Giant Cell Arteritis
Temporal Arteries
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Takayasu Arteritis
Giant Cells
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Arteritis Virus, Equine
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
Prednisolone
Axillary Artery
Giant Cell Tumors
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Adie Syndrome
Biopsy
Granuloma, Giant Cell
Ecchymosis
Mydriasis
Prednisone
Blindness
Scalp
Pathology Department, Hospital
Subclavian Artery
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Subclavian Steal Syndrome
Vasculitis
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Infarction
Vision Disorders
Carcinoma, Giant Cell
Systemic Vasculitis
Retinal Vasculitis
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Inflammation
Vasculitis, Central Nervous System
Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis. (1/363)
OBJECTIVE: To identify variables that distinguish large-vessel giant cell arteritis (GCA) with subclavian/axillary/brachial artery involvement from cranial GCA. METHODS: Seventy-four case patients with subclavian/axillary GCA diagnosed by angiography and 74 control patients with temporal artery biopsy-proven GCA without large vessel involvement matched for the date of first diagnosis were identified. Pertinent initial symptoms, time delay until diagnosis, and clinical symptoms, as well as clinical and laboratory findings at the time of diagnosis, were recorded by retrospective chart review. Expression of cytokine messenger RNA in temporal artery tissue from patients with large-vessel and cranial GCA was determined by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Distribution of disease-associated HLA-DRB1 alleles in patients with aortic arch syndrome and cranial GCA was assessed. RESULTS: The clinical presentation distinguished patients with large-vessel GCA from those with classic cranial GCA. Upper extremity vascular insufficiency dominated the clinical presentation of patients with large-vessel GCA, whereas symptoms related to impaired cranial blood flow were infrequent. Temporal artery biopsy findings were negative in 42% of patients with large-vessel GCA. Polymyalgia rheumatica occurred with similar frequency in both patient groups. Large-vessel GCA was associated with higher concentrations of interleukin-2 gene transcripts in arterial tissue and overrepresentation of the HLA-DRB1*0404 allele, indicating differences in pathogenetic mechanisms. CONCLUSION: GCA is not a single entity but includes several variants of disease. Large-vessel GCA produces a distinct spectrum of clinical manifestations and often occurs without involvement of the cranial arteries. Large-vessel GCA requires a different approach to the diagnosis and probably also to treatment. (+info)Decreased CGRP, but preserved Trk A immunoreactivity in nerve fibres in inflamed human superficial temporal arteries. (2/363)
The peptidergic sensory innervation of cranial blood vessels may play an important part in vascular head pain. The neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P in sensory fibres are dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by the blood vessels, and when released from nerve terminals mediate neurogenic inflammation. NGF is increased in inflamed tissues, and acts via its high affinity receptor trk A on nociceptor fibres to produce hyperalgesia. CGRP and trk A immunoreactive nerve fibres have therefore been studied, for the first time, in inflamed (n=7) and non-inflamed (n=10) temporal arteries biopsied from patients with headache and suspected giant cell arteritis. CGRP immunoreactivity was markedly decreased to absent in adventitial nerve fibres in inflamed regions of vessels, which may reflect secretion from nerve terminals, as CGRP immunoreactivity could still be seen in nerve trunks in periadventitial tissue. Trk A immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in a similar distribution to CGRP containing nerve fibres in non-inflamed vessels, and the trk A immunoreactivity was virtually unchanged in inflamed vessels. The evidence supports a role for NGF related mechanisms in inflammatory vascular head pain. Anti-NGF or anti-trk A agents may represent novel analgesics in this condition. (+info)Scleritis and temporal arteritis. (3/363)
Thirty consecutive patients with severe scleritis or episcleritis were admitted as in-patients to the Medical Ophthalmology Unit and assessed for systemic disease. There were seventeen women and thirteen men. The mean age was 53 with a median of 57 (range 23-83). Eighteen of the patients had scleritis: eleven of these had evidence of connective tissue disease and three of them had temporal arteritis. Twelve patients had episcleritis: six of them had a collagen disease and one of them developed temporal arteritis. This high incidence of temporal arteritis in association with scleritis has not been previously reported. It is important to diagnose and treat overt temporal arteritis early with parenteral steroids so that ischaemic papillopathy can be avoided. A higher incidence of collagen diseases than previously described is reported in episcleritis. It is thought that this is secondary to selection since patients with the usual self-limiting episcleritis are not normally referred for further in-patient investigation. In no patient was more than one significant diagnosis made. There was no significant medical illness in only 11% of patients with scleritis and 33% of patients with episcleritis. The majority of the non-collagen diseases (e.g. hypertension) were not previously recognized. In none of the patients with temporal arteritis was the diagnosis made before admission. It is concluded that full examination and investigation for underlying disease is indicated in both scleritis and severe episcleritis. (+info)Aldose reductase functions as a detoxification system for lipid peroxidation products in vasculitis. (4/363)
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis preferentially affecting large and medium-sized arteries. Inflammatory infiltrates in the arterial wall induce luminal occlusion with subsequent ischemia and degradation of the elastic membranes, allowing aneurysm formation. To identify pathways relevant to the disease process, differential display-PCR was used. The enzyme aldose reductase (AR), which is implicated in the regulation of tissue osmolarity, was found to be upregulated in the arteritic lesions. Upregulated AR expression was limited to areas of tissue destruction in inflamed arteries, where it was detected in T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The production of AR was highly correlated with the presence of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a toxic aldehyde and downstream product of lipid peroxidation. In vitro exposure of mononuclear cells to HNE was sufficient to induce AR production. The in vivo relationship of AR and HNE was explored by treating human GCA temporal artery-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse chimeras with the AR inhibitors Sorbinil and Zopolrestat. Inhibition of AR increased HNE adducts twofold and the number of apoptotic cells in the arterial wall threefold. These data demonstrate that AR has a tissue-protective function by preventing damage from lipid peroxidation. We propose that AR is an oxidative defense mechanism able to neutralize the toxic effects of lipid peroxidation and has a role in limiting the arterial wall injury mediated by reactive oxygen species. (+info)Tissue-destructive macrophages in giant cell arteritis. (5/363)
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory vasculopathy in which T cells and macrophages infiltrate the wall of medium and large arteries. Clinical consequences such as blindness and stroke are related to arterial occlusion. Formation of aortic aneurysms may result from necrosis of smooth muscle cells and fragmentation of elastic membranes. The molecular mechanisms of arterial wall injury in GCA are not understood. To identify mechanisms of arterial damage, gene expression in inflamed and unaffected temporal artery specimens was compared by differential display polymerase chain reaction. Genes differentially expressed in arterial lesions included 3 products encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific for a 65-kDa mitochondrial antigen revealed that increased expression of mitochondrial products was characteristic of multinucleated giant cells and of CD68+ macrophages that cluster in the media and at the media-intima junction. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal adducts, products of lipid peroxidation, were detected on smooth muscle cells and on tissue infiltrating cells, in close proximity to multinucleated giant cells and CD68+ macrophages. Also, giant cells and macrophages with overexpression of mitochondrial products were able to synthesize metalloproteinase-2. Our data suggest that in the vascular lesions characteristic for GCA, a subset of macrophages has the potential to support several pathways of arterial injury, including the release of reactive oxygen species and the production of metalloproteinase-2. This macrophage subset is topographically defined and is also identified by overexpression of mitochondrial genes. Because these macrophages have a high potential to promote several mechanisms of arterial wall damage, they should be therapeutically targeted to prevent blood vessel destruction. (+info)Biopsy proven and biopsy negative temporal arteritis: differences in clinical spectrum at the onset of the disease. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes. (6/363)
OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical features of biopsy proven and negative biopsy temporal arteritis at the time of diagnosis and during a three year follow up. METHODS: Newly diagnosed cases of giant cell arteritis were included in a prospective, multicentre study. Initial clinical and biological features, season of diagnosis, and cardiovascular events occurring during the follow up were recorded. Biopsy proven and negative biopsy cases were compared. RESULTS: Two hundred and seven biopsy proven, and 85 negative biopsy cases were included from 1991 to 1997. Fifty eight per cent of the biopsy proven cases, compared with 39.29% of the negative biopsy cases, were diagnosed during the autumn or winter (p = 0.003). Visual problems (31.5%, v 19.1%, p = 0.031), blindness (9.7% v 2.38%, p = 0.033), jaw claudication (40.8%, v 28.243%, p = 0.044), and temporal artery palpation abnormalities (61.3% v 29.5%, p = 7.10(-7)) were more frequent in the biopsy proven than in the negative biopsy group. Less specific symptoms, such as headache (82.5% v 92. 9%, p = 0.021), or associated polymyalgia rheumatica (40.1% v 65.9%, p = 9 x 10(-5)) were more prevalent in the negative biopsy cases. Biological markers of inflammation were significantly more increased in the biopsy proven group. All cases of blindness occurring after treatment belonged to the biopsy proven group. CONCLUSION: Biopsy proven cases seem to be more severe than biopsy negative cases at the time of diagnosis and during follow up. Seasonal difference at diagnosis may suggest a different aetiological pattern. (+info)Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: are pregnancies a protective factor? A prospective, multicentre case-control study. GRACG (Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes). (7/363)
OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential role of allo-immunization, either by former pregnancies, or by a history of blood transfusion, in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty-five incident female cases and 186 age-matched, population-based female controls were prospectively included in a multicentre case-control study. RESULTS: The number of pregnancies was significantly lower in cases than in controls (nulliparous: 21.55% vs 12.90%; > or =4 pregnancies: 16.25% vs 27.42%; Wilcoxon rank sum test: P = 0.0019) in biopsy-proven or negative temporal arteritis and, to a lesser extent, in polymyalgia rheumatica. No difference was found for history of blood transfusion. Pregnancies remained negatively associated with the disease in a multivariate analysis including cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking or a pre-existing peripheral vascular disease. CONCLUSION: Former pregnancies are not a risk factor for giant cell arteritis. Pregnancies may be protective thanks to an effect of the associated hyperoestrogenic state against alterations of the artery wall, as suggested in animal models. (+info)Circulating soluble adhesion molecules in patients with giant cell arteritis. Correlation between soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) concentrations and disease activity. (8/363)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether changes in concentrations of circulating adhesion molecules are related to disease activity in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). METHODS: A sandwich ELISA was used to measure soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), sICAM-3, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), E-selectin (sE-selectin), and L-selectin (sL-selectin) in serum and plasma samples from patients with GCA. A cross sectional study was performed on 64 GCA patients at different activity stages and on 35 age and sex matched healthy donors. Thirteen of these patients were evaluated at the time of diagnosis and serially during follow up. RESULTS: At the time of diagnosis, sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly higher in active GCA patients than in controls (mean (SD) 360.55 (129.78) ng/ml versus 243.25 (47.43) ng/ml, p < 0.001). In contrast, sICAM-3, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, and sL-selectin values did not differ from those obtained in normal donors. With corticosteroid administration, a decrease in sICAM-1 concentrations was observed, reaching normal values when clinical remission was achieved (263.18 (92.7) ng/ml globally, 293.59 (108.39) ng/ml in the group of patients in recent remission, and 236.83 (70.02) ng/ml in those in long term remission). In the 13 patients followed up longitudinally, sICAM-1 values also normalised with clinical remission (225.87 (64.25) ng/ml in patients in recent remission, and 256.29 (75.15) ng/ml in those in long term remission). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating sICAM-1 concentrations clearly correlate with clinically apparent disease activity in GCA patients. Differences with results previously found in patients with other vasculitides may indicate that different pathogenic mechanisms contribute to vascular inflammation in different disorders. (+info)Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), also known as Temporal Arteritis, is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting large and medium-sized arteries, most commonly the temporal artery. It primarily occurs in people over 50 years old. The condition is characterized by the infiltration of the artery walls with immune cells, leading to inflammation, swelling, and damage. This can restrict blood flow, causing various symptoms.
The key feature of GCA is the presence of multinucleated giant cells, which are large collections of fused immune cells, in the affected artery walls. These cells are a hallmark of this condition when viewed under a microscope.
Common symptoms include new onset of severe headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw pain while chewing (called jaw claudication), vision problems, and systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss. If left untreated, GCA can lead to serious complications like blindness or stroke. Treatment typically involves high-dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage.
Temporal arteries are the paired set of arteries that run along the temples on either side of the head. They are branches of the external carotid artery and play a crucial role in supplying oxygenated blood to the scalp and surrounding muscles. One of the most common conditions associated with temporal arteries is Temporal Arteritis (also known as Giant Cell Arteritis), which is an inflammation of these arteries that can lead to serious complications like vision loss if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a geriatric rheumatic disease characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and stiffness, particularly affecting the neck, shoulders, hips, and thighs. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and low-grade fever. The onset of PMR can be sudden or gradual, and it tends to affect individuals over 50 years of age, more commonly women than men.
The exact cause of Polymyalgia Rheumatica remains unknown; however, it is believed to involve an autoimmune response leading to inflammation in the affected areas. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests (such as elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein), and sometimes imaging studies. Treatment usually includes corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, along with monitoring for potential side effects from long-term steroid use. In many cases, PMR can be successfully managed with appropriate treatment, allowing individuals to return to their normal activities.
Arteritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the arteries. It is also known as vasculitis of the arteries. The inflammation can cause the walls of the arteries to thicken and narrow, reducing blood flow to affected organs or tissues. There are several types of arteritis, including:
1. Giant cell arteritis (GCA): Also known as temporal arteritis, it is a condition that mainly affects the large and medium-sized arteries in the head and neck. The inflammation can cause headaches, jaw pain, scalp tenderness, and vision problems.
2. Takayasu's arteritis: This type of arteritis affects the aorta and its major branches, mainly affecting young women. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and decreased pulse in the arms or legs.
3. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN): PAN is a rare systemic vasculitis that can affect medium-sized arteries throughout the body. It can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, rash, abdominal pain, and muscle weakness.
4. Kawasaki disease: This is a type of arteritis that mainly affects children under the age of 5. It causes inflammation in the blood vessels throughout the body, leading to fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes, and red eyes.
The exact cause of arteritis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. Treatment for arteritis typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.
Takayasu arteritis is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the large blood vessels in the body, most commonly the aorta and its main branches. It's also known as pulseless disease or aortic arch syndrome. The condition primarily affects young to middle-aged women, although it can occur in anyone at any age.
The inflammation caused by Takayasu arteritis can lead to narrowing, thickening, and weakening of the affected blood vessels' walls, which can result in reduced blood flow to various organs and tissues. This can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the severity and location of the vessel involvement.
Common symptoms include:
* Weak or absent pulses in the arms and/or legs
* High blood pressure (hypertension)
* Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting spells due to reduced blood flow to the brain
* Headaches
* Visual disturbances
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Night sweats
* Fever
Diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment usually includes corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and maintain remission. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor disease activity and adjust treatment as necessary.
Giant cells are large, multinucleated cells that result from the fusion of monocytes or macrophages. They can be found in various types of inflammatory and degenerative lesions, including granulomas, which are a hallmark of certain diseases such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. There are several types of giant cells, including:
1. Langhans giant cells: These have a horseshoe-shaped or crescentic arrangement of nuclei around the periphery of the cell. They are typically found in granulomas associated with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and histoplasmosis.
