Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.
Partial hearing loss in both ears.
Sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. It varies in severity from mild to total deafness. Sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning.
Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.
Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.
Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
Partial or complete hearing loss in one ear.
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.
Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.
Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
Self-generated faint acoustic signals from the inner ear (COCHLEA) without external stimulation. These faint signals can be recorded in the EAR CANAL and are indications of active OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are found in all classes of land vertebrates.
Personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold. These include earmuffs and earplugs.
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.
Hearing loss without a physical basis. Often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders.
Objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. These include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). This term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance).
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).
Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
A small bony canal linking the vestibule of the inner ear to the posterior part of the internal surface of the petrous TEMPORAL BONE. It transmits the endolymphatic duct and two small blood vessels.
Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
Procedures for correcting HEARING DISORDERS.
The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
The study of hearing and hearing impairment.
Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
The spiral EPITHELIUM containing sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and supporting cells in the cochlea. Organ of Corti, situated on the BASILAR MEMBRANE and overlaid by a gelatinous TECTORIAL MEMBRANE, converts sound-induced mechanical waves to neural impulses to the brain.
An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.
The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.
The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.
The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.
A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.
Hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE) and the sensorineural elements (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL) of the ear.
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.
Fenestra of the cochlea, an opening in the basal wall between the MIDDLE EAR and the INNER EAR, leading to the cochlea. It is closed by a secondary tympanic membrane.
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.
A test to determine the lowest sound intensity level at which fifty percent or more of the spondaic test words (words of two syllables having equal stress) are repeated correctly.
Measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators.
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.
Examination of the EAR CANAL and eardrum with an OTOSCOPE.
Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.
Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.
Sensory cells of organ of Corti. In mammals, they are usually arranged in three or four rows, and away from the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), lateral to the INNER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and other supporting structures. Their cell bodies and STEREOCILIA increase in length from the cochlear base toward the apex and laterally across the rows, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).
A layer of stratified EPITHELIUM forming the endolymphatic border of the cochlear duct at the lateral wall of the cochlea. Stria vascularis contains primarily three cell types (marginal, intermediate, and basal), and capillaries. The marginal cells directly facing the ENDOLYMPH are important in producing ion gradients and endochoclear potential.
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
Auditory sensory cells of organ of Corti, usually placed in one row medially to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus). Inner hair cells are in fewer numbers than the OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS, and their STEREOCILIA are approximately twice as thick as those of the outer hair cells.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans.
The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.
A benign SCHWANNOMA of the eighth cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE), mostly arising from the vestibular branch (VESTIBULAR NERVE) during the fifth or sixth decade of life. Clinical manifestations include HEARING LOSS; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; TINNITUS; and FACIAL PAIN. Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p673)
Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.
A spiral tube that is firmly suspended in the bony shell-shaped part of the cochlea. This ENDOLYMPH-filled cochlear duct begins at the vestibule and makes 2.5 turns around a core of spongy bone (the modiolus) thus dividing the PERILYMPH-filled spiral canal into two channels, the SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI.
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).
The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; STAPES SURGERY; and other disorders may be associated with this condition.
The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Autosomal recessive hereditary disorders characterized by congenital SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS and RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Genetically and symptomatically heterogeneous, clinical classes include type I, type II, and type III. Their severity, age of onset of retinitis pigmentosa and the degree of vestibular dysfunction are variable.
A number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness.
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.
NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.
Surgery performed on the external, middle, or internal ear.
Rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple organ dysfunction. The key clinical features include retinal degeneration (NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and eventual blindness), childhood obesity, sensorineural hearing loss, and normal mental development. Endocrinologic complications include TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPERINSULINEMIA; ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; and progressive renal and hepatic failures. The disease is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene.
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat.
Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.
A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.
The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)
Surgery performed in which part of the STAPES, a bone in the middle ear, is removed and a prosthesis is placed to help transmit sound between the middle ear and inner ear.
An implant used to replace one or more of the ear ossicles. They are usually made of plastic, Gelfoam, ceramic, or stainless steel.
The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.
The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.
Portable electronics device for storing and playing audio and or media files. MP3 for MPEG-1 audio layer 3, is a digital coding format.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A condition consisting of inflammatory eye disease usually presenting as interstitial KERATITIS, vestibuloauditory dysfunction, and large- to medium-vessel vasculitis.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.
A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.
A motor neuron disease marked by progressive weakness of the muscles innervated by cranial nerves of the lower brain stem. Clinical manifestations include dysarthria, dysphagia, facial weakness, tongue weakness, and fasciculations of the tongue and facial muscles. The adult form of the disease is marked initially by bulbar weakness which progresses to involve motor neurons throughout the neuroaxis. Eventually this condition may become indistinguishable from AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. Fazio-Londe syndrome is an inherited form of this illness which occurs in children and young adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1091; Brain 1992 Dec;115(Pt 6):1889-1900)
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
An occupational disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to vibration, affecting the fingers, hands, and forearms. It occurs in workers who regularly use vibrating tools such as jackhammers, power chain saws, riveters, etc. Symptoms include episodic finger blanching, NUMBNESS, tingling, and loss of nerve sensitivity.
An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. It is a storage reservoir for excess ENDOLYMPH, formed by the blood vessels in the membranous labyrinth.
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.
Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.
Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.
Rare, autosomal dominant disease with variable penetrance and several known clinical types. Characteristics may include depigmentation of the hair and skin, congenital deafness, heterochromia iridis, medial eyebrow hyperplasia, hypertrophy of the nasal root, and especially dystopia canthorum. The underlying cause may be defective development of the neural crest (neurocristopathy). Waardenburg's syndrome may be closely related to piebaldism. Klein-Waardenburg Syndrome refers to a disorder that also includes upper limb abnormalities.
Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. These include CENTRAL HEARING LOSS and AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 protein mutations.
Group of mostly hereditary disorders characterized by thickening of the palms and soles as a result of excessive keratin formation leading to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis).
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
A rare disorder consisting of microangiopathy of brain, retina, and inner ear ARTERIOLES. It is characterized by the clinical triad of encephalopathy, BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION and VERTIGO/hearing loss.
A hereditary condition characterized by multiple symptoms including those of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS. This syndrome is also known as DIDMOAD (first letter of each word) and is usually associated with VASOPRESSIN deficiency. It is caused by mutations in gene WFS1 encoding wolframin, a 100-kDa transmembrane protein.
An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.
Pain in the ear.
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.
A mass of KERATIN-producing squamous EPITHELIUM that resembles an inverted (suck-in) bag of skin in the MIDDLE EAR. It arises from the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE) and grows into the MIDDLE EAR causing erosion of EAR OSSICLES and MASTOID that contains the INNER EAR.
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.
The 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis may be sporadic or familial. Familial XX gonadal dysgenesis is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and its locus was mapped to chromosome 2. Mutation in the gene for the FSH receptor (RECEPTORS, FSH) was detected. Sporadic XX gonadal dysgenesis is heterogeneous and has been associated with trisomy-13 and trisomy-18. These phenotypic females are characterized by a normal stature, sexual infantilism, bilateral streak gonads, amenorrhea, elevated plasma LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH concentration.
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell.
Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.
Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina.
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
A mobile chain of three small bones (INCUS; MALLEUS; STAPES) in the TYMPANIC CAVITY between the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and the oval window on the wall of INNER EAR. Sound waves are converted to vibration by the tympanic membrane then transmitted via these ear ossicles to the inner ear.
The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.
Mechanosensing organelles of hair cells which respond to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes. They have various functions in many different animals, but are primarily used in hearing.
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the INCUS to the internal ear (Ear, Internal see LABYRINTH).
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.
A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.
The infiltrating of histological specimens with plastics, including acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polyethylene glycol, for support of the tissues in preparation for sectioning with a microtome.
Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.
An office in the Department of Labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards.
A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.
Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.
Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Standards for limiting worker exposure to airborne contaminants. They are the maximum concentration in air at which it is believed that a particular substance will not produce adverse health effects with repeated daily exposure. It can be a time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), a short-term value (TLV-STEL), or an instantaneous value (TLV-Ceiling). They are expressed either as parts per million (ppm) or milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3).
A form of long QT syndrome that is associated with congenital deafness. It is characterized by abnormal cardioelectrophysiology involving the VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL. It results from mutation of KCNQ1 gene (Subtype 1 or JLN1) or the KCNE1 gene (Subtype 2 or JLN2).
Cells forming a framework supporting the sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS in the organ of Corti. Lateral to the medial inner hair cells, there are inner pillar cells, outer pillar cells, Deiters cells, Hensens cells, Claudius cells, Boettchers cells, and others.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).
The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.
A congenital abnormality in which the occipitofrontal circumference is greater than two standard deviations above the mean for a given age. It is associated with HYDROCEPHALUS; SUBDURAL EFFUSION; ARACHNOID CYSTS; or is part of a genetic condition (e.g., ALEXANDER DISEASE; SOTOS SYNDROME).
A congenital abnormality that is characterized by a blocked CHOANAE, the opening between the nose and the NASOPHARYNX. Blockage can be unilateral or bilateral; bony or membranous.
The lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ENT diseases.
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)
Two membranous sacs within the vestibular labyrinth of the INNER EAR. The saccule communicates with COCHLEAR DUCT through the ductus reuniens, and communicates with utricle through the utriculosaccular duct from which the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT arises. The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
Congenital anomaly in which some of the structures of the eye are absent due to incomplete fusion of the fetal intraocular fissure during gestation.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal.
A membrane, attached to the bony SPIRAL LAMINA, overlying and coupling with the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI in the inner ear. It is a glycoprotein-rich keratin-like layer containing fibrils embedded in a dense amorphous substance.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
Aquatic vertebrate sensory system in fish and amphibians. It is composed of sense organs (canal organs and pit organs) containing neuromasts (MECHANORECEPTORS) that detect water displacement caused by moving objects.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
A POU domain factor that activates neuronal cell GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS, alpha internexin, and SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25. Mutations in the Brn-3c gene have been associated with DEAFNESS.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Clinics in diagnostic imaging (111): X-linked congenital mixed deafness syndrome. (1/11)

Two siblings, boys aged five and six years old, presented with mixed hearing loss. Computed tomography of the temporal bones showed bulbous dilatation of the internal auditory canals and incomplete separation with the basal turn of the cochlear, consistent with the diagnosis of X-linked congenital progressive mixed deafness syndrome. The diagnosis and management of this rare condition is discussed.  (+info)

Performance considerations of prosthetic actuators for round-window stimulation. (2/11)

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Pendred syndrome in Tunisia. (3/11)

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Middle ear implant for mixed hearing loss with malformation in a 9-year-old child. (4/11)

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Temporal bone abnormalities in children with GJB2 mutations. (5/11)

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Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes: otolaryngologic and audiologic manifestations. (6/11)

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Practice guidelines for bone-anchored hearing aids in children. (7/11)

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Experience with the Vibrant Soundbridge RW-Coupler for round window Vibroplasty with tympanosclerosis. (8/11)

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Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing impairment that occurs due to damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. It can be caused by various factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), and ototoxic medications.

SNHL affects the ability of the hair cells in the cochlea to convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. As a result, sounds may be perceived as muffled, faint, or distorted, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in noisy environments.

SNHL is typically permanent and cannot be corrected with medication or surgery, but hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve communication and quality of life for those affected.

Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both ears. It can occur due to damage to the structures of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, or nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. The degree of hearing loss can vary from mild (difficulty hearing soft sounds) to severe (inability to hear even loud sounds). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent and may be caused by factors such as exposure to loud noises, genetics, aging, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that hearing loss can have significant impacts on a person's communication abilities, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a type of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs due to exposure to harmful levels of noise. The damage can be caused by a one-time exposure to an extremely loud sound or by continuous exposure to lower level sounds over time. NIHL can affect people of all ages and can cause permanent damage to the hair cells in the cochlea, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments. Prevention measures include avoiding excessive noise exposure, wearing hearing protection, and taking regular breaks from noisy activities.

A hearing test is a procedure used to evaluate a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is performed by a hearing healthcare professional in a sound-treated booth or room with calibrated audiometers. The test measures a person's hearing sensitivity at different frequencies and determines the quietest sounds they can hear, known as their hearing thresholds.

There are several types of hearing tests, including:

1. Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA): This is the most common type of hearing test, where the person is presented with pure tones at different frequencies and volumes through headphones or ear inserts. The person indicates when they hear the sound by pressing a button or raising their hand.
2. Speech Audiometry: This test measures a person's ability to understand speech at different volume levels. The person is asked to repeat words presented to them in quiet and in background noise.
3. Tympanometry: This test measures the function of the middle ear by creating variations in air pressure in the ear canal. It can help identify issues such as fluid buildup or a perforated eardrum.
4. Acoustic Reflex Testing: This test measures the body's natural response to loud sounds and can help identify the location of damage in the hearing system.
5. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs): This test measures the sound that is produced by the inner ear when it is stimulated by a sound. It can help identify cochlear damage or abnormalities.

Hearing tests are important for diagnosing and monitoring hearing loss, as well as identifying any underlying medical conditions that may be causing the hearing problems.

Bilateral hearing loss refers to a type of hearing loss that affects both ears equally or to varying degrees. It can be further categorized into two types: sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain, while conductive hearing loss happens when sound waves are not properly transmitted through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and middle ear bones. Bilateral hearing loss can result in difficulty understanding speech, localizing sounds, and may impact communication and quality of life. The diagnosis and management of bilateral hearing loss typically involve a comprehensive audiological evaluation and medical assessment to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment options.

Sudden hearing loss, also known as sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL), is a type of hearing impairment that occurs suddenly or over a period of up to 3 days. It is typically defined as a hearing reduction of at least 30 decibels in three connected frequencies. The cause of SSHL is often unknown, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain ototoxic medications. In some cases, the hearing loss may resolve on its own, but prompt medical evaluation and treatment are recommended to improve the chances of recovery. Treatment options include corticosteroids, antiviral medication, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Hearing aids are electronic devices designed to improve hearing and speech comprehension for individuals with hearing loss. They consist of a microphone, an amplifier, a speaker, and a battery. The microphone picks up sounds from the environment, the amplifier increases the volume of these sounds, and the speaker sends the amplified sound into the ear. Modern hearing aids often include additional features such as noise reduction, directional microphones, and wireless connectivity to smartphones or other devices. They are programmed to meet the specific needs of the user's hearing loss and can be adjusted for comfort and effectiveness. Hearing aids are available in various styles, including behind-the-ear (BTE), receiver-in-canal (RIC), in-the-ear (ITE), and completely-in-canal (CIC).

Hearing is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations in the air or other mediums and translating them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. In medical terms, hearing is defined as the sense of sound perception, which is mediated by the ear and interpreted by the brain. It involves a complex series of processes, including the conduction of sound waves through the outer ear to the eardrum, the vibration of the middle ear bones, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear, which stimulates hair cells to send electrical signals to the auditory nerve and ultimately to the brain. Hearing allows us to communicate with others, appreciate music and sounds, and detect danger or important events in our environment.

Conductive hearing loss is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear. Sound waves are not able to transmit efficiently through the ear canal to the eardrum and the small bones in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction of sound that reaches the inner ear. Causes of conductive hearing loss may include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a middle ear infection, a hole in the eardrum, or problems with the tiny bones in the middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated through medical intervention or surgery.

Audiometry is the testing of a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is typically conducted using an audiometer, a device that emits tones at varying volumes and frequencies. The person being tested wears headphones and indicates when they can hear the tone by pressing a button or raising their hand.

There are two main types of audiometry: pure-tone audiometry and speech audiometry. Pure-tone audiometry measures a person's ability to hear different frequencies at varying volumes, while speech audiometry measures a person's ability to understand spoken words at different volumes and in the presence of background noise.

The results of an audiometry test are typically plotted on an audiogram, which shows the quietest sounds that a person can hear at different frequencies. This information can be used to diagnose hearing loss, determine its cause, and develop a treatment plan.

High-frequency hearing loss is a type of sensorineural hearing impairment in which the ability to hear and discriminate sounds in the higher frequency range (3000 Hz or above) is diminished. This type of hearing loss can make it difficult for individuals to understand speech, especially in noisy environments, as many consonant sounds fall within this frequency range. High-frequency hearing loss can be caused by various factors including aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions, and ototoxic medications. It is typically diagnosed through a series of hearing tests, such as pure tone audiometry, and may be treated with hearing aids or other assistive listening devices.

Hearing disorders, also known as hearing impairments or auditory impairments, refer to conditions that affect an individual's ability to hear sounds in one or both ears. These disorders can range from mild to profound and may result from genetic factors, aging, exposure to loud noises, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions.

There are mainly two types of hearing disorders: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear, preventing sound waves from reaching the inner ear. Causes include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a perforated eardrum, or damage to the ossicles (the bones in the middle ear).

Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, is caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. This type of hearing loss is often permanent and can be due to aging (presbycusis), exposure to loud noises, genetics, viral infections, certain medications, or head injuries.

Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both conductive and sensorineural components. In some cases, hearing disorders can also involve tinnitus (ringing or other sounds in the ears) or vestibular problems that affect balance and equilibrium.

Early identification and intervention for hearing disorders are crucial to prevent further deterioration and to help individuals develop appropriate communication skills and maintain a good quality of life.

Pure-tone audiometry is a hearing test that measures a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. During the test, pure tones are presented to the patient through headphones or ear inserts, and the patient is asked to indicate each time they hear the sound by raising their hand, pressing a button, or responding verbally.

The softest sound that the person can hear at each frequency is recorded as the hearing threshold, and a graph called an audiogram is created to show the results. The audiogram provides information about the type and degree of hearing loss in each ear. Pure-tone audiometry is a standard hearing test used to diagnose and monitor hearing disorders.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

Unilateral hearing loss is a type of hearing impairment that affects only one ear. This condition can be either sensorineural or conductive in nature. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear or nerve pathways leading to the brain, while conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves are not properly transmitted through the outer or middle ear. Unilateral hearing loss can result in difficulty hearing and understanding speech, particularly in noisy environments, and can also impact communication and quality of life. The cause of unilateral hearing loss can vary and may include factors such as infection, trauma, genetics, or exposure to loud noise. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the hearing loss and may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or surgical intervention.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

Auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEPs or BAEPs) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the auditory pathway of the brain in response to sound stimulation. The test involves placing electrodes on the scalp and recording the tiny electrical signals generated by the nerve cells in the brainstem as they respond to clicks or tone bursts presented through earphones.

The resulting waveform is analyzed for latency (the time it takes for the signal to travel from the ear to the brain) and amplitude (the strength of the signal). Abnormalities in the waveform can indicate damage to the auditory nerve or brainstem, and are often used in the diagnosis of various neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and brainstem tumors.

The test is non-invasive, painless, and takes only a few minutes to perform. It provides valuable information about the functioning of the auditory pathway and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with hearing or balance disorders.

Presbycusis is an age-related hearing loss, typically characterized by the progressive loss of sensitivity to high-frequency sounds. It's a result of natural aging of the auditory system and is often seen as a type of sensorineural hearing loss. The term comes from the Greek words "presbus" meaning old man and "akousis" meaning hearing.

This condition usually develops slowly over many years and can affect both ears equally. Presbycusis can make understanding speech, especially in noisy environments, quite challenging. It's a common condition, and its prevalence increases with age. While it's not reversible, various assistive devices like hearing aids can help manage the symptoms.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "hearing impairment" is defined as "hearing loss greater than 40 decibels (dB) in the better ear in adults or greater than 30 dB in children." Therefore, "Persons with hearing impairments" refers to individuals who have a significant degree of hearing loss that affects their ability to communicate and perform daily activities.

Hearing impairment can range from mild to profound and can be categorized as sensorineural (inner ear or nerve damage), conductive (middle ear problems), or mixed (a combination of both). The severity and type of hearing impairment can impact the communication methods, assistive devices, or accommodations that a person may need.

It is important to note that "hearing impairment" and "deafness" are not interchangeable terms. While deafness typically refers to a profound degree of hearing loss that significantly impacts a person's ability to communicate using sound, hearing impairment can refer to any degree of hearing loss that affects a person's ability to hear and understand speech or other sounds.

Occupational noise is defined as exposure to excessive or harmful levels of sound in the workplace that has the potential to cause adverse health effects such as hearing loss, tinnitus, and stress-related symptoms. The measurement of occupational noise is typically expressed in units of decibels (dB), and the permissible exposure limits are regulated by organizations such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States.

Exposure to high levels of occupational noise can lead to permanent hearing loss, which is often irreversible. It can also interfere with communication and concentration, leading to decreased productivity and increased risk of accidents. Therefore, it is essential to implement appropriate measures to control and reduce occupational noise exposure in the workplace.

The inner ear is the innermost part of the ear that contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance. It consists of a complex system of fluid-filled tubes and sacs called the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation, and the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone of the skull and is protected by a bony labyrinth. The vestibular system includes the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movements of the head, and the otolith organs (the saccule and utricle), which detect linear acceleration and gravity.

Damage to the inner ear can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), and balance problems.

The auditory threshold is the minimum sound intensity or loudness level that a person can detect 50% of the time, for a given tone frequency. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the quietest sound that a person can hear. The auditory threshold can be affected by various factors such as age, exposure to noise, and certain medical conditions. Hearing tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, are used to measure an individual's auditory thresholds for different frequencies.

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are low-level sounds that are produced by the inner ear (cochlea) without any external stimulation. They can be recorded in a quiet room using specialized microphones placed inside the ear canal. SOAEs are thought to arise from the motion of the hair cells within the cochlea, which generate tiny currents in response to sound. These currents then cause the surrounding fluid and tissue to vibrate, producing sound waves that can be detected with a microphone.

SOAEs are typically present in individuals with normal hearing, although their presence or absence is not a definitive indicator of hearing ability. They tend to occur at specific frequencies and can vary from person to person. In some cases, SOAEs may be absent or reduced in individuals with hearing loss or damage to the hair cells in the cochlea.

It's worth noting that SOAEs are different from evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs), which are sounds produced by the inner ear in response to external stimuli, such as clicks or tones. Both types of otoacoustic emissions are used in hearing tests and research to assess cochlear function and health.

Ear protective devices are types of personal protective equipment designed to protect the ears from potential damage or injury caused by excessive noise or pressure changes. These devices typically come in two main forms: earplugs and earmuffs.

Earplugs are small disposable or reusable plugs that are inserted into the ear canal to block out or reduce loud noises. They can be made of foam, rubber, plastic, or other materials and are available in different sizes to fit various ear shapes and sizes.

Earmuffs, on the other hand, are headbands with cups that cover the entire outer ear. The cups are typically made of sound-absorbing materials such as foam or fluid-filled cushions that help to block out noise. Earmuffs can be used in combination with earplugs for added protection.

Both earplugs and earmuffs are commonly used in industrial settings, construction sites, concerts, shooting ranges, and other noisy environments to prevent hearing loss or damage. It is important to choose the right type of ear protective device based on the level and type of noise exposure, as well as individual comfort and fit.

In the context of medicine, particularly in audiology and otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat specialty), "noise" is defined as unwanted or disturbing sound in the environment that can interfere with communication, rest, sleep, or cognitive tasks. It can also refer to sounds that are harmful to hearing, such as loud machinery noises or music, which can cause noise-induced hearing loss if exposure is prolonged or at high enough levels.

In some medical contexts, "noise" may also refer to non-specific signals or interfering factors in diagnostic tests and measurements that can make it difficult to interpret results accurately.

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. It can be described as a sensation of hearing sound even when no actual noise is present. The sounds perceived can vary widely, from a whistling, buzzing, hissing, swooshing, to a pulsating sound, and can be soft or loud.

Tinnitus is not a disease itself but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes, such as hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections, earwax blockage, head or neck injuries, circulatory system disorders, certain medications, and age-related hearing loss.

Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and it may affect one or both ears. While tinnitus is not usually a sign of a serious medical condition, it can significantly impact quality of life and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and concentration.

Audiometry, evoked response is a hearing test that measures the brain's response to sound. It is often used to detect hearing loss in infants and young children, as well as in people who are unable to cooperate or communicate during traditional hearing tests.

During the test, electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the electrical activity produced by the brain in response to sounds presented through earphones. The responses are recorded and analyzed to determine the quietest sounds that can be heard at different frequencies. This information is used to help diagnose and manage hearing disorders.

There are several types of evoked response audiometry, including:

* Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR): measures the electrical activity from the brainstem in response to sound.
* Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR): measures the brain's response to continuous sounds at different frequencies and loudness levels.
* Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR): measures the electrical activity from the auditory cortex in response to sound.

These tests are usually performed in a quiet, sound-treated room and can take several hours to complete.

Functional hearing loss, also known as non-organic or psychogenic hearing loss, is a hearing impairment that is not due to an underlying medical condition or structural damage to the ear. Instead, it is thought to be caused by psychological or emotional factors, such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

In functional hearing loss, the person's hearing ability may appear to fluctuate or vary depending on the situation and their emotional state. They may have difficulty hearing in certain situations or with certain people, but perform better in others. In some cases, they may report hearing sounds that are not present or misinterpret what is being said.

Functional hearing loss can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as there may not be any obvious physical cause for the hearing impairment. A comprehensive evaluation by an audiologist or other healthcare professional is typically necessary to determine the underlying cause of the hearing loss and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment may involve counseling, therapy, or other interventions aimed at addressing the psychological or emotional factors contributing to the hearing loss.

Acoustic impedance tests are diagnostic procedures used to measure the impedance or resistance of various parts of the ear to sound waves. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and diagnose any issues related to the middle ear, such as fluid buildup or problems with the eardrum.

The most common type of acoustic impedance test is tympanometry, which measures the mobility of the eardrum and the middle ear system by creating variations in air pressure within the ear canal. During this test, a small probe is inserted into the ear canal, and sound waves are generated while the pressure is varied. The resulting measurements provide information about the condition of the middle ear and can help identify any issues that may be affecting hearing.

