A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)
Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.
Partial hearing loss in both ears.
Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.
The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.
Sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. It varies in severity from mild to total deafness. Sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning.
Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.
Partial or complete hearing loss in one ear.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
Personal devices for protection of the ears from loud or high intensity noise, water, or cold. These include earmuffs and earplugs.
Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.
Procedures for correcting HEARING DISORDERS.
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
Self-generated faint acoustic signals from the inner ear (COCHLEA) without external stimulation. These faint signals can be recorded in the EAR CANAL and are indications of active OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are found in all classes of land vertebrates.
Hearing loss without a physical basis. Often observed in patients with psychological or behavioral disorders.
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
A form of electrophysiologic audiometry in which an analog computer is included in the circuit to average out ongoing or spontaneous brain wave activity. A characteristic pattern of response to a sound stimulus may then become evident. Evoked response audiometry is known also as electric response audiometry.
Objective tests of middle ear function based on the difficulty (impedance) or ease (admittance) of sound flow through the middle ear. These include static impedance and dynamic impedance (i.e., tympanometry and impedance tests in conjunction with intra-aural muscle reflex elicitation). This term is used also for various components of impedance and admittance (e.g., compliance, conductance, reactance, resistance, susceptance).
Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.
Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.
Measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators.
The study of hearing and hearing impairment.
Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.
The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.
The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.
Hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE) and the sensorineural elements (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL) of the ear.
The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.
The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.
The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
A test to determine the lowest sound intensity level at which fifty percent or more of the spondaic test words (words of two syllables having equal stress) are repeated correctly.
A small bony canal linking the vestibule of the inner ear to the posterior part of the internal surface of the petrous TEMPORAL BONE. It transmits the endolymphatic duct and two small blood vessels.
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
The spiral EPITHELIUM containing sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and supporting cells in the cochlea. Organ of Corti, situated on the BASILAR MEMBRANE and overlaid by a gelatinous TECTORIAL MEMBRANE, converts sound-induced mechanical waves to neural impulses to the brain.
An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.
Sensory cells of organ of Corti. In mammals, they are usually arranged in three or four rows, and away from the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), lateral to the INNER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and other supporting structures. Their cell bodies and STEREOCILIA increase in length from the cochlear base toward the apex and laterally across the rows, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).
Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).
Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; STAPES SURGERY; and other disorders may be associated with this condition.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
The comparison of the quantity of meaningful data to the irrelevant or incorrect data.
Auditory sensory cells of organ of Corti, usually placed in one row medially to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus). Inner hair cells are in fewer numbers than the OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS, and their STEREOCILIA are approximately twice as thick as those of the outer hair cells.
NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.
A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.
The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
Examination of the EAR CANAL and eardrum with an OTOSCOPE.
The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.
A benign SCHWANNOMA of the eighth cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE), mostly arising from the vestibular branch (VESTIBULAR NERVE) during the fifth or sixth decade of life. Clinical manifestations include HEARING LOSS; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; TINNITUS; and FACIAL PAIN. Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p673)
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.
A layer of stratified EPITHELIUM forming the endolymphatic border of the cochlear duct at the lateral wall of the cochlea. Stria vascularis contains primarily three cell types (marginal, intermediate, and basal), and capillaries. The marginal cells directly facing the ENDOLYMPH are important in producing ion gradients and endochoclear potential.
Portable electronics device for storing and playing audio and or media files. MP3 for MPEG-1 audio layer 3, is a digital coding format.
Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.
The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.
Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
Fenestra of the cochlea, an opening in the basal wall between the MIDDLE EAR and the INNER EAR, leading to the cochlea. It is closed by a secondary tympanic membrane.
The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.
A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
Inflammation of the inner ear (LABYRINTH).
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.
A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)
A weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (Webster, 1973)
A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
An institute of the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION which is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions and for developing standards of safety and health. Research activities are carried out pertinent to these goals.
Surgery performed on the external, middle, or internal ear.
Autosomal recessive hereditary disorders characterized by congenital SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS and RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA. Genetically and symptomatically heterogeneous, clinical classes include type I, type II, and type III. Their severity, age of onset of retinitis pigmentosa and the degree of vestibular dysfunction are variable.
A mobile chain of three small bones (INCUS; MALLEUS; STAPES) in the TYMPANIC CAVITY between the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and the oval window on the wall of INNER EAR. Sound waves are converted to vibration by the tympanic membrane then transmitted via these ear ossicles to the inner ear.
Psychophysical technique that permits the estimation of the bias of the observer as well as detectability of the signal (i.e., stimulus) in any sensory modality. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
An office in the Department of Labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards.
The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans.
The ability to differentiate tones.
The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
Mechanosensing organelles of hair cells which respond to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes. They have various functions in many different animals, but are primarily used in hearing.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.
The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.