2. Foreign body giant cells: These form in response to the presence of foreign material, such as a splinter or suture, in tissue. The nuclei are usually scattered throughout the cell cytoplasm.
3. Touton giant cells: These are found in certain inflammatory conditions, such as xanthomatosis and granulomatous slack skin. They have a central core of lipid-laden histiocytes surrounded by a ring of nuclei.
4. Osteoclast giant cells: These are multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. They can be found in conditions such as giant cell tumors of bone and Paget's disease.
It is important to note that the presence of giant cells alone does not necessarily indicate a specific diagnosis, and their significance must be interpreted within the context of the overall clinical and pathological findings.
Blood sedimentation, also known as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), is a medical test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle at the bottom of a tube of unclotted blood over a specific period of time. The test is used to detect and monitor inflammation in the body.
During an acute inflammatory response, certain proteins in the blood, such as fibrinogen, increase in concentration. These proteins cause red blood cells to stick together and form rouleaux (stacks of disc-shaped cells). As a result, the red blood cells settle more quickly, leading to a higher ESR.
The ESR test is a non-specific test, meaning that it does not identify the specific cause of inflammation. However, it can be used as an indicator of underlying conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The test is also used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions.
The ESR test is usually performed by drawing a sample of blood into a special tube and allowing it to sit undisturbed for one hour. The distance that the red blood cells have settled is then measured and recorded as the ESR. Normal values for ESR vary depending on age and gender, with higher values indicating greater inflammation.
Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a medical condition that refers to the damage or death of the optic nerve due to insufficient blood supply. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain.
In ION, the blood vessels that supply the optic nerve become blocked or narrowed, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the nerve fibers. This results in inflammation, swelling, and ultimately, damage to the optic nerve. The damage can cause sudden, painless vision loss, often noticed upon waking up in the morning.
There are two types of ION: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION). AION affects the front part of the optic nerve, while PION affects the back part of the nerve. AION is further classified into arteritic and non-arteritic types, depending on whether it is caused by giant cell arteritis or not.
Risk factors for ION include age (most commonly occurring in people over 50), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, sleep apnea, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment options depend on the type and cause of ION and may include controlling underlying medical conditions, administering corticosteroids, or undergoing surgical procedures to improve blood flow.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a mistake in your question. "Arteritis Virus, Equine" is not a recognized medical term or virus in humans or animals. There is a condition called "Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)," which is a viral disease that affects horses and other equine species. However, it does not affect humans.
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) is caused by the Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV). This virus primarily affects the respiratory system and can cause symptoms such as fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and a runny nose in infected horses. In some cases, it may also lead to inflammation of the lining of blood vessels (vasculitis), which can result in abortion in pregnant mares or infertility in stallions.
It's essential to maintain proper biosecurity measures when dealing with horses, especially those that have been exposed to EVA, to prevent its spread and protect the health of other equine populations.
A Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) of bone is a relatively uncommon, locally aggressive tumor that can sometimes become malignant. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells which are distributed throughout the tumor tissue. These giant cells are thought to be derived from osteoclasts, which are specialized cells responsible for bone resorption.
GCTs typically affect adults in their 20s and 30s, with a slight female predominance. The most common sites of involvement include the long bones near the knee (distal femur and proximal tibia), as well as the distal radius, sacrum, and spine.
The tumor usually presents as pain and swelling in the affected area, sometimes accompanied by restricted mobility or pathological fractures due to bone weakening. The diagnosis is typically made based on imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI) and confirmed through a biopsy.
Treatment options for GCTs of bone may include intralesional curettage with or without the use of adjuvant therapies (like phenol, liquid nitrogen, or cement), radiation therapy, or surgical resection. In some cases, systemic treatments like denosumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting RANKL, may be used to control the growth and spread of the tumor. Regular follow-ups are essential to monitor for potential recurrence, which can occur in up to 50% of cases within five years after treatment.
Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is commonly used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression that reduce the production of substances involved in inflammation, such as cytokines and prostaglandins.
Prednisolone is available in various forms, including tablets, syrups, and injectable solutions. It can be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, skin conditions, and certain types of cancer.
Like other steroid medications, prednisolone can have significant side effects if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include weight gain, mood changes, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, diabetes, and adrenal suppression. As a result, the use of prednisolone should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks.
The axillary artery is a major blood vessel in the upper limb. It is the continuation of the subclavian artery and begins at the lateral border of the first rib, where it becomes the brachial artery. The axillary artery supplies oxygenated blood to the upper extremity, chest wall, and breast.
The axillary artery is divided into three parts based on the surrounding structures:
1. First part: From its origin at the lateral border of the first rib to the medial border of the pectoralis minor muscle. It lies deep to the clavicle and is covered by the scalene muscles, the anterior and middle scalene being the most important. The branches arising from this portion are the superior thoracic artery and the thyrocervical trunk.
2. Second part: Behind the pectoralis minor muscle. The branches arising from this portion are the lateral thoracic artery and the subscapular artery.
3. Third part: After leaving the lower border of the pectoralis minor muscle, it becomes the brachial artery. The branches arising from this portion are the anterior circumflex humeral artery and the posterior circumflex humeral artery.
The axillary artery is a common site for surgical interventions such as angioplasty and stenting to treat peripheral arterial disease, as well as for bypass grafting in cases of severe atherosclerosis or occlusion.
Giant cell tumors (GCTs) are a type of benign or rarely malignant bone tumor that is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. These tumors typically affect adults between the ages of 20 and 40, and they can occur in any bone, but they most commonly involve the long bones near the knee joint.
GCTs are composed of three types of cells: mononuclear stromal cells, which produce the matrix of the tumor; multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, which resemble the bone-resorbing cells found in normal bone; and macrophages, which are part of the body's immune system.
The mononuclear stromal cells produce a variety of growth factors that stimulate the formation and activity of the osteoclast-like giant cells, leading to localized bone destruction. The tumor may cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area.
While GCTs are typically benign, they can be aggressive and locally destructive, with a tendency to recur after surgical removal. In some cases, GCTs may undergo malignant transformation, leading to the development of sarcomas. Treatment options for GCTs include curettage (scraping out) of the tumor, followed by bone grafting or the use of a cement spacer to fill the defect, and/or adjuvant therapy with radiation or chemotherapy.
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, systemic necrotizing vasculitis that affects medium-sized and small muscular arteries. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the walls of the arteries, leading to the formation of microaneurysms (small bulges in the artery wall) and subsequent narrowing or complete occlusion of the affected vessels. This can result in tissue ischemia (reduced blood flow) and infarction (tissue death), causing a wide range of clinical manifestations that vary depending on the organs involved.
The exact cause of PAN remains unclear, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response triggered by various factors such as infections or exposure to certain drugs. The diagnosis of PAN typically requires a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, often supported by histopathological examination of affected tissues. Treatment usually involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the arteries and organs.
Adie syndrome, also known as Adie's pupil or tonic pupil, is a neurological disorder that affects the autonomic nervous system and the eye. It is characterized by a pupil that is dilated and unresponsive to light, but slowly constricts when focusing on nearby objects (a phenomenon called "light-near dissociation"). This occurs due to damage to the ciliary ganglion or the short ciliary nerves, which control the size of the pupil.
Additional symptoms of Adie syndrome may include decreased deep tendon reflexes, especially in the ankles, and abnormal sweating patterns. The condition is usually not painful and does not typically affect vision, although some people with Adie syndrome may experience difficulty with reading due to the slow pupillary response.
The exact cause of Adie syndrome is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a viral infection or an autoimmune disorder. It is more common in women than men and typically occurs between the ages of 20 and 40. While there is no cure for Adie syndrome, treatment may include the use of glasses with bifocal lenses or reading glasses, as well as physical therapy to improve muscle tone and reflexes.