Another type of acoustic impedance test is acoustic reflex testing, which measures the body's natural response to loud sounds. This involves measuring the contraction of the stapedius muscle in the middle ear, which occurs in response to loud noises. By measuring the strength and timing of this reflex, audiologists can gain additional insights into the functioning of the middle ear and identify any abnormalities that may be present.

Overall, acoustic impedance tests are important tools for diagnosing hearing problems and identifying any underlying issues in the middle ear. They are often used in conjunction with other hearing tests to provide a comprehensive assessment of an individual's hearing function.

Labyrinth diseases refer to conditions that affect the inner ear's labyrinth, which is the complex system of fluid-filled channels and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, nausea, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Examples of labyrinth diseases include Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuronitis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Central hearing loss is a type of hearing disorder that occurs due to damage or dysfunction in the central auditory pathways of the brain, rather than in the ear itself. This condition can result from various causes, such as stroke, tumors, trauma, infection, or degenerative diseases affecting the brain.

In central hearing loss, the person may have difficulty understanding and processing speech, even when they can hear sounds at normal levels. They might experience problems with sound localization, discriminating between similar sounds, and comprehending complex auditory signals. This type of hearing loss is different from sensorineural or conductive hearing loss, which are related to issues in the outer, middle, or inner ear.

Bone conduction is a type of hearing mechanism that involves the transmission of sound vibrations directly to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, bypassing the outer and middle ears. This occurs when sound waves cause the bones in the skull to vibrate, stimulating the cochlea (the spiral cavity of the inner ear) and its hair cells, which convert the mechanical energy of the vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound.

Bone conduction is a natural part of the hearing process in humans, but it can also be used artificially through the use of bone-conduction devices, such as hearing aids or headphones, which transmit sound vibrations directly to the skull. This type of transmission can provide improved hearing for individuals with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, or single-sided deafness, as it bypasses damaged or obstructed outer and middle ears.

The temporal bone is a paired bone that is located on each side of the skull, forming part of the lateral and inferior walls of the cranial cavity. It is one of the most complex bones in the human body and has several important structures associated with it. The main functions of the temporal bone include protecting the middle and inner ear, providing attachment for various muscles of the head and neck, and forming part of the base of the skull.

The temporal bone is divided into several parts, including the squamous part, the petrous part, the tympanic part, and the styloid process. The squamous part forms the lateral portion of the temporal bone and articulates with the parietal bone. The petrous part is the most medial and superior portion of the temporal bone and contains the inner ear and the semicircular canals. The tympanic part forms the lower and anterior portions of the temporal bone and includes the external auditory meatus or ear canal. The styloid process is a long, slender projection that extends downward from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone and serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.

The temporal bone plays a crucial role in hearing and balance, as it contains the structures of the middle and inner ear, including the oval window, round window, cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. The stapes bone, one of the three bones in the middle ear, is entirely encased within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Additionally, the temporal bone contains important structures for facial expression and sensation, including the facial nerve, which exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, a small opening in the temporal bone.

The vestibular aqueduct is a bony canal that runs from the inner ear to the brain. It contains a membranous duct, called the endolymphatic duct, which is filled with a fluid called endolymph. The vestibular aqueduct plays a role in the maintenance of balance and hearing by regulating the pressure and composition of the endolymph. Abnormalities or damage to the vestibular aqueduct can lead to conditions such as endolymphatic hydrops, which can cause symptoms like vertigo, dizziness, and hearing loss.

Auditory hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

These hair cells have hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surface, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the fluid within the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the stereocilia to bend. This bending motion opens ion channels at the tips of the stereocilia, allowing positively charged ions (such as potassium) to flow into the hair cells and trigger a receptor potential.

The receptor potential then leads to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cells, which activate afferent nerve fibers that synapse with these cells. The electrical signals generated by this process are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve, where they are interpreted as sound.

There are two types of auditory hair cells: inner hair cells and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the primary sensory receptors responsible for transmitting information about sound to the brain. They make direct contact with afferent nerve fibers and are more sensitive to mechanical stimulation than outer hair cells.

Outer hair cells, on the other hand, are involved in amplifying and fine-tuning the mechanical response of the inner ear to sound. They have a unique ability to contract and relax in response to electrical signals, which allows them to adjust the stiffness of their stereocilia and enhance the sensitivity of the cochlea to different frequencies.

Damage or loss of auditory hair cells can lead to hearing impairment or deafness, as these cells cannot regenerate spontaneously in mammals. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of hair cells is essential for developing therapies aimed at treating hearing disorders.

The correction of hearing impairment refers to the various methods and technologies used to improve or restore hearing function in individuals with hearing loss. This can include the use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive listening devices. Additionally, speech therapy and auditory training may also be used to help individuals with hearing impairment better understand and communicate with others. In some cases, surgical procedures may also be performed to correct physical abnormalities in the ear or improve nerve function. The goal of correction of hearing impairment is to help individuals with hearing loss better interact with their environment and improve their overall quality of life.

The spiral ganglion is a structure located in the inner ear, specifically within the cochlea. It consists of nerve cell bodies that form the sensory component of the auditory nervous system. The spiral ganglion's neurons are bipolar and have peripheral processes that form synapses with hair cells in the organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals.

The central processes of these neurons then coalesce to form the cochlear nerve, which transmits these electrical signals to the brainstem and ultimately to the auditory cortex for processing and interpretation as sound. Damage to the spiral ganglion or its associated neural structures can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.

Speech perception is the process by which the brain interprets and understands spoken language. It involves recognizing and discriminating speech sounds (phonemes), organizing them into words, and attaching meaning to those words in order to comprehend spoken language. This process requires the integration of auditory information with prior knowledge and context. Factors such as hearing ability, cognitive function, and language experience can all impact speech perception.

The cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve, is the sensory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It consists of two parts: the outer spiral ganglion and the inner vestibular portion. The spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that receive input from hair cells in the cochlea, which is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing. These neurons then send their axons to form the cochlear nerve, which travels through the internal auditory meatus and synapses with neurons in the cochlear nuclei located in the brainstem.

Damage to the cochlear nerve can result in hearing loss or deafness, depending on the severity of the injury. Common causes of cochlear nerve damage include acoustic trauma, such as exposure to loud noises, viral infections, meningitis, and tumors affecting the nerve or surrounding structures. In some cases, cochlear nerve damage may be treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to help restore or improve hearing function.

Audiology is a branch of science that deals with the study of hearing, balance disorders, and related conditions. It involves the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of hearing and balance problems using various tests, techniques, and devices. Audiologists are healthcare professionals who specialize in this field and provide services such as hearing evaluations, fitting of hearing aids, and counseling for people with hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears). They also work closely with other medical professionals to manage complex cases and provide rehabilitation services.

Cochlear implantation is a surgical procedure in which a device called a cochlear implant is inserted into the inner ear (cochlea) of a person with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external component, which includes a microphone, processor, and transmitter, and an internal component, which includes a receiver and electrode array.

The microphone picks up sounds from the environment and sends them to the processor, which analyzes and converts the sounds into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the receiver, which stimulates the electrode array in the cochlea. The electrodes directly stimulate the auditory nerve fibers, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the inner ear that are responsible for normal hearing.

The brain interprets these electrical signals as sound, allowing the person to perceive and understand speech and other sounds. Cochlear implantation is typically recommended for people who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids and can significantly improve communication, quality of life, and social integration for those with severe to profound hearing loss.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

The Organ of Corti is the sensory organ of hearing within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is a structure in the inner spiral sulcus of the cochlear duct and is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The Organ of Corti consists of hair cells, which are sensory receptors with hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surfaces. These stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous matrix and are arranged in rows of different heights. When sound vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, the stereocilia bend, which opens ion channels and triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

Damage or loss of hair cells in the Organ of Corti can result in hearing loss, making it a critical structure for maintaining normal auditory function.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. It serves to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. The tympanic membrane is composed of three layers: an outer layer of skin, a middle layer of connective tissue, and an inner layer of mucous membrane. It is held in place by several small bones and muscles and is highly sensitive to changes in pressure.

Neonatal screening is a medical procedure in which specific tests are performed on newborn babies within the first few days of life to detect certain congenital or inherited disorders that are not otherwise clinically apparent at birth. These conditions, if left untreated, can lead to serious health problems, developmental delays, or even death.

The primary goal of neonatal screening is to identify affected infants early so that appropriate treatment and management can be initiated as soon as possible, thereby improving their overall prognosis and quality of life. Commonly screened conditions include phenylketonuria (PKU), congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and hearing loss, among others.

Neonatal screening typically involves collecting a small blood sample from the infant's heel (heel stick) or through a dried blood spot card, which is then analyzed using various biochemical, enzymatic, or genetic tests. In some cases, additional tests such as hearing screenings and pulse oximetry for critical congenital heart disease may also be performed.

It's important to note that neonatal screening is not a diagnostic tool but rather an initial step in identifying infants who may be at risk of certain conditions. Positive screening results should always be confirmed with additional diagnostic tests before any treatment decisions are made.

The middle ear is the middle of the three parts of the ear, located between the outer ear and inner ear. It contains three small bones called ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit and amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear also contains the Eustachian tube, which helps regulate air pressure in the middle ear and protects against infection by allowing fluid to drain from the middle ear into the back of the throat.

The medical definition of "Education of Hearing Disabled" refers to the specialized education and teaching methods used for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. This type of education is designed to help students with hearing loss develop language, communication, academic, and social skills in a way that meets their unique needs. It can include various approaches such as American Sign Language (ASL), oral/aural methods, cued speech, and cochlear implant rehabilitation. The goal of education for the hearing disabled is to provide students with equal access to learning opportunities and help them reach their full potential.

Connexins are a family of proteins that form the structural units of gap junctions, which are specialized channels that allow for the direct exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells. These channels play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis, coordinating cellular activities, and enabling communication between cells. In humans, there are 21 different connexin genes that encode for these proteins, with each isoform having unique properties and distributions within the body. Mutations in connexin genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, including hearing loss, skin disorders, and heart conditions.

Mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss is a type of hearing impairment that involves both conductive and sensorineural components.

Conductive hearing loss occurs when there are problems with the outer or middle ear that prevent sound from being transmitted efficiently to the inner ear. This can be due to various causes, such as damage to the eardrum, blockage in the ear canal, or issues with the bones in the middle ear.

Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. This type of hearing loss is typically permanent and can be caused by factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, or certain medical conditions.

In mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss, there is a combination of both types of impairment. This means that sound transmission is affected by problems in the outer or middle ear, as well as damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. As a result, a person with this type of hearing loss may have difficulty hearing faint sounds and understanding speech, particularly in noisy environments. Treatment for mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss typically involves addressing both the conductive and sensorineural components of the impairment, which may include medical treatment, surgery, or the use of hearing aids.

Menière disease is an inner ear disorder that is characterized by episodes of vertigo (a spinning sensation), tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear), hearing loss, and aural fullness (a feeling of pressure or blockage in the ear). It is caused by an abnormal accumulation of endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear, which can lead to damage of the vestibular system and cochlea. The exact cause of this fluid buildup is not known, but it may be related to genetics, allergies, or autoimmune disorders. Menière disease is typically a chronic condition, with symptoms that can vary in frequency and severity over time. Treatment options include dietary modifications, diuretics, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, and, in some cases, surgery.

The round window ( membrana tympani rotunda) is a small, thin membrane-covered opening located in the inner ear between the middle ear and the cochlea. It serves as one of the two openings that lead into the cochlea, with the other being the oval window.

The round window's primary function is to help regulate and dampen the pressure changes within the cochlea that occur when sound waves reach the inner ear. This is accomplished through the movement of the fluid-filled spaces inside the cochlea (the scala vestibuli and scala tympani) caused by vibrations from the stapes bone, which connects to the oval window.

As the stapes bone moves in response to sound waves, it causes a corresponding motion in the perilymph fluid within the cochlea. This movement then creates pressure changes at the round window, causing it to bulge outward or move inward. The flexibility of the round window allows it to absorb and dissipate these pressure changes, which helps protect the delicate structures inside the inner ear from damage due to excessive pressure buildup.

It is important to note that any damage or dysfunction in the round window can negatively impact hearing ability and cause various hearing disorders.

Recessive genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that will only be expressed when an individual has two copies of that particular allele, one inherited from each parent. If an individual inherits one recessive allele and one dominant allele for a particular gene, the dominant allele will be expressed and the recessive allele will have no effect on the individual's phenotype (observable traits).

Recessive genes can still play a role in determining an individual's genetic makeup and can be passed down through generations even if they are not expressed. If two carriers of a recessive gene have children, there is a 25% chance that their offspring will inherit two copies of the recessive allele and exhibit the associated recessive trait.

Examples of genetic disorders caused by recessive genes include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and albinism.

The Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) test is a hearing assessment used to estimate the softest speech level, typically expressed in decibels (dB), at which a person can reliably detect and repeat back spoken words or sentences. It measures the listener's ability to understand speech in quiet environments and serves as an essential component of a comprehensive audiological evaluation.

During the SRT test, the examiner presents a list of phonetically balanced words or sentences at varying intensity levels, usually through headphones or insert earphones. The patient is then asked to repeat each word or sentence back to the examiner. The intensity level is decreased gradually until the patient can no longer accurately identify the presented stimuli. The softest speech level where the patient correctly repeats 50% of the words or sentences is recorded as their SRT.

The SRT test results help audiologists determine the presence and degree of hearing loss, assess the effectiveness of hearing aids, and monitor changes in hearing sensitivity over time. It is often performed alongside other tests, such as pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry, to provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's hearing abilities.

Speech Audiometry is a hearing test that measures a person's ability to understand and recognize spoken words at different volumes and frequencies. It is used to assess the function of the auditory system, particularly in cases where there is a suspected problem with speech discrimination or understanding spoken language.

The test typically involves presenting lists of words to the patient at varying intensity levels and asking them to repeat what they hear. The examiner may also present sentences with missing words that the patient must fill in. Based on the results, the audiologist can determine the quietest level at which the patient can reliably detect speech and the degree of speech discrimination ability.

Speech Audiometry is often used in conjunction with pure-tone audiometry to provide a more comprehensive assessment of hearing function. It can help identify any specific patterns of hearing loss, such as those caused by nerve damage or cochlear dysfunction, and inform decisions about treatment options, including the need for hearing aids or other assistive devices.

Otosclerosis is a medical condition that affects the bones in the middle ear. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and hardening (sclerosis) of the otosclerotic bone near the stapes footplate, one of the tiny bones in the middle ear (ossicles). This abnormal bone growth can cause stiffness or fixation of the stapes bone, preventing it from vibrating properly and leading to conductive hearing loss. In some cases, otosclerosis may also result in sensorineural hearing loss due to involvement of the inner ear structures. The exact cause of otosclerosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to have a genetic component and can sometimes be associated with pregnancy. Treatment options for otosclerosis include hearing aids or surgical procedures like stapedectomy or stapedotomy to bypass or remove the affected bone and improve hearing.

Otoscopy is a medical examination procedure used to evaluate the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane (eardrum). It involves the use of an otoscope, a tool that consists of a lighted speculum attached to a handle. The speculum is inserted into the ear canal, allowing the healthcare provider to visualize and inspect the eardrum for any abnormalities such as perforations, inflammation, fluid accumulation, or foreign bodies. Otoscopy can help diagnose various conditions including ear infections, middle ear disorders, and hearing loss.

Speech intelligibility is a term used in audiology and speech-language pathology to describe the ability of a listener to correctly understand spoken language. It is a measure of how well speech can be understood by others, and is often assessed through standardized tests that involve the presentation of recorded or live speech at varying levels of loudness and/or background noise.

Speech intelligibility can be affected by various factors, including hearing loss, cognitive impairment, developmental disorders, neurological conditions, and structural abnormalities of the speech production mechanism. Factors related to the speaker, such as speaking rate, clarity, and articulation, as well as factors related to the listener, such as attention, motivation, and familiarity with the speaker or accent, can also influence speech intelligibility.

Poor speech intelligibility can have significant impacts on communication, socialization, education, and employment opportunities, making it an important area of assessment and intervention in clinical practice.

Speech discrimination tests are a type of audiological assessment used to measure a person's ability to understand and identify spoken words, typically presented in quiet and/or noisy backgrounds. These tests are used to evaluate the function of the peripheral and central auditory system, as well as speech perception abilities.

During the test, the individual is presented with lists of words or sentences at varying intensity levels and/or signal-to-noise ratios. The person's task is to repeat or identify the words or phrases they hear. The results of the test are used to determine the individual's speech recognition threshold (SRT), which is the softest level at which the person can correctly identify spoken words.

Speech discrimination tests can help diagnose hearing loss, central auditory processing disorders, and other communication difficulties. They can also be used to monitor changes in hearing ability over time, assess the effectiveness of hearing aids or other interventions, and develop communication strategies for individuals with hearing impairments.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance problems.

These diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infection, trauma, tumors, or degeneration. Some examples of vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include:

1. Vestibular neuritis: an inner ear infection that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and balance problems.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that affects both the vestibular and cochlear nerves, causing vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
3. Acoustic neuroma: a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
4. Meniere's disease: a inner ear disorder that causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
5. Ototoxicity: damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals that can result in hearing loss and balance problems.
6. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that is associated with vertigo, dizziness, and balance problems.

Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Auditory outer hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the cochlea of the inner ear. They are part of the organ of Corti and play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound energy into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

Unlike the more numerous and simpler auditory inner hair cells, outer hair cells are equipped with unique actin-based molecular motors called "motile" or "piezoelectric" properties. These motors enable the outer hair cells to change their shape and length in response to electrical signals, which in turn amplifies the mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane where they are located. This amplification increases the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of hearing, allowing us to detect and discriminate sounds over a wide range of intensities and frequencies.

Damage or loss of outer hair cells is a common cause of sensorineural hearing loss, which can result from exposure to loud noises, aging, genetics, ototoxic drugs, and other factors. Currently, there are no effective treatments to regenerate or replace damaged outer hair cells, making hearing loss an irreversible condition in most cases.

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the labyrinth, which is the inner ear's balance- and hearing-sensitive system. It is often caused by an infection, such as a viral or bacterial infection, that spreads to the inner ear. The inflammation can affect the delicate structures of the labyrinth, leading to symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, imbalance, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Labyrinthitis can be a serious condition that requires medical attention and treatment.

Stria vascularis is a highly vascularized (rich in blood vessels) structure located in the cochlea of the inner ear. It plays a crucial role in the process of hearing by maintaining the endocochlear potential, which is essential for the conversion of sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The stria vascularis is composed of three layers: the marginal cells, intermediate cells, and basal cells, which work together to maintain the ionic balance and generate the endocochlear potential. Damage to the stria vascularis can result in hearing loss.

Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness characterized by the sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving, even when you're perfectly still. It's often caused by issues with the inner ear or the balance-sensing systems of the body. Vertigo can be brought on by various conditions, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and migraines. In some cases, vertigo may also result from head or neck injuries, brain disorders like stroke or tumors, or certain medications. Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause and can include specific exercises, medication, or surgery in severe cases.

Ear diseases are medical conditions that affect the ear and its various components, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), ear pain, and discharge. Some common ear diseases include:

1. Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) - an infection or inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal.
2. Otitis media - an infection or inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by a cold or flu.
3. Cholesteatoma - a skin growth that develops in the middle ear behind the eardrum.
4. Meniere's disease - a disorder of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
5. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders - problems with the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, which can cause ear pain and other symptoms.
6. Acoustic neuroma - a noncancerous tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Presbycusis - age-related hearing loss.

Treatment for ear diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, surgery, or other therapies. If you are experiencing symptoms of an ear disease, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional, such as an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist).

Vestibular diseases are a group of disorders that affect the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. The vestibular system includes the inner ear and parts of the brain that process sensory information related to movement and position.

These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, imbalance, nausea, and visual disturbances. Examples of vestibular diseases include:

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): a condition in which small crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and cause brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that can cause sudden onset of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular neuronitis: inflammation of the vestibular nerve that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and imbalance but typically spares hearing.
4. Meniere's disease: a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that includes vestibular symptoms such as dizziness, imbalance, and disorientation.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: a condition in which there is a thinning or absence of bone over the superior semicircular canal in the inner ear, leading to vertigo, sound- or pressure-induced dizziness, and hearing loss.
7. Bilateral vestibular hypofunction: reduced function of both vestibular systems, causing chronic imbalance, unsteadiness, and visual disturbances.

Treatment for vestibular diseases varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Auditory inner hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting mechanical sound energy into electrical signals that can be processed and interpreted by the brain.

Human ears have about 3,500 inner hair cells arranged in one row along the length of the basilar membrane in each cochlea. These hair cells are characterized by their stereocilia, which are hair-like projections on the apical surface that are embedded in a gelatinous matrix called the tectorial membrane.

When sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, the stereocilia of inner hair cells bend and deflect. This deflection triggers a cascade of biochemical events leading to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cell. These neurotransmitters then stimulate the afferent auditory nerve fibers (type I fibers) that synapse with the inner hair cells, transmitting the electrical signals to the brain for further processing and interpretation as sound.

Damage or loss of these inner hair cells can lead to significant hearing impairment or deafness, as they are essential for normal auditory function. Currently, there is no effective way to regenerate damaged inner hair cells in humans, making hearing loss due to their damage permanent.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Consanguinity is a medical and genetic term that refers to the degree of genetic relationship between two individuals who share common ancestors. Consanguineous relationships exist when people are related by blood, through a common ancestor or siblings who have children together. The closer the relationship between the two individuals, the higher the degree of consanguinity.

The degree of consanguinity is typically expressed as a percentage or fraction, with higher values indicating a closer genetic relationship. For example, first-degree relatives, such as parents and children or full siblings, share approximately 50% of their genes and have a consanguinity coefficient of 0.25 (or 25%).

Consanguinity can increase the risk of certain genetic disorders and birth defects in offspring due to the increased likelihood of sharing harmful recessive genes. The risks depend on the degree of consanguinity, with closer relationships carrying higher risks. It is important for individuals who are planning to have children and have a history of consanguinity to consider genetic counseling and testing to assess their risk of passing on genetic disorders.

Perceptual masking, also known as sensory masking or just masking, is a concept in sensory perception that refers to the interference in the ability to detect or recognize a stimulus (the target) due to the presence of another stimulus (the mask). This phenomenon can occur across different senses, including audition and vision.

In the context of hearing, perceptual masking occurs when one sound (the masker) makes it difficult to hear another sound (the target) because the two sounds are presented simultaneously or in close proximity to each other. The masker can make the target sound less detectable, harder to identify, or even completely inaudible.

There are different types of perceptual masking, including:

1. Simultaneous Masking: When the masker and target sounds occur at the same time.
2. Temporal Masking: When the masker sound precedes or follows the target sound by a short period. This type of masking can be further divided into forward masking (when the masker comes before the target) and backward masking (when the masker comes after the target).
3. Informational Masking: A more complex form of masking that occurs when the listener's cognitive processes, such as attention or memory, are affected by the presence of the masker sound. This type of masking can make it difficult to understand speech in noisy environments, even if the signal-to-noise ratio is favorable.

Perceptual masking has important implications for understanding and addressing hearing difficulties, particularly in situations with background noise or multiple sounds occurring simultaneously.

An acoustic neuroma, also known as vestibular schwannoma, is not actually a neuroma but rather a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve. This nerve is one of the two nerves that transmit sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. The tumor arises from an overproduction of Schwann cells, which normally provide a protective covering for the nerve fibers. As the tumor grows, it can press against the hearing and balance nerves, causing symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ear (tinnitus), unsteadiness, and disequilibrium. In some cases, acoustic neuromas can become quite large and cause additional symptoms by pressing on nearby cranial nerves. Treatment options include observation, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the tumor.

Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.

The cochlear duct, also known as the scala media, is a membranous duct located within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is one of three fluid-filled compartments in the cochlea, along with the vestibular duct (scala vestibuli) and the tympanic duct (scala tympani).

The cochlear duct contains endolymph, a specialized fluid that carries electrical signals to the auditory nerve. The organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals, is located within the cochlear duct.

The cochlear duct runs along the length of the cochlea and is separated from the vestibular duct by Reissner's membrane and from the tympanic duct by the basilar membrane. These membranes help to create a highly sensitive and selective environment for sound perception, allowing us to hear and distinguish different frequencies and intensities of sound.

DNA Mutational Analysis is a laboratory test used to identify genetic variations or changes (mutations) in the DNA sequence of a gene. This type of analysis can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, predict the risk of developing certain diseases, determine the most effective treatment for cancer, or assess the likelihood of passing on an inherited condition to offspring.

The test involves extracting DNA from a patient's sample (such as blood, saliva, or tissue), amplifying specific regions of interest using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then sequencing those regions to determine the precise order of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule. The resulting sequence is then compared to reference sequences to identify any variations or mutations that may be present.

DNA Mutational Analysis can detect a wide range of genetic changes, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, duplications, and rearrangements. The test is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations to provide a comprehensive assessment of a patient's genetic profile.

It is important to note that not all mutations are pathogenic or associated with disease, and the interpretation of DNA Mutational Analysis results requires careful consideration of the patient's medical history, family history, and other relevant factors.

Auditory perception refers to the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the sounds we hear. It involves the recognition and interpretation of different frequencies, intensities, and patterns of sound waves that reach our ears through the process of hearing. This allows us to identify and distinguish various sounds such as speech, music, and environmental noises.

The auditory system includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the auditory nerve, which transmits electrical signals to the brain's auditory cortex for processing and interpretation. Auditory perception is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain working together to identify and make sense of sounds in our environment.

Disorders or impairments in auditory perception can result in difficulties with hearing, understanding speech, and identifying environmental sounds, which can significantly impact communication, learning, and daily functioning.

