The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)
A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands.
Traumatic injuries to the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE.
The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Small tubulo-alveolar salivary glands located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae.
The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.
Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the CHORDA TYMPANI NERVE (a branch of the facial nerve) and the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE.
Diseases of the tenth cranial nerve, including brain stem lesions involving its nuclei (solitary, ambiguus, and dorsal motor), nerve fascicles, and intracranial and extracranial course. Clinical manifestations may include dysphagia, vocal cord weakness, and alterations of parasympathetic tone in the thorax and abdomen.
A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Diseases of the first cranial (olfactory) nerve, which usually feature anosmia or other alterations in the sense of smell and taste. Anosmia may be associated with NEOPLASMS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; inherited conditions; toxins; METABOLIC DISEASES; tobacco abuse; and other conditions. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp229-31)
Nerve fibers which project from parasympathetic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers use acetylcholine as transmitter. They may also release peptide cotransmitters.
A species of the family Ranidae (true frogs). The only anuran properly referred to by the common name "bullfrog", it is the largest native anuran in North America.
A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.
Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.
Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.
Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.
Diseases of the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei, which are located in the pons and medulla. The nerve is composed of three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which provide sensory innervation to structures of the face, sinuses, and portions of the cranial vault. The mandibular nerve also innervates muscles of mastication. Clinical features include loss of facial and intra-oral sensation and weakness of jaw closure. Common conditions affecting the nerve include brain stem ischemia, INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS, and TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA.
Diseases of the eleventh cranial (spinal accessory) nerve. This nerve originates from motor neurons in the lower medulla (accessory portion of nerve) and upper spinal cord (spinal portion of nerve). The two components of the nerve join and exit the skull via the jugular foramen, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which become weak or paralyzed if the nerve is injured. The nerve is commonly involved in MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, and may be injured by trauma to the posterior triangle of the neck.
The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and ESOTROPIA. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ISCHEMIA; and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical DIPLOPIA that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
Contraction of the muscle of the PHARYNX caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the SOFT PALATE, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.
An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.
Diseases of the oculomotor nerve or nucleus that result in weakness or paralysis of the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, or levator palpebrae muscles, or impaired parasympathetic innervation to the pupil. With a complete oculomotor palsy, the eyelid will be paralyzed, the eye will be in an abducted and inferior position, and the pupil will be markedly dilated. Commonly associated conditions include neoplasms, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, ischemia (especially in association with DIABETES MELLITUS), and aneurysmal compression. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p270)
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals.

Neurovascular compression of the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerve: three case reports. (1/20)

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a frequent cause of paroxysmal facial pain and headache in adults. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is less common, but can cause severe episodic pain in the ear and throat. Neurovascular compression of the appropriate cranial nerve as it leaves the brain stem is responsible for the symptoms in many patients, and neurosurgical decompression of the nerve is now a well accepted treatment in adults with both TN and GPN who fail to respond to drug therapy. Neither TN nor GPN are routinely considered in the differential diagnosis when assessing children with paroxysmal facial or head pain, as they are not reported to occur in childhood. Case reports of three children with documented neurovascular compression causing severe neuralgic pain and disability are presented. The fact that these conditions do occur in the paediatric population, albeit rarely, is highlighted, and appropriate investigation and management are discussed.  (+info)

Imaging findings in schwannomas of the jugular foramen. (2/20)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tumors of the cranial nerve sheath constitute 5% to 10% of all intracranial neoplasms, yet few articles have described their CT and MR characteristics. We report the imaging findings in a relatively large series of schwannomas of the jugular foramen, contrasting them with other disease entities, especially vestibular schwannomas and tumors of the glomus jugulare. METHODS: CT and/or MR studies of eight patients who underwent surgery for histologically proved schwannomas were reviewed retrospectively. One additional patient with an assumed schwannoma of the jugular foramen, who did not have surgery, was also included. RESULTS: Surgical findings showed schwannomas of the glossopharyngeal nerve in seven patients and tumor involvement of both the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in one patient. All tumors were partially located within the jugular foramen. Growth extending within the temporal bone was typical. Tumor extended into the posterior cranial fossa in all nine patients and produced mass effect on the brain stem and/or cerebellum in seven patients; in five patients, tumor extended below the skull base. On unenhanced CT scans, tumors were isodense with brain in six patients and hypodense in two. In seven patients, CT scans with bone algorithm showed an enlarged jugular foramen with sharply rounded bone borders and a sclerotic rim. On MR images, T1 signal from tumor was low and T2 signal was high relative to white matter in all patients. Contrast enhancement on CT and/or MR studies was strong in eight patients and moderate in one. CONCLUSION: Schwannoma of the jugular foramen is characteristically a sharply demarcated, contrast-enhancing tumor, typically centered on or based in an enlarged jugular foramen with sharply rounded bone borders and a sclerotic rim. Intraosseous extension may be marked.  (+info)

Jacobson's nerve schwannoma presenting as middle ear mass. (3/20)

Schwannoma is one of the common benign middle ear space tumors. Middle ear space schwannomas may originate from the nerves of the tympanic cavity or by extensions from outside the middle ear space. In the English-language literature, the facial nerve and chorda tympani nerve, but not yet the tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (Jacobson's nerve), have been reported as the origins of intrinsic middle ear space schwannomas. We present the clinical and radiologic features of a middle-space schwannoma originating from Jacobson's nerve, and suggest that such a tumor be included in the differential diagnosis of middle ear tumors.  (+info)

Long-term results after microvascular decompression in essential hypertension. (4/20)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In 1998, 8 patients with severe, intractable arterial hypertension and MR tomography-demonstrated neurovascular contact of a looping artery at the root entry zone of cranial nerves IX and X, causing neurovascular compression, underwent neurosurgical decompression. The short-term results showed a normalization of blood pressure with a markedly reduced antihypertensive drug regimen in 7 patients. To determine the longer-term outcome concerning blood pressure and secondary organ damage after neurovascular decompression, we studied these 8 operated patients prospectively for a mean follow-up of 3.5 years after surgical intervention. METHODS: Eight hypertensive patients who had undergone microsurgical decompression were monitored every 6 months after surgery to assess blood pressure (by 24-hour ambulatory pressure readings) and the need for antihypertensive medication. To evaluate secondary organ damage, echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy, fundoscopic assessment of hypertensive lesions, and analysis of renal function and proteinuria were done. RESULTS: Three of the 8 operated patients remained normotensive in the long-term period with decreased antihypertensive medication. Two patients required gradual increases of antihypertensive medication after the first postoperative year, after which arterial blood pressure levels were 10% to 15% lower than preoperative levels. Three patients suffered serious cardiovascular and renal complications, with the incidence of lethal intracerebral hemorrhage in 1 patient and end-stage renal disease in 2 patients, of whom 1 experienced sudden cardiac death. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term results verify that microsurgical decompression is a successful alternative therapy in a certain subgroup of patients with arterial hypertension due to neurovascular compression. However, the relevance of the looping artery in the other cases, who did not improve, is not clear. Prospective studies to elucidate the pathophysiological role of neurovascular abnormalities and arterial hypertension are needed.  (+info)

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with cardiac syncope. (5/20)

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is an uncommon condition that has rarely been described in association with syncope. We report here 2 cases of glossopharyngeal neuralgia in elderly patients. Both were male and underwent temporary pacemaker insertion to prevent syncopal episodes. We discuss the clinical and surgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia, the role of cardiac stimulation, and the possible physiopathological mechanism of the associated cardiac disturbances.  (+info)

Glossopharyngeal schwannoma : a case report and review of literature. (6/20)