One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the INCUS to the internal ear (Ear, Internal see LABYRINTH).
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.
Any enterprise centered on the processing, assembly, production, or marketing of a line of products, services, commodities, or merchandise, in a particular field often named after its principal product. Examples include the automobile, fishing, music, publishing, insurance, and textile industries.
An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.
Permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. Cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (From Webster's 3d) The concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well.
Standards for limiting worker exposure to airborne contaminants. They are the maximum concentration in air at which it is believed that a particular substance will not produce adverse health effects with repeated daily exposure. It can be a time-weighted average (TLV-TWA), a short-term value (TLV-STEL), or an instantaneous value (TLV-Ceiling). They are expressed either as parts per million (ppm) or milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3).
Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
A number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness.
A spiral tube that is firmly suspended in the bony shell-shaped part of the cochlea. This ENDOLYMPH-filled cochlear duct begins at the vestibule and makes 2.5 turns around a core of spongy bone (the modiolus) thus dividing the PERILYMPH-filled spiral canal into two channels, the SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI.
The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.
A usually four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation and commonly propelled by an internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel. (Webster, 1973)
Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
Processes that incorporate some element of randomness, used particularly to refer to a time series of random variables.
Surgery performed in which part of the STAPES, a bone in the middle ear, is removed and a prosthesis is placed to help transmit sound between the middle ear and inner ear.
The lymph fluid found in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Two membranous sacs within the vestibular labyrinth of the INNER EAR. The saccule communicates with COCHLEAR DUCT through the ductus reuniens, and communicates with utricle through the utriculosaccular duct from which the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT arises. The utricle and saccule have sensory areas (acoustic maculae) which are innervated by the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
Cells forming a framework supporting the sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS in the organ of Corti. Lateral to the medial inner hair cells, there are inner pillar cells, outer pillar cells, Deiters cells, Hensens cells, Claudius cells, Boettchers cells, and others.
Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).
A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
The narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the EAR AURICLE to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
A membrane, attached to the bony SPIRAL LAMINA, overlying and coupling with the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI in the inner ear. It is a glycoprotein-rich keratin-like layer containing fibrils embedded in a dense amorphous substance.
A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Loss of sensitivity to sounds as a result of auditory stimulation, manifesting as a temporary shift in auditory threshold. The temporary threshold shift, TTS, is expressed in decibels.
The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice.
Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
A POU domain factor that activates neuronal cell GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES encoding NEUROFILAMENT PROTEINS, alpha internexin, and SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25. Mutations in the Brn-3c gene have been associated with DEAFNESS.
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. It is a storage reservoir for excess ENDOLYMPH, formed by the blood vessels in the membranous labyrinth.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.
A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous COCHLEAR DUCT to the bony spiral canal of the COCHLEA. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the STRIA VASCULARIS to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis.
AUTOMOBILES, trucks, buses, or similar engine-driven conveyances. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.
The part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Small-arms weapons, including handguns, pistols, revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
The analysis of a critical number of sensory stimuli or facts (the pattern) by physiological processes such as vision (PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL), touch, or hearing.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Inbred CBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical and uniform, which makes them useful for scientific research, particularly in the areas of immunology and cancer.
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. These include CENTRAL HEARING LOSS and AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.
Rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple organ dysfunction. The key clinical features include retinal degeneration (NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and eventual blindness), childhood obesity, sensorineural hearing loss, and normal mental development. Endocrinologic complications include TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPERINSULINEMIA; ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; and progressive renal and hepatic failures. The disease is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene.
The posterior part of the temporal bone. It is a projection of the petrous bone.
Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.
Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors.
Sensory cells in the acoustic maculae with their apical STEREOCILIA embedded in a gelatinous OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE. These hair cells are stimulated by the movement of otolithic membrane, and impulses are transmitted via the VESTIBULAR NERVE to the BRAIN STEM. Hair cells in the saccule and those in the utricle sense linear acceleration in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively.
An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A basement membrane in the cochlea that supports the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, consisting keratin-like fibrils. It stretches from the SPIRAL LAMINA to the basilar crest. The movement of fluid in the cochlea, induced by sound, causes displacement of the basilar membrane and subsequent stimulation of the attached hair cells which transform the mechanical signal into neural activity.
An implant used to replace one or more of the ear ossicles. They are usually made of plastic, Gelfoam, ceramic, or stainless steel.
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.
Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
A rare disorder consisting of microangiopathy of brain, retina, and inner ear ARTERIOLES. It is characterized by the clinical triad of encephalopathy, BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION and VERTIGO/hearing loss.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell.
An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.
Most frequently refers to the integration of a physically or mentally disabled child into the regular class of normal peers and provision of the appropriately determined educational program.
An autosomal dominant disorder manifested by various combinations of preauricular pits, branchial fistulae or cysts, lacrimal duct stenosis, hearing loss, structural defects of the outer, middle, or inner ear, and renal dysplasia. Associated defects include asthenic habitus, long narrow facies, constricted palate, deep overbite, and myopia. Hearing loss may be due to Mondini type cochlear defect and stapes fixation. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 protein mutations.