Dominant genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that are fully expressed in an individual's phenotype, even if only one copy of the gene is present. In dominant inheritance patterns, an individual needs only to receive one dominant allele from either parent to express the associated trait. This is in contrast to recessive genes, where both copies of the gene must be the recessive allele for the trait to be expressed. Dominant genes are represented by uppercase letters (e.g., 'A') and recessive genes by lowercase letters (e.g., 'a'). If an individual inherits one dominant allele (A) from either parent, they will express the dominant trait (A).

Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to sound stimuli. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and neural processing in individuals, particularly those who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests.

There are several types of AEP tests, including:

1. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the brainstem in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess the integrity of the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory neuropathy and retrocochlear lesions.
2. Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (MLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess higher-level auditory processing, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory processing disorders and central auditory dysfunction.
3. Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a complex stimulus, such as speech. It is often used to assess language processing and cognitive function, and can help diagnose conditions such as learning disabilities and dementia.

Overall, AEP tests are valuable tools for assessing hearing and neural function in individuals who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests or who have complex neurological conditions.

Sound spectrography, also known as voice spectrography, is a diagnostic procedure in which a person's speech sounds are analyzed and displayed as a visual pattern called a spectrogram. This test is used to evaluate voice disorders, speech disorders, and hearing problems. It can help identify patterns of sound production and reveal any abnormalities in the vocal tract or hearing mechanism.

During the test, a person is asked to produce specific sounds or sentences, which are then recorded and analyzed by a computer program. The program breaks down the sound waves into their individual frequencies and amplitudes, and displays them as a series of horizontal lines on a graph. The resulting spectrogram shows how the frequencies and amplitudes change over time, providing valuable information about the person's speech patterns and any underlying problems.

Sound spectrography is a useful tool for diagnosing and treating voice and speech disorders, as well as for researching the acoustic properties of human speech. It can also be used to evaluate hearing aids and other assistive listening devices, and to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for hearing loss and other auditory disorders.

Cochlear diseases refer to conditions that affect the structure or function of the cochlea, which is a part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. These diseases can cause various types and degrees of hearing loss, ranging from mild to profound. Some common cochlear diseases include:

1. Cochlear otosclerosis: A condition where there is abnormal bone growth in the cochlea, which can lead to conductive or sensorineural hearing loss.
2. Cochlear Meniere's disease: A disorder that affects the inner ear and causes vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss.
3. Cochlear damage due to exposure to loud noises: Prolonged or sudden exposure to loud noises can cause permanent cochlear damage and hearing loss.
4. Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss that affects the cochlea and other structures of the auditory system.
5. Cochlear nerve tumors: Rare benign or malignant growths on the cochlear nerve can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
6. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections such as meningitis, labyrinthitis, or otitis media can damage the cochlea and lead to hearing loss.
7. Ototoxicity: Certain medications can be toxic to the cochlea and cause hearing loss, tinnitus, or balance problems.
8. Genetic factors: Inherited genetic mutations can cause various types of cochlear diseases, such as connexin 26 deficiency, Waardenburg syndrome, or Usher syndrome.

It is important to note that early diagnosis and treatment of cochlear diseases can help prevent or minimize hearing loss and other complications.

The ear is the sensory organ responsible for hearing and maintaining balance. It can be divided into three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna (the visible part of the ear) and the external auditory canal, which directs sound waves toward the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones called ossicles that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, and the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance.

Hyperacusis is a hearing disorder characterized by an increased sensitivity to sounds, where certain everyday noises are perceived as being excessively loud or uncomfortable, even painful. This condition can lead to avoidance behaviors and have a negative impact on a person's quality of life. It is different from normal hearing and requires medical evaluation to diagnose and manage.

Phonetics is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of human speech. It involves the study of how these sounds are produced, transmitted, and received, as well as how they are used to convey meaning in different languages. However, there can be some overlap between phonetics and certain areas of medical research, such as speech-language pathology or audiology, which may study the production, perception, and disorders of speech sounds for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Usher Syndromes are a group of genetic disorders that are characterized by hearing loss and visual impairment due to retinitis pigmentosa. They are the most common cause of deafblindness in developed countries. There are three types of Usher Syndromes (Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3) which differ in the age of onset, severity, and progression of hearing loss and vision loss.

Type 1 Usher Syndrome is the most severe form, with profound deafness present at birth or within the first year of life, and retinitis pigmentosa leading to significant vision loss by the teenage years. Type 2 Usher Syndrome is characterized by moderate to severe hearing loss beginning in childhood and vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa starting in adolescence or early adulthood. Type 3 Usher Syndrome has progressive hearing loss that begins in adolescence and vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa starting in the third decade of life.

The diagnosis of Usher Syndromes is based on a combination of clinical examination, audiological evaluation, and genetic testing. There is currently no cure for Usher Syndromes, but various assistive devices and therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.

Vestibular function tests are a series of diagnostic assessments used to determine the functionality and health of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. These tests typically include:

1. **Caloric Testing:** This test evaluates the response of each ear to stimulation with warm and cold water or air. The resulting responses are recorded and analyzed to assess the function of the horizontal semicircular canals and the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR).

2. **Rotary Chair Testing:** This test measures how well the vestibular system adapts to different speeds of rotation. The patient sits in a chair that moves in a controlled, consistent manner while their eye movements are recorded.

3. **Videonystagmography (VNG):** This test uses video goggles to record eye movements in response to various stimuli, such as changes in head position, temperature, and visual environment.

4. **Electronystagmography (ENG):** Similar to VNG, this test records eye movements but uses electrodes placed near the eyes instead of video goggles.

5. **Dix-Hallpike Test:** This is a clinical maneuver used to diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). It involves rapidly moving the patient's head from an upright position to a position where their head is hanging off the end of the examination table.

6. **Head Shaking Test:** This test involves shaking the head back and forth for 15-20 seconds and then observing the patient's eye movements for nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).

These tests help diagnose various vestibular disorders, including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and other balance disorders.

Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as serous otitis media or glue ear, is a medical condition characterized by the presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection. The fluid accumulation occurs due to the dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, which results in negative pressure and subsequent accumulation of sterile fluid within the middle ear space.

OME can lead to hearing difficulties, especially in children, as the fluid buildup impairs sound conduction through the ossicles in the middle ear. Symptoms may include mild hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a sensation of fullness or pressure in the affected ear. In some cases, OME can resolve on its own within a few weeks or months; however, persistent cases might require medical intervention, such as placement of tympanostomy tubes (ear tubes) to drain the fluid and restore hearing.

Auditory pathways refer to the series of structures and nerves in the body that are involved in processing sound and transmitting it to the brain for interpretation. The process begins when sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the eardrum, which then move the bones in the middle ear. These movements stimulate hair cells in the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, causing them to release neurotransmitters that activate auditory nerve fibers.

The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brainstem, where they are relayed through several additional structures before reaching the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain. Here, the signals are processed and interpreted as sounds, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other environmental noises.

Damage or dysfunction at any point along the auditory pathway can lead to hearing loss or impairment.

Otologic surgical procedures refer to a range of surgeries performed on the ear or its related structures. These procedures are typically conducted by otologists, who are specialists trained in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the ears, balance system, and related nerves. The goal of otologic surgery can vary from repairing damaged bones in the middle ear to managing hearing loss, tumors, or chronic infections. Some common otologic surgical procedures include:

1. Stapedectomy/Stapedotomy: These are procedures used to treat otosclerosis, a condition where the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and causes conductive hearing loss. The surgeon creates an opening in the stapes footplate (stapedotomy) or removes the entire stapes bone (stapedectomy) and replaces it with a prosthetic device to improve sound conduction.
2. Myringoplasty/Tympanoplasty: These are surgeries aimed at repairing damaged eardrums (tympanic membrane). A myringoplasty involves grafting a piece of tissue over the perforation in the eardrum, while a tympanoplasty includes both eardrum repair and reconstruction of the middle ear bones if necessary.
3. Mastoidectomy: This procedure involves removing the mastoid air cells, which are located in the bony prominence behind the ear. A mastoidectomy is often performed to treat chronic mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, or complications from middle ear infections.
4. Ossiculoplasty: This procedure aims to reconstruct and improve the function of the ossicles (middle ear bones) when they are damaged due to various reasons such as infection, trauma, or congenital conditions. The surgeon uses prosthetic devices made from plastic, metal, or even bone to replace or support the damaged ossicles.
5. Cochlear implantation: This is a surgical procedure that involves placing an electronic device inside the inner ear to help individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external processor and internal components that directly stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the cochlea.
6. Labyrinthectomy: This procedure involves removing the balance-sensing structures (vestibular system) inside the inner ear to treat severe vertigo or dizziness caused by conditions like Meniere's disease when other treatments have failed.
7. Acoustic neuroma removal: An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, which connects the inner ear to the brain. Surgical removal of the tumor is necessary to prevent hearing loss, balance problems, and potential neurological complications.

These are just a few examples of the various surgical procedures performed by otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat specialists) to treat conditions affecting the ear and surrounding structures. Each procedure has its specific indications, benefits, risks, and postoperative care requirements. Patients should consult with their healthcare providers to discuss the most appropriate treatment options for their individual needs.

Alström Syndrome is a rare inherited genetic disorder characterized by the combination of several features, including:

1. Progressive visual impairment due to retinal degeneration (retinitis pigmentosa), which typically begins in childhood and can lead to blindness.
2. Hearing loss, which can also begin in childhood and progress over time.
3. Obesity, which often develops in early childhood and can lead to type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular complications.
4. Dilated cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged, leading to heart failure.
5. Kidney disease, which can range from mild to severe and may require dialysis or transplantation.
6. Neurological symptoms, such as developmental delays, cognitive impairment, and movement disorders.
7. Hormonal imbalances, including problems with growth hormone, thyroid function, and sexual development.

Alström Syndrome is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein that is believed to play a role in maintaining the structure and function of various organelles within cells. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) in order to develop the condition.

There is no cure for Alström Syndrome, but early diagnosis and management of its various symptoms can help improve quality of life and prolong survival. Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, with input from specialists such as ophthalmologists, audiologists, cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, and neurologists.

Genetic linkage is the phenomenon where two or more genetic loci (locations on a chromosome) tend to be inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome. This occurs during the process of sexual reproduction, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.

The closer two loci are to each other on a chromosome, the lower the probability that they will be separated by a crossover event. As a result, they are more likely to be inherited together and are said to be linked. The degree of linkage between two loci can be measured by their recombination frequency, which is the percentage of meiotic events in which a crossover occurs between them.

Linkage analysis is an important tool in genetic research, as it allows researchers to identify and map genes that are associated with specific traits or diseases. By analyzing patterns of linkage between markers (identifiable DNA sequences) and phenotypes (observable traits), researchers can infer the location of genes that contribute to those traits or diseases on chromosomes.

A missense mutation is a type of point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in the substitution of a different amino acid in the protein that is encoded by the affected gene. This occurs when the altered codon (a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid) specifies a different amino acid than the original one. The function and/or stability of the resulting protein may be affected, depending on the type and location of the missense mutation. Missense mutations can have various effects, ranging from benign to severe, depending on the importance of the changed amino acid for the protein's structure or function.

## I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "chinchilla."

A chinchilla is actually a type of rodent that is native to South America. They have thick, soft fur and are often kept as exotic pets or used in laboratory research. If you're looking for information about chinchillas in a medical context, such as their use in research or any potential health concerns related to keeping them as pets, I would be happy to help you try to find more information on those topics.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

The petrous bone is a part of the temporal bone, one of the 22 bones in the human skull. It is a thick and irregularly shaped bone located at the base of the skull and forms part of the ear and the cranial cavity. The petrous bone contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. It also helps protect the brain from injury by forming part of the bony structure surrounding the brain.

The term "petrous" comes from the Latin word "petrosus," meaning "stony" or "rock-like," which describes the hard and dense nature of this bone. The petrous bone is one of the densest bones in the human body, making it highly resistant to fractures and other forms of damage.

In medical terminology, the term "petrous" may also be used to describe any structure that resembles a rock or is hard and dense, such as the petrous apex, which refers to the portion of the petrous bone that points towards the sphenoid bone.

Otolaryngology is a specialized branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, management, and treatment of disorders related to the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and head and neck region. It's also known as ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat) specialty. Otolaryngologists are physicians trained in the medical and surgical management of conditions such as hearing and balance disorders, nasal congestion, sinusitis, allergies, sleep apnea, snoring, swallowing difficulties, voice and speech problems, and head and neck tumors.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "music" is not a term that has a medical definition. Music is a form of art that uses sound organized in time. It may include elements such as melody, harmony, rhythm, and dynamics. While music can have various psychological and physiological effects on individuals, it is not considered a medical term with a specific diagnosis or treatment application. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

In the context of medicine and physiology, vibration refers to the mechanical oscillation of a physical body or substance with a periodic back-and-forth motion around an equilibrium point. This motion can be produced by external forces or internal processes within the body.

Vibration is often measured in terms of frequency (the number of cycles per second) and amplitude (the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position). In clinical settings, vibration perception tests are used to assess peripheral nerve function and diagnose conditions such as neuropathy.

Prolonged exposure to whole-body vibration or hand-transmitted vibration in certain occupational settings can also have adverse health effects, including hearing loss, musculoskeletal disorders, and vascular damage.

The vestibular system is a part of the inner ear that contributes to our sense of balance and spatial orientation. It is made up of two main components: the vestibule and the labyrinth.

The vestibule is a bony chamber in the inner ear that contains two important structures called the utricle and saccule. These structures contain hair cells and fluid-filled sacs that help detect changes in head position and movement, allowing us to maintain our balance and orientation in space.

The labyrinth, on the other hand, is a more complex structure that includes the vestibule as well as three semicircular canals. These canals are also filled with fluid and contain hair cells that detect rotational movements of the head. Together, the vestibule and labyrinth work together to provide us with information about our body's position and movement in space.

Overall, the vestibular system plays a crucial role in maintaining our balance, coordinating our movements, and helping us navigate through our environment.

Prosthesis fitting is the process of selecting, designing, fabricating, and fitting a prosthetic device to replace a part of an individual's body that is missing due to congenital absence, illness, injury, or amputation. The primary goal of prosthesis fitting is to restore the person's physical function, mobility, and independence, as well as improve their overall quality of life.

The process typically involves several steps:

1. Assessment: A thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical condition, and functional needs is conducted to determine the most appropriate type of prosthesis. This may include measurements, castings, or digital scans of the residual limb.

2. Design: Based on the assessment, a customized design plan is created for the prosthetic device, taking into account factors such as the patient's lifestyle, occupation, and personal preferences.

3. Fabrication: The prosthesis is manufactured using various materials, components, and techniques to meet the specific requirements of the patient. This may involve the use of 3D printing, computer-aided design (CAD), or traditional handcrafting methods.

4. Fitting: Once the prosthesis is fabricated, it is carefully fitted to the patient's residual limb, ensuring optimal comfort, alignment, and stability. Adjustments may be made as needed to achieve the best fit and function.

5. Training: The patient receives training on how to use and care for their new prosthetic device, including exercises to strengthen the residual limb and improve overall mobility. Follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor progress, make any necessary adjustments, and provide ongoing support.

Stapes surgery, also known as stapedectomy or stapedotomy, is a surgical procedure performed to correct hearing loss caused by otosclerosis. Otosclerosis is a condition in which the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and unable to vibrate properly, leading to conductive hearing loss.

During stapes surgery, the surgeon makes an incision behind the ear and creates a small opening in the eardrum. The fixed stapes bone is then removed or modified, and a prosthetic device is inserted in its place to allow sound vibrations to be transmitted to the inner ear. In some cases, a piece of tissue or artificial material may be used to fill the space left by the removed bone.

Stapedectomy involves complete removal of the stapes bone, while stapedotomy involves making a small hole in the stapes bone and inserting a prosthetic device through it. Both procedures are typically performed on an outpatient basis and have a high success rate in restoring hearing. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved, including infection, permanent hearing loss, and balance problems.

An ossicular prosthesis is a medical device used to replace one or more of the small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear that are involved in hearing. These bones, known as the malleus, incus, and stapes, form a chain responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

An ossicular prosthesis is typically made of biocompatible materials such as ceramic, plastic, or metal. The prosthesis is designed to bypass damaged or missing ossicles and reestablish the connection between the eardrum and the inner ear, thereby improving hearing function. Ossicular prostheses are often used in surgeries aimed at reconstructing the middle ear, such as tympanoplasty or stapedectomy, to treat various types of conductive hearing loss.

Speech acoustics is a subfield of acoustic phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. It involves the study of how these properties are produced by the vocal tract and perceived by the human ear. Speech acousticians use various techniques to analyze and measure the acoustic signals produced during speech, including spectral analysis, formant tracking, and pitch extraction. This information is used in a variety of applications, such as speech recognition, speaker identification, and hearing aid design.

Hereditary nephritis is a genetic disorder that causes recurring inflammation of the kidneys' glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessel clusters that filter waste from the blood. This condition is also known as hereditary glomerulonephritis.

The inherited form of nephritis is caused by mutations in specific genes, leading to abnormalities in the proteins responsible for maintaining the structural integrity and proper functioning of the glomeruli. As a result, affected individuals typically experience hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), and progressive kidney dysfunction that can ultimately lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

There are different types of hereditary nephritis, such as Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy. These conditions have distinct genetic causes, clinical presentations, and inheritance patterns. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can help slow the progression of kidney damage and improve long-term outcomes for affected individuals.

Hypoparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by decreased levels or insufficient function of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced and released by the parathyroid glands. These glands are located in the neck, near the thyroid gland, and play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body.

In hypoparathyroidism, low PTH levels result in decreased absorption of calcium from the gut, increased excretion of calcium through the kidneys, and impaired regulation of bone metabolism. This leads to low serum calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and high serum phosphorus levels (hyperphosphatemia).

Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism can include muscle cramps, spasms, or tetany (involuntary muscle contractions), numbness or tingling sensations in the fingers, toes, and around the mouth, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and in severe cases, seizures. Hypoparathyroidism can be caused by various factors, including surgical removal or damage to the parathyroid glands, autoimmune disorders, radiation therapy, genetic defects, or low magnesium levels. Treatment typically involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation to maintain normal serum calcium levels and alleviate symptoms. In some cases, recombinant PTH (Natpara) may be prescribed as well.

Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics that deals with the study of the psychological and physiological responses to sound. It involves understanding how people perceive, interpret, and react to different sounds, including speech, music, and environmental noises. This field combines knowledge from various areas such as psychology, acoustics, physics, and engineering to investigate the relationship between physical sound characteristics and human perception. Research in psychoacoustics has applications in fields like hearing aid design, noise control, music perception, and communication systems.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the auditory-vestibular nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a paired peripheral nerve that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. It has two distinct parts: the cochlear part and the vestibular part.

The cochlear part is responsible for hearing and transmits sound signals from the cochlea to the brain. The vestibular part, on the other hand, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by transmitting information about head movement and position from the vestibular apparatus (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) in the inner ear to the brain.

Together, these two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve play a crucial role in our ability to hear and maintain balance. Damage to this nerve can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), or balance problems.

Siderosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of iron in various tissues and organs, most commonly in the lungs. This occurs due to the repeated inhalation of iron-containing dusts or fumes, which can result from certain industrial processes such as welding, mining, or smelting.

In the lungs, this iron deposit can lead to inflammation and fibrosis, potentially causing symptoms like coughing, shortness of breath, and decreased lung function. It is important to note that siderosis itself is not contagious or cancerous, but there may be an increased risk for lung cancer in individuals with severe and prolonged exposure to iron-containing particles.

While siderosis is generally non-reversible, the progression of symptoms can often be managed through medical interventions and environmental modifications to reduce further exposure to iron-containing dusts or fumes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but an MP3 player is not a medical device or term. An MP3 player is a type of electronic device that can store and play digital media files, including music, audio books, and podcasts. The name "MP3" refers to one of the most common file formats for digital audio.

If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead!

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Cogan syndrome is a rare inflammatory disorder that affects the eyes and inner ear. It is characterized by the combination of non-syphilitic interstitial keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) and vestibuloauditory dysfunction (damage to the inner ear causing balance problems and hearing loss).

The symptoms of Cogan syndrome can develop suddenly or gradually, and they may include:

* Redness, pain, and blurry vision in one or both eyes
* Sensitivity to light
* Hearing loss, often sudden and progressive, affecting one or both ears
* Vertigo (a spinning sensation) and balance problems
* Tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ears)
* Nausea and vomiting

The exact cause of Cogan syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues. Treatment typically involves the use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage. In severe cases, aggressive treatment with biologic agents may be necessary.

It is important to note that Cogan syndrome is a rare condition, affecting only about 1 in 500,000 people worldwide. If you are experiencing symptoms of this disorder, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional who has experience diagnosing and treating rare inflammatory disorders.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

A LOD (Logarithm of Odds) score is not a medical term per se, but rather a statistical concept that is used in genetic research and linkage analysis to determine the likelihood of a gene or genetic marker being linked to a particular disease or trait. The LOD score compares the odds of observing the pattern of inheritance of a genetic marker in a family if the marker is linked to the disease, versus the odds if the marker is not linked. A LOD score of 3 or higher is generally considered evidence for linkage, while a score of -2 or lower is considered evidence against linkage.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Otitis media is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear. It can occur as a result of a cold, respiratory infection, or allergy that causes fluid buildup behind the eardrum. The buildup of fluid can lead to infection and irritation of the middle ear, causing symptoms such as ear pain, hearing loss, and difficulty balancing. There are two types of otitis media: acute otitis media (AOM), which is a short-term infection that can cause fever and severe ear pain, and otitis media with effusion (OME), which is fluid buildup in the middle ear without symptoms of infection. In some cases, otitis media may require medical treatment, including antibiotics or the placement of ear tubes to drain the fluid and relieve pressure on the eardrum.

Occupational diseases are health conditions or illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to hazards in the workplace. These hazards can include physical, chemical, and biological agents, as well as ergonomic factors and work-related psychosocial stressors. Examples of occupational diseases include respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling dust or fumes, hearing loss due to excessive noise exposure, and musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements or poor ergonomics. The development of an occupational disease is typically related to the nature of the work being performed and the conditions in which it is carried out. It's important to note that these diseases can be prevented or minimized through proper risk assessment, implementation of control measures, and adherence to safety regulations.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

KCNQ potassium channels, also known as Kv7 channels, are a type of voltage-gated potassium channel that play important roles in regulating electrical excitability in various tissues, including the heart and nervous system. These channels are composed of several subunits, typically formed by combinations of KCNQ1 to KCNQ5 proteins, which form a pore through which potassium ions can flow in response to changes in membrane voltage.

KCNQ channels are characterized by their slow activation and deactivation kinetics, which contribute to their role in setting the resting membrane potential and modulating the frequency of action potentials in neurons. In the heart, KCNQ channels help to regulate the duration of the cardiac action potential and are therefore important for maintaining normal heart rhythm.

Mutations in KCNQ channel genes have been associated with a variety of inherited disorders, including long QT syndrome, a condition characterized by abnormalities in the electrical repolarization of the heart that can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. Other diseases associated with KCNQ channel dysfunction include epilepsy, migraine, and various forms of hearing loss.

Sign language is not considered a medical term, but it is a visual-manual means of communication used by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. It combines hand shapes, orientation, and movement of the hands, arms, or body, along with facial expressions and lip patterns. Different sign languages exist in various countries and communities, such as American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL).

However, I can provide a definition related to medical terminology that involves the use of gestures for communication purposes:

Gesture (in medical context): A bodily action or movement, often used to convey information or communicate. In some medical situations, healthcare professionals may use simple, predefined gestures to elicit responses from patients who have difficulty with verbal communication due to conditions like aphasia, dysarthria, or being in a coma. These gestures can be part of a more comprehensive system called "gesture-based communication" or "nonverbal communication."

For sign language specifically, you may consult resources related to linguistics, special education, or deaf studies for detailed definitions and descriptions.

Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP) is a form of motor neuron disease (MND), also known as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in the brainstem, which control vital functions such as swallowing, speaking, chewing, and breathing.

In PBP, these symptoms gradually worsen over time, often resulting in severe disability and ultimately death due to respiratory failure. The progression of the disease can vary from person to person, but it typically advances more slowly than other forms of ALS. There is currently no cure for PBP or any other form of MND, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is a disorder that affects the nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and joints of the hands and arms. It's primarily caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of hand-transmitted vibration, such as from operating power tools or machinery that vibrate.

The symptoms of HAVS can include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the fingers.
2. Fingertip color changes (blanching) when exposed to cold.
3. Impaired blood flow, leading to finger blotchiness and skin color changes.
4. Reduced hand grip strength and coordination.
5. Pain and stiffness in the hands and arms.

The symptoms can develop gradually over time and may not be immediately noticeable. Early recognition and limiting exposure to vibration sources are crucial for preventing further progression of HAVS.

A homozygote is an individual who has inherited the same allele (version of a gene) from both parents and therefore possesses two identical copies of that allele at a specific genetic locus. This can result in either having two dominant alleles (homozygous dominant) or two recessive alleles (homozygous recessive). In contrast, a heterozygote has inherited different alleles from each parent for a particular gene.

The term "homozygote" is used in genetics to describe the genetic makeup of an individual at a specific locus on their chromosomes. Homozygosity can play a significant role in determining an individual's phenotype (observable traits), as having two identical alleles can strengthen the expression of certain characteristics compared to having just one dominant and one recessive allele.

The endolymphatic sac is a small, fluid-filled structure that is part of the inner ear. It is located near the vestibular aqueduct and is responsible for maintaining the balance of fluids in the inner ear. The endolymphatic sac also plays a role in the resorption of endolymph, which is the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Disorders of the endolymphatic sac can lead to conditions such as Meniere's disease, which is characterized by vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

The auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing and analyzing sounds, including speech. It is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, specifically within the Heschl's gyrus and the surrounding areas. The auditory cortex receives input from the auditory nerve, which carries sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

The auditory cortex is divided into several subregions that are responsible for different aspects of sound processing, such as pitch, volume, and location. These regions work together to help us recognize and interpret sounds in our environment, allowing us to communicate with others and respond appropriately to our surroundings. Damage to the auditory cortex can result in hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are derived from bacteria and are used to treat various types of infections caused by gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. These antibiotics work by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death.