We report a rare case of glossopharyngeal schwannoma whose clinical presentation and the radiological work up suggested an acoustic schwannoma. The diagnosis was made at surgery, once attachment to ninth cranial nerve was seen. The clinical presentation, radiological features and surgical findings of the glossopharyngeal schwannoma are presented along with the review of literature.  (+info)

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia with cardiac syncope treated by glossopharyngeal rhizotomy and microvascular decompression. (7/20)

A glossopharyngeal neuralgia case with cardiac asystole is presented. The sinus mode dysfunction and subsequent syncope with pain appears to be the most important life-threatening symptom in the late period of the disease. Because of cardiac symptoms induced by intense vagal stimulation, this case was considered to be vagoglossopharyngeal neuralgia. Several medical and surgical alternatives have been proposed for its treatment. In the presented case the cause of disease was compression of lower cranial nerves in the right cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) by the vertebro-basilar arterial system. Carbamazepine and pacing were determined ineffective, so the patient was treated surgically by cutting the glossopharyngeal nerve and by decompression of the vagal nerve at the CPA. The sinus arrest and paroxysmal pain attacks disappeared and the patient's life returned to normal.  (+info)

A case of Collet-Sicard syndrome associated with traumatic atlas fractures and congenital basilar invagination. (8/20)

An 18 year old man with congenital basilar invagination developed multiple lower cranial nerve (CN) palsies including CN IX to XII after a traffic accident. Computed tomography of his skull base revealed a two part atlas Jefferson fracture. Normally, lower cranial nerves (CN IX-XII) pass through a space between the styloid process and the atlas transverse process. Atlas burst fractures rarely cause neurological deficits because of a greater transverse and sagittal diameter of the spinal canal at the atlas, and a tendency of the lateral masses to slide away from the cord after injury. However, when associated with a rare condition-congenital basilar invagination-atlas fractures can compromise the space and make CN IX-XII more vulnerable to compression injury. This report discusses the correlation between the anatomical lesions and clinical features of this patient.  (+info)

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:

1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.

Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.

The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is primarily responsible for providing motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and sensory innervation to parts of the pharynx, middle ear, and posterior tongue. It also plays a role in the reflexive control of heart rate via the baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus.

Glossopharyngeal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to various symptoms. These diseases can be classified into two main categories: peripheral and central. Peripheral disorders are caused by damage or injury to the nerve itself, while central disorders result from problems in the brainstem where the glossopharyngeal nerve originates.

Some examples of glossopharyngeal nerve diseases include:

1. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A rare condition characterized by severe, stabbing pain in the throat, ear, or tongue, often triggered by swallowing or talking. This disorder may be caused by compression of the nerve by blood vessels or other structures.

2. Infections: Bacterial and viral infections can cause inflammation and damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve, leading to dysfunction. Examples include Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), and meningitis.

3. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in the head and neck region can compress and injure the glossopharyngeal nerve, resulting in symptoms related to its dysfunction.

4. Trauma: Direct trauma to the neck or skull base can damage the glossopharyngeal nerve, causing various deficits depending on the severity of the injury.

5. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke can affect the central connections of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the brainstem, leading to dysfunction.

6. Genetic conditions: Rare genetic disorders like Moersch-Woltman syndrome (also known as stiff person syndrome) can involve the glossopharyngeal nerve and cause symptoms related to its dysfunction.

Symptoms of glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, loss of taste on the back of the tongue, decreased sensation in the throat or ear, and pain in the neck, throat, or ear. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the specific problem.

The chorda tympani nerve is a branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that has both sensory and taste functions. It carries taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and sensory information from the oral cavity, including touch, temperature, and pain.

Anatomically, the chorda tympani nerve originates from the facial nerve's intermediate nerve, which is located in the temporal bone of the skull. It then travels through the middle ear, passing near the tympanic membrane (eardrum) before leaving the skull via the petrotympanic fissure. From there, it joins the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which carries the taste and sensory information to the brainstem for processing.

Clinically, damage to the chorda tympani nerve can result in loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and altered sensations in the oral cavity. This type of injury can occur during middle ear surgery or as a result of various medical conditions that affect the facial nerve or its branches.

The glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) is a mixed nerve that provides both sensory and motor functions to the posterior third of the tongue, the pharynx, the middle ear, and parts of the palate and neck. Glossopharyngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma to this nerve, which can result in various symptoms:

1. Ipsilateral loss of taste sensation on the posterior one-third of the tongue.
2. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and speaking due to paralysis of the associated muscles.
3. Reduced sensitivity to touch, pressure, and temperature in the affected areas.
4. Impaired or absent gag reflex on the side of the injury.
5. Pain in the ear (otalgia), throat, or neck.
6. Hoarseness or weak voice due to vocal cord paralysis.

Glossopharyngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, tumors, surgical complications, or neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis and stroke. Proper diagnosis and management of these injuries require a thorough examination by a healthcare professional, often involving a detailed clinical evaluation and imaging studies.

The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve (XI), has both a cranial and spinal component. It primarily controls the function of certain muscles in the back of the neck and shoulder.

The cranial part arises from nuclei in the brainstem and innervates some of the muscles that help with head rotation, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The spinal root originates from nerve roots in the upper spinal cord (C1-C5), exits the spine, and joins the cranial part to form a single trunk. This trunk then innervates the trapezius muscle, which helps with shoulder movement and stability.

Damage to the accessory nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles, causing symptoms such as difficulty turning the head, weak shoulder shrugging, or winged scapula (a condition where the shoulder blade protrudes from the back).

Von Ebner glands, also known as serous glands of von Ebner or striated ducts of von Ebner, are specialized exocrine glands located in the tongue. They are found in the deep surface of the circumvallate papillae and some other taste papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue. These glands secrete serous fluid that helps to clean and lubricate the taste buds, as well as to wash away tastant molecules, enabling the tongue to continuously taste new stimuli. The fluid secreted by von Ebner glands also contains enzymes that help in digestion, such as lingual lipase. These glands are named after the German anatomist Victor von Ebner (1842-1925), who first described them in 1873.

In a medical context, taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts with taste buds, which are specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue. The tongue's surface contains papillae, which house the taste buds. These taste buds can identify five basic tastes: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (savory). Different areas of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes, but all taste buds can detect each of the five tastes, although not necessarily equally.

Taste is a crucial part of our sensory experience, helping us identify and differentiate between various types of food and drinks, and playing an essential role in appetite regulation and enjoyment of meals. Abnormalities in taste sensation can be associated with several medical conditions or side effects of certain medications.

A taste bud is a cluster of specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue, soft palate, and cheek that are responsible for the sense of taste. They contain receptor cells which detect specific tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory). Each taste bud contains supporting cells and 50-100 taste receptor cells. These cells have hair-like projections called microvilli that come into contact with food or drink, transmitting signals to the brain to interpret the taste.

Vagus nerve diseases, also known as vagus nerve disorders, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve and extends from the brainstem to the abdomen, playing a crucial role in regulating various automatic functions of the body such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and sweating.

Diseases of the vagus nerve can result from various causes, including inflammation, infection, trauma, compression, or degeneration. Some common vagus nerve disorders include:

1. Vagus nerve dysfunction: This is a general term used to describe any abnormality in the functioning of the vagus nerve. Symptoms may vary depending on the specific functions affected but can include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, voice changes, and abnormal heart rate or blood pressure.
2. Vagus nerve neuropathy: This is a condition that results from damage to the vagus nerve fibers. It can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and abnormal digestive function.
3. Gastroparesis: This is a condition in which the stomach muscles fail to contract properly, leading to delayed gastric emptying. Vagus nerve dysfunction is a common cause of gastroparesis.
4. Orthostatic hypotension: This is a condition characterized by a drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying down position. Vagus nerve dysfunction can contribute to this condition by causing an abnormal response in the heart rate and blood vessels.
5. Inflammatory disorders: Certain inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and sarcoidosis can affect the vagus nerve and cause various symptoms.