The supporting-cell antigen: a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed in the sensory epithelia of the avian inner ear. (1/484)

After noise- or drug-induced hair-cell loss, the sensory epithelia of the avian inner ear can regenerate new hair cells. Few molecular markers are available for the supporting-cell precursors of the hair cells that regenerate, and little is known about the signaling mechanisms underlying this regenerative response. Hybridoma methodology was used to obtain a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that stains the apical surface of supporting cells in the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. The mAb recognizes the supporting-cell antigen (SCA), a protein that is also found on the apical surfaces of retinal Muller cells, renal tubule cells, and intestinal brush border cells. Expression screening and molecular cloning reveal that the SCA is a novel receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP), sharing similarity with human density-enhanced phosphatase, an RPTP thought to have a role in the density-dependent arrest of cell growth. In response to hair-cell damage induced by noise in vivo or hair-cell loss caused by ototoxic drug treatment in vitro, some supporting cells show a dramatic decrease in SCA expression levels on their apical surface. This decrease occurs before supporting cells are known to first enter S-phase after trauma, indicating that it may be a primary rather than a secondary response to injury. These results indicate that the SCA is a signaling molecule that may influence the potential of nonsensory supporting cells to either proliferate or differentiate into hair cells.  (+info)

Inner ear damage in guinea pigs exposed to stable and impulse noise. (2/484)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inner ear damage after exposure to stable noise, impulse noise and stable plus impulse noise in guinea pigs. METHODS: Ninety-six healthy guinea pigs were divided into 3 equal groups. (1) Stable noise group: exposed to 110 dBA stable noise for 3 days, 4 hours per day. (2) Impulse noise group: exposed to 165 dBA simulated cannon fire impulse noise 10 times successively at an interval of 10 seconds. (3) stable plus impulse noise group: exposed to the same stable noise as that in the first group, then after a 2-hour rest, the animals were followed with impulse noise exposures as that in the second group. After those exposure, each of the 3 groups was further divided into 4 subgroups according to the time after the noise exposure, namely, the right after, 7 d, 14 d and 30 d groups. The evoked cortical potential responses to click and tone burst stimulation sound were examined. The surface preparation and celloidine embedded serial section of the cochlea were observed under a light microscope. RESULTS: Both the stable and impulse noise could increase the hearing threshold and damage the inner ear hair cells. The damage in the first group was relatively slight, whereas in group 3 the damage was more severe than that in the other 2 groups. CONCLUSION: For seamen who are working in heavy noise environment, corresponding measures should be taken to protect their ears from noise which induces hearing loss.  (+info)