Some examples of aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. These antibiotics are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat severe infections, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.

Aminoglycosides can have serious side effects, including kidney damage and hearing loss, so they are typically reserved for use in serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics. They are also used topically to treat skin infections and prevent wound infections after surgery.

It's important to note that aminoglycosides should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to antibiotic resistance and further health complications.

Suppurative Otitis Media is a type of inner ear infection that involves the accumulation of pus (suppuration) in the middle ear space. It can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection and often results from a previous episode of acute otitis media, where fluid builds up behind the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

Suppurative Otitis Media can lead to complications such as hearing loss, damage to the inner ear structures, and spread of infection to nearby areas like the mastoid process or the brain. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection and sometimes surgical intervention to drain the pus and relieve pressure on the eardrum.

Facial paralysis is a loss of facial movement due to damage or dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve controls the muscles involved in facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. Damage to one side of the facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis on that side of the face.

Facial paralysis can result from various conditions, including:

1. Bell's palsy - an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammation of the facial nerve
2. Trauma - skull fractures, facial injuries, or surgical trauma to the facial nerve
3. Infections - Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, or bacterial infections like meningitis
4. Tumors - benign or malignant growths that compress or invade the facial nerve
5. Stroke - damage to the brainstem where the facial nerve originates
6. Congenital conditions - some people are born with facial paralysis due to genetic factors or birth trauma

Symptoms of facial paralysis may include:

* Inability to move one or more parts of the face, such as the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, or cheeks
* Drooping of the affected side of the face
* Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
* Changes in saliva and tear production
* Altered sense of taste
* Pain around the ear or jaw
* Speech difficulties due to weakened facial muscles

Treatment for facial paralysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as Bell's palsy, spontaneous recovery may occur within a few weeks to months. However, physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions might be necessary in other situations to improve function and minimize complications.

Waardenburg Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the development of melanin, a pigment responsible for hair, skin, and eye color. Named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Petrus Waardenburg who first described it in 1907, this syndrome is characterized by distinctive physical features and hearing loss.

There are four types of Waardenburg Syldrome (WS1, WS2, WS3, and WS4), each with varying degrees of symptoms. Common features include:

1. Differential coloring of the hair, skin, and eyes (poliosis, vitiligo, and heterochromia)
2. Distinctive facial features (wide-set eyes, broad nasal root, and a high arched or cleft palate)
3. Hearing loss, which can be unilateral (one-sided) or bilateral (both-sided), conductive, sensorineural, or mixed
4. Pigmentary changes in the iris, such as different colors between the eyes or within one eye
5. Sometimes, musculoskeletal abnormalities and/or developmental delays

WS1 and WS2 are more common than WS3 and WS4. The genetic causes of Waardenburg Syndrome involve mutations in several different genes associated with melanin production and transport. These include PAX3, MITF, SNAI2, EDN3, and EDNRB.

Diagnosis is typically based on clinical findings, including physical features and hearing tests. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis and help determine the specific type of Waardenburg Syndrome. Treatment usually involves addressing individual symptoms, such as using hearing aids or cochlear implants for hearing loss and managing any skin or eye concerns.

Central auditory diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system, specifically in the brainstem and cortex. These disorders can result from various causes, such as head injuries, infections, tumors, or degenerative conditions. They can cause difficulties with understanding speech, locating the source of sounds, and perceiving complex or rapidly changing auditory stimuli.

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is a common type of central auditory disease. It is a hearing problem that affects about 5% of school-aged children. Kids with CAPD can't process what they hear in the same way other kids do because their ears and brain don't fully coordinate. Something interferes with the way the brain recognizes and interprets sounds, especially speech.

CAPD is not a hearing loss or an intelligence problem. Children with CAPD have normal structural hearing and can often hear sounds that are presented to them individually. However, they may struggle to understand speech in noisy environments, follow complex directions, or distinguish similar sounds from one another.

Central auditory diseases are typically diagnosed through a series of tests that assess different aspects of auditory processing, such as speech recognition in noise, temporal processing, and binaural integration. Treatment for these disorders may include auditory training, assistive listening devices, and environmental modifications to help compensate for the processing difficulties.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) are a group of rare, hereditary autoinflammatory disorders caused by mutations in the NLRP3 gene, which encodes the cryopyrin protein. The mutation leads to overactivation of the inflammasome, an intracellular complex that regulates the activation of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in uncontrolled inflammation.

CAPS include three clinical subtypes:

1. Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS): This is the mildest form of CAPS and typically presents in infancy or early childhood with recurrent episodes of fever, urticaria-like rash, and joint pain triggered by cold exposure.
2. Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS): This subtype is characterized by more severe symptoms than FCAS, including recurrent fever, urticaria-like rash, joint pain, and progressive hearing loss. Patients with MWS are also at risk for developing amyloidosis, a serious complication that can lead to kidney failure.
3. Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID): Also known as chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome (CINCA), this is the most severe form of CAPS. It presents at birth or in early infancy with fever, urticaria-like rash, joint inflammation, and central nervous system involvement, including chronic meningitis, developmental delay, and hearing loss.

Treatment for CAPS typically involves targeted therapies that block the overactive inflammasome, such as IL-1 inhibitors. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life for patients with these disorders.

Keratoderma, palmoplantar is a medical term that refers to a group of skin conditions characterized by thickening and hardening (hyperkeratosis) of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This condition can affect people of all ages, but it's most commonly seen in children.

The thickening of the skin is caused by an overproduction of keratin, a protein that helps to form the tough, outer layer of the skin. In palmoplantar keratoderma, this excess keratin accumulates in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, leading to the formation of rough, scaly, and thickened patches on the palms and soles.

There are several different types of palmoplantar keratoderma, each with its own specific symptoms and causes. Some forms of the condition are inherited and present at birth or develop in early childhood, while others may be acquired later in life as a result of an underlying medical condition, such as atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, or psoriasis.

Treatment for palmoplantar keratoderma typically involves the use of emollients and keratolytic agents to help soften and remove the thickened skin. In some cases, oral retinoids or other systemic medications may be necessary to manage more severe symptoms. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis in the cell. It carries and transfers specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation, the process by which the genetic code in mRNA is translated into a protein sequence.

tRNAs have a characteristic cloverleaf-like secondary structure and a stem-loop tertiary structure, which allows them to bind both to specific amino acids and to complementary codon sequences on the messenger RNA (mRNA) through anticodons. This enables the precise matching of the correct amino acid to its corresponding codon in the mRNA during protein synthesis.

Ser, or serine, is one of the 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. It is encoded by six different codons (UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, and AGC) in the genetic code. The corresponding tRNA molecule that carries serine during protein synthesis is called tRNASer. There are multiple tRNASer isoacceptors, each with a different anticodon sequence but all carrying the same amino acid, serine.

Susac syndrome, also known as retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy, is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the inflammation and damage to small blood vessels in the brain, retina, and inner ear. It primarily affects young adults, particularly women, and can lead to various neurological, auditory, and visual symptoms.

The medical definition of Susac syndrome includes:

1. Encephalopathy (brain dysfunction) - This is characterized by headaches, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes, seizures, or psychiatric symptoms due to inflammation in the brain.
2. Branch retinal artery occlusions (BRAO) - These are blockages of small blood vessels in the retina, leading to visual disturbances such as blurry vision, scotomas (blind spots), or even permanent vision loss.
3. Sensorineural hearing loss - This is caused by damage to the inner ear structures responsible for hearing, resulting in difficulties with hearing, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or vertigo (dizziness).

The triad of these symptoms is necessary for a definitive diagnosis of Susac syndrome. However, not all patients may present with all three components simultaneously. The presence of any two features should raise suspicion for this condition, and further diagnostic workup is required to confirm the diagnosis. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes in patients with Susac syndrome.

Wolfram Syndrome is a rare, progressive, genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems, particularly the eyes, brain, endocrine system, and hearing. It is characterized by the combination of several features including diabetes insipidus (DI), diabetes mellitus (DM), optic nerve atrophy, and various neurological symptoms. The onset of this syndrome typically occurs in childhood.

The two major types of Wolfram Syndrome are WFS1 and WFS2, with WFS1 being the most common form. They are caused by mutations in different genes (WFS1 and CISD2 respectively), both of which play a role in maintaining the health of cells in the body, particularly those in the pancreas, eyes, and ears.

The symptoms of Wolfram Syndrome can vary widely among affected individuals, but often include:
- Diabetes insipidus (DI): This is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to problems with the body's regulation of fluids.
- Diabetes mellitus (DM): This type of diabetes results from issues with insulin production or usage, leading to high blood sugar levels.
- Optic nerve atrophy: This can cause vision loss, typically starting in early childhood and progressing over time.
- Neurological symptoms: These may include hearing loss, problems with balance and coordination, difficulty swallowing, and neuropsychiatric issues such as depression and anxiety.

Currently, there is no cure for Wolfram Syndrome, and treatment primarily focuses on managing the individual symptoms of the disorder.

A heterozygote is an individual who has inherited two different alleles (versions) of a particular gene, one from each parent. This means that the individual's genotype for that gene contains both a dominant and a recessive allele. The dominant allele will be expressed phenotypically (outwardly visible), while the recessive allele may or may not have any effect on the individual's observable traits, depending on the specific gene and its function. Heterozygotes are often represented as 'Aa', where 'A' is the dominant allele and 'a' is the recessive allele.

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to properly excrete acid into the urine, leading to an accumulation of acid in the bloodstream. This results in a state of metabolic acidosis.

There are several types of RTA, but renal tubular acidosis type 1 (also known as distal RTA) is characterized by a defect in the ability of the distal tubules to acidify the urine, leading to an inability to lower the pH of the urine below 5.5, even in the face of metabolic acidosis. This results in a persistently alkaline urine, which can lead to calcium phosphate stones and bone demineralization.

Type 1 RTA is often caused by inherited genetic defects, but it can also be acquired due to various kidney diseases, drugs, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms of type 1 RTA may include fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, decreased appetite, and vomiting. Treatment typically involves alkali therapy to correct the acidosis and prevent complications.

An earache is defined as a pain or discomfort in the ear. It can occur in either the outer, middle, or inner ear. The pain may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent and can vary in intensity from mild to severe. Earaches are often accompanied by other symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and feelings of pressure or fullness in the ear. In some cases, an earache may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as an ear infection, swimmer's ear, or a ruptured eardrum. If you are experiencing an earache that is severe or persistent, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.

Mastoiditis is a medical condition characterized by an infection and inflammation of the mastoid process, which is the bony prominence located behind the ear. The mastoid process contains air cells that are connected to the middle ear, and an infection in the middle ear (otitis media) can spread to the mastoid process, resulting in mastoiditis.

The symptoms of mastoiditis may include:

* Pain and tenderness behind the ear
* Swelling or redness of the skin behind the ear
* Ear drainage or discharge
* Fever and headache
* Hearing loss or difficulty hearing

Mastoiditis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, as well as possible surgical intervention if the infection does not respond to medication or if it has caused significant damage to the mastoid process. If left untreated, mastoiditis can lead to complications such as meningitis, brain abscess, or even death.

Cholesteatoma, middle ear is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells (keratinizing squamous epithelium) within the middle ear space. This skin cells accumulation forms a pearly, white, or gray mass that can erode and destroy surrounding structures such as the ossicles (the tiny bones in the middle ear), the mastoid process (a bony prominence behind the ear), and even the inner ear or brain.

Cholesteatomas can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Acquired cholesteatomas are more common and usually result from repeated middle ear infections that cause a retraction pocket of the eardrum, which then traps skin cells leading to their abnormal growth. Symptoms of cholesteatoma may include hearing loss, ear drainage, ear pain, vertigo, or facial weakness. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cholesteatoma and restoration of any damaged structures.

Ataxia is a medical term that refers to a group of disorders affecting coordination, balance, and speech. It is characterized by a lack of muscle control during voluntary movements, causing unsteady or awkward movements, and often accompanied by tremors. Ataxia can affect various parts of the body, such as the limbs, trunk, eyes, and speech muscles. The condition can be congenital or acquired, and it can result from damage to the cerebellum, spinal cord, or sensory nerves. There are several types of ataxia, including hereditary ataxias, degenerative ataxias, cerebellar ataxias, and acquired ataxias, each with its own specific causes, symptoms, and prognosis. Treatment for ataxia typically focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life, as there is no cure for most forms of the disorder.

Gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XX is a medical condition where an individual with a 46,XX karyotype has underdeveloped or absent gonads (ovaries). Normally, individuals with a 46,XX karyotype have ovaries that produce female sex hormones and develop into reproductive organs. However, in cases of gonadal dysgenesis, the gonads do not develop properly and may appear as streak gonads, which lack germ cells and are incapable of producing sex hormones or gametes (eggs).

Individuals with 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis often have female external genitalia but may have primary amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) due to the underdeveloped or absent ovaries. They may also have other features such as short stature, webbed neck, and intellectual disability, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

The underlying causes of 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis can vary, including genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, or exposure to environmental factors during fetal development. Some individuals with this condition may have an increased risk of developing gonadal tumors, so regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential.

Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that causes the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed. It's caused by various types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

The infection can develop quickly, over a few hours or days, and is considered a medical emergency. Symptoms may include sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In some cases, a rash may also be present.

Bacterial meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and even death if not treated promptly with appropriate antibiotics and supportive care. It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect bacterial meningitis. Vaccines are available to prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis.

The exome is the part of the genome that contains all the protein-coding regions. It represents less than 2% of the human genome but accounts for about 85% of disease-causing mutations. Exome sequencing, therefore, is a cost-effective and efficient method to identify genetic variants associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and inherited genetic conditions.

Sound localization is the ability of the auditory system to identify the location or origin of a sound source in the environment. It is a crucial aspect of hearing and enables us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively. The process involves several cues, including time differences in the arrival of sound to each ear (interaural time difference), differences in sound level at each ear (interaural level difference), and spectral information derived from the filtering effects of the head and external ears on incoming sounds. These cues are analyzed by the brain to determine the direction and distance of the sound source, allowing for accurate localization.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

Loudness perception refers to the subjective experience of the intensity or volume of a sound, which is a psychological response to the physical property of sound pressure level. It is a measure of how loud or soft a sound seems to an individual, and it can be influenced by various factors such as frequency, duration, and the context in which the sound is heard.

The perception of loudness is closely related to the concept of sound intensity, which is typically measured in decibels (dB). However, while sound intensity is an objective physical measurement, loudness is a subjective experience that can vary between individuals and even for the same individual under different listening conditions.

Loudness perception is a complex process that involves several stages of auditory processing, including mechanical transduction of sound waves by the ear, neural encoding of sound information in the auditory nerve, and higher-level cognitive processes that interpret and modulate the perceived loudness of sounds. Understanding the mechanisms underlying loudness perception is important for developing hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive listening devices, as well as for diagnosing and treating various hearing disorders.

Electronystagmography (ENG) is a medical test used to assess the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. This test measures involuntary eye movements, called nystagmus, which can be indicative of various conditions affecting the inner ear or brainstem.

During the ENG test, electrodes are placed around the eyes to record eye movements while the patient undergoes a series of stimuli, such as changes in head position, visual stimuli, and caloric irrigations (where warm or cool water is introduced into the ear canal to stimulate the inner ear). The recorded data is then analyzed to evaluate the function of the vestibular system and identify any abnormalities.

ENG testing can help diagnose conditions such as vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere's disease, and other balance disorders. It is also used to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for these conditions.

Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.

The ear ossicles are the three smallest bones in the human body, which are located in the middle ear. They play a crucial role in the process of hearing by transmitting and amplifying sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The three ear ossicles are:

1. Malleus (hammer): The largest of the three bones, it is shaped like a hammer and connects to the eardrum.
2. Incus (anvil): The middle-sized bone, it looks like an anvil and connects the malleus to the stapes.
3. Stapes (stirrup): The smallest and lightest bone in the human body, it resembles a stirrup and transmits vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

Together, these tiny bones work to efficiently transfer sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled cochlea of the inner ear, enabling us to hear.

Cochlear microphonic potentials (CMs) are electrical responses that originate from the hair cells in the cochlea, which is a part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. These potentials can be recorded using an electrode placed near the cochlea in response to sound stimulation.

The CMs are considered to be a passive response of the hair cells to the mechanical deflection caused by sound waves. They represent the receptor potential of the outer hair cells and are directly proportional to the sound pressure level. Unlike other electrical responses in the cochlea, such as the action potentials generated by the auditory nerve fibers, CMs do not require the presence of neurotransmitters or synaptic transmission.

Cochlear microphonic potentials have been used in research to study the biophysical properties of hair cells and their response to different types of sound stimuli. However, they are not typically used in clinical audiology due to their small amplitude and susceptibility to interference from other electrical signals in the body.

Craniofacial abnormalities refer to a group of birth defects that affect the development of the skull and face. These abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may involve differences in the shape and structure of the head, face, and jaws, as well as issues with the formation of facial features such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Craniofacial abnormalities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Some common examples of craniofacial abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the skull bones), and hemifacial microsomia (underdevelopment of one side of the face).

Treatment for craniofacial abnormalities may involve a team of healthcare professionals, including plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, orthodontists, speech therapists, and other specialists. Treatment options may include surgery, bracing, therapy, and other interventions to help improve function and appearance.

Stereocilia are hair-like projections found in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They are present on the sensory cells known as hair cells and are involved in hearing by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain.

Stereocilia are arranged in rows of graded height, with the tallest ones located near the opening of the cochlea (the base) and the shortest ones closer to the apex. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the fluid within the cochlea to move, which in turn causes stereocilia to bend. This bending action triggers the release of chemical signals that stimulate nerve fibers connected to the hair cells, ultimately transmitting information about the sound to the brain.

Damage or loss of stereocilia can result in hearing impairment or deafness, as seen in various forms of hearing disorders and age-related hearing loss.

Tympanic membrane perforation, also known as a ruptured eardrum, is a tear or hole in the tympanic membrane, which separates the outer ear canal and the middle ear. The tympanic membrane plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. A perforation can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, pressure changes, or explosive blasts, leading to symptoms like hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and ear discharge. The extent and location of the perforation determine the severity of the symptoms and the course of treatment, which may include observation, antibiotics, or surgical repair.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body, which is a part of the middle ear. It is also known as the "stirrup" because of its U-shaped structure. The stapes connects the inner ear to the middle ear, transmitting sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear. More specifically, it is the third bone in the series of three bones (the ossicles) that conduct sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Betahistine is a medication that is primarily used to treat symptoms associated with Ménière's disease, which is an inner ear disorder that can cause vertigo (dizziness), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hearing loss. Betahistine is thought to work by improving blood flow in the inner ear and reducing the pressure in the fluid-filled compartments of the ear.

Betahistine is a histamine analogue, which means that it has a similar chemical structure to histamine, a naturally occurring compound in the body that plays a role in various physiological processes, including the regulation of blood flow and inflammation. Betahistine acts as an agonist at H1 and H3 histamine receptors and as an antagonist at H2 receptors, which leads to its therapeutic effects on the inner ear.

The medication is available in tablet form and is typically taken two or three times a day, with or without food. The dosage may vary depending on the individual's response to treatment and any underlying medical conditions. Common side effects of betahistine include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as headache, dizziness, and dry mouth.

It is important to note that betahistine may interact with other medications, including certain antidepressants, antihistamines, and sedatives, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with betahistine. Additionally, individuals with asthma or a history of peptic ulcers should use caution when taking this medication, as it may exacerbate these conditions.

In the context of medicine, particularly in the field of auscultation (the act of listening to the internal sounds of the body), "sound" refers to the noises produced by the functioning of the heart, lungs, and other organs. These sounds are typically categorized into two types:

1. **Bradyacoustic sounds**: These are low-pitched sounds that are heard when there is a turbulent flow of blood or when two body structures rub against each other. An example would be the heart sound known as "S1," which is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole (contraction of the heart's ventricles).

2. **High-pitched sounds**: These are sharper, higher-frequency sounds that can provide valuable diagnostic information. An example would be lung sounds, which include breath sounds like those heard during inhalation and exhalation, as well as adventitious sounds like crackles, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs.

It's important to note that these medical "sounds" are not the same as the everyday definition of sound, which refers to the sensation produced by stimulation of the auditory system by vibrations.

Plastic embedding is a histological technique used in the preparation of tissue samples for microscopic examination. In this process, thin sections of tissue are impregnated and hardened with a plastic resin, which replaces the water in the tissue and provides support and stability during cutting and mounting. This method is particularly useful for tissues that are difficult to embed using traditional paraffin embedding techniques, such as those that contain fat or are very delicate. The plastic-embedded tissue sections can be cut very thinly (typically 1-2 microns) and provide excellent preservation of ultrastructural details, making them ideal for high-resolution microscopy and immunohistochemical studies.

Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Genetic tests are performed on a sample of blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue. For example, a physician may recommend genetic testing to help diagnose a genetic condition, confirm the presence of a gene mutation known to increase the risk of developing certain cancers, or determine the chance for a couple to have a child with a genetic disorder.

There are several types of genetic tests, including:

* Diagnostic testing: This type of test is used to identify or confirm a suspected genetic condition in an individual. It may be performed before birth (prenatal testing) or at any time during a person's life.
* Predictive testing: This type of test is used to determine the likelihood that a person will develop a genetic disorder. It is typically offered to individuals who have a family history of a genetic condition but do not show any symptoms themselves.
* Carrier testing: This type of test is used to determine whether a person carries a gene mutation for a genetic disorder. It is often offered to couples who are planning to have children and have a family history of a genetic condition or belong to a population that has an increased risk of certain genetic disorders.
* Preimplantation genetic testing: This type of test is used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF) to identify genetic changes in embryos before they are implanted in the uterus. It can help couples who have a family history of a genetic disorder or who are at risk of having a child with a genetic condition to conceive a child who is free of the genetic change in question.
* Pharmacogenetic testing: This type of test is used to determine how an individual's genes may affect their response to certain medications. It can help healthcare providers choose the most effective medication and dosage for a patient, reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions.

It is important to note that genetic testing should be performed under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional who can interpret the results and provide appropriate counseling and support.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina - a light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina converts light into electrical signals which are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images.

In RP, the cells that detect light (rods and cones) degenerate more slowly than other cells in the retina, leading to a progressive loss of vision. Symptoms typically begin in childhood with night blindness (difficulty seeing in low light), followed by a gradual narrowing of the visual field (tunnel vision). Over time, this can lead to significant vision loss and even blindness.

The condition is usually inherited and there are several different genes that have been associated with RP. The diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of genetic testing, family history, and clinical examination. Currently, there is no cure for RP, but researchers are actively working to develop new treatments that may help slow or stop the progression of the disease.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Language development refers to the process by which children acquire the ability to understand and communicate through spoken, written, or signed language. This complex process involves various components including phonology (sound system), semantics (meaning of words and sentences), syntax (sentence structure), and pragmatics (social use of language). Language development begins in infancy with cooing and babbling and continues through early childhood and beyond, with most children developing basic conversational skills by the age of 4-5 years. However, language development can continue into adolescence and even adulthood as individuals learn new languages or acquire more advanced linguistic skills. Factors that can influence language development include genetics, environment, cognition, and social interactions.

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is not a medical term, but rather a term related to occupational health and safety. OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor that regulates workplace safety and health. It was created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education and assistance. OSHA covers most private sector employers and their workers, in addition to some public sector employers and workers in the 50 states and certain territories and jurisdictions under federal authority.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nafronyl" does not appear to be a recognized term in medical terminology or pharmacology. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in the term you are looking for. If you have more information or context about where this term was used, I'd be happy to help you try and find the correct definition.

Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to reconstruct or repair the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and/or the small bones of the middle ear (ossicles). The primary goal of this surgery is to restore hearing, but it can also help manage chronic middle ear infections, traumatic eardrum perforations, or cholesteatoma (a skin growth in the middle ear).

During the procedure, a surgeon may use various techniques such as grafting tissue from another part of the body to rebuild the eardrum or using prosthetic materials to reconstruct the ossicles. The choice of technique depends on the extent and location of the damage. Tympanoplasty is typically an outpatient procedure, meaning patients can return home on the same day of the surgery.

"Family Health" is not a term that has a single, widely accepted medical definition. However, in the context of healthcare and public health, "family health" often refers to the physical, mental, and social well-being of all members of a family unit. It includes the assessment, promotion, and prevention of health conditions that affect individual family members as well as the family as a whole.

Family health may also encompass interventions and programs that aim to strengthen family relationships, communication, and functioning, as these factors can have a significant impact on overall health outcomes. Additionally, family health may involve addressing social determinants of health, such as poverty, housing, and access to healthcare, which can affect the health of families and communities.

Overall, family health is a holistic approach to healthcare that recognizes the importance of considering the needs and experiences of all family members in promoting and maintaining good health.

Meningeal carcinomatosis, also known as leptomeningeal metastasis or neoplastic meningitis, is a medical condition characterized by the spread of cancer cells to the meninges, which are the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.

In this condition, cancer cells from a primary tumor or metastatic cancer elsewhere in the body invade the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and spread throughout the meningeal spaces, causing inflammation and damage to the surrounding tissues. This can result in various neurological symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, confusion, weakness, or paralysis, depending on the location of the cancer cells in the meninges.