Treatment for vagus nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.

Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Olfactory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell. These diseases can result in impaired or loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), as well as distorted perception of smells (parosmia). The causes of olfactory nerve diseases can include trauma, infection, inflammation, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of specific olfactory nerve diseases include sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic, refer to the portion of the parasympathetic nervous system's peripheral nerves that arise from ganglia (clusters of neurons) located near or within the target organs. These postganglionic fibers are responsible for transmitting signals from the ganglia to the effector organs such as glands, smooth muscles, and heart, instructing them to carry out specific functions.

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system (the other being the sympathetic nervous system). Its primary role is to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis during rest or digestion. The preganglionic fibers originate in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord, synapsing in the ganglia located near or within the target organs. Upon receiving signals from the preganglionic fibers, the postganglionic fibers release neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to activate muscarinic receptors on the effector organ, leading to responses such as decreased heart rate, increased gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and contraction of the urinary bladder.

"Rana catesbeiana" is the scientific name for the American bullfrog, which is not a medical term or concept. It belongs to the animal kingdom, specifically in the order Anura and family Ranidae. The American bullfrog is native to North America and is known for its large size and distinctive loud call.

However, if you are looking for a medical definition, I apologize for any confusion. Please provide more context or specify the term you would like me to define.

The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). It provides general sensory innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, including taste sensation from the same region. It also supplies sensory innervation to the floor of the mouth and the lingual gingiva (gum tissue). The lingual nerve is closely associated with the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and their ducts.

The laryngeal nerves are a pair of nerves that originate from the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and provide motor and sensory innervation to the larynx. There are two branches of the laryngeal nerves: the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The superior laryngeal nerve has two branches: the external branch, which provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle and sensation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule; and the internal branch, which provides sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, and sensation to the mucous membrane below the vocal folds. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one, as it hooks around the subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx.

Damage to the laryngeal nerves can result in voice changes, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

The solitary nucleus, also known as the nucleus solitarius, is a collection of neurons located in the medulla oblongata region of the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in the processing and integration of sensory information, particularly taste and visceral afferent fibers from internal organs. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from various cranial nerves, including the glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) and vagus nerves (cranial nerve X), and is involved in reflex responses related to swallowing, vomiting, and cardiovascular regulation.

Efferent neurons are specialized nerve cells that transmit signals from the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, to effector organs such as muscles or glands. These signals typically result in a response or action, hence the term "efferent," derived from the Latin word "efferre" meaning "to carry away."

Efferent neurons are part of the motor pathway and can be further classified into two types:

1. Somatic efferent neurons: These neurons transmit signals to skeletal muscles, enabling voluntary movements and posture maintenance. They have their cell bodies located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and send their axons through the ventral roots to innervate specific muscle fibers.
2. Autonomic efferent neurons: These neurons are responsible for controlling involuntary functions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiration, and pupil dilation. They have a two-neuron chain arrangement, with the preganglionic neuron having its cell body in the CNS (brainstem or spinal cord) and synapsing with the postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion near the effector organ. Autonomic efferent neurons can be further divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric subdivisions based on their functions and innervation patterns.

In summary, efferent neurons are a critical component of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals from the CNS to various effector organs, ultimately controlling and coordinating numerous bodily functions and responses.

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.

Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.

Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:

1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.

Quinine is defined as a bitter crystalline alkaloid derived from the bark of the Cinchona tree, primarily used in the treatment of malaria and other parasitic diseases. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite within red blood cells. Quinine has also been used historically as a muscle relaxant and analgesic, but its use for these purposes is now limited due to potential serious side effects. In addition, quinine can be found in some beverages like tonic water, where it is present in very small amounts for flavoring purposes.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance problems.

These diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infection, trauma, tumors, or degeneration. Some examples of vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include:

1. Vestibular neuritis: an inner ear infection that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and balance problems.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that affects both the vestibular and cochlear nerves, causing vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
3. Acoustic neuroma: a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
4. Meniere's disease: a inner ear disorder that causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
5. Ototoxicity: damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals that can result in hearing loss and balance problems.
6. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that is associated with vertigo, dizziness, and balance problems.

Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Onchocerciasis, Ocular is a medical condition that specifically refers to the eye manifestations caused by the parasitic infection, Onchocerca volvulus. Also known as "river blindness," this disease is spread through the bite of infected blackflies.

Ocular onchocerciasis affects various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and retina. The infection can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and redness of the eyes. Over time, it may lead to more serious complications like punctate keratitis (small, scattered opacities on the cornea), cataracts, glaucoma, and ultimately, blindness.

The infection is diagnosed through a skin snip or blood test, which can detect the presence of microfilariae (the larval stage of the parasite) or antibodies against the parasite. Treatment typically involves administering oral medications such as ivermectin, which kills the microfilariae and reduces the risk of eye damage. However, it does not kill the adult worms, so multiple doses are often required to control the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove advanced ocular lesions.

Trigeminal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the cranial nerves responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which innervate different parts of the face and head.

Trigeminal nerve diseases can cause various symptoms, including facial pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness. Some common trigeminal nerve diseases include:

1. Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, causing intense, stabbing, or electric shock-like pain in the face.
2. Hemifacial spasm: A neuromuscular disorder that causes involuntary muscle spasms on one side of the face, often affecting the muscles around the eye and mouth.
3. Trigeminal neuropathy: Damage or injury to the trigeminal nerve, which can result in numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face.
4. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): A viral infection that affects the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, causing facial paralysis, ear pain, and a rash around the ear.
5. Microvascular compression: Compression of the trigeminal nerve by a blood vessel, which can cause symptoms similar to trigeminal neuralgia.

Treatment for trigeminal nerve diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

The accessory nerve, also known as the 11th cranial nerve (CN XI), has both a cranial and spinal root and innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. Accessory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Some examples of accessory nerve diseases include:

1. Traumatic injury: Direct trauma to the neck or posterior scalene region can damage the spinal root of the accessory nerve. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the trapezius muscle, leading to difficulty with shoulder movement and pain.
2. Neuralgia: Accessory nerve neuralgia is a condition characterized by painful spasms or shooting pains along the course of the accessory nerve. It can be caused by nerve compression, inflammation, or injury.
3. Tumors: Tumors in the neck region, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or invade the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
4. Infections: Viral infections, such as poliovirus or West Nile virus, can cause inflammation and damage to the accessory nerve, resulting in weakness or paralysis.
5. Neuropathy: Accessory nerve neuropathy is a condition characterized by degeneration of the accessory nerve fibers due to various causes such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
6. Congenital defects: Some individuals may be born with congenital defects that affect the development and function of the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.

Treatment for accessory nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The carotid sinus is a small, dilated area located at the bifurcation (or fork) of the common carotid artery into the internal and external carotid arteries. It is a baroreceptor region, which means it contains specialized sensory nerve endings that can detect changes in blood pressure. When the blood pressure increases, the walls of the carotid sinus stretch, activating these nerve endings and sending signals to the brain. The brain then responds by reducing the heart rate and relaxing the blood vessels, which helps to lower the blood pressure back to normal.

The carotid sinus is an important part of the body's autonomic nervous system, which regulates various involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis and preventing excessive increases in blood pressure that could potentially damage vital organs.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

The vagus nerve, also known as the 10th cranial nerve (CN X), is the longest of the cranial nerves and extends from the brainstem to the abdomen. It has both sensory and motor functions and plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, speech, and sweating, among others.

