Gnetum
Cycas
Piper nigrum
Three new trimeric stilbenes from Gnetum gnemon. (1/11)
Three stilbene trimers (gnemonols D, E, F) were isolated from the root of Gnetum gnemon. The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the compounds on lipid peroxide inhibition and super oxide scavenging activity were also investigated. (+info)Gnetol as a potent tyrosinase inhibitor from genus Gnetum. (2/11)
Gnetol (2,3',5',6-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene), a naturally occurring compound particularly found in the genus Gnetum, had a strong inhibitory effect on murine tyrosinase activity. Gnetol (IC50, 4.5 microM) was stronger than kojic acid (IC50, 139 microM) as a standard inhibitor for murine tyrosinase activity. Moreover, gnetol significantly suppressed, melanin biosynthesis in murine B16 melanoma cells. (+info)Horizontal gene transfer from flowering plants to Gnetum. (3/11)
Although horizontal gene transfer is well documented in microbial genomes, no case has been reported in higher plants. We discovered horizontal transfer of the mitochondrial nad1 intron 2 and adjacent exons b and c from an asterid to Gnetum (Gnetales, gymnosperms). Gnetum has two copies of intron 2, a group II intron, that differ in their exons, nucleotide composition, domain lengths, and structural characteristics. One of the copies, limited to an Asian clade of Gnetum, is almost identical to the homologous locus in angiosperms, and partial sequences of its exons b and c show characteristic substitutions unique to angiosperms. Analyses of 70 seed plant nad1 exons b and c and intron 2 sequences, including representatives of all angiosperm clades, support that this copy originated from a euasterid and was horizontally transferred to Gnetum. Molecular clock dating, using calibrations provided by gnetalean macrofossils, suggests an age of 5 to 2 million years for the Asian clade that received the horizontal transfer. (+info)Preparation on oligostilbenes of isorhapontigenin by oxidative coupling reaction. (4/11)
Four new compounds 1-4 were obtained from an oxidative coupling reaction of (E)-isorhapontigenin using FeCl(3) as oxidant. Their structures and stereochemistry were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence [UV, IR, MS, (1)H-, (13)C-NMR, NOE and 2D NMR], and their possible formation mechanisms were also discussed, respectively. (+info)Isolation and biomimetic synthesis of anti-inflammatory stilbenolignans from Gnetum cleistostachyum. (5/11)
One new stilbenolignan, gnetucleistol F (1), and four known stilbenolignans, gnetofuran A (2), lehmbachol D (3), gnetifolin F (4) and gnetumontanin C (5) were isolated from the lianas of Gnetum cleistostachyum C. Y. CHENG (Gnetaceae). Their structures and relative configurations were determined by means of spectroscopic evidence. Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 were synthesized for the first time on the basis of their biogenetic pathway, and their possible biomimetical synthetic mechanisms were discussed. The pharmacological activities of all stilbenolignans have been tested. Among them, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed moderate inhibitory activities on TNF-alpha and 1 also showed potent inhibitory activity on malondialdehyde. (+info)Chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp protein-coding genes of Gnetum parvifolium: insights into cpDNA evolution and phylogeny of extant seed plants. (6/11)
Phylogenetic relationships among the 5 groups of extant seed plants are presently unsettled. To reexamine this long-standing debate, we determine the complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 protein-coding genes encoded in the cpDNA of Gnetum parvifolium. The cpDNA of Cycas is a circular molecule of 163,403 bp with 2 typical large inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,074 bp each. We inferred phylogenetic relationships among major seed plant lineages using concatenated 56 protein-coding genes in 37 land plants. Phylogenies, generated by the use of 3 independent methods, provide concordant and robust support for the monophylies of extant seed plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Within the modern gymnosperms are 2 highly supported sister clades: Cycas-Ginkgo and Gnetum-Pinus. This result agrees with both the "gnetifer" and "gnepines" hypotheses. The sister relationships in Cycas-Ginkgo and Gnetum-Pinus clades are further reinforced by cpDNA structural evidence. Branch lengths of Cycas-Ginkgo and Gnetum were consistently the shortest and the longest, respectively, in all separate analyses. However, the Gnetum relative rate test revealed this tendency only for the 3rd codon positions and the transversional sites of the first 2 codon positions. A PsitufA located between psbE and petL genes is here first detected in Anthoceros (a hornwort), cycads, and Ginkgo. We demonstrate that the PsitufA is a footprint descended from the chloroplast tufA of green algae. The duplication of ycf2 genes and their shift into IRs should have taken place at least in the common ancestor of seed plants more than 300 MYA, and the tRNAPro-GGG gene was lost from the angiosperm lineage at least 150 MYA. Additionally, from cpDNA structural comparison, we propose an alternative model for the loss of large IR regions in black pine. More cpDNA data from non-Pinaceae conifers are necessary to justify whether the gnetifer or gnepines hypothesis is valid and to generate solid structural evidence for the monophyly of extant gymnosperms. (+info)Inhibitory effect of gnetin C, a resveratrol dimer from melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis. (7/11)