Meningeal carcinomatosis is a serious and often life-threatening complication of advanced cancer, with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. It can occur in various types of cancer, including lung, breast, melanoma, and hematological malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to improve the quality of life and prolong survival in affected patients.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A point mutation is a type of genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base (A, T, C, or G) in DNA is altered, deleted, or substituted with another nucleotide. Point mutations can have various effects on the organism, depending on the location of the mutation and whether it affects the function of any genes. Some point mutations may not have any noticeable effect, while others might lead to changes in the amino acids that make up proteins, potentially causing diseases or altering traits. Point mutations can occur spontaneously due to errors during DNA replication or be inherited from parents.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as "airborne concentrations of substances and physical agents to which most workers can be exposed day after day for a normal 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek, without adverse health effects." TLVs are based on available scientific data and are designed to provide guidance to occupational health professionals in making decisions regarding safe levels of exposure to various workplace hazards.

TLVs are divided into three categories:

1. Time-weighted average (TWA): This is the average airborne concentration of a substance or physical agent to which a worker can be exposed for an 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek, without experiencing adverse health effects.
2. Short-term exposure limit (STEL): This is the maximum concentration of a substance or physical agent to which a worker can be exposed for a short period of time (usually 15 minutes) without experiencing significant irritation, narcosis, or other acute toxic effects. STELs are intended to protect workers from brief, but potentially hazardous, exposures.
3. Ceiling limit (CL): This is the concentration of a substance or physical agent that should not be exceeded at any time during the workday. Ceiling limits are designed to protect workers from the potential acute effects of high-concentration exposures.

It's important to note that TLVs are guidelines and not regulatory standards, meaning they do not have the force of law. However, many organizations and companies use TLVs as a basis for establishing their own exposure limits and workplace safety policies.

Jervell-Lange Nielsen Syndrome (JLNS) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the combination of congenital deafness and prolongation of the QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG), which can lead to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. It is caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 or KCNE1 genes, which are responsible for the potassium ion channels in the heart that help maintain a regular heart rhythm.

There are two types of JLNS: type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is characterized by profound congenital deafness and severe, life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, while type 2 has less severe hearing loss and fewer cardiac complications. The syndrome can be diagnosed through genetic testing and ECG monitoring. Treatment typically involves the use of beta blockers to regulate heart rhythm, as well as the implementation of measures to manage the risk of sudden death, such as the implantation of a pacemaker or defibrillator.

Labyrinth supporting cells are specialized cells that are located in the inner ear and provide structural and functional support to the sensory hair cells within the labyrinth, which is the complex system of tubes and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These supporting cells form a crucial part of the architecture of the inner ear and help to maintain the proper functioning of the sensory hair cells by providing mechanical support, contributing to the development and maintenance of the extracellular matrix, and playing a role in the recycling of neurotransmitters. Additionally, labyrinth supporting cells can also transform into new hair cells in certain circumstances, which has implications for potential regenerative therapies aimed at treating hearing loss and balance disorders.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are a group of structural and functional molecules that provide support, organization, and regulation to the cells in tissues and organs. The ECM is composed of a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates that are secreted by the cells and deposited outside of them.

ECM proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, including:

1. Collagens: These are the most abundant ECM proteins and provide strength and stability to tissues. They form fibrils that can withstand high tensile forces.
2. Proteoglycans: These are complex molecules made up of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The GAG chains attract water, making proteoglycans important for maintaining tissue hydration and resilience.
3. Elastin: This is an elastic protein that allows tissues to stretch and recoil, such as in the lungs and blood vessels.
4. Fibronectins: These are large glycoproteins that bind to cells and ECM components, providing adhesion, migration, and signaling functions.
5. Laminins: These are large proteins found in basement membranes, which provide structural support for epithelial and endothelial cells.
6. Tenascins: These are large glycoproteins that modulate cell adhesion and migration, and regulate ECM assembly and remodeling.

Together, these ECM proteins create a microenvironment that influences cell behavior, differentiation, and function. Dysregulation of ECM proteins has been implicated in various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative disorders.

A haplotype is a group of genes or DNA sequences that are inherited together from a single parent. It refers to a combination of alleles (variant forms of a gene) that are located on the same chromosome and are usually transmitted as a unit. Haplotypes can be useful in tracing genetic ancestry, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and developing personalized medical treatments.

In population genetics, haplotypes are often used to study patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. By comparing haplotype frequencies across populations, researchers can infer historical events such as migrations, population expansions, and bottlenecks. Additionally, haplotypes can provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and genomic regions.

In clinical genetics, haplotypes can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or to predict an individual's response to certain medications. For example, specific haplotypes in the HLA gene region have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, while other haplotypes in the CYP450 gene family can affect how individuals metabolize drugs.

Overall, haplotypes provide a powerful tool for understanding the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases, as well as for developing personalized medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.

Ear neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the ear. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the ear canal.

Benign ear neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include exostoses, osteomas, and ceruminous adenomas. These types of growths are usually removed surgically for cosmetic reasons or if they cause discomfort or hearing problems.

Malignant ear neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and may spread to other parts of the body. Examples include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. These types of tumors often require more extensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

It is important to note that any new growth or change in the ear should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Membrane transport proteins are specialized biological molecules, specifically integral membrane proteins, that facilitate the movement of various substances across the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. They are responsible for the selective and regulated transport of ions, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and other molecules into and out of cells, as well as within different cellular compartments. These proteins can be categorized into two main types: channels and carriers (or pumps). Channels provide a passive transport mechanism, allowing ions or small molecules to move down their electrochemical gradient, while carriers actively transport substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy usually in the form of ATP. Membrane transport proteins play a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis, signaling processes, and many other physiological functions.

Macrocephaly is a medical term that refers to a condition where an individual has an abnormally large head size. It is typically defined as a head circumference (the measurement of the head's perimeter) that is more than two standard deviations above the average for age, gender, and height.

Macrocephaly can be caused by various factors, including genetic disorders, brain abnormalities, developmental delays, and hydrocephalus (the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain). In some cases, macrocephaly may not indicate any underlying medical condition, and the person's head size may remain proportionate to their body as they grow.

It is essential to monitor individuals with macrocephaly for any associated neurological or developmental issues and provide appropriate medical interventions if necessary.

Choanal atresia is a medical condition where the back of the nasal passage (choana) is blocked or narrowed, usually by bone, membrane, or a combination of both. This blockage can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various reasons such as infection, injury, or tumor.

Congenital choanal atresia is more common and occurs during fetal development when the nasal passages fail to open properly. It can affect one or both sides of the nasal passage and can be unilateral (affecting one side) or bilateral (affecting both sides). Bilateral choanal atresia can cause breathing difficulties in newborns, as they are obligate nose breathers and cannot breathe through their mouth yet.

Treatment for choanal atresia typically involves surgical intervention to open up the nasal passage and restore normal breathing. The specific type of surgery may depend on the location and extent of the blockage. In some cases, follow-up surgeries or additional treatments may be necessary to ensure proper functioning of the nasal passage.

Endolymph is a specific type of fluid that is found within the inner ear, more specifically in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. This fluid plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and hearing functions. It helps in the stimulation of hair cells present in the inner ear which then transmit signals to the brain, enabling us to hear and maintain our balance. Any disturbance or changes in the composition or flow of endolymph can lead to various vestibular disorders and hearing problems.

Otorhinolaryngologic diseases, also known as ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the ears, nose, and/or throat. These specialized areas are closely related both anatomically and functionally, and disorders in one area can often have impacts on the others.

Here are some examples of otorhinolaryngologic diseases categorized by the affected area:

1. Otologic diseases - affecting the ear:
* Otitis media (ear infection)
* Otitis externa (swimmer's ear)
* Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Hearing loss
* Meniere's disease (inner ear disorder causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss)
* Acoustic neuroma (noncancerous tumor on the vestibular nerve)
2. Rhinologic diseases - affecting the nose:
* Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
* Non-allergic rhinitis
* Sinusitis (sinus infection)
* Deviated septum
* Nasal polyps
* Epistaxis (nosebleed)
3. Laryngologic diseases - affecting the throat and voice box:
* Laryngitis (inflammation of the larynx, causing hoarseness or voice loss)
* Vocal cord nodules or polyps
* Reflux laryngitis (acid reflux irritating the throat)
* Subglottic stenosis (narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords)
* Laryngeal cancer
4. Common otorhinolaryngologic diseases:
* Tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils, often causing sore throat and difficulty swallowing)
* Adenoiditis (inflammation of the adenoids, commonly seen in children)
* Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA, a disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep)
* Pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx or throat)

Otorhinolaryngologists, also known as ENT specialists, diagnose and treat these conditions. They may use various methods such as physical examination, imaging studies, endoscopy, and laboratory tests to determine the best course of treatment for each individual patient.

Microcephaly is a medical condition where an individual has a smaller than average head size. The circumference of the head is significantly below the normal range for age and sex. This condition is typically caused by abnormal brain development, which can be due to genetic factors or environmental influences such as infections or exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy.

Microcephaly can be present at birth (congenital) or develop in the first few years of life. People with microcephaly often have intellectual disabilities, delayed development, and other neurological problems. However, the severity of these issues can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe. It is important to note that not all individuals with microcephaly will experience significant impairments or challenges.

The saccule and utricle are components of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation within the inner ear. Here are the medical definitions:

1. Saccule: A small sac-like structure located in the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear. It is one of the two otolith organs (the other being the utricle) that detect linear acceleration and gravity. The saccule contains hair cells with stereocilia, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix containing calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia. When the head changes position or moves linearly, the movement of these otoconia stimulates the hair cells, sending signals to the brain about the direction and speed of the motion.

2. Utricle: Another sac-like structure in the vestibular labyrinth, similar to the saccule but slightly larger. The utricle is also an otolith organ that detects linear acceleration and head tilts. It contains hair cells with stereocilia embedded in a gelatinous matrix filled with otoconia. When the head tilts or moves linearly, the movement of the otoconia stimulates the hair cells, providing information about the position and motion of the head to the brain.

In summary, both the saccule and utricle are essential for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by detecting linear acceleration and gravity through the movement of otoconia on their hair cell receptors.

A coloboma is a congenital condition that results from incomplete closure of the optic fissure during fetal development. This results in a gap or hole in one or more structures of the eye, such as the iris, retina, choroid, or optic nerve. The size and location of the coloboma can vary widely, and it may affect one or both eyes.

Colobomas can cause a range of visual symptoms, depending on their size and location. Some people with colobomas may have no visual impairment, while others may experience reduced vision, double vision, or sensitivity to light. In severe cases, colobomas can lead to blindness.

Colobomas are usually diagnosed during routine eye exams and are typically not treatable, although some visual symptoms may be managed with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery in certain cases. Colobomas can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a genetic syndrome, so individuals with colobomas may benefit from genetic counseling to understand their risk of passing the condition on to their offspring.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The cochlear nucleus is the first relay station in the auditory pathway within the central nervous system. It is a structure located in the lower pons region of the brainstem and receives sensory information from the cochlea, which is the spiral-shaped organ of hearing in the inner ear.

The cochlear nucleus consists of several subdivisions, each with distinct neuronal populations that process different aspects of auditory information. These subdivisions include the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and the granule cell domain.

Neurons in these subdivisions perform various computations on the incoming auditory signals, such as frequency analysis, intensity coding, and sound localization. The output of the cochlear nucleus is then sent via several pathways to higher brain regions for further processing and interpretation, including the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and eventually the auditory cortex.

Damage or dysfunction in the cochlear nucleus can lead to hearing impairments and other auditory processing disorders.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Cerumen is the medical term for earwax. It is a natural substance produced by the body to protect and clean the ears. Cerumen helps to keep the ear canal moist, which prevents dry, itchy ears, and also traps dirt, dust, and other particles that could harm the eardrum. The earwax then gradually moves out of the ear canal and falls out or is removed during activities like showering or washing the face. While some people may need to have their earwax removed if it builds up and causes hearing problems or discomfort, in most cases, cerumen does not need to be cleaned or removed.

The tectorial membrane is a specialized structure in the inner ear, more specifically in the cochlea. It is a gelatinous, hair-like structure that is located above and parallel to the organ of Corti, which contains the sensory hair cells responsible for hearing. The tectorial membrane is composed of collagen fibers and a glycoprotein matrix.

The main function of the tectorial membrane is to deflect the stereocilia (hair-like projections) of the inner and outer hair cells as sound waves pass through the cochlea, which in turn triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound. The tectorial membrane moves in response to sound-induced vibrations of the fluid within the cochlea, causing shearing forces on the stereocilia, leading to the initiation of the hearing process.

The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.

The lateral line system is a sensory organ found in aquatic animals, such as fish and some aquatic amphibians. It is a series of fluid-filled canals and sensory cells that run along the sides of the body, head, and fins. These sensory cells are called neuromasts and contain hair cells that respond to vibrations and water movements. The lateral line system helps these animals detect movement, pressure changes, and vibrations in their aquatic environment, which aids in schooling behavior, prey detection, and avoiding predators.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Intellectual disability (ID) is a term used when there are significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.

Intellectual functioning, also known as intelligence, refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and other cognitive skills. Adaptive behavior includes skills needed for day-to-day life, such as communication, self-care, social skills, safety judgement, and basic academic skills.

Intellectual disability is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. It can be mild, moderate, severe, or profound, depending on the degree of limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

It's important to note that people with intellectual disabilities have unique strengths and limitations, just like everyone else. With appropriate support and education, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities in many ways.

Transcription Factor Brn-3C, also known as POU4F3, is a protein involved in the regulation of gene expression. It belongs to the class IV POU domain transcription factor family and plays crucial roles in the development, maintenance, and function of inner ear hair cells, which are essential for hearing. Mutations in the Brn-3C gene have been associated with deafness disorders in humans. The protein works by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of target genes and controlling their transcription into messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is critical for various cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Ichthyosis is a group of skin disorders that are characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin. The name "ichthyosis" comes from the Greek word "ichthys," which means fish, as the skin can have a fish-like scale appearance. These conditions can be inherited or acquired and vary in severity.

The medical definition of ichthyosis is a heterogeneous group of genetic keratinization disorders that result in dry, thickened, and scaly skin. The condition may affect any part of the body, but it most commonly appears on the extremities, scalp, and trunk. Ichthyosis can also have associated symptoms such as redness, itching, and blistering.

The severity of ichthyosis can range from mild to severe, and some forms of the condition may be life-threatening in infancy. The exact symptoms and their severity depend on the specific type of ichthyosis a person has. Treatment for ichthyosis typically involves moisturizing the skin, avoiding irritants, and using medications to help control scaling and inflammation.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

The ear canal, also known as the external auditory canal, is the tubular passage that extends from the outer ear (pinna) to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It is lined with skin and tiny hairs, and is responsible for conducting sound waves from the outside environment to the middle and inner ear. The ear canal is typically about 2.5 cm long in adults and has a self-cleaning mechanism that helps to keep it free of debris and wax.

The term "family" in a medical context often refers to a group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption and who consider themselves to be a single household. This can include spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and other extended family members. In some cases, the term may also be used more broadly to refer to any close-knit group of people who provide emotional and social support for one another, regardless of their biological or legal relationship.

In healthcare settings, understanding a patient's family dynamics can be important for providing effective care. Family members may be involved in decision-making about medical treatments, providing care and support at home, and communicating with healthcare providers. Additionally, cultural beliefs and values within families can influence health behaviors and attitudes towards medical care, making it essential for healthcare professionals to take a culturally sensitive approach when working with patients and their families.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Pitch discrimination, in the context of audiology and neuroscience, refers to the ability to perceive and identify the difference in pitch between two or more sounds. It is the measure of how accurately an individual can distinguish between different frequencies or tones. This ability is crucial for various aspects of hearing, such as understanding speech, appreciating music, and localizing sound sources.

Pitch discrimination is typically measured using psychoacoustic tests, where a listener is presented with two sequential tones and asked to determine whether the second tone is higher or lower in pitch than the first one. The smallest detectable difference between the frequencies of these two tones is referred to as the "just noticeable difference" (JND) or the "difference limen." This value can be used to quantify an individual's pitch discrimination abilities and may vary depending on factors such as frequency, intensity, and age.

Deficits in pitch discrimination can have significant consequences for various aspects of daily life, including communication difficulties and reduced enjoyment of music. These deficits can result from damage to the auditory system due to factors like noise exposure, aging, or certain medical conditions, such as hearing loss or neurological disorders.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are caused by the human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5), a type of herpesvirus. The infection can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation.

CMV can be spread through close contact with an infected person's saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen, or breast milk. It can also be spread through sexual contact or by sharing contaminated objects, such as toys, eating utensils, or drinking glasses. Once a person is infected with CMV, the virus remains in their body for life and can reactivate later, causing symptoms to recur.

Most people who are infected with CMV do not experience any symptoms, but some may develop a mononucleosis-like illness, characterized by fever, fatigue, swollen glands, and sore throat. In people with weakened immune systems, CMV infections can cause more severe symptoms, including pneumonia, gastrointestinal disease, retinitis, and encephalitis.

Congenital CMV infection occurs when a pregnant woman passes the virus to her fetus through the placenta. This can lead to serious complications, such as hearing loss, vision loss, developmental delays, and mental disability.

Diagnosis of CMV infections is typically made through blood tests or by detecting the virus in bodily fluids, such as urine or saliva. Treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health. Antiviral medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

The spiral ligament of the cochlea is a fibrous structure located in the inner ear, more specifically in the cochlea. It is part of the membranous labyrinth and helps to maintain the shape and tension of the cochlear duct, which is essential for hearing.

The spiral ligament is attached to the bony wall of the cochlea and runs along the entire length of the cochlear duct, spiraling around it in a snail-like fashion. It consists of an outer, highly vascularized fibrous layer (the fibrous cap) and an inner, more cellular layer (the avascular zone).

The spiral ligament plays a crucial role in sound transmission and perception by helping to maintain the mechanical properties of the cochlear duct. The tension on the basilar membrane, where the sensory hair cells are located, is regulated by the spiral ligament's stiffness and elasticity. This tension affects the vibration amplitude and frequency selectivity of the basilar membrane, which in turn influences how we perceive different sounds and pitches.

Damage to the spiral ligament can result in hearing loss or impairment due to disrupted sound transmission and perception.

A frameshift mutation is a type of genetic mutation that occurs when the addition or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence is not divisible by three. Since DNA is read in groups of three nucleotides (codons), which each specify an amino acid, this can shift the "reading frame," leading to the insertion or deletion of one or more amino acids in the resulting protein. This can cause a protein to be significantly different from the normal protein, often resulting in a nonfunctional protein and potentially causing disease. Frameshift mutations are typically caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides, but they can also result from more complex genetic rearrangements.

Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).

Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.

In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.

A transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that carries the amino acid leucine is referred to as "tRNA-Leu." This specific tRNA molecule recognizes and binds to a codon (a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA) during protein synthesis or translation. In this case, tRNA-Leu can recognize and pair with any of the following codons: UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Once bound to the mRNA at the ribosome, leucine is added to the growing polypeptide chain through the action of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes that catalyze the attachment of specific amino acids to their corresponding tRNAs. This ensures the accurate and efficient production of proteins based on genetic information encoded in mRNA.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

A nonsense codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that does not code for an amino acid. Instead, it signals the end of the protein-coding region of a gene and triggers the termination of translation, the process by which the genetic code is translated into a protein.

In DNA, the nonsense codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA, which are also known as "stop codons." When these codons are encountered during translation, they cause the release of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain from the ribosome, bringing the process of protein synthesis to a halt.

Nonsense mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that result in the appearance of a nonsense codon where an amino acid-coding codon used to be. These types of mutations can lead to premature termination of translation and the production of truncated, nonfunctional proteins, which can cause genetic diseases or contribute to cancer development.

Human chromosome pair 1 refers to the first pair of chromosomes in a set of 23 pairs found in the cells of the human body, excluding sex cells (sperm and eggs). Each cell in the human body, except for the gametes, contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. These chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that contain genetic information in the form of DNA.

Chromosome pair 1 is the largest pair, making up about 8% of the total DNA in a cell. Each chromosome in the pair consists of two arms - a shorter p arm and a longer q arm - connected at a centromere. Chromosome 1 carries an estimated 2,000-2,500 genes, which are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins or regulating gene expression.

Defects or mutations in the genes located on chromosome 1 can lead to various genetic disorders and diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, Huntington's disease, and certain types of cancer.

The endolymphatic duct is a narrow canal in the inner ear that is part of the membranous labyrinth. It connects the utricle and saccule (two sensory structures in the vestibular system responsible for detecting changes in head position and movement) to the endolymphatic sac (a dilated portion of the duct that helps regulate the volume and pressure of endolymph, a fluid found within the membranous labyrinth).

The endolymphatic duct plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis of the inner ear by allowing the absorption and circulation of endolymph. Disorders or abnormalities in this region can lead to various vestibular and hearing dysfunctions, such as Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, and other inner ear disorders.

Lipreading, also known as speechreading, is not a medical term per se, but it is a communication strategy often used by individuals with hearing loss. It involves paying close attention to the movements of the lips, facial expressions, and body language of the person who is speaking to help understand spoken words.

While lipreading can be helpful, it should be noted that it is not an entirely accurate way to comprehend speech, as many sounds look similar on the lips, and factors such as lighting and the speaker's articulation can affect its effectiveness. Therefore, lipreading is often used in conjunction with other communication strategies, such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, or American Sign Language (ASL).

Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.

Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Sensation disorders are conditions that affect the nervous system's ability to receive and interpret sensory information from the environment. These disorders can affect any of the five senses, including sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. They can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in various parts of the body.

Some common types of sensation disorders include:

1. Neuropathy: A disorder that affects the nerves, often causing numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet.
2. Central pain syndrome: A condition that results from damage to the brain or spinal cord, leading to chronic pain.
3. Tinnitus: A ringing or buzzing sound in the ears that can be a symptom of an underlying hearing disorder.
4. Ageusia: The loss of taste sensation, often caused by damage to the tongue or nerves that transmit taste information to the brain.
5. Anosmia: The loss of smell sensation, which can result from a variety of causes including injury, infection, or neurological disorders.

Sensation disorders can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or other interventions aimed at addressing the underlying cause of the disorder.