A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:
1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.
2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.
3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.
4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.
5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.
After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.
A giant cell granuloma is a type of non-cancerous (benign) lesion characterized by the presence of large collections of immune cells called macrophages, which have fused together to form multinucleated giant cells. These lesions can occur in various tissues throughout the body but are most commonly found in the oral cavity and jawbone.
Giant cell granulomas can be further classified into two types: central (or bone) giant cell granuloma and peripheral giant cell granuloma. Central giant cell granulomas arise from the bone, while peripheral giant cell granulomas occur in the soft tissues of the gingiva or mouth lining.
Central giant cell granulomas are more aggressive than peripheral ones and can cause significant bone destruction if left untreated. They typically affect younger individuals, with a higher prevalence in females than males. The exact cause of central giant cell granulomas is not well understood but may be associated with local trauma, hormonal imbalances, or genetic factors.
Peripheral giant cell granulomas are less aggressive and usually present as painless, slow-growing nodules on the gums. They typically affect adults, with a higher prevalence in females than males. Peripheral giant cell granulomas may be associated with local irritants such as plaque, calculus, or dental restorations.
Treatment for giant cell granulomas depends on their size, location, and aggressiveness. Surgical excision is the most common treatment approach, but other options such as curettage, corticosteroid injections, or medication therapy may also be considered. Regular follow-up appointments with a healthcare provider are essential to monitor for recurrence.
Ecchymosis is a medical term that refers to a discoloration of the skin caused by the leakage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the tissues beneath. It is typically caused by trauma or injury to the affected area, which results in the escape of blood from the damaged blood vessels. The escaped blood collects under the skin, causing a bruise or a purple, blue, or blackish patch on the skin's surface.
Ecchymosis can occur anywhere on the body and can vary in size and shape depending on the extent of the injury. While ecchymosis is generally harmless and resolves on its own within a few days to a week, it can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as a bleeding disorder or a blood vessel abnormality. In these cases, further evaluation and treatment may be necessary.
Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of hormones that naturally occur in the body and are produced by the adrenal gland. It is often used to treat various medical conditions such as inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Methylprednisolone works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and redness.
Methylprednisolone is available in several forms, including tablets, oral suspension, and injectable solutions. It may be used for short-term or long-term treatment, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of methylprednisolone include increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use of methylprednisolone can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, and adrenal suppression.
It is important to note that methylprednisolone should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects if not used properly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on various factors such as the patient's age, weight, medical history, and the condition being treated.
Mydriasis is a medical term that refers to the dilation or enlargement of the pupil, which is the black circular opening in the center of the iris (the colored part) of the eye. The pupil normally adjusts its size in response to changes in light levels and emotional state. In mydriasis, the pupil becomes widely dilated and less responsive to light. This can occur naturally due to factors such as strong emotions, fear, or physical exertion, but it can also be caused by certain medications, eye drops, or medical conditions like brain injuries or neurological disorders. It is important to note that mydriasis can affect one or both eyes and may have different clinical significance depending on the context.
Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a type of corticosteroid hormone. It is primarily used to reduce inflammation in various conditions such as asthma, allergies, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Prednisone works by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by the adrenal glands, suppressing the immune system's response and reducing the release of substances that cause inflammation.
It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken at specific times during the day, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of prednisone include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and easy bruising. Long-term use or high doses can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and increased susceptibility to infections.
Healthcare providers closely monitor patients taking prednisone for extended periods to minimize the risk of adverse effects. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and not discontinue the medication abruptly without medical supervision, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a rebound of the underlying condition.
Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.
The scalp is the anatomical region located at the upper part of the human head, covering the skull except for the face and the ears. It is made up of several layers: the skin, the connective tissue, the galea aponeurotica (a strong, flat, tendinous sheet), loose areolar tissue, and the periosteum (the highly vascularized innermost layer that attaches directly to the skull bones). The scalp has a rich blood supply and is home to numerous sensory receptors, including those for touch, pain, and temperature. It also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
A Pathology Department in a hospital is a division that is responsible for the examination and diagnosis of diseases through the laboratory analysis of tissue, fluid, and other samples. It plays a crucial role in providing accurate diagnoses, treatment planning, and monitoring of patients' health statuses. The department is typically staffed by pathologists (physicians who specialize in interpreting medical tests and diagnosing diseases), as well as laboratory technologists, technicians, and assistants.
The Pathology Department provides various services, including:
1. Anatomical Pathology - Examination of tissue specimens to identify abnormalities, such as cancerous growths or other diseases. This includes surgical pathology, cytopathology (examining individual cells), and autopsy pathology.
2. Clinical Pathology - Analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid, to assess chemical, hematological, immunological, and microbiological aspects. This includes hematology (study of blood cells), clinical chemistry (analysis of body chemicals), immunopathology (study of immune system disorders), and microbiology (identification and classification of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites).
3. Molecular Pathology - Analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins to identify genetic mutations or abnormalities that contribute to diseases, particularly cancer. This information can help guide targeted therapies and personalized treatment plans.
4. Forensic Pathology - Examination of bodies to determine the cause and manner of death in cases of suspected criminal activity, accidents, or other suspicious circumstances.
The Pathology Department's work is essential for providing accurate diagnoses, determining appropriate treatments, monitoring disease progression, and conducting medical research.
The subclavian artery is a major blood vessel that supplies the upper limb and important structures in the neck and head. It arises from the brachiocephalic trunk (in the case of the right subclavian artery) or directly from the aortic arch (in the case of the left subclavian artery).
The subclavian artery has several branches, including:
1. The vertebral artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum.
2. The internal thoracic artery (also known as the mammary artery), which supplies blood to the chest wall, breast, and anterior mediastinum.
3. The thyrocervical trunk, which gives rise to several branches that supply the neck, including the inferior thyroid artery, the suprascapular artery, and the transverse cervical artery.
4. The costocervical trunk, which supplies blood to the neck and upper back, including the posterior chest wall and the lower neck muscles.
The subclavian artery is a critical vessel in maintaining adequate blood flow to the upper limb, and any blockage or damage to this vessel can lead to significant morbidity, including arm pain, numbness, weakness, or even loss of function.
Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or obstruction of the retinal artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the retina. This blockage typically occurs due to embolism (a small clot or debris that travels to the retinal artery), thrombosis (blood clot formation in the artery), or vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels).
There are two types of retinal artery occlusions:
1. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO): This type occurs when the main retinal artery is obstructed, affecting the entire inner layer of the retina. It can lead to severe and sudden vision loss in the affected eye.
2. Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO): This type affects a branch of the retinal artery, causing visual field loss in the corresponding area. Although it is less severe than CRAO, it can still result in noticeable vision impairment.
Immediate medical attention is crucial for both types of RAO to improve the chances of recovery and minimize potential damage to the eye and vision. Treatment options may include medications, laser therapy, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition.
The vasa vasorum are small blood vessels that supply larger blood vessels, such as the arteries and veins, with oxygen and nutrients. They are located in the outer layers (the adventitia and media) of these larger vessels and form a network of vessels that surround and penetrate the walls of the larger vessels. The vasa vasorum are particularly important in supplying blood to the thicker walls of larger arteries, such as the aorta, where diffusion from the lumen may not be sufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the vessel wall.
Subclavian Steal Syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when there is a narrowing or blockage (stenosis) in the subclavian artery, usually at or near its origin from the aorta. This stenosis causes reduced blood flow to the ipsilateral upper extremity. The decreased blood supply to the arm leads to reversal of flow in the vertebral artery, which normally supplies blood to the brain and neck structures. As a result, the brain may receive insufficient blood flow, causing symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, syncope (fainting), or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes").