The vagus nerve is responsible for carrying sensory information from the internal organs to the brain, and it also sends motor signals from the brain to the muscles of the throat and voice box, as well as to the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. The vagus nerve helps regulate the body's involuntary responses, such as controlling heart rate and blood pressure, promoting relaxation, and reducing inflammation.

Dysfunction in the vagus nerve can lead to various medical conditions, including gastroparesis, chronic pain, and autonomic nervous system disorders. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a therapeutic intervention that involves delivering electrical impulses to the vagus nerve to treat conditions such as epilepsy, depression, and migraine headaches.

Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, is responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which enables the eye to move outward. Abducens nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in various symptoms, primarily affecting eye movement.

Here are some medical definitions related to abducens nerve diseases:

1. Abducens Nerve Palsy: A condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the abducens nerve, causing difficulty in moving the affected eye outward. This results in double vision (diplopia), especially when gazing towards the side of the weakened nerve. Abducens nerve palsy can be congenital, acquired, or caused by various factors such as trauma, tumors, aneurysms, infections, or diseases like diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
2. Sixth Nerve Palsy: Another term for abducens nerve palsy, referring to the weakness or paralysis of the sixth cranial nerve.
3. Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO): A neurological condition affecting eye movement, often caused by a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the abducens nucleus with the oculomotor nucleus. INO results in impaired adduction (inward movement) of the eye on the side of the lesion and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) of the abducting eye on the opposite side when attempting to look towards the side of the lesion.
4. One-and-a-Half Syndrome: A rare neurological condition characterized by a combination of INO and internuclear ophthalmoplegia with horizontal gaze palsy on the same side, caused by damage to both the abducens nerve and the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). This results in limited or no ability to move the eyes towards the side of the lesion and impaired adduction of the eye on the opposite side.
5. Brainstem Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brainstem, which can affect the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves, leading to various neurological symptoms such as diplopia (double vision), ataxia (loss of balance and coordination), and facial weakness. Brainstem encephalitis can be caused by infectious agents, autoimmune disorders, or paraneoplastic syndromes.
6. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system, including the brainstem and optic nerves. MS can cause various neurological symptoms, such as diplopia, nystagmus, and INO, due to damage to the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves.
7. Wernicke's Encephalopathy: A neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, often seen in alcoholics or individuals with malnutrition. Wernicke's encephalopathy can affect the brainstem and cause various symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, confusion, and oculomotor abnormalities.
8. Pontine Glioma: A rare type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells in the pons (a part of the brainstem). Pontine gliomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, facial weakness, and difficulty swallowing due to their location in the brainstem.
9. Brainstem Cavernous Malformation: A benign vascular lesion that arises from the small blood vessels in the brainstem. Brainstem cavernous malformations can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, and facial weakness due to their location in the brainstem.
10. Pituitary Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises from the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. Large pituitary adenomas can compress the optic nerves and cause various visual symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, and decreased vision.
11. Craniopharyngioma: A benign tumor that arises from the remnants of the Rathke's pouch, a structure that gives rise to the anterior pituitary gland. Craniopharyngiomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the optic nerves and pituitary gland.
12. Meningioma: A benign tumor that arises from the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, and seizures depending on their location in the brain or spinal cord.
13. Chordoma: A rare type of malignant tumor that arises from the remnants of the notochord, a structure that gives rise to the spine during embryonic development. Chordomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the brainstem and spinal cord.
14. Metastatic Brain Tumors: Malignant tumors that spread from other parts of the body to the brain. Metastatic brain tumors can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, seizures, and cognitive impairment depending on their location in the brain.
15. Other Rare Brain Tumors: There are many other rare types of brain tumors that can cause diplopia or other neurological symptoms, including gliomas, ependymomas, pineal region tumors, and others. These tumors require specialized diagnosis and treatment by neuro-oncologists and neurosurgeons with expertise in these rare conditions.

In summary, diplopia can be caused by various brain tumors, including pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, chordomas, metastatic brain tumors, and other rare types of tumors. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience diplopia or other neurological symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.

Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:

1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.

The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.

"Gagging" is a reflexive response to an irritation or stimulation of the back of the throat, which involves involuntary contraction of the muscles at the back of the throat and sometimes accompanied by vomiting. It is a protective mechanism to prevent foreign objects from entering the lungs during swallowing. In a medical context, gagging may also refer to the use of a device or maneuver to temporarily block the upper airway as part of certain medical procedures.

A reflex is an automatic, involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious intention. In the context of physiology and neurology, it's a basic mechanism that involves the transmission of nerve impulses between neurons, resulting in a muscle contraction or glandular secretion.

Reflexes are important for maintaining homeostasis, protecting the body from harm, and coordinating movements. They can be tested clinically to assess the integrity of the nervous system, such as the knee-j jerk reflex, which tests the function of the L3-L4 spinal nerve roots and the sensitivity of the stretch reflex arc.

Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.

Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids

Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.

The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is responsible for controlling several important eye movements and functions. Oculomotor nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can lead to various symptoms related to eye movement and function. Here's a medical definition of oculomotor nerve diseases:

Oculomotor nerve diseases are a group of medical disorders characterized by the dysfunction or damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), resulting in impaired eye movements, abnormalities in pupillary response, and potential effects on eyelid position. These conditions can be congenital, acquired, or traumatic in nature and may lead to partial or complete paralysis of the nerve. Common oculomotor nerve diseases include oculomotor nerve palsy, third nerve ganglionopathies, and compressive oculomotor neuropathies caused by various pathologies such as aneurysms, tumors, or infections.

Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.

In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.

It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

A chemical stimulation in a medical context refers to the process of activating or enhancing physiological or psychological responses in the body using chemical substances. These chemicals can interact with receptors on cells to trigger specific reactions, such as neurotransmitters and hormones that transmit signals within the nervous system and endocrine system.

Examples of chemical stimulation include the use of medications, drugs, or supplements that affect mood, alertness, pain perception, or other bodily functions. For instance, caffeine can chemically stimulate the central nervous system to increase alertness and decrease feelings of fatigue. Similarly, certain painkillers can chemically stimulate opioid receptors in the brain to reduce the perception of pain.

It's important to note that while chemical stimulation can have therapeutic benefits, it can also have adverse effects if used improperly or in excessive amounts. Therefore, it's essential to follow proper dosing instructions and consult with a healthcare provider before using any chemical substances for stimulation purposes.

Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

The term "diving" is generally not used in the context of medical definitions. However, when referring to diving in relation to a medical or physiological context, it usually refers to the act of submerging the body underwater, typically for activities such as swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving.

In a medical or physiological sense, diving can have specific effects on the human body due to changes in pressure, temperature, and exposure to water. Some of these effects include:

* Changes in lung volume and gas exchange due to increased ambient pressure at depth.
* Decompression sickness (DCS) or nitrogen narcosis, which can occur when dissolved gases form bubbles in the body during ascent from a dive.
* Hypothermia, which can occur if the water is cold and the diver is not adequately insulated.
* Barotrauma, which can occur due to pressure differences between the middle ear or sinuses and the surrounding environment.
* Other medical conditions such as seizures or heart problems can also be exacerbated by diving.

It's important for divers to undergo proper training and certification, follow safe diving practices, and monitor their health before and after dives to minimize the risks associated with diving.