AMEIs are intended for patients with mild-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss, as well as those with conductive or mixed ... They help people with conductive, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss to hear. Middle ear implants work by improving the ... An AMEI is also indicated for patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss with bone conduction thresholds from 45 dB in the ... AMEIs can also offer improved hearing performance over bone conduction implants for patients with mixed hearing loss. Mojallal ...
Mixed hearing loss Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Chronic ear infection (a ... sensorineural hearing loss. Combinations of conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are called a mixed hearing loss. An ... infection or ankylosis may also cause hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss is one caused by ... Conductive hearing loss Conductive hearing loss is present when the sound is not reaching the inner ear, the cochlea. This can ...
Patients with a sensorineural hearing loss have also been reported but are less likely to occur. A conductive hearing loss ... Of individuals with VCFS who have a hearing loss, only 11% had a sensorineural loss and 5% a mixed loss (Reyes et al., 1999). ... have other minor anomalies and there may be a presence of a conductive hearing loss or a mixed hearing loss (Perterson-Falszone ... of patients with Hemifacial Microsomia have a conductive hearing loss and 10% have a sensorineural hearing loss. There is no ...
PTA can be used to differentiate between conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss and mixed hearing loss. A hearing ... Bone conduction thresholds can differentiate sensorineural hearing loss from conductive hearing loss. Other tests, such as oto- ... it is expected that 13.5 million Americans have sensorineural hearing loss. Of those with sensorineural hearing loss, ... Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing loss in which the root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory organ ( ...
... conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss and mixed types. There are defined degrees of hearing loss: Mild hearing ... Profound hearing loss - People with profound hearing loss are very hard of hearing and they mostly rely on lip-reading and sign ... Severe hearing loss - People with severe hearing loss depend on powerful hearing aid. However, they often rely on lip-reading ... Hearing loss is associated with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with a greater degree of hearing loss tied to a higher risk. ...
There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. An ... conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. About half of hearing loss globally is preventable ... Hearing aid applications are one of the options for hearing loss management. For people with bilateral hearing loss, it is not ... While everyone loses hearing with age, the amount and type of hearing loss is variable. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), also ...
Hearing loss can be unilateral or bilateral and can be sensorineural, conductive, or mixed. Vestibular symptoms, such as ... The hearing loss is commonly mixed and can be of any degree when first identified. The conductive component is due to a third ... Any hearing loss will need management with amplification and support in education and at work. If the hearing loss becomes ... Hearing loss is very likely. Enlarged vestibular aqueducts are commonly picked up after newborn hearing screen when a child is ...
This treatment cannot reverse conductive hearing loss, but may slow the progression of both the conductive and sensorineural ... The diagnosis may be unclear clinically in cases of sensorineural or mixed hearing loss and may become apparent only on imaging ... The primary form of hearing loss in otosclerosis is conductive hearing loss (CHL) whereby sounds reach the ear drum but are ... the hearing loss is characteristically low-frequency, with higher frequencies being affected later. Sensorineural hearing loss ...
If a conductive hearing loss occurs in conjunction with a sensorineural hearing loss, it is referred to as a mixed hearing loss ... distinguishing conductive hearing loss from other kinds of hearing loss. A conductive hearing loss is characterized by a ... Conventional air conduction hearing aids can also be used. Hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss Hill-Feltham, Penny R.; ... The hearing loss is usually worse in lower frequencies. Congenital conductive hearing loss is identified through newborn ...
Loss of hearing caused by changes in the inner ear is called sensorineural deafness. Hearing loss that results from changes in ... this combination is called mixed hearing loss. The severity of hearing loss varies and can change over time. It can affect one ... the middle ear is called conductive hearing loss. The middle ear contains three tiny bones that help transfer sound from the ... Hearing loss that is present before a child learns to speak is classified as prelingual or congenital. Hearing loss that occurs ...
... and may be conductive, sensorineural, or a combination of both ("mixed"). If hearing loss does not occur by age 50, it is ... Mixed hearing loss is most common among those with OI of all age groups, while conductive hearing loss is most likely to affect ... with sensorineural hearing loss most likely to affect children. Although relatively rare, OI-related hearing loss can also ... Hearing loss in OI may or may not be associated with visible deformities of the ossicles and inner ear. Hearing loss frequently ...
OHL is defined as any type of hearing loss, i.e. sensorineural, conductive, or mixed hearing loss, that occurs due to hazardous ... Noise-induced hearing loss Hearing conservation programs Hearing protection fit-testing Hearing loss Tinnitus Ototoxicity Noise ... Occupational hearing loss (OHL) is hearing loss that occurs as a result of occupational hazards, such as excessive noise and ... and how they could play a role in a person's hearing loss. In order to test hearing loss, audiometers are used to and are ...
388.9 Unspecified 389 Deafness 389.0 Conductive deafness 389.1 Sensorineural deafness 389.2 Mixed conductive and sensorineural ... disorders of ear 388.0 Degenerative and vascular disorders of ear 388.1 Noise effects on inner ear 388.2 Sudden hearing loss, ... one eye 369.8 Unqualified visual loss, one eye 369.9 Unspecified visual loss 370 Keratitis 370.0 Corneal ulcer 370.1* Dendritic ... both eyes 369.3 Unqualified visual loss, both eyes 369.4 Legal blindness, as defined in U.S.A. 369.6 Blindness, one eye 369.7 ...
The hearing loss is commonly progressive. In early stages it is usually a mixed hearing loss (both conductive and sensorineural ... Pendred syndrome is a genetic disorder leading to congenital bilateral (both sides) sensorineural hearing loss and goitre with ... April 1996). "Pendred syndrome (goitre and sensorineural hearing loss) maps to chromosome 7 in the region containing the ... The hearing loss typically worsens over the years, and progression can be step-wise and related to minor head trauma. In some ...
... with normal hearing in the other ear Conductive hearing loss (problems with the outer or middle ear) Mixed hearing loss ( ... or profound sensorineural hearing loss in one ear (problems with the inner ear), with normal hearing in the other ear ... or conductive hearing loss (CHL). SoundBite also has CE mark approval for SSD, CHL, and mixed hearing loss (MHL). SoundBite was ... "Who Has Hearing Loss". Hearing Loss Education Center. Retrieved 22 February 2012. Dimmelow, K.L. "Hear on the other side" (PDF ...
... hearing loss, mixed conductive-sensorineural MeSH C10.597.751.418.341.887 - hearing loss, sensorineural MeSH C10.597.751.418. ... hearing loss, bilateral MeSH C10.597.751.418.341.562 - hearing loss, conductive MeSH C10.597.751.418.341.750 - hearing loss, ... 341.887.432 - hearing loss, central MeSH C10.597.751.418.341.887.460 - hearing loss, noise-induced MeSH C10.597.751.418.341.887 ... hearing loss, sudden MeSH C10.597.751.418.341.950 - hearing loss, unilateral MeSH C10.597.751.418.505 - hyperacusis MeSH ...
... hearing loss, mixed conductive-sensorineural MeSH C09.218.458.341.887 - hearing loss, sensorineural MeSH C09.218.458.341. ... hearing loss, conductive MeSH C09.218.458.341.750 - hearing loss, functional MeSH C09.218.458.341.812 - hearing loss, high- ... MeSH C09.218.458.341 - hearing loss MeSH C09.218.458.341.186 - deafness MeSH C09.218.458.341.374 - hearing loss, bilateral MeSH ... 887.432 - hearing loss, central MeSH C09.218.458.341.887.460 - hearing loss, noise-induced MeSH C09.218.458.341.887.772 - ...
Syndromic hearing loss can be either conductive or sensorineural. It occurs with abnormalities in other parts of the body. ... may cause auditory nerve damage but usually gives rise to a chronic middle ear problem giving rise to mixed hearing loss. Mumps ... may cause permanent hearing loss. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) typically manifests as elevated hearing thresholds (i.e. ... Causes of hearing loss include ageing, genetics, perinatal problems, loud sounds, and diseases. For some kinds of hearing loss ...
... as well as conductive or mixed hearing loss. It is often used as an alternative for patients who receive no benefit from ... As a child, Geoffrey Ball suffered a severe fever attack and developed severe sensorineural hearing loss. Conventional hearing ... 213-222 A new implantable middle ear hearing device for mixed hearing loss: a feasibility study in human temporal bones Huber A ... also consists of an internal implant and an external audio processor and can be used to treat conductive and mixed hearing loss ...
... hearing loss, mixed conductive-sensorineural MeSH C23.888.592.763.393.341.887 - hearing loss, sensorineural MeSH C23.888. ... hearing loss, bilateral MeSH C23.888.592.763.393.341.562 - hearing loss, conductive MeSH C23.888.592.763.393.341.750 - hearing ... 592.763.393.341.887.432 - hearing loss, central MeSH C23.888.592.763.393.341.887.460 - hearing loss, noise-induced MeSH C23.888 ... hearing loss, sudden MeSH C23.888.592.763.393.341.950 - hearing loss, unilateral MeSH C23.888.592.763.393.505 - hyperacusis ...
... causing conductive hearing loss and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Goldenhar syndrome, a combination of ... mixed' deafness (both sensorineural and conductive), inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Crouzon syndrome, characterised ... then the early use of hearing aids may prevent complete hearing loss. External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right ... hearing.pdf "Hearing" by Juan P Bello "Why Can Some People Wiggle Their Ears?". Live Science. 30 March 2012. Liugan, Mikee; ...
... it becomes difficult to distinguish between sensorineural or mixed hearing losses when the losses by bone exceed this number. ... Auditory brainstem responses to bone-conducted brief tones in young children with conductive or sensorineural hearing loss. ... With conductive hearing losses, the latencies for air are shifted when compared to the latencies of bone-conduction. Mauldin & ... Atresia, microtia, otitis media and other outer/middle ear abnormalities, as well as infants with sensorineural hearing loss, ...
... conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. All of ... The next level is severe hearing loss. Severe hearing loss is when someone can not hear any sounds when they are being produced ... there are three different levels of hearing loss. According to the CDC, the first level is mild hearing loss. This is when ... "Hearing Loss in Children". 21 June 2021. Mitchell, R. E. (2005-10-12). "How Many Deaf People Are There in the United States? ...
33 had conductive hearing loss, two had sensorineural hearing loss, and two had mixed hearing loss). 14 children exhibited ... of the newborns had mild bilateral hearing loss, 1.5% had unilateral profound hearing loss in the right ear, and one newborn ... "How Hearing Loss Affects Communication". www.cincinnatichildrens.org. Retrieved 2022-10-12. "Tunisia". audiology. Retrieved ... Hearing impairment negatively affects the ability for children to develop their communication skills. The earlier hearing ...
Inner ear barotrauma can lead to varying degrees of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss as well as vertigo. It is also ... The condition is usually associated with deep diving on mixed gas, and is frequently accompanied by other central nervous ... A sudden onset of vertigo is common, but tinnitus and neural hearing loss may also be present alone or in any combination. ... While IEDCS is more likely to cause vertigo, and IEBt is more likely to cause hearing loss, these are not reliable ...
... conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, central auditory processing disorders, and mixed types. Hearing loss may ... Hearing loss may be unilateral or bilateral, and bilateral hearing loss may not be symmetrical. The most common types of ... There are four defined degrees of hearing loss: mild, moderate, severe and profound. Hearing loss may be divided into four ... A pure tone audiometry hearing test is the gold standard for evaluation of hearing loss or disability.[medical citation needed ...
The diagnosis of a sensorineural pattern hearing loss is made through audiometry, which shows a significant hearing loss ... Mixed Indeterminate The shape of the audiogram categorizes abrupt high-frequency loss (sensory phenotype) or flat loss (strial ... that is characteristic of conductive hearing disturbances. In other words, air conduction is equal to bone conduction. Persons ... Mild hearing loss is thresholds of 25-45 dB; moderate hearing loss is thresholds of 45-65 dB; severe hearing loss is thresholds ...
It is primarily suited for people who have conductive hearing losses, unilateral hearing loss, single-sided deafness and people ... with mixed hearing losses who cannot otherwise wear 'in the ear' or 'behind the ear' hearing aids. They are more expensive than ... "The importance of an extended preoperative trial of BAHA in unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: a prospective cohort study ... Examples of the first include age-related hearing loss and hearing loss due to noise exposure. A patient born without external ...
Factors associated with tinnitus include: Ear problems and hearing loss: Conductive hearing loss Acoustic shock Loud noise or ... music Middle ear effusion Otitis Otosclerosis Eustachian tube dysfunction Sensorineural hearing loss Excessive or loud noise; e ... loudness in dB above hearing threshold at the indicated frequency, mixing-point, and minimum masking level. In most cases, ... The most common causes are hearing damage, noise-induced hearing loss, or age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis. Other ...
... conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear hearing loss). The test ... Gonad - A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland is a mixed gland that produces the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an ... It can cause loss of memory, loss of fingers, loss of hand or hands, loss of leg and, in above average cases, death. "About ... Sensorineural hearing ability is mediated by the inner ear composed of the cochlea with its internal basilar membrane and ...
Learn about the 3 types of hearing loss including sensorineural, conductive and mixed hearing loss. ... Hearing health: Mixed hearing loss. Because mixed hearing loss is a combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss, ... Mixed hearing loss. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. This means that there is ... Hearing health: Sensorineural hearing loss. As the most common type of hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is well- ...
Conductive or mixed hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss Occurs during descent or ascent. Onset during ascent or after ... Inner ear barotrauma can lead to varying degrees of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss as well as vertigo. It is also ... A sudden onset of vertigo is common, but tinnitus and neural hearing loss may also be present alone or in any combination.[11] ... The usual symptoms are tinnitus, ataxia, difficulty with coordination, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and hearing loss.[10][11] It ...
Mixed Hearing Loss Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. It results from ... Conductive Hearing Loss When the outer or middle ear cannot conduct sound properly, this is known as conductive hearing loss. ... Hearing Loss When the hair cells of the cochlea are missing or damaged, this is known as sensorineural hearing loss. This can ... Hearing Loss When the auditory nerve is damaged or missing, this is known as neural hearing loss. Hearing aids and cochlear ...
Hereditary disorders must be differentiated from acquired hearing losses. ... conductive, sensory, and neural; syndromic and nonsyndromic; high-frequency, low-frequency, or mixed frequency; and mild or ... encoded search term (Genetic Sensorineural Hearing Loss) and Genetic Sensorineural Hearing Loss What to Read Next on Medscape ... Not all hereditary hearing loss is present at birth; some children inherit the tendency to develop hearing loss later in life. ...
As the rate of acquired hearing loss secondary to environmental causes decreases and improvements in the diagnosis of ... Advancements in molecular biology have led to improved detection and earlier intervention in patients with hearing loss. ... underlying the causes of hearing impairment and to detail the clinical management for patients with hereditary hearing loss. ... earlier implementation of educational services and cochlear implant technology in patients with profound hearing loss now ...
AMEIs are intended for patients with mild-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss, as well as those with conductive or mixed ... They help people with conductive, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss to hear. Middle ear implants work by improving the ... An AMEI is also indicated for patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss with bone conduction thresholds from 45 dB in the ... AMEIs can also offer improved hearing performance over bone conduction implants for patients with mixed hearing loss. Mojallal ...
... hearing) system is not working in the usual way. ... A hearing loss can happen when any part of the ear or auditory ... Mixed Hearing Loss. Hearing loss that includes both a conductive and a sensorineural hearing loss. ... There are four types of hearing loss:. *Conductive Hearing Loss. Hearing loss caused by something that stops sounds from ... Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem in the way the inner ear or hearing nerve works. ...
BOR syndrome consists of conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss; preauricular pits; structural defects of the outer, ... moderately severe bilateral hearing loss and a preauricular sinus, and moderately severe bilateral hearing loss with ... Hemifacial microsomia syndrome can include preauricular sinuses, facial nerve palsy, sensorineural hearing loss, microtia or ... 9] hearing loss, branchiogenic fistulas, commissural lip pits (3.8% of patients with these have preauricular sinuses), and ...
... hearing loss, heart abnormalities, and short stature. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this condition. ... sensorineural hearing loss) and changes in the middle ear (conductive hearing loss). ... The hearing loss is described as mixed, which means that it is caused by both changes in the inner ear. ( ... Some people with Burn-McKeown syndrome have congenital hearing loss in both ears which varies in severity among affected ...
Mixed hearing loss is a combination of two of the most common types. ... Hearing loss varies both in type and degree from person to person. ... Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. When it comes to mixed hearing loss, it is ... Conductive and Sensorineural Hearing Loss. As stated above, mixed hearing loss combines conductive and sensorineural hearing ...
perceptive NEC (see also Loss, hearing, sensorineural) 389.10. *. sensorineural 389.10. *. with conductive hearing loss 389.20* ... Loss*. hearing - see also Deafness*. central 389.14. *. conductive (air) 389.00. *. with sensorineural hearing loss 389.20*. ... 2015/16 ICD-10-CM H90.8 Mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, unspecified ... Hearing loss, mixed conductive and sensorineural. *Mixed conductive AND sensorineural hearing loss ...
What are the different types of hearing l ... conductive, and mixed (sensorineural and conductive). These ... Mixed hearing loss. This is a combination of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. It involves damage to the outer, middle ... Conductive hearing loss is the most common type of hearing loss in children and is usually acquired. Factors that may cause ... What are the different types of hearing loss?. Three types of hearing loss are sensorineural, ...
MIXED CONDUCTIVE AND SENSORINEURAL HEARING-LOSS IN LP/J MICE. Hear Res 28:227-236. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(87)90051-7. ... with hearing loss). Number of ABR/AEP recordings: 39 WT, 40 Df1/+ (22 Df1/+ without hearing loss, 18 Df1/+ with hearing loss). ... Conductive hearing loss - the form of hearing loss caused by otitis media - has been shown to be sufficient to evoke plastic ... Hearing loss in mouse models of 22q11.2DS. Our data confirm that Df1/+ mice have high rates of hearing loss, replicating both ...
mixed conductive and sensorineural 389.20. *. bilateral 389.22. *. unilateral 389.21. *. nerve*. with conductive hearing loss ... Short description: Hearing loss NOS.. *ICD-9-CM 389.9 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a ... conductive (air) 389.00. *. with sensorineural hearing loss 389.20. *. bilateral 389.22. *. unilateral 389.21. ...
We rounded up an array of hearing aid options based on common concerns. ... They may work best for people with sensorineural hearing loss rather than conductive or mixed hearing loss. ... have some degree of hearing loss. Many people with hearing loss may benefit from assistive technologies, such as hearing aids. ... www.hearingloss.org/hearing-help/technology/hearing-aids/. *. Liu C-M, et al. (2019). Association of hearing loss with dementia ...
Mixed Hearing Loss *Having both a conductive and sensorineural type of hearing loss. ... Sensorineural Hearing Loss*Less common hearing loss in Down syndrome but overall, rates much higher than the general population ... Conductive Hearing Loss*The most common type of hearing loss in Down syndrome (60 - 80%). ... Treatment of this hearing loss usually involves wax removal, wax softener or removing the fluid and preventing infection with ...
Explore your hearing aid options in the Vienna 26105 region today. ... Experience the difference of the Miracle-Ear hearing aid center in Vienna, WV. ... There are three types of hearing loss: sensorineural, conductive and mixed hearing loss. While many elements can contribute to ... There are three types of hearing loss: sensorineural, conductive and mixed hearing loss. While many elements can contribute to ...
Hearing loss is categorized into three broad categories: Conductive, Sensorineural, and Mixed. Audiology workup aims to ... Hearing loss has a significant impact on childrens ability to develop adequate language and communication skills and often ... Rehabilitation is available to almost all kinds and degrees of hearing loss if diagnosed and managed in a timely manner. For ... Contemporary Management of Children with Hearing Loss. Author(s): Musaed Alzahrani and *Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head & ...
Mixed hearing loss: Mixed hearing loss refers to people who have both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Most people ... Types of Hearing Loss. There are five types of hearing loss:. *Conductive hearing loss: Caused by conditions that block the ... Hearing Loss Hearing Loss. Now Offering Full Audiology Services and Hearing Aids. Contact our office for more information.. ... Hearing Loss Treatments. The location, type and degree of hearing loss impact the choice of treatments for any hearing problem ...
Learn more about hearing loss and the many different types of hearing aids to choose from. ... Poor hearing can impact your world and relationships in significant ways. ... Hearing aids may be helpful.. Mixed Hearing Loss. In some cases, conductive and sensorineural hearing loss occurs at the same ... Damage to any of these areas can result in hearing loss.. Conductive Hearing Loss. With conductive hearing loss, sounds cant ...
Explore your hearing aid options in the Norwood 02062 region today. ... Experience the difference of the Miracle-Ear hearing aid center in Norwood, MA. ... There are three types of hearing loss: sensorineural, conductive and mixed hearing loss. While many elements can contribute to ... There are three types of hearing loss: sensorineural, conductive and mixed hearing loss. While many elements can contribute to ...
... including conductive, sensorineural, mixed, and neural hearing loss. ... Learn more about the main different types and causes of hearing loss, ... Mixed Hearing Loss. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. It results from ... Conductive Hearing Loss. Conductive hearing loss happens when sound cant reach the inner ear. This could be due to damage in ...
... moderate mix or sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss. Middle ear implant is an advanced technology for the ... These dispensers mix the still, filtered water with carbon dioxide before dispensing. Sparkling water dispensers are mostly ... conventional use of hearing aid. A middle ear implant is recommended for people suffering from earmould allergies, skin ...
Heres how the different types of hearing aids work and which one might be best for you. ... Hearing aids are small electronic devices that a person wears in or behind their ears. ... according to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. The first is conductive hearing loss, in which sound waves ... Sensorineural hearing loss, the second type, occurs when the inner ear itself is hurt by overly loud sounds, drugs, aging, ...
... mixed hearing loss, and single-sided deafness, three types of hearing loss that can benefit from bone conduction hearing ... If you have been diagnosed with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, or single-sided sensorineural hearing loss, bone ... device is suitable for patients with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and single-sided sensorineural hearing loss. ... It is usually a combination of conductive and sensorineural (nerve damage) hearing loss. ...
Do you know the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss? We explain each type, the causes, and the ... What is Mixed Hearing Loss?. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss ... Treatment for Conductive Hearing Loss. This type of hearing loss is usually less serious than sensorineural hearing loss ... How to Tell if Hearing Loss is Sensorineural or Conductive. If its conductive hearing loss, the biggest thing adults first ...
... in a classic triad of hearing loss (conductive, mixed, or sensorineural), spontaneous bone fractures, and blue sclera. ... in a classic triad of hearing loss (conductive, mixed, or sensorineural), spontaneous bone fractures, and blue sclera. ... 10] Cochlear otosclerosis is characterized by the presence of mixed or primary sensorineural hearing loss where air-bone gaps ... As with conductive hearing losses of other etiologies, hearing aids are usually helpful. Fluoride supplementation has met with ...
Victims in serious accidents may suffer vision and hearing loss. If this happens, they can file a personal injury claim. Call ... Mixed Hearing Loss When sensorineural and conductive hearing loss occurs at the same time, its considered mixed hearing loss. ... Sensorineural Hearing Loss When someone has sensorineural hearing loss, there is either a problem with how the inner ear or ... Conductive Hearing Loss Conductive hearing loss occurs when sounds cannot travel through the outer and middle ear. It may be ...
... designed to improve hearing outcomes for people with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss and single-sided sensorineural ... is indicated for people with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss and single-sided sensorineural deafness (SSD) ... which healthcare professionals use to treat a range of moderate to profound types of hearing loss. ... Today, most people can expect to undergo an MRI scan at some point in their lifetime and having a hearing implant shouldnt be ...
The Baha SoundArc is a new hearing solution for people who live with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss or single- ... mixed hearing loss, and single-sided sensorineural deafness meeting the candidacy criteria. While a hearing aid tries to push ... not just those with pure conductive hearing loss.". More people expected to try bone conduction hearing. As a trial device, the ... Bone conduction systems are a proven medical option for adults and children with conductive hearing loss, ...
  • As the rate of acquired hearing loss secondary to environmental causes decreases and improvements in the diagnosis of abnormalities occur, the significance of genetic factors that lead to deafness increases. (nature.com)
  • Estimates of the different types of genetic deafness exceed 400, and to date, 60 genes for syndromic and nonsyndromic hearing loss have been identified. (nature.com)
  • and a syndrome that includes preauricular sinuses, conductive deafness, commissural lip pits, and external ear abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • Hearing aids are best suited to assist people who have sustained damage to the small sensory cells in their inner ear, called hair cells, said the U.S. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (livescience.com)
  • For total deafness in one ear, sound projected to the cochlea provides clarity and direction of sound better than hearing aids. (medtronic.com)
  • Severe hearing loss or total deafness in only one ear, an inability or difficulty to understand speech on the deaf ear or lack of ability to directional sound. (medtronic.com)
  • Treatment can cure some of the hearing loss and prevent future hearing damage, hopefully avoiding permanent deafness. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • The Baha SoundArc is a new hearing solution for people who live with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss or single-sided sensorineural deafness (SSD). (cochlear.com)
  • Bone conduction systems are a proven medical option for adults and children with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and single-sided sensorineural deafness meeting the candidacy criteria. (cochlear.com)
  • Cochlear Limited (ASX: COH), the global leader in implantable hearing solutions, introduces its next generation Cochlear™ Osia® System with the ability to have an MRI at 3.0 T, designed to improve hearing outcomes for people with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss and single-sided sensorineural deafness (SSD). (cochlear.com)
  • The implants are used to treat conductive and mixed hearing loss or singled-sided deafness, according to the association. (militaryconnection.com)
  • A doctor may diagnose a patient with mixed hearing loss if their deafness seems to be due to more than one cause. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Hearing loss doesn't always manifest as deafness, and not everyone with hearing loss can benefit from hearing aids. (signia.net)
  • Deafness, or hearing loss, happens when one or more parts of the ear aren't working effectively. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • Sensorineural deafness, or nerve deafness as it's sometimes called, is a hearing loss in the inner ear. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • Sensorineural deafness is permanent. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • Conductive deafness means that sound can't pass efficiently through the outer and middle ear into the inner ear. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • Conductive deafness is usually temporary, but it can be permanent in some cases. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • It's possible for children to have a combination of sensorineural and conductive deafness. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • This is known as mixed deafness. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • One example of mixed deafness is when someone has glue ear as well as sensorineural deafness. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • Deafness in one ear only is known as unilateral deafness , which can also be referred to as one-sided hearing loss or single-sided deafness (SSD). (ndcs.org.uk)
  • Early signs of deafness may include: A lack of response to everyday sounds that would ordinarily elicit a response (opening a can of food or shaking a bag of treats) Not hearing your footsteps when you come close. (elegant-question.com)
  • There's another type of hearing loss called Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss, also known as Sudden Deafness. (soundlife.id)
  • There is a continuum from minor loss when only high-pitched noises like female's and child's voices are lost, to utter deafness. (oasisspace.com)
  • Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. (signia.net)
  • This high-tech device allowed people with profound hearing loss to not only hear but to speak, learn and communicate with their loved ones like never before. (medel.com)
  • Subsequently, earlier implementation of educational services and cochlear implant technology in patients with profound hearing loss now results in superior communication skills and enhanced language development. (nature.com)
  • A person with a profound hearing loss will not hear any speech and only very loud sounds. (cdc.gov)
  • Profound hearing loss means the quietest sound heard is at 80 dB or greater. (harcourthealth.com)
  • If you have profound hearing loss, you may only hear very loud sounds and no speech at all. (starkey.co.uk)
  • And the third stage is known as Profound Hearing Loss. (earguru.in)
  • In general, the severity of the hearing impairment varied inversely with the child's age at diagnosis: among children with severe to profound hearing loss, the mean age at diagnosis was 2.4 years, compared with 3.6 years for children with a moderate loss. (cdc.gov)
  • The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive framework underlying the causes of hearing impairment and to detail the clinical management for patients with hereditary hearing loss. (nature.com)
  • "Hearing impairment" and "hearing loss" are often used interchangeably by health care professionals when referring to hearing below threshold levels for normal hearing determined by audiometry. (nature.com)
  • When that accident causes injuries leading to hearing impairment, severe hearing loss, or vision loss, your life can change forever. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • Some hearing and vision injuries can improve with medical treatment, but more severe injuries can lead to lasting hearing and vision impairment. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • All participants were subjected to Weber in sub-Saharan Africa, the most prevalent and Rinne tests for assessment of hearing causes of hearing impairment are chronic disabilities. (who.int)
  • By the time we reach 65, one in three of us will have a hearing impairment. (starkey.co.uk)
  • Any alteration in the capacity to hear is considered hearing loss, or hearing impairment. (chevychaseent.com)