The syndrome is called 'subclavian steal' because the vertebral artery essentially "steals" blood from the circle of Willis (the network of arteries at the base of the brain) to compensate for the reduced flow in the subclavian artery. The condition most commonly affects the left subclavian artery, but it can also occur on the right side or both sides.
Subclavian Steal Syndrome is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography (CTA), or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Treatment options include surgical bypass, endovascular stenting, or medication to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of stroke.
Vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause changes in the vessel walls including thickening, narrowing, or weakening. These changes can restrict blood flow, leading to organ and tissue damage. The specific symptoms and severity of vasculitis depend on the size and location of the affected blood vessels and the extent of inflammation. Vasculitis can affect any organ system in the body, and its causes can vary, including infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain medications or chemicals.
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.
The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:
1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
The main adrenal cortex hormones include:
1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.
Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).
Infarction is the term used in medicine to describe the death of tissue (also known as an "area of necrosis") due to the lack of blood supply. This can occur when a blood vessel that supplies oxygen and nutrients to a particular area of the body becomes blocked or obstructed, leading to the deprivation of oxygen and nutrients necessary for the survival of cells in that region.
The blockage in the blood vessel is usually caused by a clot (thrombus) or an embolus, which is a small particle that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a smaller vessel. The severity and extent of infarction depend on several factors, including the size and location of the affected blood vessel, the duration of the obstruction, and the presence of collateral circulation (alternative blood vessels that can compensate for the blocked one).
Common examples of infarctions include myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebral infarction (stroke), and pulmonary infarction (lung tissue death due to obstruction in the lung's blood vessels). Infarctions can lead to various symptoms, depending on the affected organ or tissue, and may require medical intervention to manage complications and prevent further damage.
Anti-inflammatory agents are a class of drugs or substances that reduce inflammation in the body. They work by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are released during an immune response and contribute to symptoms like pain, swelling, redness, and warmth.
There are two main types of anti-inflammatory agents: steroidal and nonsteroidal. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) include corticosteroids, which mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a larger group that includes both prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.
While both types of anti-inflammatory agents can be effective in reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms, they differ in their mechanisms of action, side effects, and potential risks. Long-term use of NSAIDs, for example, can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and cardiovascular events. Corticosteroids can have significant side effects as well, particularly with long-term use, including weight gain, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections.
It's important to use anti-inflammatory agents only as directed by a healthcare provider, and to be aware of potential risks and interactions with other medications or health conditions.
Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:
1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.
A "Giant Cell Carcinoma" is a type of cancer that originates from epithelial cells and is characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells called giant cells. These giant cells are formed by the fusion of several individual cells, resulting in a single, large cell with multiple nuclei. Giant cell carcinomas can occur in various organs, including the lungs, esophagus, and thyroid gland.
Giant cell carcinoma of the lung is a rare and aggressive form of lung cancer that typically affects smokers. It is characterized by the presence of large, bizarre cells with multiple nuclei, as well as a high degree of cellular pleomorphism (variation in size and shape of cells). This type of lung cancer tends to grow and spread quickly, making it difficult to treat.
Giant cell carcinoma of the esophagus is also a rare and aggressive form of cancer that affects the esophagus. It is characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells with multiple nuclei, as well as a high degree of cellular pleomorphism. This type of esophageal cancer tends to grow and spread quickly, making it difficult to treat.
Giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an extremely rare form of thyroid cancer that affects the thyroid gland. It is characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells with multiple nuclei, as well as a high degree of cellular pleomorphism. This type of thyroid cancer tends to grow and spread quickly, making it difficult to treat.
Overall, giant cell carcinomas are aggressive forms of cancer that can occur in various organs. They are characterized by the presence of large, abnormal cells with multiple nuclei, as well as a high degree of cellular pleomorphism. Due to their aggressive nature and tendency to grow and spread quickly, giant cell carcinomas can be difficult to treat.
Systemic vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis) that can affect various organs and systems throughout the body. This condition can cause damage to the walls of the blood vessels, leading to narrowing, blockage, or weakening of the vessel walls, which can further result in reduced blood flow, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction.
The symptoms of systemic vasculitis depend on the severity and location of the affected blood vessels. They may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, joint pain, skin rashes or lesions, muscle weakness, nerve damage, and organ dysfunction such as kidney failure, lung disease, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
Systemic vasculitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, and underlying medical conditions. The diagnosis of systemic vasculitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and other medications to control inflammation and prevent organ damage.
"Foreign bodies" refer to any object or substance that is not normally present in a particular location within the body. These can range from relatively harmless items such as splinters or pieces of food in the skin or gastrointestinal tract, to more serious objects like bullets or sharp instruments that can cause significant damage and infection.
Foreign bodies can enter the body through various routes, including ingestion, inhalation, injection, or penetrating trauma. The location of the foreign body will determine the potential for harm and the necessary treatment. Some foreign bodies may pass through the body without causing harm, while others may require medical intervention such as removal or surgical extraction.
It is important to seek medical attention if a foreign body is suspected, as untreated foreign bodies can lead to complications such as infection, inflammation, and tissue damage.
Retinal vasculitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can cause damage to the retina and may lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. The inflammation can affect both the small and large blood vessels in the retina and can occur as a result of various systemic diseases or infections, including autoimmune disorders, tuberculosis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis. In some cases, retinal vasculitis may also be associated with uveitis, which is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the retina.
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis (AAV) is a group of autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to small blood vessels, particularly capillaries, venules, and arterioles. The condition is named after the presence of ANCAs in the patient's serum, which are autoantibodies that target specific proteins in the neutrophil cytoplasm.
AAV includes several subtypes, including:
1. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA, formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis) - a form of AAV that typically affects the respiratory tract and kidneys, characterized by the presence of granulomas (clusters of inflammatory cells).
2. Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) - a form of AAV that primarily affects small vessels in various organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, and skin.
3. Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) - a form of AAV that involves asthma, allergies, and eosinophilia (an increased number of eosinophils in the blood), along with vasculitis affecting various organs.
The exact cause of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an interplay between genetic factors, environmental triggers, and dysregulation of the immune system. The condition can lead to a wide range of symptoms depending on which organs are affected, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, joint pain, skin rashes, cough, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, and kidney problems. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications to control inflammation and prevent further damage to the affected organs.
Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is characterized by the following signs: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and functio laesa (loss of function). The process involves the activation of the immune system, recruitment of white blood cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to the elimination of the injurious stimuli and initiation of the healing process. However, uncontrolled or chronic inflammation can also lead to tissue damage and diseases.
Vasculitis, Central Nervous System (CNS), refers to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels within the brain and/or spinal cord. This inflammation can cause damage to the blood vessel walls, leading to narrowing, blocking or weakening of the vessels, and in some cases, formation of aneurysms or rupture of the vessels.
The causes of CNS vasculitis are varied and can include infections, autoimmune diseases, medications, and unknown factors. The symptoms of CNS vasculitis depend on the severity and location of the inflammation, and may include headache, seizures, stroke-like symptoms (such as weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs), cognitive changes, and in severe cases, coma.
Diagnosis of CNS vasculitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or angiography), and laboratory tests (including blood tests and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid). Treatment may involve corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and/or other therapies aimed at reducing inflammation and preventing further damage to the blood vessels.
Giant cell arteritis
Bone disease
Acute visual loss
Frederick Redlich
Amaurosis fugax
Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Vasa vasorum
Vasculitis
Neuromuscular disease
Arteritis
Halo sign
Ocular ischemic syndrome
Fibrin ring granuloma
Internal elastic lamina
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Takayasu's arteritis
Bayard Taylor Horton
Central retinal artery occlusion
Sohan Hayreh
Duffy antigen system
Annapoorna Kini
Systemic vasculitis
Deep temporal arteries
Adolf Hitler
Tocilizumab
Tinnitus
Jaw claudication
Claudication
Central serous chorioretinopathy
Giant cell
Giant cell arteritis - Wikipedia
Temporal Arteritis | Giant Cell Arteritis | MedlinePlus
Masked presentation of giant-cell arteritis
Giant Cell Arteritis Imaging: Practice Essentials
Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: More than just an inflammatory condition?