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The tympanic nerve (Jacobson's nerve) is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear. It gives sensation to the ... ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0. Thomas, P. K.; Mathias, Christopher J. (2005). "52 - Diseases of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and ... The tympanic nerve is also known as the nerve of Jacobson, or Jacobson's nerve. Lesser petrosal nerve Sympathetic connections ... Anatomy of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 1: History, Embryology, Anatomy, Imaging, and ...
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... the vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and the facial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve and the chorda tympani branch of the ... Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M (January 2020). "Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease". ... These cells are shown to synapse upon the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to send their signals to the brain. The ... Danilova V, Hellekant G (March 2003). "Comparison of the responses of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves to taste ...
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... also if glossopharyngeal nerve is involved); and Horner's syndrome from the involvement of sympathetic nerves. Involvement of ... Guttural pouch mycosis (GPM) is a fungal disease that is rare but potentially life-threatening. GPM is of unknown pathogenesis ... The glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves;[citation needed] the sympathetic trunk leaving from the cranial ... The facial nerve is in contact with the dorsal part of the pouch. The external carotid artery passes ventral to the medial ...
... facial nerve) and 9th to the 12th cranial nerves (in order: glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, spinal ... Madras motor neuron disease is a rare motor neuron disease originating in South India. Two other forms of the disease have been ... Madras motor neuron disease (MMND) is a motor neuron disease affecting primarily lower motor neurons. It is similar to ... Navaneetham, Duraiswamy (February 2010). "Madras Motor Neuron Disease". Foundation for Research on Rare Diseases and Disorders ...
The circumvallate papillae get special afferent taste innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even ... In some diseases, there can be depapillation of the tongue, where the lingual papillae are lost, leaving a smooth, red and ... distributed with the lingual nerve of cranial nerve V. Lingual papillae, particularly filiform papillae, are thought to ... The rest of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue gets taste innervation from the chorda tympani of cranial nerve VII, ...
... jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. ... A high jugular fossa may be linked to Ménière's disease. Fossa (anatomy) Left temporal bone. Inferior surface. (Label for ... In the lateral part of the jugular fossa is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve ...
The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) are located in ... Diseases of the brainstem can result in abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves that may lead to visual disturbances, ... Oculomotor nerve nucleus: This is the third cranial nerve nucleus. Trochlear nerve nucleus: This is the fourth cranial nerve. ... The nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) are located ...
Glossopharyngeal nerve, Vagus nerve, Accessory nerve). ... Obstruction of the jugular foramen due to bone diseases ... Jugular foramen syndrome, or Vernet's syndrome, is characterized by paresis of the glossopharyngeal, vagal, and accessory (with ... cranial nerves Gadolinium enhanced mri for vestibular schwannoma mri and biopsy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on nerve ... or without the hypoglossal) nerves. Symptoms of this syndrome are consequences of this paresis. As such, an affected patient ...
... the facial nerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII). Dysarthria does ... Lyme disease Stroke Tay-Sachs disease, and late-onset Tay-Sachs disease (LOTS) Transient ischemic attack, a 'mini stroke' ... Cranial nerves that control the muscles relevant to dysarthria include the trigeminal nerve's motor branch (V), ... from which the cranial nerves originate), or the neuromuscular junction (in diseases such as myasthenia gravis) which block the ...
... nerve 352.1 Glossopharyngeal neuralgia 352.2 Other disorders of glossopharyngeal [9th] nerve 352.3 Disorders of pneumogastric [ ... 10th] nerve 352.4 Disorders of accessory [11th] nerve 352.5 Disorders of hypoglossal [12th] nerve 352.6 Multiple cranial nerve ... 354.0 Carpal tunnel syndrome 354.1 Other lesion of median nerve 354.2 Lesion of ulnar nerve 354.3 Lesion of radial nerve 354.4 ... of lateral popliteal nerve 355.4 Lesion of medial popliteal nerve 355.5 Tarsal tunnel syndrome 355.6 Lesion of plantar nerve ...
... the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of ... A rare brain disease of the cerebellum is rhombencephalosynapsis characterized by an absent or partially formed vermis. ... the trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN ... in terms of the genes that it expresses and its position in between the brain and the nerve cord. It has been suggested that ...
... glossopharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal neuralgia glomus jugulare tumor vagus nerve injury spinal accessory nerve palsy ... GSD type II (Pompe disease) GSD type V (McArdle disease) GSD type VII (Tarui disease) GSD type XI (Lactate dehydrogenase ... mtDNA deletion Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) are a group of diseases caused by mutations related to glycogen metabolism. ... Mitochondrial myopathies are diseases caused by mutations related to mitochondria, and thus are generally inherited from the ...
... especially damage to the chorda tympani nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve. The chorda tympani nerve passes taste for the ... of a series of over 400 COVID-19 disease patients in Europe were reported to report gustatory dysfunction (86% reported ... The lingual nerve (which is a branch of the trigeminal V3 nerve, but carries taste sensation back to the chorda tympani nerve ... front two-thirds of the tongue and the glossopharyngeal nerve passes taste for the back third of the tongue. ...
Arthritis Lung disease Diabetes Cancer Heart disease Alcoholism Stroke Mental health disorders (depression, etc.) "I'm a people ... 3AM: 3rd nerve palsy Anti-muscarinic eye drops (e.g. to facilitate fundoscopy) Myotonic pupil ABC: Appearance (SOB, pain, etc ... glossopharyngeal neuralgia) Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy) Sensitive carotid sinus ... Davies SJ (2010). ""C3, 4, 5 Keeps the Diaphragm Alive." Is phrenic nerve palsy part of the pathophysiological mechanism in ...
... the trigeminal nerve), CN VII (the facial nerve), CN IX (the glossopharyngeal nerve), CN X (the vagus nerve), and CN XII (the ... Tumors Multiple Sclerosis Neurodegenerative diseases Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Moyamoya disease Vasculitis Trauma ... These lesions typically damage the cranial nerves leading to both motor and sensory deficits. The cranial nerves that are ... FCMS caused by the formation of lesions unilaterally causes muteness of speech and upper motor neuron cranial nerve paresis, ...
... and glossopharyngeal nerves". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 502 (6): 1066-1078. doi:10.1002/cne.21371. ISSN 1096-9861. PMC ... Erisir conducts studies on cellular mechanisms within the aging brain and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's ... Scientists Identify 'Missing Link' in Process Leading to Alzheimer's Disease". UVA Today. 2007-02-06. Retrieved 2021-04-28. ... Corson, James A.; Erisir, Alev (2013-09-01). "Monosynaptic convergence of chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal afferents onto ...
The carotid sinus nerve is the branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve which innervates them. Alternatively, the glomus type I ... has been investigated as a cell-based therapy for people with Parkinson's disease. List of distinct cell types in the adult ... Signals are transmitted to the afferent nerve fibers of the sinus nerve and may include dopamine, acetylcholine, and adenosine ... They are also present along the vagus nerve, in the inner ears, in the lungs, and at other sites. Neoplasms of glomus cells are ...
... involves problems with function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), the vagus nerve (CN X), the accessory nerve ... Genetic: Kennedy's disease, acute intermittent porphyria. Vascular causes: medullary infarction, such as lateral or medial ... the vagus nerve (CN X), the accessory nerve (CN XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). It is caused by a lower motor neuron ... Bulbar palsy refers to a range of different signs and symptoms linked to impairment of function of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( ...
Adson undertook innovative neurosurgery for the treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Raynaud's Disease, Hirschsprung's ... Named by Adson and Jay R Coffey, also called thoracic outlet syndrome, a condition which involves pressure on the nerve bundle ... the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases Inc., the Society of Neurological Surgeons, the American ... disease and for essential hypertension. He was a colonel in the US Army Medical Reserve Corps and a fellow of The American ...
... celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, Crohn's disease, hepatitis, upper gastrointestinal malignancy, and pancreatic ... Signals from these pathways travel via multiple neural tracts including the vagus, glossopharyngeal, splanchnic, and ... sympathetic nerves. Signals from any of these pathways then travel to the brainstem, activating several structures including ... Andrews PL, Horn CC (April 2006). "Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases". ...
