A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.
Trophoblastic growth, which may be gestational or nongestational in origin. Trophoblastic neoplasia resulting from pregnancy is often described as gestational trophoblastic disease to distinguish it from germ cell tumors which frequently show trophoblastic elements, and from the trophoblastic differentiation which sometimes occurs in a wide variety of epithelial cancers. Gestational trophoblastic growth has several forms, including HYDATIDIFORM MOLE and CHORIOCARCINOMA. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1691)
Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
A uterine tumor derived from persistent gestational TROPHOBLASTS, most likely after a molar pregnancy (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE). Invasive hyadatiform mole develops in about 15% of patients after evacuation of a complete mole and less frequently after other types of gestation. It may perforate the MYOMETRIUM and erode uterine vessels causing hemorrhage.
Inorganic compounds that contain iodine as an integral part of the molecule.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
An uncommon variant of CHORIOCARCINOMA. It is composed almost entirely of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). Because its secretion of hCG (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN) is low, a large tumor may develop before the hCG can be detected.
Glycoproteins with the electrophoretic mobility of BETA-GLOBULINS, secreted by the placental TROPHOBLASTS into the maternal bloodstream during PREGNANCY. They can be detected 18 days after OVULATION and reach 200 mg/ml at the end of pregnancy. They are associated with fetal well-being.

Changes in the incidence of molar pregnancies. A population-based study in Chiba Prefecture and Japan between 1974 and 2000. (1/50)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this population-based retrospective study was to evaluate the trend in the incidence of molar pregnancy. METHODS: Questionnaires about the occurrence of hydatidiform mole were mailed to all clinics and hospitals in Chiba Prefecture between 1974 and 2000. The diagnosis of hydatidiform mole was based on the post-operative morphological and/or pathological findings. Data of live births were collected from the annual reports of maternal and child health statistics. A total of 3778 women with hydatidiform mole and 1 661 579 women with live births were analysed. RESULTS: The incidence of hydatidiform mole per 1000 live births was constant from 1974 to 1990, while it decreased significantly after 1991 (chi(2)-test for trend, P < 0.0001). The incidence of complete mole also decreased after 1991 (chi(2)-test for trend, P = 0.0001), though the incidence of partial mole remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hydatidiform mole in Chiba Prefecture has become as low as that in Europe or the USA, and it is attributed to the decreasing incidence of complete mole. A number of environmental factors that prevent the ovulation of 'empty' oocytes might have contributed to the decreasing incidence of complete mole.  (+info)

Low-risk persistent gestational trophoblastic disease treated with low-dose methotrexate: efficacy, acute and long-term effects. (2/50)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of low-dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue in a large series of consecutively treated patients with low-risk persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. Between January 1987 and December 2000, 250 patients were treated with intramuscular methotrexate (50 mg on alternate days 1, 3, 5, 7) with folinic acid (7.5 mg orally on alternate days 2, 4, 6, 8) rescue. The overall complete response rate without recurrence was 72% for first-line treatment and 95% for those who required second-line chemotherapy. Eight women (3.2%) had recurrence following remission and two (0.8%) had new moles. Two women (0.8%) died of their disease giving an overall cure of 99%. Only 10 women (4%) experienced grade III/IV toxicity during the first course of treatment and 13 women (5.2%) subsequently. Toxicity included mucositis and stomatitis, pleuritic chest pain, thrombocytopenia, uterine bleeding, abdominal pain, liver function changes, rash and pericardial effusion. A total of 59 women (23.6%) required second-line chemotherapy; 48 women had methotrexate resistance, eight had methotrexate toxicity and an empirical decision to change therapy was made in three. In all, 11 women (4.4%) had a hysterectomy before, during or after treatment; 141 women (56.4%) became pregnant following treatment: in 128 (90.7%), the outcome was successful. Methotrexate with folinic acid rescue is an effective treatment for low-risk persistent trophoblastic disease. It has minimal severe toxicity, excellent cure rates and does not appear to affect fertility.  (+info)

Is there a relationship between treatment for infertility and gestational trophoblastic disease? (3/50)

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to record the incidence of treatment for infertility prior to development of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 231 consecutive women receiving chemotherapy for persistent GTD at Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, from 1991 to 2001. Three patients in this group had received treatment for infertility prior to their molar pregnancy. In a control group of 226 patients not requiring treatment for persistent GTD, four had had treatment for infertility just before their molar pregnancy, and in a further control group of 208 'normal' pregnancies, eight patients had had treatment for infertility prior to conception. CONCLUSION: We conclude that we can demonstrate no relationship between infertility treatment and subsequent development of GTD.  (+info)

Mcl-1 expression in gestational trophoblastic disease correlates with clinical outcome: a differential expression study. (4/50)

BACKGROUND: Hydatidiform moles (HMs) are abnormal pregnancies with a propensity for developing persistent disease in the form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which requires chemotherapy. In previous studies, the authors demonstrated that low apoptotic activity was correlated with the progression of HM to GTN, and they hypothesized that some apoptosis-related genes may determine this progression. METHODS: The differential expression of apoptotic genes in HMs that subsequently developed into GTN was compared with the same expression in HMs that spontaneously regressed using a human apoptosis array; then, the expression was evaluated with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry using 54 clinical samples from patients with HMs who had follow-up data available. RESULTS: Using an apoptosis array, greater expression of Mcl-1, which is an antiapoptotic gene, was detected in HMs that subsequently developed into GTN. It was confirmed that the levels of Mcl-1 RNA expression (P = 0.017) and Mcl-1 protein expression (P < 0.001) in HMs that developed into persistent disease and required chemotherapy were significantly greater compared with the levels in HMs that regressed. Moreover, Mcl-1 immunoreactivity, which was detected predominantly in cytotrophoblasts, was correlated with the apoptotic index, as assessed with M30 cytoDeath immunohistochemistry, which is a good indicator of apoptotic events in the early-stage disease. CONCLUSIONS: The current results demonstrated that Mcl-1, as identified by a cyclic DNA array, may play a role in the pathogenesis of HMs and may have potential as a useful marker for predicting the clinical behavior of HMs.  (+info)