What To Do When You Suspect Giant Cell Arteritis - American Academy of Ophthalmology
giant cell arteritis | pharmaphorum
Giant Cell Arteritis and Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathies | IntechOpen
Taking a Practical Approach to Giant Cell Arteritis
Videos: Giant Cell Arteritis - Vasculitis Foundation
Clinical Updates in the Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis: Highlights From Washington, DC
An approach to giant cell arteritis (GCA) | HSTalks
Giant Cell Arteritis- Who to Refer to? | West Indian Medical Journal
Giant Cell Arteritis: Current treatments and future directions - Vasculitis Foundation
The clinical and laboratory course of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis after the first two months of treatment. |...
Does preoperative steroid treatment affect the histology in giant cell (cranial) arteritis? | Journal of Clinical Pathology
Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion with retrograde basilary flow in three cases of giant cell arteritis | BMJ Case Reports
What Is Giant Cell Arteritis? Symptoms, Causes, Treatments
Lower Frequency of Comorbidities Prior to Onset of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Population-Based Study | The Journal of Rheumatology
Who is working on investigational drugs for Giant Cell Arteritis? Patents, clinical trials, drugs in development
Therapeutics Education Collaboration | 11.3 Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant-Cell Arteritis
"Severe intracranial involvement in giant cell arteritis: 5 cases and l" by Roaa S. Alsolaimani, Sankalp V. Bhavsar et al.
Giant cell arteritis : immunopathology, long-term corticosteroid treatment and mortality
Repetitive 18F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with large-vessel giant-cell arteritis and controlled disease | European Federation of...
Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with giant cell arteritis: study protocol for a randomized, parallel group,...
Arteritis: Causes, Types & Diagnosis
Dynamics in Peripheral Blood Cell Counts in Giant Cell Arteritis before Treatment, during Treatment and in Treatment-Free...
Vasculitis: Treatment, symptoms, causes, and types
Giant Cell Arteritis - Rheumatology Advisor
Known as temporal arteritis6
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is a granulomatous vasculitis that mostly affects large- and medium-sized arteries, particularly the branches of the proximal aorta. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- Giant cell arteritis, also known as temporal arteritis or cranial arteritis, is an inflammation of the lining of the large and medium arteries of the head, especially those in the temples. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) also known as temporal arteritis is a sight- and life-threatening, granulomatous large-vessel condition. (lu.se)
- Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), also known as temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory condition that predominantly affects the arteries, particularly those in the head and neck region. (seniorhomeplus.co.uk)
- Giant cell arteritis, or also known as temporal arteritis is one of the rheumatological condition that need an urgent diagnosis. (fortunepublish.com)
- Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), also known as Temporal Arteritis, is an autoimmune disease that affects the blood vessels, particularly the large and medium-sized arteries in the head, neck, and upper body. (sicknotdead.com)
Approach to Giant Cell Arte1
- A New, Effective Approach to Giant Cell Arteritis - Medscape - Dec 18, 2015. (medscape.com)
Biopsy9
- The gold standard for diagnosing temporal arteritis is biopsy, which involves removing a small part of the vessel under local anesthesia and examining it microscopically for giant cells infiltrating the tissue. (wikipedia.org)
- Characterised as intimal hyperplasia and medial granulomatous inflammation with elastic lamina fragmentation with a CD 4+ predominant T cell infiltrate, currently biopsy is only considered confirmatory for the clinical diagnosis, or one of the diagnostic criteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Low-power view of a temporal artery biopsy sample shows giant cell arteritis. (medscape.com)
- The most definitive test for giant cell arteritis is usually a biopsy of a temporal artery. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Longitudinal section of a temporal artery biopsy that is negative (GCA-) and positive (GCA+) för arteritis. (lu.se)
- Temporal artery biopsy was performed, ultimately revealing a subtype of giant cell arteritis. (jkos.org)
- This case was finally diagnosed as a subtype of giant cell arteritis through temporal artery biopsy, despite the absence of typical clinical symptoms of this condition. (jkos.org)
- We report a case of biopsy -proven giant cell arteritis after an initial presentation of area postrema syndrome . (bvsalud.org)
- He was diagnosed with giant cell arteritis after ultrasonography and biopsy were performed. (bvsalud.org)
Cranial arteritis2
- Does preoperative steroid treatment affect the histology in giant cell (cranial) arteritis? (bmj.com)
- Giant cell arteritis - also called temporal arteritis or cranial arteritis - is a disorder in which the lining of the large blood vessels in your head, and sometimes other parts of the body, become inflamed, which can narrow or completely block the affected arteries, compromising blood flow. (creakyjoints.org)
Arteries17
- Giant cell arteritis is a disorder that causes inflammation of your arteries, usually in the scalp, neck, and arms. (medlineplus.gov)
- Giant cell arteritis is a systemic obliterative vasculitis mainly involving the arteries that originate from the arch of the aorta. (medscape.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is characterized by intimal hyperplasia and luminal obstruction leading to ischemic manifestations involving extra-cranial branches of carotid arteries and aorta. (nih.gov)
- This is almost invariably due to giant cell arteritis (GCA), which is a primary vasculitis that affects extracranial medium (especially external carotid artery-ECA-branches) and sometimes large arteries (aorta and its major branches)-large-vessel GCA [ 3 , 4 ]. (intechopen.com)
- In one sequential histopathologic review of temporal arteries taken from consecutive autopsies in Sweden, the true prevalence of histopathologic temporal arteritis is appeared to be closer to one percent. (hstalks.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic immune-mediated vasculitis affecting the medium and large arteries. (uwi.edu)
- Giant cell arteritis is so named because when you look at biopsies of inflamed temporal arteries (those on the side of your head in front of your ears) under a microscope, you can see large or "giant" cells. (creakyjoints.org)
- Involvement of intracranial arteries in giant cell arteritis (GCA) is rare. (uwo.ca)
- Arteritis involved the following vessels: intracranial internal carotid (n = 1), vertebrobasilar arteries (n = 1), or both (n = 3). (uwo.ca)
- One key pathological finding in giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the presence of interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-17 producing T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells in affected arteries. (biomedcentral.com)
- Arteritis refers to inflammation of your arteries that damages your blood vessel walls and reduces blood flow to your organs. (healthline.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or temporal arteritis, is an inflammation of your superficial temporal artery and the other arteries supplying blood to your head, eyes, and jaw. (healthline.com)
- Giant Cell Arteritis is characterized by inflammation of the large and medium-sized arteries, most commonly the temporal arteries located on the sides of the head. (seniorhomeplus.co.uk)
- In conclusion, Giant Cell Arteritis is an inflammatory condition that affects arteries, primarily in the head and neck region, and carries the potential risk of vision loss. (seniorhomeplus.co.uk)
- Arteritis is inflammation of your arteries. (msdmanuals.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous vasculitis that selectively targets medium-sized and large arteries, especially the cranial branches of the aorta. (elsevierpure.com)
- Recent studies have described a distinctive population of dendritic cells (DCs) localized at the adventitia-media border of normal medium-sized arteries that appear to play a critical role in the initiation of vasculitis. (elsevierpure.com)
Takayasu3
- The two main types of large vessel vasculitis are Takayasu arteritis (TA) and GCA. (biomedcentral.com)
- Current biomarkers used in giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK) are insufficiently specific for assessing disease activity. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Giant cell arteritis occurs in those aged 50 years and over and seems to mainly affect persons of northern European ancestry, whereas Takayasu arteritis occurs mainly in those aged under 40 years. (lu.se)
Risk factors for giant cell arte1
- 12 Other risk factors for giant cell arteritis are smoking history and increased diastolic blood pressure. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
Treat giant cell arte2