... as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus muscle. The ... but likely plays a role in bronchospastic diseases like COPD/emphysema (in which inhaled anticholinergic medications such as ... The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented; dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red; sensory in blue. Nuclei of origin of ... The muscles supplied by the vagus (included with this is the cranial root of the accessory nerve), such as levator veli ...
Injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve can result in dysgeusia. In addition, damage done to the pons, thalamus, and midbrain, all ... "Simultaneous involvement of third and sixth cranial nerve in a patient with Lyme disease". Neuroradiology. 45 (2): 85-7. doi: ... Damage to the peripheral nerves, along with injury to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve, also cause dysgeusia. A ... For example, the blink reflex may be used to evaluate the integrity of the trigeminal nerve-pontine brainstem-facial nerve ...
... by severing their glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves. He then observed the distal nerves from the site of injury, which ... Specific mutations in NMNAT2 have linked the Wallerian degeneration mechanism to two neurological diseases. Axonotmesis ... Waller A (1 January 1850). "Experiments on the Section of the Glossopharyngeal and Hypoglossal Nerves of the Frog, and ... In healthy nerves, nerve growth factor (NGF) is produced in very small amounts. However, upon injury, NGF mRNA expression ...
... the nerve travels through the jugular foramen with the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. The spinal accessory nerve is notable ... Weakness in both muscles may point to a more general disease process such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré ... The accessory nerve, also known as the eleventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve XI, or simply CN XI, is a cranial nerve that ... Cranial nerves Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. The accessory nerve (top left) ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO GLOSOFARINGEO DOENÇAS DO NERVO GLOSSOFARÍNGEO GLUCONOBACTER ... TRIGEMINAL NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO TRIGEMINO DOENÇAS DO NERVO TRIGÊMEO TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL ... ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ABDUCENTE DOENÇAS DO NERVO ABDUCENTE ABDUCENS NERVE INJURY TRAUMATISMO DEL ... ACCESSORY NERVE DISEASES ENFERMEDADES DEL NERVIO ACCESORIO DOENÇAS DO NERVO ACESSÓRIO ACUPUNCTURE, EAR ACUPUNTURA EN EL OIDO ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases 100% * Radiosurgery 66% * Syncope 65% * Hemodynamics 44% * His-His-His-His-His-His 14% ... Sixth Nerve Palsy Secondary to Traumatic Carotid-Jugular Fistula. Halenda, K. M., Rahimi, S. Y., Patton, J. J. & Thomas, D. A. ... Revision and removal of vagus nerve stimulation systems: twenty-five years experience. Kaoutzani, L., Goldman, L. V., Piper, K ... Herbal drugs an alternative medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Preclinical and clinical trial review. ...
Ranked list of possible diseases from either several symptoms or a full patient history. A similarity measure between symptoms ... Median Nerve Diseases. On-line free medical diagnosis assistant. ... Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases. 1. + + 28. Sensation Disorders ... Diseases. Frequent searches. Medicinal plants. Health topics. Medical dictionary. Health sites. Questions and answers. ...
glossopharyngeal nerve disease DOID:3418 * protein localization to cytoplasmic stress granule GO:1903608 ... A knowledge graph of biological entities such as genes, gene functions, diseases, phenotypes and chemicals. Embeddings are ...
Nielsen, R., Hauerberg, J., Munthe, S., Nielsen, T. H., Rochat, P., Birkeland, P., Rudnicka, S., Gulisano, H. A., Sehested, T., Diaz, A., Karabegovic, S. & Sunde, N., 7 Jan 2019, In: Ugeskrift for Laeger. 181, 2, p. V05180375. Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases (5). *Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia (3). *Glucagonoma (34). *Glucocorticoid Resistance (5) ...
... neuropathies Trigeminal neuralgia Glossopharyngeal neuralgia Sphenopalatine Ganglion neuralgia Sluders Neuralgia Mental nerve ... International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) is a new classification coming into effect as of January 1, 2022. It includes ... Pulpal Dentinal hypersensitivity resulting from Caries Toothwear Pulp disease (reversible and irreversible pulpitis) resulting ... a surgical or traumatic injury to a peripheral nerve. Primarily psychological, which is rare (See: psychogenic pain) Diagnosis ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases *Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases. *Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia. *Glossopharyngeal Nerve Taste ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases. Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases. Ocular Motility Disorders. Oculomotor Nerve Diseases ...
... and etiology of headaches in patients with pituitary disease. ... glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves as well as the upper cervical ... Headache and Pituitary Disease. A Systematic Review. I. Kreitschmann-Andermahr; S. Siegel; R. Weber Carneiro; J. M. Maubach; B ... Table 2. Overview of systematic studies on headache and pituitary disease Study. N. Prevalence. Tumour size. Cavernous sinus ... Headache is very common in pituitary disease and is reported to be present in more than a third of all patients with pituitary ...
Taste Disorder, Glossopharyngeal Nerve use Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases Taste Disorder, Posterior Tongue use Taste Disorders ... Tarui Disease use Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII Taruis Disease use Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII ...
... buildup of these proteins begins in the olfactory bulb and/or the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves ... How will this disease progress? How can we best be prepared?. Parkinsons disease is a progressive neurological disease. At ... Parkinsons Disease Stages According to Spread of Alpha-Synuclein and Lewy Bodies. In 2003, a Parkinsons disease staging ... As an individual with Parkinsons disease, it is important to be informed of the stages of Parkinsons disease and how the ...
Carotid Artery Disease flashcards from Mollie O's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. ✓ Learn ... 6] Carotid Artery Disease Flashcards Preview Vascular [20] , [6] Carotid Artery Disease , Flashcards ... Those who have had TIA or stroke, to look for disease precipitating the presentation. Asymptomatic patients with risk factors. ... Why are Duplex ultrasound scans good for screening asymptomatic patients for carotid artery disease? ...
However, neurovascular compression of the vestibular nerve or glossopharyngeal nerve are rare. In this article, we describe ... However, they did not meet the absolute criteria to be diagnosed with the previously mentioned diseases, nor to be ruled out. ... Persisting facial nerve palsy or trigeminal neuralgia - red flags for perineural spread of head and neck cutaneous squamous ... Chronic pain of the face with a sudden, unilateral, and electric shock-like pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve is ...
Mar 20, 2014 - Oh oh oh to touch and feel very green veggies so healthy Cranial nerves. Good (Glossopharyngeal IX) Big 10. By ... complications 4 Cs Coronary Artery Disease Coronary Rheumatic Fever Congestive Heart Failure The symptoms can often be ... II Optic Nerve. Cranial nerves- OH OH OH TO TOUCH AND FEEL A GIRLS VAGINA AH HEAVEN. oh oh oh to touch and feel cranial nerves ... The 12 cranial nerves are: I Olfactory Nerve. On Occasion, Oliver Tries To An*lly Finger Various Girls. Learn Cranial Nerve ...
Degeneration of cardiac sympathetic nerve begins in the early disease process of Parkinsons disease. Brain Pathol 2007;17:24- ... body pathology in autonomic centres and nerves that include the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, ... Malignant syndrome in Parkinsons disease: concept and review of the literature. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2003;9(Suppl 1):S3-9 ... Progression of Parkinsons disease in the clinical phase: potential markers. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:1158-71. ...
Most cases of neurologic involvement occur in patients with active systemic disease, and neur... ... and involvement of the central nervous system with or without systemic disease is referred to as neurosarcoidosis. ... Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic multisystem granulomatous disease characterized pathologically by the presence of noncaseating ... 31] while patients with involvement of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves can present with dysphagia and dysphonia. ...
  • The most common clinical signs are variable degrees of epistaxis, dysphagia due to damage to glossopharyngeal nerve and pharyngeal branches of the vagus nerve (2,5,6), as well as Horner's syndrome, pharyngeal paralysis and laryngeal hemiplegia (2,5). (acvr.org)
  • A video fluoroscopic swallow study confirmed the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia, which was attributed to left glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve damage associated with the Pancoast tumor. (jkds.org)
  • However, the vagus nerve has branches to most of the internal organs and is the part of the autonomic nervous system. (byjus.com)
  • Vagus nerve - Nerve: Vagus nerve Plan of upper portions of glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. (en-academic.com)