Sonographic and Doppler imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease: a 12-year experience. (5/50)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical utility of sonography with Doppler examination in the diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 355 cases of GTD seen over a 12-year period in 2 large university referral hospitals in China was performed. Clinical appearances, sonographic findings, Doppler waveforms, and patient outcomes were reviewed. Sonographic and Doppler examinations were performed to diagnose the presence of molar tissue, detect invasive disease, assess disease recurrence, and monitor the efficacy of chemotherapy. Doppler waveforms of 13 patients with normal early pregnancies were also examined for comparison. RESULTS: Of the 355 patients with GTD, 106 had a classic hydatidiform mole (CHM), 33 had a partial hydatidiform mole (PHM), 184 had an invasive hydatidiform mole (IHM), and 32 had choriocarcinoma. Sonography showed abnormal molar tissue confined to the endometrial cavity in all cases of CHM. In cases of IHM and choriocarcinoma, soft tissue invasion and cystic vascular spaces within the myometrium were shown. Cases of PHM had a thickened, hydropic placenta with a concomitant fetus. Doppler waveforms showed resistive indices of 0.55 (SD, 0.06) for CHM, 0.56 (SD, 0.04) for PHM, 0.28 (SD, 0.06) for IHM, 0.25 (SD, 0.05) for choriocarcinoma, and 0.66 (SD, 0.04) for normal pregnancies. The abnormal sonographic and Doppler findings in invasive disease resolved when chemotherapy was successful. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography and Doppler imaging were helpful in diagnosing GTD, in determining whether invasive disease was present, in detecting recurrence of disease, and in following the effectiveness of chemotherapy.  (+info)

Gestational trophoblastic disease. (6/50)

Gestational trophoblastic disease is a spectrum of pregnancy disorder arising from the placental trophoblastic tissues. It characterised by the secretion of a distinct tumour marker, the beta-HCG. This condition is highly curable even in the presence of metastasis. The incidence of this disease is higher in the Asian population. The major well-established risk factors for gestational trophoblastic disease are advanced maternal age and a past history of gestational trophoblastic disease. Common clinical presentations include vaginal bleeding in early trimester, uterus larger than gestational age, absence of fetal parts after 20 weeks of gestation. Ultrasonography is a reliable non-invasive tool for diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic disease in the clinical setting. All placental tissue following miscarriage or curettage should have histopathological evaluation to exclude gestational trophoblastic disease. Since this group of disorders is one of the highly curable neoplasms, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is necessary.  (+info)

Diagnosis of hydatidiform mole and persistent trophoblastic disease: diagnostic accuracy of total human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), free hCG {alpha}- and {beta}-subunits, and their ratios. (7/50)

OBJECTIVE: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is widely used in the management of hydatidiform mole and persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD). Predicting PTD after molar pregnancy might be beneficial since prophylactic chemotherapy reduces the incidence of PTD. DESIGN: A retrospective study based on blood specimens collected in the Dutch Registry for Hydatidiform Moles. A group of 165 patients with complete moles (of which 43 had PTD) and 39 patients with partial moles (of which 7 had PTD) were compared with 27 pregnant women with uneventful pregnancy. METHODS: Serum samples from patients with hydatidiform mole with or without PTD were assayed using specific (radio) immunoassays for free alpha-subunit (hCGalpha), free beta-subunit (hCGbeta) and 'total' hCG (hCG + hCGbeta). In addition, we calculated the ratios hCGalpha/hCG + hCGbeta, hCGbeta/hCG + hCGbeta, and hCGalpha/hCGbeta. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated and paired in receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, resulting in areas under the curves (AUCs). RESULTS: hCGbeta, hCGbeta/hCG + hCGbeta and hCGalpha/hCGbeta show AUCs ranging between 0.922 and 0.999 and, therefore, are excellent diagnostic tests to distinguish complete and partial moles from normal pregnancy. To distinguish partial from complete moles the analytes hCGbeta, hCG + hCGbeta and the ratio hCGalpha/hCGbeta have AUCs between 0.7 and 0.8. Although hCGalpha, hCGbeta and hCG + hCGbeta concentrations are significantly elevated in patients who will develop PTD compared with patients with spontaneous regression after evacuation of their moles, in predicting PTD, these analytes and parameters have AUCs <0.7. CONCLUSIONS: Distinction between hydatidiform mole and normal pregnancy is best shown by a single blood specimen with hCGbeta, but hCGbeta/hCG + hCGbeta and hCGalpha/hCGbeta are also excellent diagnostic parameters. To predict PTD, hCGalpha, hCGbeta, hCG + hCGbeta and hCGalpha/hCGbeta are moderately accurate tests, although they are not accurate enough to justify prophylactic chemotherapy treatment for prevention of PTD.  (+info)

Residual lung lesions after completion of chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: should we operate? (8/50)

The significance of residual lung metastasis from malignant gestational trophoblastic neoplasm (GTN) after the completion of chemotherapy is unknown. We currently do not advocate resection of these masses. Here, we investigate the outcome of these patients. Patients with residual lung abnormalities after the completion of treatment for GTN were compared to those who had a complete radiological resolution of the disease. None of the residual masses post-treatment were surgically removed. In all, 76 patients were identified. Overall 53 (70%) patients had no radiological abnormality on CXR or CT after completion of treatment. Eight (11%) patients had residual disease on CXR alone 15 patients had residual disease on CT (19%). During follow-up, two patients (2.6%) relapsed. One of these had had a complete radiological response post-treatment whereas the other had residual disease on CT. Patients with residual lung lesions after completing treatment for GTN do not appear to have an increased chance of relapse compared to those with no residual abnormality. We continue to recommend that these patients do not require pulmonary surgery for these lesions.  (+info)

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) is a group of rare pregnancy-related disorders that involve abnormal growth of cells inside a woman's uterus. These cells are part of the placenta, which provides nutrients to the developing fetus. GTD occurs when some of these cells grow in an uncontrolled way, forming tumors or tumor-like growths.

There are several types of GTD:

1. Hydatidiform Mole (HM): Also known as a molar pregnancy, this is the most common type of GTD. It occurs when an egg that has no genetic information is fertilized by a sperm and then divides into multiple copies. This results in a growth that resembles a cluster of grapes, rather than a developing fetus. There are two types of HMs: complete and partial. A complete HM forms when an empty egg is fertilized by two sperms, resulting in no fetal tissue. A partial HM forms when a normal egg is fertilized by two sperm or an abnormal egg with two sets of genetic material, resulting in some fetal tissue.

2. Invasive Mole: This type of GTD occurs when cells from a molar pregnancy invade the uterine wall and surrounding tissues. It can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain.

3. Choriocarcinoma: This is a rare form of GTD that develops from trophoblastic cells and forms a malignant tumor. It can grow rapidly and spread quickly to other organs.

4. Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT): This is an even rarer type of GTD that forms in the tissue where the placenta attaches to the uterus. PSTTs are usually slow-growing but can sometimes spread to other parts of the body.

5. Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor (ETT): This is a very rare type of GTD that forms in the tissue where the placenta attaches to the uterus. ETTs are usually slow-growing and have a good prognosis.

It's important to note that most molar pregnancies do not develop into more serious forms of GTD, but regular follow-up care is necessary to monitor for any signs of progression. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of GTD and may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Trophoblastic neoplasms are a group of rare tumors that originate from the trophoblast, which is the outer layer of cells that surrounds a developing embryo and helps to form the placenta during pregnancy. These tumors can be benign or malignant and are characterized by their ability to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that is normally produced during pregnancy.

