gastroespohageal reflux disease in adults. (pennutrition.com)
  • LPR diagnosis was performed by ear, nose and throat specialists using the reflux finding score (RFS) and reflux symptom index (RSI). (unipi.it)
  • The gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common condition in the western world but less than half of patients present endoscopic abnormalities, making a standard procedure unsuitable for diagnosis. (revistaabcd.org.br)
  • The meaning of the narrow band imaging in the endoscopic diagnosis of reflux disease will be defined by large scale studies, with different categories of patients, including assessment of symptoms and response to treatment. (revistaabcd.org.br)
  • Abd El-Fattah AM, Abdul Maksoud GA, Ramadan AS, Abdalla AF, Abdel Aziz MM. Pepsin assay: A marker for reflux in pediatric glue ear. (ac.ir)
  • Examples of these symptoms are asthma, hoarseness, and cough along with reflux. (cigna.com)
  • Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during infancy. (ac.ir)
  • There is a surgery available if the reflux is severe enough. (justmommies.com)
  • Surgery for reflux disease: reflections of a gastroenterologist. (medscape.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux often occurs postprandially and lasts less than three minutes with minimal symptoms. (aafp.org)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs when the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach). (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux is a physiological phenomenon, which occurs when contents of stomach flow back to the esophagus. (medicsciences.com)
  • Review article: Epidemiology and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in children. (ac.ir)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is defined as regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus (Riffe et al. (medscape.com)
  • When a person is standing or sitting, gravity helps prevent the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, which explains why reflux can worsen when a person is lying down. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Selected papers using it in patients with reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus are analyzed in several ways, highlighting the findings and limitations. (revistaabcd.org.br)
  • The second paper uses a nested case-control study, also based on the large Norwegian population-based health survey, to investigate the relation between Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric atrophy, and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. (ki.se)
  • Infection with Helicobacter pylori did not influence the risk for reflux symptoms after adjustments for confounding. (ki.se)
  • Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroesophageal reflux in a population-based study (The HUNT Study). (ki.se)
  • How many cases of laryngopharyngeal reflux suspected by laryngoscopy are gastroesophageal reflux disease-related? (unipi.it)
  • They used a sleep position measurement device to measure concurrent sleep positions (left, right, supine and prone) and evaluated composition, type and proximal extent of reflux episode and sleep position for each nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux episode. (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • The proximal reflux was abnormal in patients with ERD/NERD only. (unipi.it)
  • Giannini EG, Zentilin P, Dulbecco P, Vigneri S, Scarlata P, Savarino V. Management strategy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a comparison between empirical treatment with esomeprazole and endoscopy-oriented treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Up to 80% of the patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease experience burdensome symptoms at night, which can have a negative effect on sleep quality," Jeroen M. Schuitenmaker, M D, of the department of gastroenterology and hepatology at Amsterdam University Medical Centers, and colleagues wrote in the American Journal of Gastroenterology . (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of spontaneous sleep positions on the occurrence of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux by combining pH-impedance and sleep position monitoring in a large prospective cohort of patients with reflux symptoms. (peoplebeatingcancer.org)
  • This allows stomach contents to leak back, or reflux, into the esophagus and irritate it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Correlation of findings at direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy with gastroesophageal reflux disease in children: A prospective study. (ac.ir)
  • Occasional gastroesophageal reflux without troublesome symptoms or complications is even more common. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2017. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Davis-Lab-and-Diagnostic-Tests/425144/all/Gastroesophageal_Reflux_Scan. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A slight upward tilt on the bed is one of the few proven ways to actually help improve reflux symptoms. (mattressfirm.com)
  • These reactions cause the production of reflux secretions and this result in gastric disorders. (hubpages.com)
  • Most children with gastroesophageal reflux have normal weight gain, minimal irritability, and no respiratory symptoms. (aafp.org)
  • In the first paper, the association between several respiratory symptoms and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms is evaluated based on data from a large population-based health survey from Norway, comprising more than 40,000 participants. (ki.se)
  • In study participants with respiratory symptoms, a two- to threefold increased risk for reflux symptoms was seen. (ki.se)
  • The relation between gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory symptoms in a population-based study: the Nord-Trondelag health survey. (ki.se)
  • The primary outcome was symptom control evaluated by Reflux Disease Questionnaire and Reflux Symptom Index. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The anatomy of the esophagus, stomach, and EGJ is critical in the understanding of the pathogenesis of reflux. (medscape.com)
  • For a patient who has persistent symptoms despite medical treatment, an anti-reflux operation may be an option. (mountsinai.org)
  • Reflux can make it difficult to get quality rest due to persistent pain and discomfort. (mattressfirm.com)
  • In addition to these typical symptoms, abnormal reflux can cause atypical (extraesophageal) symptoms, such as coughing, chest pain, and wheezing. (medscape.com)
  • Medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease in 2007. (medscape.com)
  • In monozygotic co-twin control analyses and in prospective nested case-control analyses, the potential effect of female sex hormones, in postmenopausal hormone therapy and oral contraceptives, on reflux symptoms was evaluated. (ki.se)
  • In women who had ever used estrogen postmenopausal therapy there was a 60% increased risk of reflux symptoms. (ki.se)
  • There were indications of an association between use of both progestin postmenopausal hormone therapy and oral contraceptives on the risk of reflux symptoms, but this did not remain in the prospective nested case-control analyses. (ki.se)
  • Use of postmenopausal hormone therapy and oral contraaceptives in relation to gastroesophageal reflux in a population-based twin study. (ki.se)
  • The infant gastroesophageal reflux questionnaire revised: Development and validation as an evaluative instrument. (ac.ir)
  • Unfortunately, when you lie in a completely reclined position, gastric contents are no longer under the pull of gravity and can easily move into the esophagus causing the discomfort of reflux. (mattressfirm.com)
  • Transient inflammation and dysfunction of the eustachian tube secondary to multiple exposures of simulated gastroesophageal refluxant. (ac.ir)