Heat stress and protection from permanent acoustic injury in mice. (3/484)

The inner ear can be permanently damaged by overexposure to high-level noise; however, damage can be decreased by previous exposure to moderate level, nontraumatic noise (). The mechanism of this "protective" effect is unclear, but a role for heat shock proteins has been suggested. The aim of the present study was to directly test protective effects of heat stress in the ear. For physiological experiments, CBA/CaJ mice were exposed to an intense octave band of noise (8-16 kHz) at 100 dB SPL for 2 hr, either with or without previous whole-body heat stress (rectal temperature to 41. 5 degrees C for 15 min). The interval between heat stress and sound exposure varied in different groups from 6 to 96 hr. One week later, inner ear function was assessed in each animal via comparison of compound action potential thresholds to mean values from unexposed controls. Permanent threshold shifts (PTSs) were approximately 40 dB in the group sound-exposed without previous heat stress. Heat-stressed animals were protected from acoustic injury: mean PTS in the group with 6 hr heat-stress-trauma interval was reduced to approximately 10 dB. This heat stress protection disappeared when the treatment-trauma interval surpassed 24 hr. A parallel set of quantitative PCR experiments measured heat-shock protein mRNA in the cochlea and showed 100- to 200-fold increase over control 30 min after heat treatment, with levels returning to baseline at 6 hr after treatment. Results are consistent with the idea that upregulation of heat shock proteins protects the ear from acoustic injury.  (+info)

Rescue of hearing, auditory hair cells, and neurons by CEP-1347/KT7515, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. (4/484)

We have studied the mechanisms of auditory hair cell death after insults in vitro and in vivo. We show DNA fragmentation of hair cell nuclei after ototoxic drug and intense noise trauma. By using phospho-specific c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun antibodies in immunohistochemistry, we show that the JNK pathway, associated with stress, injury, and apoptosis, is activated in hair cells after trauma. CEP-1347, a derivative of the indolocarbazole K252a, is a small molecule that has been shown to attenuate neurodegeneration by blocking the activation of JNK (). Subcutaneously delivered CEP-1347 attenuated noise-induced hearing loss. The protective effect was demonstrated by functional tests, which showed less hearing threshold shift in CEP-1347-treated than in nontreated guinea pigs, and by morphometric methods showing less hair cell death in CEP-1347-treated cochleas. In organotypic cochlear cultures, CEP-1347 prevented neomycin-induced hair cell death. In addition to hair cells, CEP-1347 promoted survival of dissociated cochlear neurons. These results suggest that therapeutic intervention in the JNK signaling cascade, possibly by using CEP-1347, may offer opportunities to treat inner ear injuries.  (+info)

Strategy for prevention and control of the risks due to noise. (5/484)

OBJECTIVES: To propose a strategy for progressively controlling the exposure to noise in industry as much as possible. To propose a method that could, in the first stage, be used by the workers and management themselves to control exposures to noise as much as possible, and then, in later stages, when necessary, progressively call in the assistance of specialists and experts to identify more complex solutions and organise personal protection and medical surveillance. METHODS: The strategy includes three stages. Stage 1 is observation, simple and easy to use by the workers to recognise the problems, identify straightforward solutions, and call for assistance when needed. Stage 2 is analysis, more complex but more costly, performed with the assistance of occupational health specialists to identify more technical control measures and set up a programme to conserve hearing. Stage 3 is expertise, performed with the assistance of acoustic experts for special measurements and control measures. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed strategy enriches the assessment procedure that is usually recommended, by providing for one preliminary stage used by the people directly concerned. It explicitly recognises (a) the competence of the workers and management about their working conditions and (b) that knowledge and measurements of acoustics are not an absolute prerequisite for solving-at least partly-noise problems. It attempts to organise in sequence and optimise the cooperation between the workers, the occupational health specialists, and the experts in acoustics.  (+info)

Noise-induced hearing loss. (6/484)