There are several types of trophoblastic neoplasms, including:

1. Hydatidiform mole: A benign growth that forms in the uterus when a fertilized egg implants but does not develop into a normal embryo. There are two types of hydatidiform moles: complete and partial. Complete moles have no fetal tissue, while partial moles have some fetal tissue.
2. Invasive mole: A malignant form of hydatidiform mole that invades the uterine wall and may spread to other parts of the body.
3. Choriocarcinoma: A rapidly growing and highly invasive malignant tumor that can arise from a hydatidiform mole, a normal pregnancy, or an ectopic pregnancy. It can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, and brain.
4. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT): A rare type of trophoblastic neoplasm that arises from the cells that attach the placenta to the uterine wall. It is usually slow-growing but can be aggressive in some cases.
5. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT): Another rare type of trophoblastic neoplasm that arises from the cells that form the placental villi. It is typically low-grade and has a good prognosis, but it can recur in some cases.

The treatment for trophoblastic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular monitoring of hCG levels is also important to ensure that the tumor has been completely removed and to detect any recurrence early.

A hydatidiform mole, also known as a molar pregnancy, is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which is a group of rare disorders that involve abnormal growth of the placental tissue.

In a hydatidiform mole, there is an abnormal fertilization event leading to the growth of a mass of grapelike cysts in the uterus instead of a normal pregnancy. The chromosomes from the sperm and egg do not combine properly, resulting in an extra set of chromosomes, which leads to the development of the mole.

Hydatidiform moles can be complete or partial:

* Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM): This type arises when an egg without a nucleus is fertilized by one or two sperm, leading to the growth of abnormal placental tissue with no embryo. The chromosomes come from the father only, and there are typically 46 chromosomes, all of paternal origin.
* Partial hydatidiform mole (PHM): This type occurs when an egg is fertilized by two sperm or a single sperm that duplicates itself, resulting in an abnormal placenta with some fetal tissue. The chromosomes are of both maternal and paternal origin, and the placental tissue has a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

Hydatidiform moles can cause vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine enlargement, and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in the blood. They are usually detected during an ultrasound exam and require medical treatment to prevent complications such as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, a malignant form of GTD that can spread to other organs.

Choriocarcinoma is a rapidly growing and invasive type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which are abnormal growths that develop in the tissues that are supposed to become the placenta during pregnancy. It occurs when a malignant tumor develops from trophoblast cells, which are normally found in the developing embryo and help to form the placenta.

Choriocarcinoma can occur after any type of pregnancy, including normal pregnancies, molar pregnancies (a rare mass that forms inside the uterus after conception), or ectopic pregnancies (when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus). It is characterized by the presence of both trophoblastic and cancerous cells, which can produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone.

Choriocarcinoma can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, brain, or vagina, through the bloodstream. It is important to diagnose and treat choriocarcinoma early to prevent serious complications and improve the chances of a successful treatment outcome. Treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the uterus, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from different types of cells within the uterus, leading to various types of uterine neoplasms. The two main categories of uterine neoplasms are endometrial neoplasms and uterine sarcomas.

Endometrial neoplasms develop from the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus. Most endometrial neoplasms are classified as endometrioid adenocarcinomas, arising from glandular cells in the endometrium. Other types include serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma.

Uterine sarcomas, on the other hand, are less common and originate from the connective tissue (stroma) or muscle (myometrium) of the uterus. Uterine sarcomas can be further divided into several subtypes, such as leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma.

Uterine neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain, and difficulty urinating or having bowel movements. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and tissue biopsies to determine the type and extent of the neoplasm. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and patient's overall health but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

An invasive hydatidiform mole (IHM) is a rare and aggressive complication of a gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which itself originates from the abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells, the tissue that normally develops into the placenta during pregnancy. IHMs are characterized by the invasion of molar villi into the myometrium (the muscular layer of the uterus) and can potentially spread to other organs through the bloodstream, leading to distant metastases.

IHMs usually arise from a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), which is an abnormal conceptus with no embryonic or fetal development. CHMs are typically diploid and originate from the fertilization of an egg without genetic material (an empty egg or an egg with two sets of paternal chromosomes) by one or two sperm cells. This results in a conceptus with only paternal chromosomes, which leads to uncontrolled proliferation of trophoblastic tissue and the formation of grapelike vesicles filled with fluid (hydatidiform moles).

Invasive hydatidiform moles can cause various symptoms, such as vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or the presence of an enlarged uterus. They also pose a risk for developing choriocarcinoma, another type of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which is a malignant tumor that can metastasize and spread to other organs. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and improve the prognosis for patients with IHMs. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the mole, followed by chemotherapy to eliminate any residual disease and reduce the risk of GTN development.

Iodine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain iodine, a halogen element, combined with other elements or radicals. Iodine is commonly found in organic compounds such as iodides, iodates, and iodines, which are widely used in various applications, including medicine, agriculture, and industry.

In the medical context, iodine compounds are often used for their antiseptic and disinfectant properties. For example, tincture of iodine is a solution of iodine and potassium iodide in ethanol or water that is commonly used as a topical antimicrobial agent to prevent infection in minor cuts, wounds, and burns.

Iodine compounds are also essential for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. Iodine deficiency can lead to thyroid disorders such as goiter and mental retardation in children. Therefore, iodine is often added to table salt and other foods as a dietary supplement to prevent iodine deficiency disorders.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is produced during pregnancy. It is produced by the placenta after implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. The main function of hCG is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for maintaining the lining of the uterus and supporting the pregnancy.

hCG can be detected in the blood or urine as early as 10 days after conception, and its levels continue to rise throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. In addition to its role in maintaining pregnancy, hCG is also used as a clinical marker for pregnancy and to monitor certain medical conditions such as gestational trophoblastic diseases.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human (β-hCG) is a protein that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It is a component of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is a hormone that is composed of two subunits: alpha and beta. The β-hCG subunit is specific to hCG and is not found in other hormones, making it a useful marker for pregnancy and certain medical conditions.

During early pregnancy, the levels of β-hCG increase rapidly and can be detected in the blood and urine. This has led to the development of pregnancy tests that detect the presence of β-hCG to confirm pregnancy. In addition to its role in pregnancy, β-hCG is also used as a tumor marker for certain types of cancer, such as germ cell tumors and choriocarcinoma.

Elevated levels of β-hCG may indicate the presence of a molar pregnancy, a condition in which a fertilized egg implants in the uterus but does not develop properly. In some cases, a molar pregnancy can become cancerous and require treatment. Therefore, monitoring β-hCG levels during pregnancy is important for detecting any potential complications.

Methotrexate is a medication used in the treatment of certain types of cancer and autoimmune diseases. It is an antimetabolite that inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is necessary for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, essential components of DNA and RNA. By blocking this enzyme, methotrexate interferes with cell division and growth, making it effective in treating rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells.

In addition to its use in cancer treatment, methotrexate is also used to manage autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In these conditions, methotrexate modulates the immune system and reduces inflammation.