Tyrosinase is the key enzyme involved in melanogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of gnetin C, a resveratrol dimer isolated from melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds, on tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in murine B16 cells. The inhibitory activities of gnetin C and resveratrol were shown to be almost equal against tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis in the cells. The IC(50) values of gnetin C activity against tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis were 7.0 and 7.6 microM, respectively, whereas resveratrol demonstrated IC(50) values of 7.2 and 7.3 microM, respectively. These results indicated that gnetin C inhibited melanogenesis, in a manner similar to that of resveratrol, by inhibiting tyrosinase and may therefore function as a new skin-whitening agent. However, the direct effects of gnetin C and resveratrol on murine tyrosinase activities were not equal. The IC(50) value of resveratrol was 10.1 microM, while gnetin C only exhibited a 25.2% enzyme inhibition at 16 microM. The IC(25) values for gnetin C and resveratrol were 15.5 and 4.0 microM, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that the effects of gnetin C may be due to mechanisms other than the direct inhibition of tyrosinase activity. (+info)Cuspidans A and B, two new stilbenoids from the bark of Gnetum cuspidatum. (8/11)
Cuspidan A (1), a new stilbene sestermer consisting of a resveratrol, an oxyresveratrol, and a 3,5-dihydroxyphenylmethanol constituent units and cuspidan B (2), a new tri-cyclic stilbene monomer were isolated from the bark of Gnetum cuspidatum. The structures and configurations of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of 2D-NMR correlations. (+info)"Gnetum" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of plants in the family Gnetaceae. These plants are not commonly referred to as "Gnetum" in a medical context, but rather by the specific names of their edible species, such as Gnetum gnemon (called "Melinjo" in Indonesian) and Gnetum Africanum (called "Okazi" or "Ukazi" in West Africa).
The leaves, seeds, and stems of some Gnetum species are used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support their medicinal uses. Therefore, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant-based remedies for medical purposes.
Gnetophyta is a division of seed plants that includes three living genera: Gnetum, Welwitschia, and Ephedra. These plants are characterized by their vascular structure, which is similar to that of angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (conifers and related plants). They also have specialized leaves and pollen-bearing structures. Gnetophytes are often considered to be a sister group to the angiosperms, although their exact phylogenetic relationship is still a matter of debate. Some researchers have suggested that gnetophytes may have evolved certain traits independently as a result of convergent evolution, rather than sharing a common ancestor with the angiosperms. Despite their small number of extant species, gnetophytes have a fossil record dating back to the early Mesozoic Era, making them an important group for understanding the evolutionary history of seed plants.
I'm not aware of a medical definition for the term "Cycas." It is a genus name in botany, referring to a group of plants commonly known as cycads. Cycads are ancient seed plants that have been on Earth for millions of years. They are often grown as ornamental plants due to their unique appearance.
While there may not be a direct medical definition for "Cycas," it is worth noting that some parts of the cycad plant, particularly the seeds, contain toxic compounds that can cause serious health issues in both humans and animals if ingested. These toxins can affect the nervous system, liver, and kidneys, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, seizures, and even death in severe cases.
Therefore, while "Cycas" may not have a medical definition per se, it is still important to be aware of its potential health risks.
'Piper nigrum' is not a medical term, but it is a botanical name. It refers to the black pepper plant, which is native to South India and Southeast Asia. The fruit of the plant, known as peppercorns, is used as a spice and has various medicinal properties.
Black pepper contains piperine, an alkaloid that gives it its pungent flavor and may have several health benefits, such as improving digestion, reducing inflammation, and enhancing bioavailability of nutrients in other foods when consumed together. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and establish appropriate dosages for medical use.
Stilbenes are a type of chemical compound that consists of a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone. They are phenolic compounds and can be found in various plants, where they play a role in the defense against pathogens and stress conditions. Some stilbenes have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. One well-known example of a stilbene is resveratrol, which is found in the skin of grapes and in red wine.