  • Sometimes, hearing loss occurs as a natural consequence of the aging process, but in other instances, someone else's negligence may be the reason for your impairment. (breyerlaw.com)
  • Additionally, if you need extra assistance, such as hearing aids or therapeutic services, which are also costly, you may be able to receive compensation for those things if your impairment was caused by someone else's carelessness. (breyerlaw.com)
  • The human ear is a complex structure, and any issue in its different parts can lead to hearing impairment. (entsinushearingcarecenter.com)
  • What is Hearing Impairment? (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • Hearing impairment is a term used to describe the consequences of hearing loss, such as hearing impairment or damage to one or more parts of the ear. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • Therefore, early intervention and treatment are crucial, as it will likely lower the degree of hearing impairment. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • Hearing impairment hence affects your brain's functions and is recognized as one of the main (and preventable) causes of cognitive problems like dementia and Alzheimer's among the ageing. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a partial or total inability to hear. (elegant-question.com)
  • Hearing Impairment in Children Hearing impairment refers to any degree of hearing loss, mild to severe, and can occur when there is a problem with a part of the ear, including the inner, middle, and outer ears, or the nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hearing impairment without appropriate intervention among young children can delay the acquisition of speech and language skills that, in turn, can result in learning and other problems at school age (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Interventions to reduce the occurrence of communication disabilities associated with hearing impairment are most successful if affected children are identified early, ideally during the first few months of life (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Technologies are now available to accurately and routinely screen all newborns for hearing impairment before hospital discharge (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • One of the national health objectives for the year 2000 is to reduce the average age at which children with serious hearing impairment are identified to no more than 12 months (objective 17.16) (4). (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1991, CDC's Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP) has monitored the prevalence of serious hearing impairment among children aged 3-10 years in the metropolitan Atlanta area. (cdc.gov)
  • This report presents findings from MADDSP for 1991-1993 (the most recent years for which data were available) about the age of diagnosis of serious bilateral hearing impairment among children born from 1981 through 1990 and highlights the public health intervention opportunity of universal newborn hearing screening programs for the earlier identification of and intervention for children with hearing impairment. (cdc.gov)
  • For surveillance purposes, MADDSP defines hearing impairment as a bilateral, pure-tone hearing loss at frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hertz averaging 40 decibels (dBs) or more, unaided, in the better ear as indicated by the results of an audiologic test. (cdc.gov)
  • For this period, MADDSP identified 413 children (283 in 1991, 288 in 1992, and 293 in 1993) who met the surveillance case definition for hearing impairment. (cdc.gov)
  • Of these, 13 (8%) children had had their hearing impairment diagnosed during their first year of life, and 81 (47%) did not have their impairment diagnosed until they were aged greater than or equal to 3 years ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Introduction: Middle ear effusion (MEE) is a common childhood disorder that causes hearing impairment due to the presence of fluid in the middle ear which reduces the middle ear's ability to conduct sound. (bvsalud.org)
  • Information on age, gender, area of residence, chief complaint / manifestation of language impairment, etiologic diagnosis, and speech-language and hearing impairment was collected. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sensory limitations due to hearing impairment may management and treatment actions can be taken favor the co-occurrence of language disorders and to minimize their effects6. (bvsalud.org)
  • manifestation of language impairment), etiologic diagnosis, and language and hearing impairment. (bvsalud.org)
  • When the hair cells of the cochlea are missing or damaged, this is known as sensorineural hearing loss. (medel.com)
  • Hearing loss that is nerve-related and affects the inner ear is known as sensorineural hearing loss. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Yes, some lifestyle changes that can help prevent hearing loss include protecting your ears from loud noises, avoiding unnecessary exposure to ototoxic drugs, and maintaining good overall health. (signia.net)
  • Hearing is the process by which our ears detect sound waves from the environment and convert them into nerve signals for the brain to understand as sound. (medel.com)
  • Reasons for not being able to wear hearing aids include earmold allergies, skin problems, narrow, collapsed or closed ear canals, or malformed ears. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing loss is in one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). (cdc.gov)
  • Hearing loss is the same in both ears (symmetrical) or is different in each ear (asymmetrical). (cdc.gov)
  • Some people with Burn-McKeown syndrome have congenital hearing loss in both ears which varies in severity among affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • While most people experience moments or brief periods of hearing ringing in the ears at some time in their lives, some people experience tinnitus more regularly. (miracle-ear.com)
  • A 2017 study reported that 11.2% of Americans age 50 to 59 and 24.7% age 60 to 69 had soft frequency hearing loss in both ears. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Hearing aids are small electronic devices that a person wears in or behind their ears. (livescience.com)
  • One in eight people in the United States (13 percent, or 30 million) aged 12 years or older has hearing loss in both ears, based on standard hearing examinations. (medtronic.com)
  • A hearing loss can happen in one or two ears, and the degree of hearing loss can range between mild and severe. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • If you're one of the many adults who experience hearing loss in one or both ears, you may be wondering what type of hearing loss you have. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Other symptoms of conductive hearing loss are ear pain or a feeling of pressure, discharge from the ear, itchy ears, or sensitivity to loud sounds (hyperacusis). (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Any child diagnosed with Fanconi anemia (FA) should undergo comprehensive assessments of his or her ears and hearing by an otolaryngologist and an audiologist, respectively. (fanconi.org)
  • Hearing loss is defined as a reduction in the ability to hear , but it affects far more than your ears. (kerrhearingaid.com)
  • Ears and hearing: How do they work? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In the United States, 1 in 8 people aged 12 years and older develops hearing loss in both ears. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This can take place through medical negligence during work on your brain or ears, construction noise-induced hearing loss , car accidents, or any other physical damage to the head that results in hearing issues. (breyerlaw.com)
  • They also assess hearing loss by a host of other criteria, such as if the patient is deaf in one or both ears. (deafwebsites.com)
  • They also determine whether the degree of hearing loss is the same in both ears or different, and whether the hearing loss is stable, or changes over time. (deafwebsites.com)
  • People who experience ringing in the ears, who have trouble hearing in large groups and who find themselves turning up the radio and television may be experiencing the first signs of hearing loss. (deafwebsites.com)
  • If your hearing loss is simply an effect of growing older, folic acid may help keep your ears sharp. (elegant-question.com)
  • Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. (elegant-question.com)
  • Interestingly, this type of hearing loss is more common in children, especially if they have frequent ear infections or put foreign objects in their ears. (soundlife.id)
  • Symptoms of hearing loss include difficulty understanding what others are saying, asking people to repeat themselves, struggling to hear in crowded places with distracting background noise, the perception that others are mumbling or not speaking clearly, listening to the television or radio at a higher volume than others, experiencing a ringing or buzzing in the ears. (sfaudiology.com)
  • To prevent other types of hearing loss, avoid sticking cotton swabs or other objects in your ears, blow your nose gently through both nostrils and swallow or yawn frequently when traveling by airplane. (sfaudiology.com)
  • You may also want to consider the size and shape of the hearing aid and how it suits your ears. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • While the connection between your weight and your hearing isn't fully understood, it's likely that a high body mass affects how blood flows through your inner ears. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)
  • Get your ears checked if you're having trouble hearing. (oasisspace.com)
  • Ears The ear, which is the organ of hearing and balance, consists of the outer, middle, and inner ear. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Affected individuals may have unilateral or bilateral hearing loss ranging from mild to profound. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms include slowly progressive hearing loss, which is bilateral in 70% of cases. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, comprehensive audiologic information available for 31 of the patients showed that hearing loss was detected in 14 (45 %) of the patients: 5 patients had bilateral hearing loss and 9 had unilateral hearing loss. (fanconi.org)
  • Cochlear implants, another implantable type of aid, are used to treat those with non-functioning cochlea or those who have bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. (militaryconnection.com)
  • Hearing loss is present at birth (congenital) or appears sometime later in life (acquired or delayed onset). (cdc.gov)
  • Burn-McKeown syndrome is a disorder that is present from birth (congenital) and involves abnormalities of the nasal passages, characteristic facial features, hearing loss, heart abnormalities, and short stature. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These types of hearing loss can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (not present at birth). (stlouischildrens.org)
  • In this chapter, we discuss acquired and congenital causes of hearing loss. (benthamscience.com)
  • The results from this study indicate the incidence of hearing loss and congenital ear malformation is much higher in patients with FA than previously reported [1-3]. (fanconi.org)
  • Conductive hearing loss may result from tumors, congenital malformation of the ear, one or more foreign bodies in the ear or head trauma, all of which may be treated with surgery. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Bone growths and tumours can also cause conductive hearing loss. (signia.net)
  • The good news is, conductive hearing loss is usually medically treatable and sometimes entirely curable. (resound.com)
  • While the conductive part of the hearing loss may be treatable medically, the sensorineural part will usually require amplification technology. (resound.com)
  • Which type of hearing loss is treatable? (elegant-question.com)
  • Many conductive and mixed hearing losses can be treated medically and nearly all types of hearing loss is treatable with hearing aids, implantable devices and/or assistive listening devices. (elegant-question.com)
  • Now, when it comes to managing this type of hearing loss, the focus is on addressing the treatable factors of the conductive part. (soundlife.id)
  • Earwax accumulation is the most common cause of treatable hearing loss, especially among older people. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When the auditory nerve is damaged or missing, this is known as neural hearing loss. (medel.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • But usually, especially with sensorineural hearing loss , it is permanent and can only be managed with hearing aids or cochlear implants. (signia.net)
  • Hearing aids and cochlear implants cannot help because the nerve is not able to pass on sound information to the brain. (medel.com)
  • We have a variety of hearing solutions to cater to different types and degrees of hearing loss i.e., cochlear implant systems, electric acoustic stimulation systems, middle ear implant system, bone conduction implant system, and bone conduction hearing system. (medel.com)
  • There are different types of hearing implants-such as a cochlear implant, middle ear implant, or bone conduction implant-designed for different types of hearing loss. (medel.com)
  • Consider cochlear implantation for patients who do not demonstrate significant benefit from conventional hearing amplification. (medscape.com)
  • They often need very strong hearing aids or cochlear implants. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Today, Cochlear, the global leader in bone conduction hearing solutions, announced the commercial availability of the new Cochlear™ Baha® SoundArc - a stylish, comfortable and effective device that will allow people to hear like never before. (cochlear.com)
  • With the introduction of the Baha SoundArc, Cochlear is adding to its broad portfolio of hearing options for children. (cochlear.com)
  • Cochlear is the global leader in implantable hearing solutions. (cochlear.com)
  • Products include hearing systems for cochlear, bone conduction and acoustic implants. (cochlear.com)
  • With the new system, patients with an active bone conduction system can conveniently undergo MRI at 1.5 T and at 3.0 T with no impact to their hearing - MRI should be accessible to everyone" says Dig Howitt, Chief Executive Officer & President of Cochlear. (cochlear.com)
  • Doctors categorize hearing loss causes into four general groups: sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, Retro-Cochlear hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss depending on the part of the ear that is affected. (deafwebsites.com)
  • The only treatment available is using hearing Aids or cochlear implants. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Hearing loss can occur in children at any age, and it can have a significant impact on their development and learning. (signia.net)
  • Hearing loss can occur when a part of the auditory system isn't functioning as it should. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Decreases in hearing occur due to different problems in the outer, middle, and inner ear. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Some, like rubella (German measles) occur when a pregnant mother has the disease, which causes hearing loss in the baby. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • How Does Conductive Hearing Loss Occur? (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Hearing loss can occur at any age and can result from a single cause or a combination of factors, such as injury, illness, trauma, genetics, or age. (chevychaseent.com)
  • Hearing loss can occur due to any problems involving the outer, middle or inner ear. (chevychaseent.com)
  • This kind of sensorineural hearing loss does not occur in the inner ear. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Due to ear diseases and wax accumulation, which are exacerbated by surplus moisture, hearing loss may occur in older adults. (oasisspace.com)
  • Now Offering Full Audiology Services and Hearing Aids. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Carrying on 3 generations of family passion for audiology in Springfield, IL, Jeff and Rebecca are dedicated to providing their community with personalized care and affordable hearing solutions. (kerrhearingaid.com)
  • Infections, such as swimmer's ear, causing temporary conductive hearing loss from fluid buildup in the middle ear. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Infections, both of the ear or elsewhere in the body, are also a major contributor to hearing loss. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Earwax build-up, infections that cause swelling, a growth in the ear canal, injury or birth defects can restrict hearing in the outer ear. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Additionally, inner ear infections, Meniere's disease and other nerve-related problems contribute to hearing loss in the inner ear. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • These factors included panic membrane, foreign body impaction family history of consanguinity between in the external canal and consanguineous parents or hearing problems, and history of marriages, while those for sensorineural ear surgery, infections, trauma, admission include viral neuritis, fracture base, ototoxic to fever hospital and intramuscular injection drugs, noise exposure and tumours of the of antibiotics. (who.int)
  • Hearing loss can be caused by many things: aging, trauma, earwax, loud noises, certain drugs and a variety of illnesses ranging from ear infections to tumors. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Adults can also lose their hearing due to infections. (signia.net)
  • For example, hearing loss caused by earwax buildup and ear infections is reversible. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • A common condition that results in hearing loss is chronic ear infections. (elegant-question.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the nerve pathways that transmit sound from the ear to the brain. (signia.net)
  • A one-time exposure to loud noises can result in tinnitus and hearing loss if the damage to the cochlea is severe. (hearingresearch.org)
  • The natural process of aging diminishes hearing from damage to the cochlea (mechanism for converting sound vibrations to brain signals), vestibular labyrinth (which regulates balance), or the acoustic nerve (nerve that sends sound signals to the brain). (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Mixed Loss can be caused by a combination of disorders including middle ear, and/or damage to the inner ear structures (cochlea) or to the auditory nerve pathway. (medtronic.com)
  • Launched commercially in 2020, the Osia System is the world's first active osseointegrated bone conduction (OSI), a new category of bone conduction hearing solutions that uses digital piezoelectric stimulation to bypass damaged areas of the natural hearing system to send sound vibrations directly to the inner ear (cochlea). (cochlear.com)
  • The third bone, the stapes, vibrates in an oval window which connects to the hearing organ, the cochlea. (chevychaseent.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occurs due to problems involving the cochlea of the inner ear. (chevychaseent.com)
  • The cochlea is lined with hair cells, which help you determine the volume and frequency of what you're hearing. (signia.net)
  • Most sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to tiny hair cells in the cochlea. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss involves a problem with the inner ear (cochlea), or with the transmission of electrical impulses along the auditory nerve, or with the brains' inability to process and comprehend the incoming electrical impulses. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • At this stage, the hair cells in your cochlea start showing its first signs of damage, which affect your ultra-high frequency range of hearing. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • At this stage, the damage to hair cells in the cochlea has spread to include a wider range of hearing frequencies (high, mid and low) leading to auditory deprivation. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • There are many treatments for hearing loss, including hearing aids and hearing implants. (medel.com)
  • Hearing implant systems help restore hearing to individuals who don't receive sufficient benefit from hearing aids. (medel.com)
  • Although both hearing aids and hearing implants are designed to improve an individual's hearing, a hearing implant is fundamentally different from a hearing aid. (medel.com)
  • An AMEI can be beneficial for patients with mild-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss who have an intact ossicular chain and healthy middle ear, but who either cannot wear hearing aids or who do not get sufficient benefit from them. (wikipedia.org)
  • AMEIs have been shown by several studies to be equal or superior to both hearing aids and bone conduction implants. (wikipedia.org)
  • All patients had used hearing aids pre-implantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the hunt for hearing aids? (healthline.com)
  • If you're thinking about getting hearing aids or looking into new ones, you're not alone. (healthline.com)
  • Many people with hearing loss may benefit from assistive technologies, such as hearing aids. (healthline.com)
  • Shopping for hearing aids can be challenging, especially if you haven't purchased them before. (healthline.com)
  • Note that before choosing the right hearing aids for you, it's best to speak with your doctor or a healthcare professional and ask for a hearing assessment. (healthline.com)
  • They may refer you to a specialist and can help you decide if and what type of hearing aids you might need. (healthline.com)
  • We only chose hearing aids that consistently get more positive than negative comments. (healthline.com)
  • Most of the hearing aids on this list come with financing options, a manufacturer's warranty, and a 30-day or greater risk-free trial. (healthline.com)
  • We've indicated the price for single hearing aids. (healthline.com)
  • These receiver-in-the ear hearing aids have three microphones: two on the hearing aid itself and one at the opening of the ear canal. (healthline.com)
  • With Miracle-Ear® hearing aids in Vienna, WV, you can overcome hearing loss and resume your active social life. (miracle-ear.com)
  • We have a range of styles that are comfortable and discreet, so you can wear the hearing aids with confidence. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Luckily, hearing aids are a great treatment option for many. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Hearing aids can help. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Hearing aids are amazing devices-except when they're not working properly. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Keep reading to learn more about hearing loss and different types of hearing aids. (harcourthealth.com)
  • This type of hearing loss benefits from hearing aids. (harcourthealth.com)
  • These individuals will often need powerful hearing aids. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Hearing aids may be helpful. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Most hearing aids have a microphone to pick up sound and an amplifier to make the sound louder. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Some hearing aids have earmolds or earpieces. (harcourthealth.com)
  • How do hearing aids work? (livescience.com)
  • Most modern hearing aids are digital. (livescience.com)
  • Who benefits from hearing aids? (livescience.com)
  • A wide variety of people can use these aids, from young children to older adults, and they can assist with a broad spectrum of hearing loss, according to Hearing Aid UK, Ltd . (livescience.com)
  • Behind-the-ear hearing aids are not as discrete as other models, such as in-the-canal aids. (livescience.com)
  • In-the-ear hearing aids sit entirely inside the outer ear. (livescience.com)
  • Traditional hearing aids benefit many people, but others may need more advanced treatment or a combination approach. (medtronic.com)
  • The degree of hearing loss affects the treatment, but options are traditional aids or bone-anchored hearing system (BAHS). (medtronic.com)
  • Our independently owned and operated hearing aid center offers hearing aids in East Tawas, MI. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Miracle-Ear® lifetime aftercare not included with hearing aids purchased utilizing some insurance benefits. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Our custom-fit hearing aids are molded to fit each person's unique ear shape. (miracle-ear.com)
  • As with conductive hearing losses of other etiologies, hearing aids are usually helpful. (medscape.com)
  • They are designed to help those who receive little or no benefit from hearing aids hear and communicate more effectively. (cochlear.com)
  • A person with sensorineural hearing loss can be treated with technology that improves the ability to hear, like hearing aids. (resound.com)
  • Up until recently, Tricare did not cover hearing aids for retirees, Tricare for Life and Tricare Reserve Select users. (militaryconnection.com)
  • Most times, sensorineural hearing loss cannot be corrected medically or surgically, but can be treated and helped with the use of hearing aids. (starkey.co.uk)
  • This form of hearing loss cannot be reversed, but can be improved upon with hearing aids. (chevychaseent.com)
  • Following a FREE hearing evaluation, we will help you choose hearing aids that are best suited to your life. (kerrhearingaid.com)
  • Hearing aids work by amplifying sound in three stages, the microphone absorbs the sound and converts it into a digital signal, the amplifier amplifies the digital signal, and the speaker sends the amplified sound to the ear. (marketresearch.com)
  • There are different types of hearing aids including behind-the-ear (BTE), in-the-ear (ITE) and in-the-canal (ITC) hearing aids. (marketresearch.com)
  • With behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids, most of the parts are contained in a small plastic case that rests behind the ear. (marketresearch.com)
  • In-the-ear (ITE) hearing aids are contained in a shell on the outside of the ear. (marketresearch.com)
  • The basic common features of hearing aids include the presence of a directional microphone, the 'T-Coil' setting to cancel out ambient noise for better hearing of the sound picked up by the phone, and Feedback Cancellation (FS). (marketresearch.com)
  • For instance, in June 2022, Beltone, a hearing aid company announced that it had expanded its product line with the launch of the new Beltone Imagine Custom rechargeable hearing aids. (marketresearch.com)
  • The new hearing aids restore natural hearing in a stylish and comfortable ear bud design. (marketresearch.com)
  • The product has advanced features such as Using advanced technology, the hearing aids automatically adapt to different sound environments, putting the user in control even in the noisiest environments. (marketresearch.com)
  • Whether you have hearing loss or not, it's important to know the basics about hearing loss, how hearing aids work, and how to choose a hearing aid. (signia.net)
  • When it comes to hearing loss and hearing aids, there's a lot of misinformation. (signia.net)
  • Hearing loss doesn't just happen to the elderly , and hearing aids don't have to be big and unsightly. (signia.net)
  • If you're not sure where to start, this guide will tell you the basics about hearing loss, hearing aids, and hearing care professionals. (signia.net)
  • Many people begin using glasses as they age, and others begin wearing hearing aids. (signia.net)
  • The sound of tinnitus can be blocked out, and hearing aids can help people hear in new ways. (signia.net)
  • Most deaf children can hear some sounds at certain frequencies and loudness, and with the use of hearing aids or implants they are often able to hear more sounds. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • The report covers profiling and study of major manufacturers of the Pediatric Hearing Aids market along with their sales, revenue, and market share. (mynextmatch.com)
  • To gain a deeper understanding of the industry, the global Pediatric Hearing Aids market is further segmented on the basis of key geographical regions such as North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East Africa. (mynextmatch.com)
  • Depending on the type and cause of hearing loss, treatments might range from hearing aids to surgical interventions. (entsinushearingcarecenter.com)
  • In the digital age, hearing aids have become incredibly advanced, often compatible with smartphones and other devices for a seamless audio experience. (entsinushearingcarecenter.com)
  • Name Brand Hearing Aids - Only! (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Hearing aids will help to reduce the impact of the hearing loss on your life. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Typically, however, the treatment is hearing aids. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Hearing aids are not an ideal solution in cases of APD, however, some people have reported improvements. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • But the good news is that many people with this type of hearing loss find that hearing aids can be really helpful. (soundlife.id)
  • So if you or someone you know is experiencing sensorineural hearing loss, it's worth considering hearing aids as an option to improve your hearing. (soundlife.id)
  • They might recommend solutions like hearing aids or other assistive devices to help improve overall hearing and communication abilities. (soundlife.id)
  • What kind of hearing aids would work best for me? (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • The good news is that there is a wide selection of hearing aids available to help improve hearing and overall quality of life. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • In this blog, we'll talk about the different types of hearing aids and some key factors to consider when choosing the best device for your unique hearing needs. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • Once the type of hearing loss has been determined, it is easier to choose from the different types of hearing aids available. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • The most common types of hearing aids are behind-the-ear (BTE), receiver-in-canal (RIC), and in-the-ear (ITE). (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • BTE hearing aids consist of a component that sits behind the ear and tubing that connects the body of the device to an earmold that sits inside the ear canal. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • These hearing aids are a good option for individuals with severe hearing loss, as they can amplify sound more effectively and are more powerful than other types of hearing aids. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • BTEs are more visible than other types of hearing aids. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • RIC hearing aids are quite similar to BTE hearing aids, but the difference is that the receiver sits inside the ear canal and is connected by a wire to a smaller component behind the ear. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • RIC hearing aids are a good option for individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • Plus, they are less visible than BTE hearing aids, making them a discreet option. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • ITE hearing aids can offer great flexibility. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • Additionally, some of the features in newer hearing aids (e.g. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • Others may have Bluetooth connectivity, which allows you to stream audio directly to your hearing aids from your phone or other devices. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • Larger hearing aids may be more effective and powerful, but you need to take note that they are more visible. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • On the other hand, smaller hearing aids are less noticeable, but they may not be able to accommodate much power and all the features you need. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • To determine the best type of hearing aid for you, consider your degree and type of hearing loss, the features you need, the different types of hearing aids available, the size and shape of the hearing aid, and your lifestyle. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • If you need hearing aids or are looking for an audiologist who can expertly check your hearing aids in Massachusetts, contact us at Atlantic Hearing Care. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • An AMEI is also indicated for patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss with bone conduction thresholds from 45 dB in the low frequencies to 65 dB in the high frequencies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Alpha 2 MPO ePlus™ device is suitable for patients with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and single-sided sensorineural hearing loss. (medtronic.com)
  • The auditory pathway processes sound information as it travels from the ear to the brain so that our brain pathways are part of our hearing. (cdc.gov)
  • In this type of hearing loss, blockage or physical damage to the outer, middle, inner ear, or nerve pathways can make age-related hearing damage or genetic hearing loss even worse. (hearingresearch.org)
  • More often a permanent cause of hearing loss, due to issues with the nerve pathways to the brain. (dsrf.org)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss impacts the pathways from your inner ear to your brain. (starkey.co.uk)
  • Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is prevented from reaching the inner ear at full strength. (signia.net)
  • Hearing loss that occurs when sound enters the ear normally, but because of damage to the inner ear or the hearing nerve, sound isn't organized in a way that the brain can understand. (cdc.gov)
  • Hearing loss occurs when sound is blocked in any of the three areas of the ear. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not able to reach the inner ear because of something blocking the path of the sound waves in the outer ear or ear canal or middle ear. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when sound reaches the inner ear, but either sound cannot be translated into nerve impulses (sensory loss) or nerve impulses are not carried to the brain (neural loss). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Deaf (small "d") is a colloquial term that implies hearing thresholds in the severe-to-profound range by audiometry. (nature.com)
  • PMEIs are the usual first-line surgical treatment for conductive hearing loss, due to their lack of external components and cost-effectiveness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment of this hearing loss usually involves wax removal, wax softener or removing the fluid and preventing infection with surgical tubes or antibiotics. (dsrf.org)
  • A few challenges remain, such as those patients enduring sensorineural hearing loss and unsteadiness, but many think surgical treatment for otosclerosis has reached perfection. (medscape.com)
  • This chapter will describe common concerns related to ear abnormalities and hearing loss in patients with FA, routine auditory monitoring, amplification tools, and surgical management. (fanconi.org)