It's important to note that methotrexate can have significant side effects and should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider. Regular monitoring of blood counts, liver function, and kidney function is necessary during treatment with methotrexate.

A Trophoblastic Tumor, Placental Site (also known as Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor or PSTT) is a rare type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which are tumors that develop from the tissue that would normally become the placenta during pregnancy.

PSTT originates from the intermediate trophoblast cells, which invade the uterine wall and cause bleeding at the site of implantation during a normal pregnancy. These tumors typically occur in women who have had a prior pregnancy, with a median age of diagnosis around 35 years old.

PSTTs are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms for an extended period. However, some common symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding, irregular menstrual periods, or pelvic pain. In rare cases, PSTT can metastasize to other organs such as the lungs, liver, or brain.

The diagnosis of PSTT is made through a combination of imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI) and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained via biopsy or curettage. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy in cases where there is evidence of metastasis or high-risk features. Regular follow-up with serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels and imaging studies is essential to monitor for recurrence.

Pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoproteins (PSBGs), also known as SP1 or SP-1, are a group of proteins that are produced in large quantities by the placenta during pregnancy. They were first discovered in 1974 and are found in the serum of pregnant women. These proteins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and are involved in various physiological processes during pregnancy, such as implantation, placentation, and fetal development.

PSBGs have been identified as potential markers for early pregnancy diagnosis, as their levels start to rise shortly after conception and can be detected in the maternal bloodstream within days of implantation. They also play a role in the regulation of immune responses during pregnancy, helping to prevent the mother's immune system from attacking the developing fetus.

There are several isoforms of PSBGs, including PSBG1, PSBG2, and PSBG3, which differ in their molecular weight and other biochemical properties. The function of these different isoforms is not fully understood, but they may have distinct roles in the regulation of pregnancy-related processes.

It's worth noting that while PSBGs are produced during pregnancy, they can also be found in non-pregnant individuals, albeit at much lower levels. The exact role of PSBGs outside of pregnancy is not well understood and requires further research.