It's important to note that while some stilbenes have been shown to have potential health benefits in laboratory studies, more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness in humans. It's always a good idea to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
Gnetum
Gnetum africanum
Gnetum urens
Gnetum cleistostachyum
Gnetum latifolium
Gnetum gnemon
Gnetum macrostachyum
Gnetum luofuense
Oligostilbenoid
Gnetucleistol E
Pinostilbene
Tannin
4-Methoxyresveratrol
Rhapontigenin
Gnetucleistol D
Piceatannol
P-Coumaric acid
Pinosylvin
Paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche
List of Indonesian condiments
Strobilus
Johannes Paulus Lotsy
Xylem
Pekarangan
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
Stilbenolignan
Ukazi soup
List of Bohol flora and fauna
Thai cuisine
Limbe Botanic Garden
Gnetum - Wikipedia
Planting Gnetum - CIFOR Knowledge
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Gnemon14
- Gnetum gnemon carpellate/female cones Gnetum latifolium staminate/male cones Gathered leaves of Gnetum africanum Gnetum gnemon seeds Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Ren D, Labandeira CC, Santiago-Blay JA, Rasnitsyn A, Shih CK, Bashkuev A, Logan MA, Hotton CL, Dilcher D. (2009). (wikipedia.org)
- and anti-nutrients (oxalate, … Gnetum africanum African jointfir Gnetum buchholzianum jointfir Gnetum gnemon buko Legal Status. (amcairlines.com)
- Purpose : This study aims to determine the effectiveness of melinjo leaf extract (Gnetum gnemon L) on the growth ofbacteria Propionibacterium acnes, usingdesign Descriptive. (atlantis-press.com)
- Gnetum gnemon is a very commonly cultivated tree also present in abandoned plantations. (uforest.org)
- The variety found in Singapore is Gnetum gnemon var. (uforest.org)
- 1. Seeds of Gnetum gnemon, G. latifolium and G.ula are eaten after boiling or roasting. (biologydiscussion.com)
- 2. Young leaves and inflorescence of Gnetum gnemon and G. latifolium are cooked as vegetable. (biologydiscussion.com)
- 3. A fiber of high tensile strength is obtained from the bark of Gnetum gnemon and G. latifolium, and used for making fishing nets and ropes. (biologydiscussion.com)
- 4. Paper is made from the pulp produced from the bark of Gnetum gnemon. (biologydiscussion.com)
- View of Quality changes during storage in Thai indigenous leafy vegetable, Liang leaves (Gnetum gnemon var. (itjfs.com)
- It's served with fried shallots, emping (fried chips made of Gnetum gnemon fruit), lime, cucumber pickles, and chili on the side. (matadornetwork.com)
- Anatomical Structure and Histochemical Study Male Strobilus of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L. (ugm.ac.id)
- Melinjo or belinjo or tangkil ( Gnetum gnemon ) is a species of gymnosperms in Gnetaceae, dioecious, tree-shaped, living wild but also widely planted in the yard as a shade or barrier where seeds, seed coat and young leaves are processed into food. (dlium.com)
- G. gnemon is a tree and has a straight trunk, this is different from other Gnetum which is usually a liana. (dlium.com)
Africanum15
- tropical west Africa Gnetum africanum - central Africa from Cameroon to Angola Gnetum buchholzianum - central Africa from Nigeria to Zaire Gnetum subsect. (wikipedia.org)
- Les feuilles fraîches de Gnetum buchholzianum et celles de l'espèce très similaire Gnetum africanum Welw. (amcairlines.com)
- Gnetum africanum Welwitsch: See Shiembo et al. (amcairlines.com)
- gnetum africanum benefits are high in antioxidants have also been exploited by drug activists and plants, Pudji Rahayu, from Bekasi. (amcairlines.com)
- REVIEW Gnetum africanum: A Wild Food Plant from the African Forest with Many Nutritional and Medicinal Properties Fadi Ali,1 Mafu Akier Assanta,2 and Carole Robert1 1PharmAfrican, Le´vis, Que´bec, Canada. (amcairlines.com)
- B & T World Seeds log in or create an account Printer ready version of Gnetum%20africanum … Transfer of eru (Gnetum africanum Welw. (amcairlines.com)
- Gnetum africanum : Source: Gymnosperms of North America Update, database (version 2010) Acquired: 2010 : Notes: Updated for ITIS by the Flora of North America Expertise Network, in connection with an update for USDA PLANTS (2007-2010) Reference for: Gnetum africanum : Source: The PLANTS Database, database (version 4.0.4) Acquired: 1996 : Notes: Report for CARPE. (amcairlines.com)
- Gnetum is dioecious, the fructifications are axillary (Fig. Gnetum africanum is a climbing plant found in the wildlife of the tropical African rainforest. (amcairlines.com)
- In fact, not only the seeds, flowers gnetum africanum, leaves skin even gnetum africanum gnetum africanum also favors made of vegetables, although the highest concentration of protein found in the seeds. (amcairlines.com)
- Gnetum africanum: Gnetum africanum Welw. (amcairlines.com)
- Gnetum africanum , or Okazi, Eru, African jointfir is a climbing vine with highly nutritious leaves that are utilized as edible vegetable. (pharmchoices.com)