  • According to the Parkinson's disease stages system, the buildup of these proteins begins in the olfactory bulb and/or the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves (nerves that control your throat and stomach, among other things). (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • Olfactory nerve - CN I. Sensory cranial nerves help a person see, smell, and hear. (spagades.com)
  • The 12 cranial nerves are: I Olfactory Nerve. (spagades.com)
  • Cranial Nerve 1 - Olfactory Smell test is done if Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. (spagades.com)
  • With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate. (sdsu.edu)
  • The taste nerve parthway is similar to the olfactory nerve parthway, which can identify the characteristics of different foods and transmit sensory signals to CNS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Head anatomy with olfactory nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Cranial nerves are considered as a part of the peripheral nervous system, although olfactory and optic nerves are considered to be part of the Central nervous system. (byjus.com)
  • Olfactory and optic nerves emerge from the cerebrum and all other 10 nerves emerge from the brain stem. (byjus.com)
  • They are responsible for a variety of functions ranging from vision, hearing, taste and smell to controlling facial movements, eye movements and pupil dilation.The first pair is the olfactory nerve which carries information about smell from receptor cells in the nose to the brain. (studyhippo.com)
  • 1 This is consistent with the Braak hypothesis suggesting that PD patients have Lewy body pathology in autonomic centres and nerves that include the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, gastrointestinal submucosal plexus and postganglionic sympathetic nervous system, which is present in the pre-motor stage before nigral involvement. (bmj.com)
  • Surgical findings showed schwannomas of the glossopharyngeal nerve in seven patients and tumor involvement of both the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in one patient. (ajnr.org)
  • The therapeutic acupoints REN23 and GB20 are distributed in the glossopharyngeal, sublingual, and vagal innervation areas. (hindawi.com)
  • Psychosomatic Sinonasal Rhinosinusitis Headaches Cluster Migraine Tension-type Neoplastic Aneurysm Salivary gland disease Sialadenitis Sialoithiasis Cardiac toothache Eagle syndrome A multi-disciplinary approach is needed for orofacial pain disorders involving both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches which can be applied to the specific type of disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • As an individual with Parkinson's disease, it is important to be informed of the stages of Parkinson's disease and how the disorder progresses. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor dysfunction (parkinsonism) and several non-motor features. (bmj.com)
  • People with hypoglossal nerve disorder have difficulty speaking, chewing, and swallowing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tumour size, cavernous sinus invasion, traction or displacement of intracranial pain-sensitive structures such as blood vessels, cranial nerves and dura mater, and hormonal hypersecretion are implicated causes. (medscape.com)
  • Most of the cranial nerves originate in the brain stem and pass through the muscles and sense organs of the head and neck. (byjus.com)
  • The cranial nerves are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brain stem. (studyhippo.com)
  • Professor Liu specialized in the basic and clinical treatment of cerebral and spinal cord diseases in the craniocervical junction area, such as minimally invasive surgery of syringomyelia and Arnold-Chiari. (icpn.org.cn)
  • quadruple minimally invasive surgery for ankylosing spondylitis and spinal cord, microsurgical treatment for congenital diseases, treatment of severe craniocerebral injury, neck, shoulder, and lumbago. (icpn.org.cn)
  • Medtronic Neurological and Spinal, designing breakthrough products and therapies to relieve the suffering caused by neurological diseases and disorders, and pioneering new techniques for spinal and cranial surgery. (medexplorer.com)
  • Cranial nerves arise directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves and exit through its foramina. (byjus.com)
  • affects the nerves running from the top of your spinal cord to your scalp, causing aching, burning, or throbbing pain that starts at the base of your skull and travels up to the scalp. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • When other treatments fail, doctors may try nerve or spinal cord stimulation. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An electrode is placed over part of nerve, spinal cord, or brain and is hooked to a pulse generator under the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. (nih.gov)
  • A very large vestibular schwannoma may cause ninth cranial nerve palsy. (ajnr.org)
  • Schwannomas of the jugular foramen, usually with origin from the ninth nerve, are rare, but the presenting symptoms may be similar to those of a vestibular schwannoma owing to mass effect by tumor growth in the posterior cranial fossa (2-4) . (ajnr.org)
  • 2] Ninth (glossopharyngeal) sends taste sensations to back part of tongue along with carrying some information related to swallowing process. (studyhippo.com)
  • Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disease. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • Motor symptoms typically arise within the first stage of the Parkinson's disease. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • A Parkinson's disease staging system was defined in 1967 by Dr. Hoehn and Yahr. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • They developed a Parkinson's disease staging system based on the level of disability that the patient experiences. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) comprises about 90% of Parkinson's cases. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • In 2003, a Parkinson's disease staging system was outlined to show the spread of these proteins throughout the brain. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • No matter what stage of Parkinson's disease a person is in, there is hope for the future. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • There are doctors, treatments, and therapies to support Parkinson's disease in each stage of progression. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • This article is not intended to diagnose or treat any individual with Parkinson's disease. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • Non-motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) are increasingly being defined and include dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. (bmj.com)
  • This interplay explains why there are a number of disorders that are characterised by both neurological and gastrointestinal signs and symptoms (for example, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, some encephalopathies (infections affecting the brain), herpes infections , some autistic disorders, some forms of motor neuron disease). (maxfacts.uk)
  • By definition, neurodegeneration disturbs the properties of the CNS and therefore affects neuronal function, which is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar dementia (FTLD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the physiologic stages of the disease begin during a time when symptoms are not present, this staging illustrates the path of the disease through the central nervous system. (theparkinsonsplan.com)
  • They include the nerves that transmit smell, those responsible for vision and the movement of the eyes, those that control facial movements, those responsible for hearing and balance, and those responsible for chewing, swallowing, vocalizing, and movement of the Other times a person's neurologic symptoms bring them to the doctors office. (spagades.com)
  • Most cases of neurologic involvement occur in patients with active systemic disease, and neurologic symptoms usually occur within 2 years after the onset of systemic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Patients, especially children and adolescents, presenting with what appears to be granulomatous cheilitis or OFG should be very carefully evaluated for gastrointestinal symptoms, signs, and disease. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the nonspecific nature of associated symptoms, however, patients with base of tongue tumors may present with advanced disease. (medscape.com)
  • Physiotherapy is a valuable method that can aid symptoms associated with neuralgia / nerve pain. (physio.co.uk)
  • Symptoms associated with neuralgia / nerve pain can vary significantly in characteristics, frequency and severity among sufferers and some people may develop other unrelated symptoms. (physio.co.uk)
  • Cranial nerves, including the optic nerve, can be affected by direct granuloma compression or by infiltration of the meninges or the nerve itself. (medscape.com)
  • Only cranial nerves I and II are purely sensory and are responsible for the sense of smell and vision (optic nerve II). (byjus.com)
  • The optic nerve II is the agent of vision. (byjus.com)
  • The second pair is the optic nerve which carries visual information from receptors in the eyes to the brain. (studyhippo.com)
  • Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve). (spagades.com)
  • Damage to the Trochlear nerve might cause inability to move eyeball downwards and damage to abducens nerve might result in diplopia. (byjus.com)
  • The fourth pair is known as trochlear nerve which controls movement of one eye muscle in particular called superior oblique muscle. (studyhippo.com)
  • Multiple sclerosis can cause this pain, as well as nerve injury or a number of other causes. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. (sdsu.edu)