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"About molar pregnancy , Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) , Cancer Research UK". www.cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 18 ... It falls under the category of gestational trophoblastic diseases and was previously known as a hydatidiform mole. During a ... "The epidemiology of gestational trophoblastic disease". General & Diagnostic Pathology. 143 (2-3): 103-8. PMID 9443567. Cotran ... This condition is named persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD). The moles may intrude so far into the uterine wall that ...
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Other causes include implantation bleeding, gestational trophoblastic disease, polyps, and cervical cancer. Tests to determine ... "Epidemiology and aetiology of gestational trophoblastic diseases". The Lancet. Oncology. 4 (11): 670-678. doi:10.1016/s1470- ... Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which refers to pregnancy-related tumors that be either cancerous or non-cancerous. This ... About 30% of women have bleeding in the first trimester (0 to 14 weeks gestational age). Bleeding in the second trimester (12 ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease is a pregnancy-associated concept, forming from the villous and extravillous trophoblast ... "Understanding and management of gestational trophoblastic disease". F1000Research. 8: 428. doi:10.12688/f1000research.14953.1. ... Choriocarcinoma are trophoblastic tumors that form in the uterus from villous cells. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are cells ... Molecular Biology of Placental Development and Disease. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. Vol. 145. pp. ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease Placental site trophoblastic tumour Jacob, S.; Mohapatra, D. (2009). "Placental site nodule: ... The differential diagnosis includes (cervical) squamous cell carcinoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, and exaggerated ... PSNs are intermediate trophoblastic remnants. PSNs are diagnosed by examining the tissue under a microscope, usually obtained ... a tumor-like trophoblastic lesion". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 52 (2): 240-1. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.48931. PMID 19332926. ( ...
It is also used to manage gestational trophoblastic disease. It may be used within the vagina or by injection into a vein. PGE2 ... Dinoprostone as a vaginal suppository is contraindicated for women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease or active disease of ... Schlemmer M, Khoss A, Salzer HR, Wimmer M (July 1982). "[Prostaglandin E2 in newborns with congenital heart disease]". ... Sharma M, Sasikumar M, Karloopia SD, Shahi BN (April 2001). "Prostaglandins in Congential Heart Disease". Medical Journal, ...
... gene expression in gestational trophoblastic disease". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 51 (11): 892-896. PMID 17165436. ...
"Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic ... Gestational choriocarcinoma is a form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which is a type of gestational trophoblastic ... s updated guidelines on gestational trophoblastic disease management, the diagnostic criteria of a post-gestational ... 2017). "Gestational Trophoblastic Disease: Clinical and Imaging Features". Radiographics. 37 (2): 681-700. doi:10.1148/rg. ...
It belongs to the malignant end of the spectrum in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It is also classified as a germ ... Lurain JR, Singh DK, Schink JC (October 2006). "Role of surgery in the management of high-risk gestational trophoblastic ... Biscaro A, Braga A, Berkowitz RS (January 2015). "Diagnosis, classification and treatment of gestational trophoblastic ... "Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia worldwide". World Journal of Clinical Oncology ...
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease". www.cancer.org. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 2020-12-16. "Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - ... "Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - Diagnosis". Cancer.Net. 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2020-12-16. "Gestational Trophoblastic ... Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is group of rare diseases related to pregnancy and included in gestational ... "Gestational trophoblastic tumor , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info. ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease like hydatidiform moles ("molar pregnancy") or choriocarcinoma may produce high levels of ... Tests can be done to diagnose and monitor germ cell tumors and gestational trophoblastic diseases. Concentrations are commonly ... A study of 32 normal pregnancies came to the result that a gestational sac of 1-3 mm was detected at a mean hCG level of 1150 ... It is also possible to test for hCG to have an approximation of the gestational age. Most tests employ a monoclonal antibody, ...
Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is a gestational trophoblastic disease with about 110 case reports in the literature. It ... but an immunotherapy drug called dostarlimab treats gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. ETT is a form of GTN. Stage I disease ... Metastasis occur in 25% of cases and 10% die of the disease. Mitotic count of > 6/10HPF is an unfavorable prognostic factor. ... They may rarely develop in Vagina Broad ligament Fallopian tubes Other pelvic organs Epithelioid trophoblastic tumors (ETTs) ...
... is a form of gestational trophoblastic disease, which is thought to arise from intermediate ... of all gestational trophoblastic proliferations. Preceding conditions include molar pregnancy (5%). Compared to choriocarcinoma ... A placental site trophoblastic tumor is a monophasic neoplasm of the implantation site intermediate trophoblast, and usually a ... Shih IM, Kurman RJ (January 2001). "The pathology of intermediate trophoblastic tumors and tumor-like lesions". International ...
It is a tertiary referral centre for neurosurgery, and is a national centre of excellence for gestational trophoblastic disease ...
... gestational trophoblastic disease, and osteosarcoma. Types of autoimmune diseases it is used for include psoriasis, rheumatoid ... Other side effects may include liver disease, lung disease, lymphoma, and severe skin rashes. People on long-term treatment ... Methotrexate is used as a disease-modifying treatment for a number of autoimmune diseases in adults, including rheumatoid ... Herfarth HH (1 January 2016). "Methotrexate for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - New Developments". Digestive Diseases. 34 (1-2): ...
The differential in suspected cases includes uterine atony, blood clot, gestational trophoblastic disease, and normal post ... Gestational sac 15-35mm, embryo smaller than 25mm (corresponding to between 7 and 9+0 weeks of gestational age): Medication is ... Gestational sac smaller than 15-20mm, corresponding to a gestational age of less than 7 weeks: Expectant management or ... Gestational sac greater than 30-35mm, embryo larger than ~25mm (corresponding to 9+0 weeks of gestational age): Surgery is ...
... in particular gestational trophoblastic disease. Ovarian hyperstimulation occurs more often with invasive moles and ... Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles, or occur in post-menopausal women, may indicate more serious disease ... Many small cysts occur in both ovaries in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Pelvic inflammatory disease may also result in ... ISBN 978-0-7817-4254-2. MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: CA-125 Tamparo, Carol; Lewis, Marcia (2011). Diseases of the Human Body. ...
... gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD), and gestational trophoblastic neoplasms). bacterial contamination and blood in urine ... With obstetric ultrasonography the gestational sac (intrauterine fluid collection) can be visualized at 4.5 to 5 weeks ... to 10-weeks gestational age. hCG is produced by what will become the placenta. hCG testing can be performed with a blood (serum ... increasing gestational age). Less sensitive urine tests and qualitative blood tests may not detect pregnancy until three or ...
... gestational trophoblastic disease) Trophoblastic tumor Tropical spastic paraparesis Tropical sprue Troyer syndrome Trueb-Burg- ... This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "T" with syptoms similar to seizures. Diseases Alphabetical list 0-9 A B C ... Todd's paralysis Todd's syndrome Togaviridae disease Tollner-Horst-Manzke syndrome Tolosa-Hunt syndrome Toluene antenatal ... absent teeth sparse hair Taurodontism Tay syndrome ichthyosis Taybi-Linder syndrome Taybi syndrome Tay-Sachs disease T-cell ...
... a scientific journal Geometric theory of diffraction Gestational trophoblastic disease Getting Things Done, a time management ... India Grapevine trunk disease Grand Tourer Daytona, a class in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. This disambiguation page ...
... gestational trophoblastic disease, pre-invasive diseases of the lower genital tract, and primary peritoneal cancer. In ... "Largest cancer center in US launches major initiative to cure 8 forms of the disease". Fox News. Associated Press. March 27, ... Infectious Diseases, Neuroscience, Quantitative Sciences, and Therapeutics & Pharmacology. Additionally, the institution offers ...
... gestational trophoblastic disease - gestational trophoblastic neoplasia - gestational trophoblastic tumor - GI14721 - giant ... disease progression - disease-free survival - disease-specific survival - distal - distal pancreatectomy - distant cancer - ... Paget's disease of bone - Paget's disease of the nipple - PALA - palatine uvula - palliative care - palliative therapy - Palmar ... systemic disease - systemic lupus erythematosus - systemic therapy T cell - T-3 - T-cell depletion - T-cell lymphoma - T138067 ...
... usually due to bacterial infection Chorionic hematoma Gestational trophoblastic disease, any abnormal proliferation of the ...
Have AIDS (unless clinically well on anti-retroviral therapy) Have benign gestational trophoblastic disease Have ovarian cancer ... Are pregnant or think they may be pregnant Have certain uterine abnormalities Have malignant gestational trophoblastic disease ... Infection: The insertion of a copper IUD poses a transient risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in the first 21 days after ... Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O (1992). "Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an ...
... syndrome Gerstmann syndrome Gestational diabetes mellitus Gestational pemphigoid Gestational trophoblastic disease Ghosal ... II Glycogen storage disease type V Glycogen storage disease type VI Glycogen storage disease type VII Glycogen storage disease ... Glycogen storage disease type 1B Glycogen storage disease type 1C Glycogen storage disease type 1D Glycogen storage disease ... disease type 1 Gaucher disease type 2 Gaucher disease type 3 Gaucher ichthyosis restrictive dermopathy Gaucher-like disease Gay ...