- Other local names of Gnetum africanum includes 'wild spinach' in English, okazi, ukase or afang (Nigeria), Eru, okok, m'fumbua, or fumbua (Cameroon), koko (Angola), m'fumbua or fumbua (DR Congo), and "Ntoumou" in Gabon. (pharmchoices.com)
- Gnetum africanum contains more dry matter than other dark or medium green leaf vegetables. (pharmchoices.com)
- The leaves of Gnetum africanum have hypolipidermic, hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. (pharmchoices.com)
- The effect of ethanol leaf extract of Gnetum africanum was studied in albino rats induced with benign prostatic hyperplasia. (academicjournals.org)
Gnetaceae1
- Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. (wikipedia.org)
Species8
- citation needed] Of the species studied so far, Gnetum have photosynthetic and transpiration capacities which are considerably lower than those of other seed plants, due to the absence of multiple chloroplast genes essential for photosynthesis, a trait they seem to share with the other living members of Gnetophyta, Ephedra and Welwitschia, as well as conifers. (wikipedia.org)
- There are over 50 different species of Gnetum. (wikipedia.org)
- Some species of Gnetum are in danger of dying out. (wikipedia.org)
- The tropical rainforest are being destroyed so many of the species are going extinct such as Gnetum oxycarpum. (wikipedia.org)
- Species of African Gnetum can be propagated naturally by seeds. (amcairlines.com)
- Harvest- ing and marketing of Gnetum species (Engl) in Cameroon and Nigeria. (amcairlines.com)
- The other threatened and interesting species supported by the forests are Arisaema tortuosum, Cyathea gigantea, Entada rheedii, Gnetum ula, Rauvolfia serpentina, Musa rosacea, Linociera ramiflora, Dioscorea anguina, Litsea monopetala, and Didymoplexis pallens and the endemic Leucas mukerjiana and Phlebophyllum jeyporensis. (indianetzone.com)
- The living Gnetophyta consists of around 70 species across the three genera Gnetum , Welwitschia , and Ephedra .The gnetophytes differ from other gymnosperms The plant division. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Montanum2
- Stipitati Gnetum arboreum - Luzon in Philippines Gnetum contractum - southern India Gnetum edule - southern India Gnetum gracilipes - Yunnan + Guangxi in China Gnetum latifolium - Assam, much of Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago Gnetum montanum - Himalayas, southern China, northern Indochina Gnetum oblongum - Bangladesh, Myanmar Gnetum pendulum - Tibet, southern China Gnetum tenuifolium - Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Sumatra Gnetum ula Gnetum subsect. (wikipedia.org)
- 6. Gnetum montanum possesses pesticidal properties. (biologydiscussion.com)
Buchholzianum1
- Gnetum buchholzianum a une aire limitée à la zone de forêt humide du Cameroun. (amcairlines.com)
Urens4
Subsect2
- Gnetum Gnetum subsect. (wikipedia.org)
- southern Asia Gnetum subsect. (wikipedia.org)
Gnemonoides1
- Gnetum gnemonoides Brongn. (foreststreesagroforestry.org)
Seeds3
- Seed: Gnetum seeds (Fig. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16:1006-1009. (amcairlines.com)
- the largest Gnetum seeds measure 7 cm × 3-4 cm. (amcairlines.com)
- Gnetum%20africanum: B and T World Seeds' database output. (amcairlines.com)
America1
- Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater. (wikipedia.org)
Trees1
- Plants in Gnetum are evergreen.Most of them are woody vines, but some are big enough to be trees. (amcairlines.com)
Ephedra1
- In this article we will discuss about the economic importance of Ephedra and Gnetum. (biologydiscussion.com)
Project1
- CoLUPSIA project, Centre de coopération internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) - Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) - European Union (EU). (foreststreesagroforestry.org)
Okok2
- Chala Severine planting Gnetum (okok) in the village of Minwoho, Lekié, Center Region, Cameroon. (cifor.org)
- A woman harvests Gnetum spp (Okok) leaves in Minwoho, Lekié, Cameroon. (foreststreesagroforestry.org)
Gnetales1
- 1. Vessels are absent except order Gnetales ( Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia ). (plantscience4u.com)
Welwitschia1
- Tillsammans med Ephedra (som efedrin fås från) och Sydvästafrikas Welwitschia mirabilis (med flera meter långa blad) bildar Gnetum en växtgrupp. (uu.se)
Leaves2
- Add the gnetum leaves and continue to cook for about 3-5 mins until the leaves lose their original green color. (cuisineofvietnam.com)
- Regional Standard for fresh leaves of Gnetum spp. (fao.org)
Southeast Asia1
- Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater. (wikipedia.org)
Moore1
- S.Moore (Asteraceae), Gnetum bucholzianum Welw. (scialert.net)
Production1
- The purpose of this study was to apply the root pruning techniques to improve gnetum mycorrhizal seedlings production. (ipb.ac.id)