  • A conductive hearing loss is theoretically reversible with medical or surgical intervention. (chevychaseent.com)
  • The good news is that in most cases, their hearing can be restored through medical or surgical treatments. (soundlife.id)
  • Unfortunately, there's no medical or surgical cure for sensorineural hearing loss at the moment. (soundlife.id)
  • A large proportion of the infants born deaf each year have a hereditary disorder, with permanent hearing loss having been identified early in almost 6000 US infants born in 2019. (medscape.com)
  • Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder. (nature.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss is an extremely common disorder, with a spectrum of effect ranging from an almost undetectable degree of disability to a pro- found alteration in the ability to function in There are around 1.5 million inhabitants of the society. (who.int)
  • In the last few years a type of hearing loss called auditory processing disorder has become recognised. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • The most common type of neural hearing disorder is caused by a tumor on the VIIIth cranial nerve. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • More than 15% of people in the United States have some degree of hearing loss that affects their daily communication, making it the most common sensory disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An additional type of sensorineural loss is termed auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, when sound can be detected but the signal is not sent correctly to the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • the study found an association between language disorder and degree of hearing loss and language complaint. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hearing loss worsens over time (progressive) or happens quickly (sudden). (cdc.gov)
  • Although sudden sensorineural hearing loss can happen, it is typically the result of normal aging. (hearingresearch.org)
  • However, if the hearing loss is sudden, please see an audiologist or ENT doctor as soon as possible. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • That said, 32% to 65% of cases of sudden or acute sensorineural hearing loss reverse themselves after a few days. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Another phenomenon called Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss can make a person go deaf immediately, or over a period of a few days. (deafwebsites.com)
  • people who have sudden hearing loss should seek medical care right away to prevent a potentially permanent loss of hearing. (deafwebsites.com)
  • A doctor will run hearing tests to determine whether a patient's sudden hearing loss is due to this condition. (deafwebsites.com)
  • It's pretty much what it sounds like - a sudden and unexpected loss of hearing that can happen in just a few days. (soundlife.id)
  • If you experience sudden hearing loss, it's crucial to act fast - ideally within two weeks of noticing the symptoms. (soundlife.id)
  • Sudden Hearing Loss Sudden hearing loss is moderate to severe hearing loss that develops over a few hours or is noticed on awakening. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Noise can cause sudden or gradual sensorineural hearing loss. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Exposure to a single, extreme noise (such as a nearby gunshot or explosion) can cause a sudden hearing loss referred to as acoustic trauma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss involves the nerves within the inner ear. (signia.net)
  • Conductive hearing loss involves an abnormality in the outer ear or middle ear and can often be treated with medication or surgery. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • Sensorineural loss involves the inner ear and represents a permanent loss resulting from a breakdown in signal flow between the ear and the brain. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)
  • Mixed loss involves both conductive and sensorineural loss. (msdmanuals.com)
  • AMEIs can also offer improved hearing performance over bone conduction implants for patients with mixed hearing loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mojallal et al found that patients whose mixed hearing loss was treated with an AMEI experienced both better word recognition and speech understanding in noise than those who received a bone conduction implant, providing that their bone conduction pure-tone average (0.5 to 4 kHz) was poorer than 35 dB HL. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Alpha 2 MPO ePlus™ bone conduction hearing aid uses bone conduction hearing technology to maximize your body's natural ability to transfer sound. (medtronic.com)
  • Read more about each type of hearing loss and consult your physician to find out if bone conduction hearing therapy is an option for you. (medtronic.com)
  • Depending on the degree of loss, a traditional aid may work as well as the abutment-free Alpha 2 MPO ePlus™ magnetic bone-anchored hearing system (BAHS). (medtronic.com)
  • If you have been diagnosed with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, or single-sided sensorineural hearing loss, bone conduction hearing therapy with the Alpha 2 MPO ePlus™ bone-anchored hearing aid might be the right treatment for you. (medtronic.com)
  • Otosclerosis is an osseous dyscrasia limited to the temporal bone that results in slow, progressive conductive hearing loss. (medscape.com)
  • Otosclerosis is often associated with osteogenesis imperfecta (van der Hoeve syndrome) in a classic triad of hearing loss (conductive, mixed, or sensorineural), spontaneous bone fractures, and blue sclera. (medscape.com)
  • While a hearing aid tries to push sound through the damaged part of the ear, bone conduction systems bypass the damaged area and send sound directly to the inner ear. (cochlear.com)
  • But a recent policy change reclassifies a certain type of bone-implanted hearing aid - Auditory Osseointegrated Implant (AOI) Devices - as a "prosthetic," opening up coverage of the implant to all Tricare beneficiaries. (militaryconnection.com)
  • However, the type of hearing loss a person has can influence how their hearing is affected. (signia.net)
  • This type of hearing loss is usually permanent and can be caused by exposure to loud noises, aging, or certain medical conditions. (signia.net)
  • The treatment for hearing loss depends on the type and severity. (signia.net)
  • This type of hearing loss can often be treated with medicine or surgery. (cdc.gov)
  • The type of hearing loss will determine the type of treatment a person seeks. (hearingresearch.org)
  • In short, this type of hearing loss combines conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. (hearingresearch.org)
  • This type of hearing loss makes it difficult to hear soft sounds. (hearingresearch.org)
  • This type of hearing loss is considered the most common. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Another type of hearing loss to mention is noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), which is triggered by an extremely loud noise. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Conductive hearing loss is the most common type of hearing loss in children and is usually acquired. (stlouischildrens.org)
  • Having both a conductive and sensorineural type of hearing loss. (dsrf.org)
  • Most people experience more than one type of hearing loss. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • The location, type and degree of hearing loss impact the choice of treatments for any hearing problem. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss, the second type, occurs when the inner ear itself is hurt by overly loud sounds, drugs, aging, illness or nerve damage. (livescience.com)
  • Mixed hearing loss, which is a mixture of the two, is the third type. (livescience.com)
  • According to the U.K. National Health Service , it is the most common type of hearing aid. (livescience.com)
  • The two most common causes of hearing loss are conductive and sensorineural, and each type is caused by different factors. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • In this post, we'll look at these two kinds of hearing loss, and we'll explain what each type is and how it's caused. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Most of the time, this type of hearing loss is temporary because the right treatment can cure it. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Unfortunately, this type of hearing loss usually has no cure, but definite steps can be taken to make sure it doesn't get worse. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • There are many different types of hearing loss, and only a professional will be able to identify what type of hearing loss you or a loved one may have. (resound.com)
  • Only a hearing care professional will be able to say for sure what type you may have. (resound.com)
  • ardized interview questionnaire, whom in- The risk factors for conductive and sen- cluded demographic data (age, sex, school sorineural hearing loss are mutually exclu- type, number of siblings and order of birth), sive. (who.int)
  • A consultation with a hearing professional can help determine the type, cause and degree of your hearing loss. (starkey.co.uk)
  • As you age, it's common to experience some type of hearing loss. (wlkm.com)
  • This type of hearing loss can be caused by a number of factors including aging, genetics, illness, injury, noise exposure and medications. (chevychaseent.com)
  • This most common type of loss is caused by problems in the inner ear. (kerrhearingaid.com)
  • Mixed cases also exist, where someone suffers from more than one type of hearing loss. (signia.net)
  • Depending on the type of hearing loss and the person experiencing it, the causation can change. (signia.net)
  • Noise exposure, age, and other factors can result in this type of hearing loss, which is usually permanent. (entsinushearingcarecenter.com)
  • There are three traditionally recognised types of hearing loss, however, in the recent past, one more overall type has vied for recognition. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • The Audiologist will confirm the type of Hearing loss. (earguru.in)
  • The Audiologist will diagnose the severity and type of hearing loss. (earguru.in)
  • Each type of hearing loss is caused due to a defect in the hearing organ. (earguru.in)
  • It's not a very common type of hearing loss, and unfortunately, it's quite challenging to treat. (soundlife.id)
  • Here's the thing: this type of hearing loss typically affects only one ear, but it can have a lasting impact. (soundlife.id)
  • But with so many options to choose from, it can be a bit confusing to determine which type of hearing aid would work best for you. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • to assess the association between speech-language disorders related to hearing loss and to describe it regarding gender, chief complaint, and type and degree of hearing loss. (bvsalud.org)
  • The impact of hearing loss on the association with gender, chief complaint, and type development of speech-language skills can be and degree of hearing loss. (bvsalud.org)
  • By the age of 5 or 6 years it is possible to obtain very complete testing across the speech frequencies to rule out a hearing loss that may have subtle effects on communication and learning. (fanconi.org)
  • It tends to decline with age, especially the hearing of higher frequencies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It's common to lose high frequencies with sensorineural losses. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)
  • A person with a moderate hearing loss may hear almost no speech when another person is talking at a normal level. (cdc.gov)
  • Moderate hearing loss describes the softest sound heard as between 35 and 49 dB. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Also, the study found that moderate hearing loss triples dementia risk. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Many of these jobs are loud environments that can also lead to permanent or moderate hearing loss in employees. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • If you have moderate hearing loss, you'll struggle to hear/understand speech when someone is talking at a normal level. (starkey.co.uk)
  • The second stage is known as Moderate Hearing Loss. (earguru.in)
  • Typically, the degree of hearing loss is measured in decibels (dB) which are confirmed through a hearing exam with an audiologist. (hearingresearch.org)
  • It is important to see a doctor or audiologist for a hearing test as they are the only ones who will do a full assessment of every aspect of your hearing and recommend the best way to protect and optimize your hearing health. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • The ear and hearing clinical care team for patients with FA should include an otologist and an audiologist and, when needed, a speech-language pathologist. (fanconi.org)
  • The only way to determine the presence or extent of hearing loss is to have a hearing test administered by an audiologist. (chevychaseent.com)
  • People experiencing signs of hearing loss should visit an audiologist for a medical evaluation. (deafwebsites.com)
  • An audiologist can diagnose the causes of hearing loss and may reverse the problem, or prevent it from getting worse. (deafwebsites.com)
  • An Audiologist is a trained paramedical professional who will conduct Hearing tests (Audiometry) to confirm whether you have a hearing loss or not. (earguru.in)
  • If the report does indicate loss, the Audiologist will determine if the hearing loss is temporary or permanent. (earguru.in)
  • The ENT Doctor in consultation with the Audiologist will decide the hearing loss treatment. (earguru.in)
  • It's best to consult with an audiologist who can walk you through the process and help you choose the best option for your unique hearing needs. (atlantichearingcare.com)
  • Children for whom test results are not available but for whom records include a description, by a licensed or certified audiologist or qualified physician, of a hearing loss of greater than or equal to 40 dBs in their better ear also are considered to be hearing impaired. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers at the National Institutes of Health published a study in 2016 on 33 patients with FA who ranged from 3-56 years old to systematically examine and define ear and hearing abnormalities in this patient population [4]. (fanconi.org)
  • Interestingly, an absent or underdeveloped radius found in 21% of the patients with FA was associated with hearing loss, suggesting a developmental relationship between the radius and structural ear abnormalities [4]. (fanconi.org)
  • The first is conductive hearing loss, in which sound waves cannot reach the inner ear due to fluid, infection, objects or physical damage blocking the ear canal. (livescience.com)
  • This kind of hearing loss is caused by complications with the eardrum, ear canal or the middle ear. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Are there any treatments for hearing loss? (signia.net)
  • Before discussing causes and treatments for hearing loss, it is important to understand how hearing works. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • While the conductive aspect of their hearing loss can often be cured, sensorineural hearing loss requires other treatments. (signia.net)
  • There are no medical treatments for typical sensorineural hearing loss. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • That might involve medical treatments or even surgery to improve the hearing. (soundlife.id)
  • Often, people with all types of hearing loss struggle to hear soft sounds and high-pitched sounds such as whispers, children's voices, or birdsong. (signia.net)
  • Learn more about the different types of hearing loss . (medel.com)
  • Learn more about the different types of hearing implant systems . (medel.com)
  • What are the different types of hearing loss? (stlouischildrens.org)
  • There are three types of hearing loss: sensorineural, conductive and mixed hearing loss. (miracle-ear.com)
  • There are three primary types of hearing loss, depending on which part of the ear is damaged, according to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association . (livescience.com)
  • During this hearing test, your hearing care professional will determine if you have conductive, sensorineural, or both types of hearing loss and recommend the best treatment plan . (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • Employers must supply employees with proper vision and hearing protection to prevent these types of injuries. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • These types of hearing injuries are usually irreversible. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • This is a brief overview of the types of hearing loss. (resound.com)
  • Conductive hearing loss is one of the most common types of hearing loss and it takes place in the outer or middle ear. (resound.com)
  • Learn the three types of hearing loss and their main causes. (starkey.co.uk)
  • Most types of hearing loss are permanent, while others might be temporarily caused by allergies, earwax blockages, and even tumours. (signia.net)
  • Some types of hearing loss cannot be prevented, only treated and alleviated. (signia.net)
  • Recognizing the different types of hearing loss and understanding their causes can be the first step to better hearing health. (entsinushearingcarecenter.com)
  • Most types of sensorineural hearing loss are permanent. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Let us read and know about the types of Hearing loss. (earguru.in)
  • Some types of hearing loss are preventable . (sfaudiology.com)
  • What Are the Degrees of Hearing Loss? (hearingresearch.org)
  • Rehabilitation is available to almost all kinds and degrees of hearing loss if diagnosed and managed in a timely manner. (benthamscience.com)
  • Ultimately, a hearing test by a hearing care professional is the surest way to earmark the causes of hearing loss. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • In this article, we explore the anatomy of the ear, describe how hearing works, and investigate common causes of hearing loss. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What Are the Common Causes of Hearing Loss? (breyerlaw.com)
  • That being said, here are some of the most common causes of hearing loss. (signia.net)
  • 90 percent of people with tinnitus also have noise-induced hearing loss. (miracle-ear.com)
  • To describe the audiological characteristics and determine the prevalence of hearing loss and tinnitus in a group of HIV-positive individuals on ARV treatment residing in a rural province. (scielo.org.za)
  • While children may show signs like speech delays or frequent ear-tugging, adults might experience tinnitus, difficulty hearing on the phone, or increasing the television volume. (entsinushearingcarecenter.com)
  • Yes, exposure to loud noise can cause permanent damage to the inner ear and lead to hearing loss. (signia.net)
  • While many elements can contribute to hearing loss, age and exposure to loud noise are the two most common. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Hearing loss is caused by many factors, most frequently from natural aging or exposure to loud noise. (starkey.co.uk)
  • If your hearing loss is related to exposure to loud noise, consider vitamins A, C, and E taken alongside magnesium. (elegant-question.com)
  • You can protect your hearing by reducing your exposure to loud noise or wearing suitable protection such as ear muffs or ear plugs. (elegant-question.com)
  • The hearing loss could be temporary or permanent. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Furthermore, fatal cases of meningitis from intraoperative exposure of perilymph to bacteria occurred, and any gains in hearing frequently were temporary because any remaining stapes footplate often refixed. (medscape.com)
  • Noise Damage If you attend a concert, use a power tool or experience any other excessive noise, you may experience temporary hearing loss. (elegant-question.com)
  • Temporary or persistent hearing loss as a result of MEE causes speech, language and learning delays in children. (bvsalud.org)
  • We will also address the diagnostic workup, and finally will discuss in detail the recent developments in pediatric hearing rehabilitation. (benthamscience.com)
  • Age-related hearing loss, also known as presbycusis, is a common condition that affects many older adults. (signia.net)
  • Usually only one side is affected, and the most common symptoms are vertigo with nystagmus , loss of balance , and nausea . (wikipedia.org)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss is also a common part of the aging process. (medel.com)
  • How Common Is Hearing Loss? (hearingresearch.org)
  • Less common hearing loss in Down syndrome but overall, rates much higher than the general population (15 - 20%) due to a higher risk of health complications. (dsrf.org)
  • The most common cause of hearing loss â€" and one of the most preventable â€" is exposure to loud noises. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • The most common injuries that can cause vision loss to off-shore workers are particles in the eye, fractured eye sockets from blunt force trauma, lacerations, and an abraded cornea. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • The most common form of SNHL is presbycusis, (prez-bi-kyoo-sis) age-related hearing loss. (chevychaseent.com)
  • See more common signs you may have some degree of loss. (kerrhearingaid.com)
  • This is the most common form of permanent hearing loss and can happen to anyone. (signia.net)
  • The most common form of hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, can be prevented to some extent. (signia.net)
  • What is the most common cause of hearing loss? (elegant-question.com)
  • The most common cause of acquired hearing loss is noise, which accounts for over one quarter of people affected by hearing loss. (elegant-question.com)
  • You should also limit your use of aspirin and ibuprofen, two common over-the-counter medications known to raise the risk of hearing loss. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss takes place when there is damage to the inner ear. (resound.com)
  • Sensorineural is the result of damage to the inner ear nerves. (sfaudiology.com)
  • Hearing loss from acoustic trauma usually goes away within a day (unless there is also blast damage to the eardrum or middle ear), though there may be subtle damage to the inner ear that might accelerate age-related hearing loss years later. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When the outer or middle ear cannot conduct sound properly, this is known as conductive hearing loss. (medel.com)
  • A middle ear implant is a hearing device that is surgically implanted into the middle ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing loss caused by something that stops sounds from getting through the outer or middle ear. (cdc.gov)
  • sensorineural hearing loss) and changes in the middle ear (conductive hearing loss). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hearing loss caused by sounds unable to pass through the outer and middle ear is called conductive hearing loss . (hearingresearch.org)
  • Head trauma causing fractures to the small bones in the middle ear, disrupting normal hearing. (hearingresearch.org)
  • With conductive hearing loss , sounds can't get through the outer and middle ear as normal. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Tumors, both benign and malignant, can also result in hearing loss in the middle ear. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Risk factors for the former include clinical symptoms and the main risk factors middle ear infection, trauma to the tym- for hearing loss. (who.int)
  • Conductive hearing loss is typically the result of obstructions in the outer or middle ear - perhaps due to fluid, tumours, earwax or even ear formation. (starkey.co.uk)
  • Conductive hearing loss (CHL) occurs due to problems involving the outer and middle ear. (chevychaseent.com)
  • In this form of hearing loss, the sound waves do not conduct adequately through the outer and middle ear mechanism. (chevychaseent.com)
  • When something blocks sounds from passing through the middle or outer ear, this is known as conductive hearing loss. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Conductive hearing loss is characterised by a blockage or problem with the middle ear. (signia.net)
  • Conductive Hearing Loss is a problem of the middle or outer ear. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • So, here's an example to help you understand better: imagine someone who already has age-related hearing loss, but on top of that, they also get a middle ear infection. (soundlife.id)
  • Conductive is the result of obstructions in the outer or middle ear. (sfaudiology.com)
  • Conductive hearing loss generally occurs because of a physical blockage in your middle or outer ear. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)
  • Next week, I'll share information concerning signs and symptoms of hearing loss. (wlkm.com)
  • Signs and symptoms of hearing loss may include: Muffling of speech and other sounds. (elegant-question.com)
  • MED-EL has been serving people with hearing loss since 1990 and established its 100% subsidiary in India in 2006. (medel.com)
  • They help people with conductive, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss to hear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing loss affects millions of people around the world. (hearingresearch.org)
  • By 2050, nearly two and a half billion people may have hearing loss. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Hearing loss or hearing troubles affects roughly 15 percent of American adults, which is approximately 37.5 million people. (hearingresearch.org)
  • We care about hearing health because people with hearing disorders are at higher risk of developing delays in their receptive language, expressive language and speech which could lead to academic, social and emotional implications. (dsrf.org)
  • It is estimated that 50-80% of people with Down syndrome have hearing issues that range from mild to profound. (dsrf.org)
  • These are the people who might be involved in the care of your hearing health. (dsrf.org)
  • Here at Miracle-Ear® we believe in providing people with effective solutions to their hearing problems. (miracle-ear.com)
  • Signs of hearing loss include turning the TV volume up, difficulty hearing on the phone or asking people to repeat themselves. (miracle-ear.com)
  • These people have trouble hearing in most situations unless they use a hearing aid. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss, such as having difficulty hearing in noisy places, having trouble understanding what people are saying or not registering softer sounds. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • Mixed hearing loss refers to people who have both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • People with central hearing loss generally can hear all sounds, but can’t separate or process them. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • These devices amplify ambient sound and allow people with mild to severe hearing loss to hear the sounds around them. (livescience.com)
  • The World Health Organization estimates that 1.5 billion people worldwide have some degree of hearing loss, and that this number will rise to 2.5 billion by 2050. (livescience.com)
  • Statistics show that 16% of adults suffer from hearing issues - double the amount of people with diabetes or cancer. (cornerstoneaudiology.com)
  • People that are exposed to particular toxins over a long time can develop both hearing and vision loss. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • Even people with more severe levels of hearing loss and SSD can benefit from the technology, not just those with pure conductive hearing loss. (cochlear.com)
  • Today, most people can expect to undergo an MRI scan at some point in their lifetime and having a hearing implant shouldn't be an obstacle to this important healthcare treatment option. (cochlear.com)
  • About one-third of the people here in the United States, between the ages of 65 and 75 have some degree of hearing loss. (wlkm.com)
  • Most People CAN Improve Their Hearing! (kerrhearingaid.com)
  • Fortunately, most people can improve their hearing with help from professionals. (kerrhearingaid.com)
  • Some people are genetically predisposed to suffer from hearing loss and have experience with family members and loved ones suffering from it. (breyerlaw.com)
  • These affect people in different ways, so someone with sensorineural hearing loss might have very different experiences from someone with conductive hearing loss. (signia.net)
  • Many people who have APD have little or no hearing loss. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Majority of the people suffer from Sensorineural Hearing loss. (earguru.in)
  • With increasing noise pollution people suffer from Hearing Loss earlier than usual. (earguru.in)
  • Occasional difficulties with concentration, directional hearing and understanding a conversation with people further away from you. (hearingsolutiongroup.com)
  • Even relatively mild hearing loss can cause cognitive overload, which means people can experience hearing-related memory loss without having moderate or severe hearing problems. (elegant-question.com)
  • More and more, people are turning to meditation for improving their hearing health. (elegant-question.com)
  • Some people lose their hearing after an injury. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)
  • Worldwide, about half a billion people (almost 8% of the world's population) have hearing loss. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hearing amplification, whether with conventional or advanced technologic devices, is critical to the habilitation process. (medscape.com)
  • The greater the damage to a person's hair cells, the more severe the hearing loss and the greater the hearing aid amplification needed to make up the difference. (livescience.com)
  • Research has shown that early identification and treatment (e.g., speech therapy, amplification devices, and educational accommodations and interventions) within the first six months of life can alleviate the long-term adverse effects of hearing loss on learning and language development [6]. (fanconi.org)
  • Can hearing loss be hereditary? (signia.net)
  • [ 1 ] Hereditary disorders must be differentiated from acquired hearing losses. (medscape.com)
  • Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage, 2003. (nature.com)
  • Heredity and Genetic Causes: There is a wide variety of diseases and syndromes that are either genetic or hereditary that can cause hearing loss. (coastalearnosethroat.com)
  • The defect in the hearing process affects some part of the normal hearing process. (earguru.in)
  • Hearing loss affects around one-third of individuals aged 65 to 75, and almost 50% of those aged 76 and more. (oasisspace.com)
  • Such hearing loss typically affects only one ear (unless the cause is a drug). (msdmanuals.com)
  • A person with severe hearing loss will hear no speech when a person is talking at a normal level and only some loud sounds. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to these loud sounds over long periods can lead to hearing loss. (reichandbinstock.com)
  • If you have severe hearing loss, you will hear little-to-no speech when spoken at normal levels, and hear only some loud sounds. (starkey.co.uk)
  • If you're frequently exposed to loud sounds, they can damage your hearing. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)
  • Conductive hearing loss can often be treated surgically or with medicine. (starkey.co.uk)
  • Lin FR, Niparko JK, Ferrucci L. Hearing loss prevalence in the United States. (medtronic.com)
  • Three of every 20 patients with FA have ear malformations [1] and reported prevalence of hearing loss in patients with FA ranges from 11% to 50% [2, 3]. (fanconi.org)
  • The prevalence of hearing loss in several school year, 10% of the students in each countries has been estimated as 4%, 7.9% school year were randomly selected. (who.int)
  • No statistically significant difference was found regarding the prevalence of hearing loss in the two participant groups ( p = 0.709). (scielo.org.za)
  • Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of MEE among children with adenoid hypertrophy but no significant association with hearing loss. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are few studies in the literature on the Human communication is a predominantly prevalence and characteristics of speech-language sensory-dependent process carried out through disorders associated with hearing loss6. (bvsalud.org)
  • The ear also contains many nerves and specialized cells that contribute to hearing. (harcourthealth.com)
  • However, if the nerves that send these signals are damaged, hearing is compromised. (signia.net)
  • In most cases, this kind of hearing loss is irreversible because of the harm done to the nerves and tissues in the ear. (oasisspace.com)
  • Such mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, for example, might arise from a blockage in the auditory pathway and progress to nerves or tissue injuries due to, say, a chronic infection. (oasisspace.com)
  • Hearing loss can have many different causes, and can range in degree from mild to profound. (medel.com)
  • The degree of hearing loss can also vary from person to person, ranging from mild to profound, and can even differ in each ear. (hearingresearch.org)
  • A sensory hearing loss can be diagnosed with an audiometer and otoacoustic emission testing. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • The distinction between sensory and neural loss is important because sensory hearing loss is sometimes reversible and is seldom life threatening. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Can range from mild to a profound (deaf) hearing loss. (medtronic.com)
  • Not all cases of hearing loss are going to be the same and there are many different ways that someone can cause you to become partially or completely deaf. (breyerlaw.com)
  • Very few deaf children have no useful hearing. (ndcs.org.uk)
  • A deaf person has little to no hearing. (elegant-question.com)
  • Genetic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) includes a broad range of disorders that affect infants, children, and adults. (medscape.com)
  • Volumes of texts and journals are dedicated to the pathophysiology of genetic hearing loss and can not be easily summarized in a few paragraphs. (medscape.com)
  • Interestingly, note that as our understanding of the molecular basis of genetic hearing loss increases, so does our understanding of the molecular basis of hearing itself, although it remains still largely unsolved. (medscape.com)
  • In the investigation of hearing loss, genetic forms must be distinguished from acquired (nongenetic) causes. (nature.com)
  • A genetic hearing loss may be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked Mendelian manner, or through the maternal lineage by mitochondrial inheritance. (nature.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss can have many causes, it can be genetic, caused by the aging process, diseases, exposure to loud noises, certain kinds of chemicals and medications and finally head injury. (harmonyhearing.com.au)
  • Not every case of hearing loss is preventable, especially if you had hearing problems at birth or have genetic factors that increase your risk for hearing loss. (memorialvillagesinushearing.com)