A TSH assay is now also the recommended screening tool for thyroid disease. Recent advances in increasing the sensitivity of ... This is also the mechanism of trophoblastic tumors increasing the production of thyroid hormones.[citation needed] Reference ... In pregnancy, prolonged high concentrations of hCG can produce a transient condition termed gestational hyperthyroidism. ... A low or low-normal TSH value may also signal pituitary disease in the absence of replacement.[citation needed] For ...
... non-gestational MeSH C04.557.465.955.207.875 - trophoblastic tumor, placental site MeSH C04.557.465.955.416 - gestational ... hodgkin disease MeSH C04.557.386.390 - immunoproliferative small intestinal disease MeSH C04.557.386.480 - lymphoma, non- ... gestational trophoblastic neoplasms MeSH C04.850.908.416.186 - choriocarcinoma MeSH C04.850.908.416.186.875 - trophoblastic ... non-gestational MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.455.875 - trophoblastic tumor, placental site MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.480 - ...
Prostate cancer Testicular cancer Gestational trophoblastic tumor Ureter and renal pelvis, transitional cell cancer(urothelial ... Cancer is a group of diseases that involve abnormal increases in the number of cells, with the potential to invade or spread to ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Lists of diseases, Types of cancer). ... Desmoplastic small round cell tumor Liposarcoma Lists of diseases List of oncology-related terms [1] National Cancer Institute ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) may also be called gestational trophoblastic tumour (GTT). Hydatidiform mole (one type ... Lurain JR (January 2011). "Gestational trophoblastic disease II: classification and management of gestational trophoblastic ... "Gestational trophoblastic disease I: epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic ... Follow up is necessary in all women with gestational trophoblastic disease, because of the possibility of persistent disease, ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of pregnancy-related conditions that develop inside a womans uterus (womb ... Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of pregnancy-related conditions that develop inside a womans uterus (womb ... Gestational trophoblastic disease: hydatidiform mole, nonmetastatic and metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumor: diagnosis ... Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of pregnancy-related conditions that develop inside a womans uterus (womb ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes benign, premalignant, and malignant tumors that are associated with pregnancy ... Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes benign, premalignant, and malignant tumors ... When gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) leads to a diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), some routine ... Diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease: 2021 update. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;155 Suppl 1:86-93. ...
Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) This article is available only as a PDF. Please click on ... Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) encompass a spectrum of interrelated conditions: Hydatidiform mole (HM) Invasive mole ... Gestational trophoblastic diseases are a heterogenous group of conditions ranging from the benign hydatidiform mole to the ... In malignant gestational trophoblastic disease, chemotherapy is the treatment of choice; single agent for non-metastatic and ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease gestational-mm https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/gestational-trophoblastic- ... Gestational trophoblastic disease is not always easy to find. In its early stages, a hydatidiform mole may seem like a normal ... If you are not pregnant and hCG is detected in your blood, it can be a sign of gestational trophoblastic disease. You doctor ... Having these symptoms does not mean you have gestational trophoblastic disease. However, you should be examined by your regular ...
Details about gestational trophoblastic disease symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. ... Gestational Trophoblastic Disease What is gestational trophoblastic disease?. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a ... More information about gestational trophoblastic disease (National Cancer Institute). What GTD is not. Most GTD is not ... Depending on your unique set of conditions and how far the disease has spread, your treatment could include one or more of the ...
Alternate Names : Hydatiform Mole, Trophoblastic Disease, Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia. Molar Pregnancy , Symptoms & ... You are here : 3-RX.com , Medical Encyclopedia , Diseases and Conditions , Molar Pregnancy: Treatment & Monitoring Category : ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) can be benign or malignant. Histologically, it is classified into hydatidiform mole, ... invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens), choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). ... Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a collective term for gestational trophoblastic diseases that invade locally or ... Recurrent gestational trophoblastic disease. Experience of the Southeastern Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center. Cancer. 1990 ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) can be benign or malignant. Histologically, it is classified into hydatidiform mole, ... invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens), choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). ... Recurrent gestational trophoblastic disease. Experience of the Southeastern Regional Trophoblastic Disease Center. Cancer. 1990 ... encoded search term (Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia) and Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Cindy endured intense chemos and became a strong awareness advocate globally for this rare cancer and its disease, which has ... Cindy endured aggressive chemo and became a strong awareness advocate globally for this rare cancer and its disease, which has ...
... **Clinical trials are research studies that involve people. These ... HomeClinical Trials, Doctors & Cancer CentersFind Clinical TrialsGestational trophoblastic disease ... There are currently 1 active Gestational trophoblastic disease clinical trials in Georgia. ... studies test new ways to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat diseases. People who take part in cancer clinical trials have an ...
Management of gestational trophoblastic disease: Commentary. / Lurain III, John Robert. In: Oncology, Vol. 7, No. 11, 01.12. ... Management of gestational trophoblastic disease : Commentary. In: Oncology. 1993 ; Vol. 7, No. 11. ... Management of gestational trophoblastic disease: Commentary. Oncology. 1993 Dec 1;7(11). ... Lurain III, J. R. (1993). Management of gestational trophoblastic disease: Commentary. Oncology, 7(11). ...
What are the two most common types of gestational trophoblastic disease?. Types of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease There are ... How do they diagnose gestational trophoblastic disease?. Screening for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease CA-125 blood test: A ... What are the three types of gestational trophoblastic disease?. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a general term that ... These tumours are types of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).. What are the symptoms of gestational trophoblastic disease ...
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease*Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. *Disease, Gestational Trophoblastic. *Diseases, ... "Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Gestational Trophoblastic ... "Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms" by people in Profiles. ...
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - ... Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Treatment: This web site provides information about gestational trophoblastic disease, its ... and metastatic disease is rare (3 General references Gestational trophoblastic disease is proliferation of trophoblastic tissue ... Gestational trophoblastic disease I: Epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic ...
a. Suspected gestational trophoblastic disease (immediate postevacuation). i. Uterine size first trimester. 1*. 1*. 1*. 1*. 1* ... Gestational trophoblastic disease. This condition is associated with increased risk for adverse health events as a result of ... b. Confirmed gestational trophoblastic disease (after initial evacuation and during monitoring). Initiation. Continuation. ... Persistently elevated β-hCG levels or malignant disease, with evidence or suspicion of intrauterine disease. 4*. 2*. 4*. 2*. 1* ...
Most women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) receive their diagnosis during their reproductive years. An important ... Gestational trophoblastic disease II: classification and management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol ... encoded search term (Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor Treatment Protocols) and Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor Treatment ... Diseases & Conditions Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor Treatment Protocols * 2003/viewarticle/what-are-updated-recommendations- ...
I was referred to the a specialist centre for gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) as I would require further monitoring. I ...
... hypertension or preeclampsia in the first or early second trimester necessitates exclusion of gestational trophoblastic disease ... such as renal parenchymal disease (eg, polycystic kidneys, glomerular or interstitial disease), renal vascular disease (eg, ... Maternal SBP greater than 160 mm Hg or DBP greater than 110 mm Hg denotes severe disease; depending on the gestational age and ... hypertension or preeclampsia in the first or early second trimester necessitates exclusion of gestational trophoblastic disease ...
Learn more about the diagnostic tests that may help determine whether a woman has gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). ... gestational trophoblastic disease href="/cancer-types/gestational-trophoblastic-disease-gtd">Gestational trophoblastic disease ... Learn more about treatments for gestational trophoblastic disease. Next topic: How is gestational trophoblastic disease treated ... Diagnosing gestational trophoblastic disease. This page was reviewed under our medical and editorial policy by ...
Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment of Patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. *14. Management of an Acute Asthma Attack ... 13 Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment of Patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, published in 2015, is retired from the ...
Objectives Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) comprises a group of disorders that derive from the placenta. Even if full ... Objectives Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) comprises a group of disorders that derive from the placenta. Even if full ... An investigative study into psychological and fertility sequelae of gestational trophoblastic disease: The impact on patients ... or Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia, GTN). Differences in the values between variables were assessed by a t-type test ...
2022-RA-1339-ESGO Treatment outcome of gestational trophoblastic disease at single center of Saudi Arabia ... 2022-RA-1339-ESGO Treatment outcome of gestational trophoblastic disease at single center of Saudi Arabia ...
Symptoms of anxiety and depression in women with gestational trophoblastic disease compared to women who had a miscarriage: a ... March 2020 and February 2021 to analyze anxiety and depression symptoms in 64 women with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD ...
Introduction/Background Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) was first described by Hippocrates around 400 BCE as dropsy of ... 2022-RA-890-ESGO Gestational trophoblastic disease in Portugal: retrospective analysis of the last 10 years in two institutions ... 2022-RA-890-ESGO Gestational trophoblastic disease in Portugal: retrospective analysis of the last 10 years in two institutions ... Conclusion GTD is a rare disease, usually curable with chemotherapy, but high-risk disease can be very aggressive with worse ...
... high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Gestational Trophoblastic Disease ... high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. / Schink, J. C.; Singh, D. K.; Rademaker, A. W. et al. In: Obstetrics and ... high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease.",. author = "Schink, {J. C.} and Singh, {D. K.} and Rademaker, {A. W.} and Miller ... high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease",. abstract = "To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a regimen of etoposide, ...
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease * Gynecologic Cancers * Gynecologic Surgery-Complex * Head & Neck Cancer * Heart Failure ...
... is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Combined AFP and beta-hCG testing is ... gestational trophoblastic disease. No. Poorly differentiated cancer of unknown primary; gestational trophoblastic disease. ... The β-hCG level is used to diagnose gestational trophoblastic disease, a rare neoplastic complication of pregnancy. The β-hCG ... In patients treated for gestational trophoblastic disease, obtain β-hCG level once a month for 6 to 12 months. ...
10-year survival for gestational trophoblastic disease. Stage: 10-year survival ( % ):. 0 A. 98 % ... By all means, in this case the physician will follow the beta-hCG for awhile to ensure that all of the trophoblastic tissue was ...
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. *Gynecologic (Gyn) Cancer Care. *Hormone Replacement Therapy. *Hot Flashes ...
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant disorder that includes invasive moles, choriocarcinomas, placental site trophoblastic tumors, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. (arupconsult.com)
  • When gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) leads to a diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), some routine laboratory testing should be performed. (arupconsult.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia or placental-site trophoblastic tumours can occur after a hydatidiform mole, after an abortion or after a normal pregnancy and delivery. (canceraustralia.gov.au)
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a collective term for gestational trophoblastic diseases that invade locally or metastasize. (medscape.com)
  • Management of liver metastasis from gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (medscape.com)
  • Negotiating a staging and risk factor scoring system for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (medscape.com)
  • Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) Invasive moles. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Types of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease There are two main types of GTD: hydatidiform mole (HM), also called molar pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • These tumors include postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (gestational trophoblastic neoplasia that develops after a molar pregnancy), placental-site trophoblastic tumor, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, choriocarcinoma, and invasive mole. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After a complete hydatidiform mole, approximately 15 to 20% of patients are treated for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) receive their diagnosis during their reproductive years. (medscape.com)
  • The four malignant tumours Invasive mole Choriocarcinoma Placental site trophoblastic tumour Epithelioid trophoblastic tumour All five closely related tumours develop in the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gestational trophoblastic diseases are a heterogenous group of conditions ranging from the benign hydatidiform mole to the malignant choriocarcinoma. (annals.edu.sg)
  • others are invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens), choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). (medscape.com)
  • Smith HO, Kohorn E, Cole LA. Choriocarcinoma and gestational trophoblastic disease. (medscape.com)
  • A hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) can help to diagnose persistent trophoblastic disease or choriocarcinoma. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • After histopathological examination, 48 cases were complete molar pregnancy, 9 were partial moles, 1 placental site trophoblastic tumour and 1 choriocarcinoma. (bmj.com)
  • Methods: Twelve women with metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma received 64 treatment cycles. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Academic Li Li, 43, who lives in Sunderland, spoke of how she felt "completely terrified" when she was diagnosed with choriocarcinoma, a trophoblastic disease that affects one in 50,000 pregnancies, just six days after giving birth on the 26 October 2022. (sth.nhs.uk)
  • others are invasive mole (chorioadenoma destruens), choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT). (medscape.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes benign, premalignant, and malignant tumors that are associated with pregnancy and often result from abnormal fertilization events. (arupconsult.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic tumors are sensitive to many antineoplastic agents, especially those that act in the S phase or the M phase of the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • What is the best protocol of single-agent methotrexate chemotherapy in nonmetastatic or low-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors? (medscape.com)
  • Roberts JP, Lurain JR. Treatment of low-risk metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumors with single-agent chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is the term given to a group of rare tumors that develop during the early stages of pregnancy. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasias are malignant placental tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a regimen of etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine in patients with metastatic, high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • All met the National Cancer Institute criteria for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Nica A, Bouchard-Fortier G, Covens A. Gestational trophoblastic disease: hydatidiform mole, nonmetastatic and metastatic gestational trophoblastic tumor: diagnosis and management. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception. (dartmouth.edu)
  • Clinical characteristics and treatment of gestational trophoblastic tumor with vaginal metastasis. (medscape.com)
  • Relapse rate of patients with low-risk gestational trophoblastic tumor initially treated with single-agent chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
  • S creening for Gestational Trophoblastic Disease CA-125 blood test: A blood test to determine if a tumor is present in your body. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Nevertheless, tumor markers can play a crucial role in detecting disease and assessing response to therapy in selected groups of patients. (aafp.org)
  • In monitoring patients for disease recurrence, tumor marker levels should be determined only when there is a potential for meaningful treatment. (aafp.org)
  • Normalization of tumor marker values may indicate cure despite radiographic evidence of persistent disease. (aafp.org)
  • Following tumor marker response is particularly useful when other evidence of disease is not readily accessible. (aafp.org)
  • and gestational trophoblastic disease (molar pregnancy). (thewomens.org.au)
  • High hCG levels could be a sign of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) or a molar pregnancy . (todaysparent.com)
  • Heterozygous/dispermic complete mole confers a significantly higher risk for post-molar gestational trophoblastic disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Malignant diseases and pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Optimal therapy in this group of diseases rest in the correct diagnosis, assessing their risk for malignant behavior using prognostic scoring systems and administering appropriate treatment. (annals.edu.sg)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease includes a spectrum of proliferative disorders ranging from nonneoplastic hydatiform moles to malignant neoplastic disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the NHS, he is Director of the Charing Cross/ Imperial College Trophoblastic Disease and Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumour (MOGCT) Centre and supraregional tumour marker assay service. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In this project we are developing methods for diagnosing the origin of malignant trophoblastic tumours. (au.dk)