- It is critical to treat giant cell arteritis promptly because it can lead to serious consequences, including tissue damage, stroke, or aortic aneurysm. (tamparheumatology.com)
- How do doctors treat giant cell arteritis? (msdmanuals.com)
Vasculitis10
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common form of primary systemic vasculitis. (hcplive.com)
- Giant cell arteristis is a primary systemic large vessel vasculitis characterized by granulomatous inflammation at the blood vessel walls. (hstalks.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic large vessel vasculitis affecting people aged 50 years and older. (biomedcentral.com)
- Vasculitis is also called angiitis and arteritis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In adults, giant cell arteritis is the most frequent kind of vasculitis, especially in Western countries. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- In 2012, giant cell arteritis was categorized as a large vessel vasculitis by the Revised Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature, 4 encouraging the adoption of the equivalent term, large vessel GCA . (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- Giant cell arteritis is the most frequent systemic vasculitis involving large and medium vessels, with advanced age being the most significant risk factor. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- A switch of adventitial DCs from being nonstimulatory to T-cell activating emerges as a critical event in the initiation of vasculitis. (elsevierpure.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a sight‐ and life‐threatening, granulomatous large‐vessel vasculitis. (lu.se)
- Although much less common than giant cell arteritis, the different forms of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis are being increasingly recognized in most populations and occur more frequently with increasing age. (lu.se)
Arteritic anterior i1
- We report a case of papilledema without the typical symptoms of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, ultimately diagnosed as a subtype of giant cell arteritis, which has not been reported previously in Korea. (jkos.org)
Symptoms10
- Women and men approximately 45 years old and who suffer from several complaints (at least 5 of the 16 symptoms) listed below could have giant cell arteritis. (wikipedia.org)
- Early symptoms of giant cell arteritis resemble the flu: fatigue, loss of appetite, and fever. (medlineplus.gov)
- The more you know about giant cell arteritis - including recognizing its symptoms and understanding how it is treated - the better position you'll be in to get prompt medical help and manage your condition. (creakyjoints.org)
- Like other forms of arteritis, PN often begins with a cluster of flu-like symptoms. (healthline.com)
- A series of tests may be necessary to differentiate giant cell arteritis from other conditions with similar symptoms. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Symptoms of giant cell arteritis may start suddenly or come on slowly over several weeks. (msdmanuals.com)
- Other notable symptoms of temporal arteritis include jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, blurring of vision, fever, anorexia and polymyalgia [4]. (fortunepublish.com)
- In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for GCA, including potential medications and natural remedies, and diets that are suitable for those who have Giant Cell Arteritis. (sicknotdead.com)
- If you observe any concerning signs and symptoms regarding your health you need to consult doctors for Giant Cell Arteritis without a delay. (healthwire.pk)
- You should know the symptoms of giant cell arteritis so you know what to. (flamenplasma.com)
Test for giant cell arte1
- There is no specific test for giant cell arteritis, but you may have tests that measure inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)
Systemic2
- Systemic administration of ligands for TLR2 or -4 in human artery-SCID chimeras drives differentiation of adventitial DCs into chemokine-producing effector cells with high-level expression of both CD83 and CD86 and mediates T-cell regulatory function through release of interleukin 18. (elsevierpure.com)
- Decreased plasma IL-22 levels and correlations with IL-22-producing T helper cells in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. (medscape.com)
Patients19
- Dr. Vivek Patel shares tips on mitigating vision loss in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA). (aao.org)
- Most of my patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) had never heard of GCA before they were diagnosed," says Sarah Mackie, a rheumatologist in Leeds, UK, and a founding member of the UK TARGET Consortium, which promotes research and innovation in giant cell arteritis. (creakyjoints.org)
- Upon successful completion of this activity, participants should be better able to implement evidence-based, glucocorticoid-sparing treatment strategies for patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) who may benefit. (healio.com)
- Approximately 15 percent of patients with polymyalgia develop giant cell arteritis. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Patients with giant cell arteritis may also be advised to begin a regimen of aspirin to increase blood flow and lessen the risk of aneurysm, blindness, or stroke. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Researchers reveal that the benefit of intravenous glucocorticoid treatment in patients with giant cell arteritis may not be significant enough to risk exposure to the drugs' toxicity. (consultant360.com)
- Patients with large-vessel giant cell arteritis may see disease improvement when treated early with steroid-sparing agents, recent research reveals. (consultant360.com)
- As the corticosteroids were tapered, there were fewer relapses in patients treated with tocilizumab compared with those treated with placebo, suggesting that tocilizumab is a very effective potential therapy for patients with giant cell arteritis. (medscape.com)
- Like in the other presentation, patients with active giant cell arteritis were treated with abatacept, a T cell costimulation inhibitor, and corticosteroids with a standardized tapering regimen. (medscape.com)
- These two papers taken together suggest that we are now entering an era of biologic therapy, or potential biologic therapy, to spare the need for long-term, high-dose corticosteroids in patients with giant cell arteritis. (medscape.com)
- This study aimed to evaluate the relative risk of malignancy in patients with Takayasu's arteritis compared to that in the general population. (nature.com)
- All newly diagnosed patients with Takayasu's arteritis were identified between January 2009 and December 2019. (nature.com)
- We identified 1449 newly diagnosed patients with Takayasu's arteritis during the observational period (9196 person-years). (nature.com)
- An increased risk of malignancy was observed in patients with Takayasu's arteritis compared to that in the general population in this large-scale nationwide population study of Korean health insurance data. (nature.com)
- A new study offers both hope and a practical treatment option for patients with giant cell arteritis (gca). (flamenplasma.com)
- The use of oral steroids in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis is associated with a significant increase in the risk for. (flamenplasma.com)
- Number of patients with giant cell arteritis who were attended to. (revclinesp.es)
- The purpose of this study was to learn about the clinical practice of specialists who care for patients with giant cell arteritis, to verify whether they follow the diagnosis and treatment recommendations for this disease, and to identify areas for improvement. (revclinesp.es)
- The physicians surveyed cared for a median of 10 patients (interquartile range 6-30) with giant cell arteritis during their practice. (revclinesp.es)
Corticosteroids3
- Giant cell arteritis is treated with high doses of corticosteroids, such as prednisone. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment of giant cell arteritis. (flamenplasma.com)
- Giant cell arteritis requires high-dose corticosteroids, which should never be. (flamenplasma.com)
Clinical3
- The clinical and laboratory course of polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis after the first two months of treatment. (bmj.com)
- OBJECTIVES--To examine the clinical course of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) in a prospective study, after the initial two months. (bmj.com)
- 5 With a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 91.2%, the presence of 3 or more of the 5 criteria is regarded as sufficient to make a clinical diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
Vessel7
- Here we review recent advances in the pathogenesis of GCA, with emphasis on the interactions between cells of the immune system and components of the vessel wall, including vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, leading to vascular remodeling. (nih.gov)
- 18F-FDG PET/CT can detect large-vessel involvement in giant-cell arteritis (GCA) with a good sensitivity. (efim.org)