  • It is one of the most common neurologic disorders of the cranial nerves (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Bell palsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting the cranial nerves, and it is the most common cause of facial paralysis worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • NPs may accelerate the process of neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases by promoting inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), microglial activation and neuronal loss [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Historically, disorders of taste and smell have been difficult to diagnose and treat, often because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of these senses and their disease states. (medscape.com)
  • Although some respiratory disorders, such as sleep apnea, occur only during sleep, virtually all respiratory disorders-including upper airway obstruction, central hypoventilation, and chronic lung disease-are worse during sleep than wakefulness. (atsjournals.org)
  • Disorders of the 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal nerve) cause weakness or wasting (atrophy) of the tongue on the affected side. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment of hypoglossal nerve disorders depends on the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. (nih.gov)
  • Nerves that extend throughout the body on both sides emerging directly from brain and brain stem are called cranial nerves. (byjus.com)
  • occurs when a blood vessel presses down on the trigeminal nerve where it meets your brain stem. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Oculomotor nerve helps in the movement of the eye. (byjus.com)
  • The third pair is termed as oculomotor nerve which controls most eye muscles as well as pupil size. (studyhippo.com)
  • Vestibulocochlear (auditory vestibular nerve) is responsible for hearing and balance. (byjus.com)
  • The seventh paired facial nerve allows us sense taste on front two thirds of tongue along with helping us talk by controlling facial muscles like those involved in smiling or frowning etc.[1] Eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear) helps us maintain balance while also transmitting sound signals from inner ear to brain. (studyhippo.com)
  • A related but less common neuralgia affects the glossopharyngeal nerve , which provides feeling to the throat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dysarthria, also known as dyskinesia dysarthria, is a speech disease characterized by muscular paralysis and dyskinesia of the articulatory organs caused by lesions of the central, peripheral nervous system, or the muscle itself. (hindawi.com)
  • Four months after initial assessment, we repeated the syndrome, and 1 had scapular winging and shoulder neurologic examinations, and patients or family members abduction weakness consistent with a long thoracic nerve completed a self-administered questionnaire that gathered paralysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Miescher cheilitis is generally regarded as a monosymptomatic form of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, although the possibility remains that these may be 2 separate diseases. (medscape.com)
  • Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome involves the association with facial nerve palsy. (medscape.com)
  • The widespread prevalence of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and associated virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to some reported cases of IFP. (medscape.com)
  • A person may have 2 or more co-existing chronic pain conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, endometriosis, fibromyalgia, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial cystitis, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and vulvodynia. (rxwiki.com)
  • Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is likely more than one disease process, and the etiology may be multifactorial. (medscape.com)
  • Pertinent to burning mouth syndrome (BMS), the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) supplies the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. (medscape.com)
  • Professor Liu has rich experience in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases and neuro-oncology, including the common and frequently-occurring diseases in neurosurgery, resection of pituitary tumors through single nostril, over-range resection of brain gliomas and the comprehensive treatment. (icpn.org.cn)
  • Tumors of the cranial nerve sheath constitute 5% to 10% of all intracranial neoplasms, yet few articles have described their CT and MR characteristics. (ajnr.org)
  • We report the imaging findings in a relatively large series of schwannomas of the jugular foramen, contrasting them with other disease entities, especially vestibular schwannomas and tumors of the glomus jugulare. (ajnr.org)
  • Cranial nerve sheath tumors constitute 5% to 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. (ajnr.org)
  • When the origin could be identified, almost all these tumors were histologically proved to be schwannomas of the glossopharyngeal nerve. (ajnr.org)
  • Additionally, tumors may be considered unresectable because of their size/location or the extent of the disease or due to invasion into critical structures. (medscape.com)
  • Bell palsy is an acute, unilateral, peripheral, lower-motor-neuron facial nerve paralysis that gradually resolves over time in 80-90% of cases. (medscape.com)
  • He serves as the editorial board member of many academic journals, including "Chinese Journal of Neurosurgery", "Chinese Journal of Neurological Diseases", "Chinese Journal of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery", "Journal of Clinical Neurosurgery", etc. (icpn.org.cn)
  • Various diseases can cause otalgia because the ear has rich sensory innervationthrough many cranial (V, VII, IX, and X) and cervical (2 and 3) nerves. (ejao.org)
  • These 4 cranial nerves, as well as cervical nerves 2 and 3 are also distributed in other regions of the body as well as the ears. (ejao.org)
  • The guttural pouches house cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII, the cranial cervical ganglion, cervical sympathetic trunk, internal carotid artery, as well as the external carotid artery and its caudal auricular, superficial temporal and maxillary artery branches (5). (acvr.org)
  • Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE . (nih.gov)
  • In our previous study, ZnO NPs were confirmed to transfer to the central nervous system (CNS) via the taste nerve pathway and cause neurodegeneration after 30 days of tongue instillation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, nanoparticles tongue instillation is likely to be uptaken by taste bud cells and transported into CNS via the taste nerve pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This nerve moves the tongue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Damage to this nerve may result in distortion of smell and taste. (byjus.com)
  • Any damage to this nerve results in problems related to sight and vision. (byjus.com)
  • Damage to this nerve leads to distortion in vision or double vision and even problem in the coordination of eyes. (byjus.com)
  • Due to the damage to this nerve, it might cause the inability to move face parts on one or more sides. (byjus.com)
  • Neuralgia is a sharp, shocking pain that follows the path of a nerve and is due to irritation or damage to the nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In conclusion cranial nerves play an important role in normal functioning of human body through transmission of sensory, motor inputs/outputs between head/neck area and rest parts like torso or arms etc., hence any damage or disease related issues in these can cause significant impairments in our daily life activities depending upon severity level so it's very important we take good care about them. (studyhippo.com)
  • Problems that cause chronic pain include headache, low back strain, or nerve damage. (rxwiki.com)
  • Multiple myeloma, hemangiomas, metastatic disease, and various lytic benign bone lesions also produce lytic calvarial lesions with nonsclerotic borders. (medscape.com)
  • Your cranial nerves help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. (spagades.com)
  • Increasing evidence shows that neurodegenerative diseases are partially caused and promoted by neuroinflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The right recurrent laryngeal nerve wraps round the right subclavian artery, while the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wraps around the arch of the aorta and the ligamentum arteriosum. (ehd.org)
  • There are twelve cranial nerves which are numbered using Roman numerals according to the order in which they emerge from the brain (from front to back). (byjus.com)
  • There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves Overview of the Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nervesthe cranial nerveslead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (spagades.com)
  • The rest of the cranial nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibres and are therefore referred to as the mixed cranial nerves. (byjus.com)
  • Are you suffering from nerve pain related to shingles? (neurology-clinics.com)
  • You may be suffering from neuralgia, a type of nerve pain that occurs either in isolation or as a shingles complication. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • All patients had IgM antibodies detected in paralysis in WNV neuroinvasive disease remains acute-phase serum samples by IgM antibody-capture unknown, and the clinical features of WNV-associated res- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the Colorado piratory weakness have not been characterized. (cdc.gov)
  • Sympathetic nerves, which cause reflex motions. (spagades.com)
  • Acupuncture can improve nerve sensitivity and promote the recovery of motor function. (hindawi.com)
  • Cranial nerves carry information from the brain to other parts of the body, primarily to the head and neck. (byjus.com)
  • Cranial nerves are concerned with the head, neck, and other facial regions of the body. (byjus.com)
  • Most of the cranial nerves belong to the somatic system. (byjus.com)