Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia
Lymph Nodes
Human herpesvirus 8 in hematologic diseases. (1/254)
Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a new member of the g-herpesvirus family. It is an unusual herpesvirus in that it carries a large number of genes that encode oncoproteins or cell signaling proteins. In addition to being the causative agent of both HIV-associated and non-HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma this DNA tumor virus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. These include multiple myeloma (MM), Waldenstom's macroglobulinemia (WM), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), body cavity-based lymphoma (BCBL), and various other conditions such as sarcoidosis and pemphigus. While the causative role of the viral infection is fairly certain in the development of BCBL and multicentric Castleman's disease, HHV-8 may act through a different mechanism to induce plasma cell malignancies. It has been suggested though the finding is still controversial - that infection of bone marrow stromal dendritic cells by HHV-8 might be a key factor in the etiology and pathogenesis of monoclonal gammopathies. The aim of this review is to provide a short introduction into the tumorigenic potential of HHV-8 as well as to detail the available data and possible mechanisms on the involvement of this virus in different hematologic diseases. (+info)Cellular tropism and viral interleukin-6 expression distinguish human herpesvirus 8 involvement in Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. (2/254)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection has been implicated in the etiology of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), three diseases that frequently develop in immunocompromised, human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals. One hypothesis that would account for different pathological manifestations of infection by the same virus is that viral genes are differentially expressed in heterogeneous cell types. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the localization and levels of expression of two viral genes expressed in latent and lytic infections and the viral homologue of interleukin-6 (vIL-6). We show that PEL parallels KS in the pattern of latent and lytic cycle viral gene expression but that the predominant infected cell type is a B cell. We also show that MCD differs from KS not only in the infected cell type (B-cell and T-cell lineage) but also in the pattern of viral gene expression. Only a few cells in the lesion are infected and all of these cells express lytic-cycle genes. Of possibly greater significance is the fact that in a comparison of KS, PEL, and MCD, we found dramatic differences in the levels of expression of vIL-6. Interleukin-6 is a B-cell growth and differentiation factor whose altered expression has been linked to plasma cell abnormalities, as well as myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. Our findings support the hypothesis that HHV-8 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PEL and MCD, in which vIL-6 acts as an autocrine or paracrine factor in the lymphoproliferative processes common to both. (+info)Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected cells in Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. (3/254)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8, also called KSHV) is linked to the etiopathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The universal presence of HHV-8 in early KS has not yet been shown. We used a mAb (LN53) against latent nuclear antigen-1 (LNA-1) of HHV-8 encoded by ORF73 to study the distribution of the cell types latently infected by HHV-8 in patch, plaque, and nodular KS, MCD, and PEL. In early KS, HHV-8 is present in <10% of cells forming the walls of ectatic vessels. In nodular KS, HHV-8 is present in cells surrounding slit-like vessels and in >90% of spindle cells, but not in normal vascular endothelium. In addition, HHV-8 colocalizes with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), a marker of lymphatic and precursor endothelium. In early KS lesions, VEGFR-3 is more extensively expressed than LNA-1, indicating that HHV-8 is not inducing the proliferation of VEGFR-3-positive endothelium directly. In MCD, HHV-8 is present in mantle zone large immunoblastic B cells. No staining for LNA-1 is seen in samples from multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, and angiosarcoma, supporting the absence of any etiological link between these diseases and HHV-8. (+info)Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in the lung in multicentric Castleman's disease. (4/254)
A 32-year-old female was admitted for evaluation of multiple infiltrates on a chest radiograph. A diagnosis of multicentric Castleman's disease was made on the basis of typical clinical manifestations. Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) revealed histological findings reported in lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Both the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization with a probe specific for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) sequences demonstrated the presence of KSHV in the TBLB sample. (+info)Human herpesvirus 8 infection in patients with POEMS syndrome-associated multicentric Castleman's disease. (5/254)
The polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare multisystemic disorder associated with osteosclerotic myeloma and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) DNA sequences have been detected in lymph nodes of about 40% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients with MCD, and in bone marrow stromal cells of patients with multiple myeloma. Considering these data, we investigated the presence of HHV-8 in 18 patients with POEMS syndrome (9 with MCD), by nested polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR) to detect DNA sequenses in various cells and tissues obtained by biopsy or at autopsy (13 patients, of whom 7 had MCD), and by an immunofluorescence assay to detect anti-HHV-8 IgG antibodies in blood (18 patients, of whom 9 had MCD). Detection of HHV-8 DNA was performed using three different N-PCR, targeting nonoverlapping regions in open reading frame (ORF) 25 and ORF26. Seven of 13 (54%) POEMS patients had HHV-8 DNA sequences in their tissues, as assessed by all three N-PCR, and 9 of 18 (50%) had circulating anti-HHV-8 antibodies. HHV-8 was mainly detected in the subset of POEMS patients with MCD (6 of 7 [85%] for DNA sequences; 7 of 9 [78%] for antibodies). The percentage of positive N-PCR was higher in lymph nodes than in bone marrow samples (P <.02). Sequencing of amplicons showed a homogeneous restricted variability in the ORF26 region, characteristic of the minority subgroup B defined by Zong, and responsible for isoleucine and glycine substitutions at amino acid positions 134 and 167. These findings strongly suggest an association of HHV-8 infection with POEMS syndrome-associated MCD. (+info)Treatment of multicentric Castleman's disease complicated by the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral stem-cell support. (6/254)
BACKGROUND: Castleman's disease or angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia is a rare entity with a localized/unicentric or a generalized/multicentric presentation. While surgery is curable for most localized presentations, there is limited information regarding the optimal management of the multicentric type. The latter type is associated with a poor prognoses and can be associated with the development of lymphoma and infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this report we describe a case of multicentric Castleman's disease who failed steroids and chemotherapy and developed a follicular mixed lymphoma. He was treated with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support and remains disease at four years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A long-term durable remission may be possible with high dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support. This treatment modality should be considered an option in the management of multicentric Castleman's disease. (+info)Development of a calcifying fibrous pseudotumour within a lesion of Castleman disease, hyaline-vascular subtype. (7/254)
A nine year old boy with localised Castleman disease of the hyaline-vascular subtype developed a calcifying fibrous pseudotumour. This pathological association does not appear to have been described before. In this case, the development of this very unusual soft tissue tumour-like process was thought to be related to a previous fine needle aspiration biopsy, which was performed because of lymphadenopathy localised to the right inguinal area. This case provides further evidence of the reactive nature of calcifying fibrous pseudotumour and also broadens the pathological spectrum of the stromal cell proliferation that occasionally supervenes within lesions of Castleman disease, hyaline-vascular type. (+info)Improvement in Castleman's disease by humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody therapy. (8/254)
Castleman's disease, an atypical lymphoproliferative disorder, can be classified into 2 types: hyaline-vascular and plasma cell types according to the histologic features of the affected lymph nodes. The plasma cell type is frequently associated with systemic manifestations and is often refractory to systemic therapy including corticosteroids and chemotherapy, particularly in multicentric form. Dysregulated overproduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) from affected lymph nodes is thought to be responsible for the systemic manifestations of this disease. Therefore, interference with IL-6 signal transduction may constitute a new therapeutic strategy for this disease. We used humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody (rhPM-1) to treat 7 patients with multicentric plasma cell or mixed type Castleman's disease. All patients had systemic manifestations including secondary amyloidosis in 3. With the approval of our institution's ethics committee and the consent of the patients, they were treated with 50 to 100 mg rhPM-1 either once or twice weekly. Immediately after administration of rhPM-1, fever and fatigue disappeared, and anemia as well as serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and albumin started to improve. After 3 months of treatment, hypergammaglobulinemia and lymphadenopathy were remarkably alleviated, as were renal function abnormalities in patients with amyloidosis. Treatment was well tolerated with only transient leukopenia. Histopathologic examination revealed reduced follicular hyperplasia and vascularity after rhPM-1 treatment. The pathophysiologic significance of IL-6 in Castleman's disease was thus confirmed, and blockade of the IL-6 signal by rhPM-1 is thought to have potential as a new therapy based on the pathophysiologic mechanism of multicentric Castleman's disease. (Blood. 2000;95:56-61) (+info)Giant lymph node hyperplasia, also known as Castlemans disease, is a rare benign condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes due to an overgrowth of cells. It can affect people of any age but is more commonly seen in young adults and children.
The enlarged lymph nodes caused by this condition are typically round, firm, and mobile, and they may be found in various locations throughout the body, including the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. In some cases, the enlarged lymph nodes may cause symptoms such as pain, pressure, or difficulty swallowing, depending on their location.
Giant lymph node hyperplasia can be classified into two main types: unicentric and multicentric. Unicentric Castleman's disease affects a single group of lymph nodes, while multicentric Castleman's disease affects multiple groups of lymph nodes throughout the body.
The exact cause of giant lymph node hyperplasia is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an overactive immune response. In some cases, it may be associated with viral infections such as HIV or HHV-8. Treatment for this condition typically involves surgical removal of the affected lymph nodes, along with medications to manage any associated symptoms and prevent recurrence.