  • This guideline reviews the clinical evaluation and management of gestational trophoblastic diseases, including surgical and medical management of benign, premalignant, and malignant entities. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term used for a group of pregnancy-related tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cells that form gestational trophoblastic tumours are called trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to form the placenta during pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of pregnancy-related conditions that develop inside a woman's uterus (womb). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diagnosed with this rare pregnancy cancer after a healthy pregnancy and learning of her twin's loss, Cindy endured intense chemos and became a strong awareness advocate globally for this rare cancer and its disease, which has opened up new avenues to other cancer organizations. (choriocarcinomamolarpregnancyawareness.com)
  • Diagnosing gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) usually begins when routine pregnancy tests suggest a problem with the pregnancy. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. (harvard.edu)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease can occur during or after an intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gestational hypertension (transient hypertension of pregnancy or chronic hypertension identified in the latter half of pregnancy). (medscape.com)
  • The Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC) released revised guidelines that simplified the classification of hypertension in pregnancy into four categories, pre-existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or "other hypertensive effects" on the basis of different diagnostic considerations. (medscape.com)
  • Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that is diagnosed during pregnancy. (healthline.com)
  • Hydatidiform mole (HM) is an abnormal pregnancy, characterized by trophoblastic hyperplasia, vesicular swelling of the chorionic villi, and without a viable fetus. (au.dk)
  • A positive hCG result from a home pregnancy test or blood sample at your doctor's office is the first indication that there is some trophoblastic tissue present (meaning you're pregnant), but it won't confirm if your pregnancy is progressing normally, says Kfouri. (todaysparent.com)
  • If your hCG levels are in the normal range and the test confirms that they're rising steadily, you won't have your blood tested for hCG again unless you or your doctor suspects an ectopic pregnancy, a miscarriage or gestational trophoblastic disease (a severe and extremely rare condition involving tumours in the uterus that can occur during pregnancy or after a miscarriage , an abortion or a pregnancy). (todaysparent.com)
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy is associated with severe maternal coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and preterm birth and may increase the risk for other complications of pregnancy ( 1 - 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Testing for the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is an integral part of the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic disease. (aafp.org)
  • In the Danish Mole Project We are collecting samples from hydatidiform moles and other trophoblastic diseases. (au.dk)
  • Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • These tumours are types of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is the name for abnormal cells or tumours that start in the womb from cells that would normally develop into the placenta. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • The New England Trophoblastic Disease Center at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, affiliated with the Susan F. Smith Center for Women's Cancers, has the greatest experience treating this disease in North America and the largest registry. (dana-farber.org)
  • You can read more about how the Sheffield Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Centre celebrated 50 years of world-leading care for rare cancers of the womb on our news page. (sth.nhs.uk)
  • Acquired Uniparental Disomy Regions Are Associated with Disease Outcome in Patients with Oral Cavity and Oropharynx But Not Larynx Cancers. (cdc.gov)
  • This occurs in women with very, very high concentrations of hCG due to some pathological conditions such as gestational trophoblastic disease or hyperemesis gravidarum. (aacc.org)
  • The treatment for cervical insufficiency will depend on many factors, including the length of your cervix, your gestational age, and the outcome in previous pregnancies if you have been pregnant before. (healthline.com)
  • In most cases, only placental tissue forms with gestational trophoblastic disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease is proliferation of trophoblastic tissue in pregnant or recently pregnant women. (msdmanuals.com)
  • General references Gestational trophoblastic disease is proliferation of trophoblastic tissue in pregnant or recently pregnant women. (msdmanuals.com)
  • By all means, in this case the physician will follow the beta-hCG for awhile to ensure that all of the trophoblastic tissue was expelled and there is no recurrence. (nethealthbook.com)
  • Often the trophoblastic disease is diagnosed after all tissue has been formalin fixed, making karyotyping impossible. (au.dk)
  • Symptoms of anxiety and depression in women with gestational trophoblastic disease compared to women who had a miscarriage: a cross-sectional study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Rapid escalation of weekly intramuscular methotrexate for nonmetastatic gestational trophoblastic disease: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer is a disease of the cells, which are the body's basic building blocks. (canceraustralia.gov.au)
  • For a disease such as vulvar cancer, experience matters. (dana-farber.org)
  • He has chaired/organised many national and international meetings related to lung cancer, cell signalling and trophoblastic disease. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Women share their personal stories and thanks as the Sheffield Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Centre, based at Weston Park Cancer Centre, turns 50. (sth.nhs.uk)
  • Looking back, I was unlucky to have this disease, but I was transferred to Weston Park Cancer Centre so quickly. (sth.nhs.uk)
  • After four weeks, her levels dropped to the 2,000 range but when they started to increase again, she was referred to the Sheffield Trophoblastic Centre at Weston Park Cancer Centre for specialist tests and investigations. (sth.nhs.uk)
  • single agent for non-metastatic and low-risk metastatic disease and combination chemotherapy for high-risk metastatic disease. (annals.edu.sg)
  • Is lack of response to single-agent chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease associated with dose scheduling or chemotherapy resistance? (medscape.com)
  • If disease persists after removal, chemotherapy is indicated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Conclusion GTD is a rare disease, usually curable with chemotherapy, but high-risk disease can be very aggressive with worse prognosis. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions: Chemotherapy with etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine is well tolerated and highly effective for metastatic, high-risk gestational trophoblastic disease. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The objective of this guideline is to assist health care providers in promptly diagnosing gestational trophoblast. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2) Diagnostics using analysis of circulating DNA and circulating cells in diagnostics of the origin of trophoblastic neoplasias. (au.dk)
  • In addition to CBC and blood chemistry assessment, standard evaluations for thyroid disease, renal function, and hepatic function should be performed. (arupconsult.com)
  • Renal metastases of gestational trophoblastic disease: a report of eight cases. (medscape.com)
  • Residual elevation after definitive treatment usually indicates persistent disease. (aafp.org)
  • This study was conducted between March 2020 and February 2021 to analyze anxiety and depression symptoms in 64 women with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and 99 women who had miscarried. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are currently 1 active Gestational trophoblastic disease clinical trials in Georgia. (georgiacancerinfo.org)
  • The National Clinical Guideline No. 13 Diagnosis, Staging and Treatment of Patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, published in 2015, is retired from the suite of NCEC National Clinical Guidelines and as such is no longer available on this webpage. (gov.ie)
  • His clinical appointment also linked him to the national trophoblastic disease service and so a second stream of research was established. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • He is an international leader in trophoblastic disease and MOGCT, is a past-president of the International Trophoblastic Disease Society (ISSTD.org), and is president-elect and a founding member of council of the European Organisation for the Treatment of Trophoblastic Disease (EOTTD.com), is a visiting Professor at Peking Union Medical College and serves on several editorial boards and grants committees. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease. (jabfm.org)
  • Screening of patients born small for gestational age with the Silver-Russell syndrome phenotype for DLK1 variants. (cdc.gov)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) comprises a heterogeneous group of related lesions arising from abnormal proliferation of trophoblast of the placenta. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Objectives Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) comprises a group of disorders that derive from the placenta. (unisr.it)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • If metastatic disease present, send supporting documentation for metastatic locations. (centralhealth.net)
  • It is a rare disease that comprises a heterogeneous group of placental lesions arising from abnormal proliferation of the trophoblast. (bmj.com)
  • 5-day methotrexate for women with metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine devices do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and women using these methods should be counseled that consistent and correct use of the male latex condom reduces the risk for transmission of HIV and other STDs. (cdc.gov)
  • Parenteral labetalol should be avoided in women with asthma, heart disease, or congestive heart failure. (medscape.com)
  • For most women, gestational diabetes doesn't cause any noticeable symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • While the majority of women with gestational diabetes give birth to healthy babies, the condition can increase the risk that the baby will have a larger-than-normal body. (healthline.com)
  • Normal hCG levels vary widely among women, but healthcare practitioners still use the measurement as an indicator of approximate gestational age. (todaysparent.com)
  • Severe coronavirus disease in neonates is rare. (cdc.gov)
  • Next we will attempt to further refine the methods, in order to improve the follow-up of patients after being treated for a trophoblastic disease. (au.dk)