- This could be linked to concurrent aging of the immune system and the blood vessel wall, where dendritic cells are generally found. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- Some unknown triggers cause abnormal maturation of vascular dendritic cells in the adventitia of large vessel walls. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- Giant cell arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis and isolated aortitis have been seen as separate diseases distinguished by age at onset and pattern of vessel involvement, but they may be more similar than previously known. (clevelandclinic.org)
- The inflammatory activity of vascular lesions is driven by adaptive immune responses, with CD4 T cells undergoing clonal expansion in the vessel wall and releasing interferon gamma. (elsevierpure.com)
- Vessel affected by giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis). (lu.se)
Takayasu's Arteritis1
- Zeiger, Roni F.. "Takayasu's Arteritis (pulseless Disease). (unboundmedicine.com)
Blindness1
- Although giant cell arteritis is rare in Korea, it can cause permanent blindness. (jkos.org)
Aorta2
- MRA or CTA of the entire aorta and its branches are critical when extracranial giant cell arteritis is suspected. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Rarely, giant cell arteritis affects your aorta, the main artery coming out of your heart. (msdmanuals.com)
Corticosteroid1
- Backgroundfailure of response of giant cell arteritis (gca) to corticosteroid therapy has invariably been attributed to the delay in diagnosing the disease or t. (flamenplasma.com)
Treatment8
- Rapid treatment is necessary to prevent organ damage from arteritis. (healthline.com)
- A rheumatologist discusses the differential diagnosis and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and its close cousin, giant cell arteritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
- There were two interesting presentations at the late-breaking abstract session about treatment of giant cell arteritis with biologic agents. (medscape.com)
- Giant cell arteritis is one the sight threatening emergency that needs urgent treatment [1]. (fortunepublish.com)
- For all the queries for Giant Cell Arteritis treatment in Lahore, you can easily reach out to the best doctor for Giant Cell Arteritis near you anywhere in Pakistan via Healthwire. (healthwire.pk)
- Our best Giant Cell Arteritis doctors in Lahore will help you with a customized and affordable treatment plan as needed. (healthwire.pk)
- Treatment of refractory giant cell arteritis with cyclophosphamide. (flamenplasma.com)
- The survey was completed by 167 physicians (64% rheumatologists, 27% internal medicine specialists, and 9% other specialists) who attended a course on updating giant cell arteritis treatment. (revclinesp.es)
Disease8
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of large blood vessels. (wikipedia.org)
- Giant cell arteritis is a disease of elderly persons, the incidence of which increases with increasing age. (medscape.com)
- Roche/Genentech's Actemra could have a new use soon, after a successful phase 3 trial in the inflamed artery disease, giant cell arteritis. (pharmaphorum.com)
- By definition, giant cell arteristis is a disease affecting persons over the age of 50 and it is about three times more common in women than men. (hstalks.com)
- Giant cell arteritis (GCA), or temporal arteritis, is not a well-known disease. (creakyjoints.org)
- Giant cell arteritis rarely occurs in people younger than 50 years of age and women are twice as likely to develop the disease as men. (tamparheumatology.com)
- Giant cell arteritis is a disease that we face infrequently, but that can have very serious consequences. (medscape.com)
- 1. Monti S, Bartoletti A, Bellis E, Delvino P, Montecucco C. Fast-Track Ultrasound Clinic for the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis Changes the Prognosis of the Disease but Not the Risk of Future Relapse. (acrabstracts.org)
Complications1
- however, they may be used to diagnose complications due to giant cell arteritis, such as stroke. (medscape.com)
Abstract1
- ABSTRACT: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a major cause of vision loss and other health problems. (hcplive.com)
American College of R2
- The American College of Rheumatology developed classification criteria for giant cell arteritis in 1990, which are listed below. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- I am here in San Francisco, attending the 2015 American College of Rheumatology annual scientific meeting, and I would like to share with you two very interesting presentations about giant cell arteritis, both of which were delivered as late-breaking abstracts yesterday. (medscape.com)
Artery2
- Damaged artery cells respond to the injury leading to a defective repair, which in turn leads to media thickening, luminal blockage, ischemia , and ultimately end-organ damage. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
- It's sometimes called temporal arteritis because it very often affects an artery on your temple (the side of your head). (msdmanuals.com)
Autoimmune disorder1
- The US regulator is to quickly review Roche/Genentech's Actemra for the autoimmune disorder, giant cell arteritis (GCA). (pharmaphorum.com)
Aortic1
- Takeyasu's arteritis, also known as aortic arch syndrome or nonspecific aortoarteritis, predominately affects young to middle-aged females of Asian descent. (healthline.com)
Rarely1
- However, when properly treated, giant cell arteritis rarely comes back. (medlineplus.gov)
Occurs1
- Giant cell arteritis often occurs with another disorder called polymyalgia rheumatica . (medlineplus.gov)
Ultrasonography1
- The presence of a halo sign is a criterion used to diagnose giant cell arteritis with color Doppler ultrasonography. (medscape.com)
Headache1
- Despite being a common rheumatological condition, especially in the elderly population, giant cell arteritis can easily be missed as the commonest symptom is temporal headache which has a multitude of causes including tension headache and ophthalmological causes [3]. (fortunepublish.com)
Vascular4
- Questions remain regarding the nature of the antigen(s) triggering dendritic cell activation and the mechanisms underlying vascular remodeling. (nih.gov)
- While already common practice in Europe, the use of vascular ultrasound to diagnose giant cell arteritis has been limited in the United States. (consultant360.com)
- Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. (elsevierpure.com)
- Dive into the research topics of 'Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. (elsevierpure.com)
Inflammatory2
- Pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis: More than just an inflammatory condition? (nih.gov)
- antibody-mediated DC depletion disrupts T-cell and macrophage activation and has marked anti-inflammatory effects. (elsevierpure.com)
Steroid therapy1
- If a person does not respond well to steroid therapy, a doctor may prescribe cytotoxic drugs that stop the immune system cells that cause inflammation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Syndrome2
- Workup evaluating for giant cell arteritis, orbital apex syndrome and other conditions eventually leads to the diagnosis of orbital fungal infection. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Isolated Area Postrema Syndrome Preceding the Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis: A Case Report. (bvsalud.org)
Blood vessels2
- Your immune cells attack the walls of your major blood vessels, causing varying degrees of damage. (healthline.com)
- The interior cells of your blood vessels may be weakened, making them prone to aneurysms. (healthline.com)
Severe1
- Severe intracranial involvement in giant cell arteritis: 5 cases and l" by Roaa S. Alsolaimani, Sankalp V. Bhavsar et al. (uwo.ca)
Complication2
- Vertebrobasilar ischaemia is a rare life-threatening complication in giant cell arteritis (GCA). (bmj.com)
- Permanent vision loss (PVL) remains the most feared complication of giant cell arteritis (GCA). (acrabstracts.org)
Diagnosis of giant1
- A diagnosis of giant cell arteritis was suspected and the patient was given a referral letter to the emergency unit of a nearby hospital. (fortunepublish.com)
Treatments1
- Laboratory findings, diagnostic methods, and best treatments for giant cell arteritis, a major cause of vision loss and other health problems. (hcplive.com)
Diagnose2
- This project focus on evaluating and optimizing photoacoustic (PA) imaging as a method to non invasively diagnose giant cell arthritis. (lu.se)
- In conclusion, it is of utmost importance to diagnose rheumatological condition, especially giant cell arteritis early as a slight delay in diagnosis can cause permanent harm to the patient. (fortunepublish.com)
Diagnostic1
- Cockey G, Shah SR, Hampton T. Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting with a Tongue Lesion-Diagnostic Dilemma. (fortunepublish.com)
EULAR1
- Our results indicate that the medical specialists surveyed follow the recent EULAR recommendations for giant cell arteritis diagnosis and therapy. (revclinesp.es)
Differentiate1
- Naive CD4+ cells are activated and differentiate to T helper (Th) 1 cells, Th17 cells, and T regulatory (Treg) cells. (rheumatologyadvisor.com)
Mononuclear1
- Classic histopathological findings include transmural inflammation with mononuclear cells and multinucleated giant cells. (hcplive.com)