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs that are part of the immune system. They are found throughout the body, especially in the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which carries waste and unwanted substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. They contain white blood cells called lymphocytes that help fight infections and diseases by attacking and destroying the harmful substances found in the lymph fluid. When an infection or disease is present, lymph nodes may swell due to the increased number of immune cells and fluid accumulation as they work to fight off the invaders.
Hyperplasia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an enlargement of the affected area. It's a response to various stimuli such as hormones, chronic irritation, or inflammation. Hyperplasia can be physiological, like the growth of breast tissue during pregnancy, or pathological, like in the case of benign or malignant tumors. The process is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed. It's important to note that hyperplasia itself is not cancerous, but some forms of hyperplasia can increase the risk of developing cancer over time.
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Bone marrow3
- Erythroid hyperplasia may be present in the bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
- Biopsies of the bone marrow, lymph node, and skin are key in diagnosing AILD (see Workup). (medscape.com)
- Further, each primary type has a subtype of the lymph node condition as the lymph tissue is found in many places throughout the body including the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils & adenoids, bone marrow, and digestive tract among other locations. (healthhandbook.online)
Multicentric3
- A multicentric condition disturbs a group of lymph nodes and other organs that carry the lymphoid tissue. (healthhandbook.online)
- The disease can be classified into two main types: unicentric Castleman disease (UCD), which affects a single lymph node or a group of lymph nodes in one region of the body, and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), which affects multiple lymph nodes in different regions of the body. (medtigo.com)
- In multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), the abnormal growth of lymphoid tissue occurs in multiple lymph nodes in different regions of the body and may also involve other tissues and organs, such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. (medtigo.com)
Benign4
- Castleman disease otherwise known as angiofollicular or benign giant lymph node hyperplasia is an uncommon benign lymphoproliferative disorder. (iriakerala.org)
- UCD is typically a localized and benign condition that may be cured with surgical removal of the affected lymph node. (medtigo.com)
- The first is determining the tissue of origin, the second is differentiating among inflammation, hyperplasia/benign tumor and malignant tumor, and the third is classifying the inflammatory process or the tumor. (vin.com)
- A first case is a 56-year-old man with controlled arterial hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia under treatment. (e-jbm.org)
Epithelial hyperplasia1
- Pulmonary inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, and lymph node translocation after multi-walled carbon nanotube inhalation. (cdc.gov)
Thymus1
- Thymus hyperplasia is present in two thirds of all patients with myasthenia gravis. (lookformedical.com)
Castleman7
- Alternatively known as giant lymph node hyperplasia and angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, Castleman disease is not cancer. (healthhandbook.online)
- There are two primary types of Castleman disease with the number of lymph nodes affected taken as the basis for the classification. (healthhandbook.online)
- Localized or unicentric Castleman disease is one of the more common types that affect a single group of lymph nodes. (healthhandbook.online)
- Castleman disease, also known as giant lymph node hyperplasia or angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, is a rare disorder that affects the lymph nodes and related tissues. (medtigo.com)
- Castleman disease is characterized by the abnormal growth of lymphoid tissue, which can cause the enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in the body. (medtigo.com)
- Symptoms of Castleman disease may vary depending on the type and location of the disease and can include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss, and other symptoms. (medtigo.com)
- In unicentric Castleman disease (UCD), the abnormal growth of lymphoid tissue occurs in a single lymph node or a group of lymph nodes in one region of the body. (medtigo.com)
Mediastinal2
- In the thorax , Castleman's disease usually manifests as hilar and mediastinal lymph node enlargement. (bvsalud.org)
- Localized mediastinal lymph node hyperplasia resembling thymoma. (ijhns.com)
Enlargement2
- The condition also exhibits flu-like symptoms, lymph node enlargement, and can result in vital organs becoming dysfunctional. (healthhandbook.online)
- There is diffuse enlargement of the thyroid (smooth surface), showing hyperplasia in the microscopic section, with cylindrical epithelium and minimal colloid. (teknon.es)
Malignant1
- There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant. (lookformedical.com)
Lymphadenitis1
- Cat scratch disease (CSD), also known as cat scratch fever or subacute regional lymphadenitis, is a bacterial infection affecting lymph nodes that drain the sites of inoculation. (medscape.com)
Macrophages3
- Granulomas are composed of central areas of caseous necrosis and variable amounts of basophilic granular material (mineral) rimmed by large numbers of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounded peripherally by lower numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts, and fibrous connective tissue. (askjpc.org)
- There are rare, ~5µm long, acid-fast bacilli within areas of necrosis and the cytoplasm of macrophages and giant cells. (askjpc.org)
- Epithelioid macrophages with small to moderate numbers of Langhans-type multinucleated giant cells surround the necrosis with smaller numbers of peripheral lymphocytes, plasma cells, and occasional neutrophils. (askjpc.org)
Solitary1
- Based on the imaging features, differential diagnostic possibilities of lymph nodal mass/paraganglioma / hemangiopericytoma / solitary fibrous tumor were considered. (iriakerala.org)
Tissues1
- Because the cytological characteristics of hyperplasia, inflammation, and malignancy can differ in different tissues, it is important to first determine the most frequently occurring type of cell in the cytological preparation. (vin.com)
Disorder2
- It is a rare disorder that prompts an overgrowth of the lymph nodes in various parts of the body that can lead to further complications. (healthhandbook.online)
- An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. (rush.edu)
Inflammation2
Cells6
- Langhans type multinucleate giant cells may be present in the lymph nodes and the choroid plexus. (wikipedia.org)
- MWCNT translocation to the tracheobronchial lymph node progressed with time and localized to the deep paracortex, the normal location of T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. (cdc.gov)
- However, there are significant risk factors that can aggravate the unnatural overgrowth of cells in the lymph nodes without warning. (healthhandbook.online)
- A kind of cancer, Kaposi sarcoma is triggered from the cells in certain parts of the skin, the lining of the lymph and blood vessels. (healthhandbook.online)
- affected lymph nodes show paracortical hyperplasia and Warthin-Finkeldey cells ( multinucleated giant cells formed by lymphocytic fusion). (amboss.com)
- Giant cells have up to 10 peripheral nuclei (Langhans type). (askjpc.org)
Lymphoid1
- Tentative characterization of new described ( 1-6 ), but most reports have showed hemorrhages, lymphoid environmental giant viruses by MALDI- discussed experimental infections or hyperplasia, and small foci of TOF mass-spectrometry. (cdc.gov)
Vascular1
- Hyaline-vascular and plasma-cell types of giant lymph node hyperplasia of the mediastinum and other locations. (ijhns.com)
Significantly2
- No other significantly enlarged lymph nodes were detected. (iriakerala.org)
- When CB is administered along with the allergen to mice, there is a significantly augmented response in the draining popliteal lymph node including increases in weight, cell numbers, cell proliferation, and local lymph node response duration [ 867 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
Characteristics1
- It shows similar morphological characteristics to those found in lymph nodes . (bvsalud.org)
Tumor1
- Extensive Degenerative Change Masquerading Histomorphology in a Giant Cystic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor with Rare PDGFRA Mutation. (uic.edu)
Disorders1
- It is a group of three heterogeneous inflammatory disorders that produce excess molecules primarily affecting the lymph node system. (healthhandbook.online)
Syndrome2
- however, the oculoglandular syndrome of conjunctivitis with an enlarged preauricular lymph node that he reported ultimately was shown to comprise only a small subset of the possible clinical presentations of CSD, the result of inoculation of the CSD agent into the conjunctivae. (medscape.com)
- The first case was that of a 56-year-old man with parathyroid crisis, constitutional syndrome, and anemia, with evidence of APA after en bloc resection, evolving with hungry bone syndrome after surgery and curation criteria at 6 months after parathyroidectomy (PTX). (e-jbm.org)
Lungs1
- The carcass was retained for further diagnostic testing after lesions suspicious for bovine tuberculosis were observed in lymph nodes of the head, thoracic, and abdominal cavities and lungs during postmortem inspection. (askjpc.org)
Present1
- Bronchiolar hypertrophy and hyperplasia were present after 4 days and persisted. (cdc.gov)
Rare1
- however, melanocytic hyperplasias or hamartomas are rare. (medscape.com)
Cancer1
- Association of Lymph Node Density With Survival of Patients With Papillary Thyroid Cancer. (mdanderson.org)
Skin1
- The lymph nodes in the neck, groin, and underarm area are also affected by visible indicators including the growth of lumps under the skin. (healthhandbook.online)
Found1
- however, a case of cat-scratch disease was found that only involved the axillary lymph nodes. (springer.com)
Common1
- Artifactual clefts are common around intraepidermal nests, and there is epidermal hyperplasia and prominence of the epidermal granular layer. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Regional1
- The seated patient is palpated from front to back to learn about the size and consistency of the gland and regional nodes. (teknon.es)
Condition1
- The chest or abdomen lymph nodes are affected and the condition prompts unnatural growth of the lymph nodes. (healthhandbook.online)
Large1
- Most of the reports were of all examined animals, as well as large experimental or isolated spontaneous lymph nodes of the cervical region, infections in pets ( 1 , 2 ), zoo ( 3 ), mainly retropharyngeal. (cdc.gov)
Levels1
- Histopathologic sections of lung and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were examined at all time points and sections of nose (4 levels) were examined after the 12 day exposure. (cdc.gov)