Hearing loss caused by exposure to recreational and occupational noise results in devastating disability that is virtually 100 percent preventable. Noise-induced hearing loss is the second most common form of sensorineural hearing deficit, after presbycusis (age-related hearing loss). Shearing forces caused by any sound have an impact on the stereocilia of the hair cells of the basilar membrane of the cochlea; when excessive, these forces can cause cell death. Avoiding noise exposure stops further progression of the damage. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented by avoiding excessive noise and using hearing protection such as earplugs and earmuffs. Patients who have been exposed to excessive noise should be screened. When hearing loss is suspected, a thorough history, physical examination and audiometry should be performed. If these examinations disclose evidence of hearing loss, referral for full audiologic evaluation is recommended.  (+info)

Predicting vulnerability to acoustic injury with a noninvasive assay of olivocochlear reflex strength. (7/484)

Permanent noise-induced damage to the inner ear is a major cause of hearing impairment, arising from exposures occurring during both work- and pleasure-related activities. Vulnerability to noise-induced hearing loss is highly variable: some have tough, whereas others have tender ears. This report documents, in an animal model, the efficacy of a simple nontraumatic assay of normal ear function in predicting vulnerability to acoustic injury. The assay measures the strength of a sound-evoked neuronal feedback pathway to the inner ear, the olivocochlear efferents, by examining otoacoustic emissions created by the normal ear, which can be measured with a microphone in the external ear. Reflex strength was inversely correlated with the degree of hearing loss after subsequent noise exposure. These data suggest that one function of the olivocochlear efferent system is to protect the ear from acoustic injury. This assay, or a simple modification of it, could be applied to human populations to screen for individuals most at risk in noisy environments.  (+info)

Predicting exposure conditions that facilitate the potentiation of noise-induced hearing loss by carbon monoxide. (8/484)

Hearing loss is the most common occupational disease in the United States, with noise serving as the presumed causative agent in most instances. This investigation characterizes the exposure conditions that facilitate the potentiation of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) by carbon monoxide (CO). Auditory function was compared in rats exposed 4 weeks earlier to noise alone, CO alone, combined exposure, and air in the exposure chamber. This interval between exposure and auditory threshold assessment was selected to permit recovery of temporary threshold shifts. The compound action potential (CAP) threshold evoked by pure tone stimuli was used as a measure of auditory sensitivity. The no adverse effect level (NOAEL) with respect to potentiation of NIHL was found to be 300 ppm CO. Potentiation of NIHL by CO increases linearly as CO concentration increases between 500 -1500 ppm. Benchmark dose software (version 1. 1B) published by the U.S. EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment was employed to determine a benchmark concentration of CO that produced either a 5-dB potentiation of NIHL or an increase in auditory threshold equivalent to 10% of the effect of noise alone. The lower bound for these benchmark concentrations were 320 and 194 ppm CO, respectively. Unlike CO dose, the relationship between noise severity and potentiation of NIHL by CO shows a nonlinear relationship. The greatest potentiation was observed at moderate noise exposures (100 dB, 2-h, octave band-limited noise, or OBN) that produce limited permanent threshold shifts. Repeated exposures to 95-dB noise for 2-h periods in combination with 1200 ppm CO also yielded potentiation of NIHL, though such effects were not observed following a single combined exposure. These results underscore the potential risk of hearing loss from combined exposure to noise and CO, and the risks associated with repeated exposure.  (+info)

Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both ears. It can occur due to damage to the structures of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, or nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. The degree of hearing loss can vary from mild (difficulty hearing soft sounds) to severe (inability to hear even loud sounds). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent and may be caused by factors such as exposure to loud noises, genetics, aging, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that hearing loss can have significant impacts on a person's communication abilities, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing impairment that occurs due to damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. It can be caused by various factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), and ototoxic medications.

SNHL affects the ability of the hair cells in the cochlea to convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. As a result, sounds may be perceived as muffled, faint, or distorted, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in noisy environments.

SNHL is typically permanent and cannot be corrected with medication or surgery, but hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve communication and quality of life for those affected.

In the context of medicine, particularly in audiology and otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat specialty), "noise" is defined as unwanted or disturbing sound in the environment that can interfere with communication, rest, sleep, or cognitive tasks. It can also refer to sounds that are harmful to hearing, such as loud machinery noises or music, which can cause noise-induced hearing loss if exposure is prolonged or at high enough levels.

In some medical contexts, "noise" may also refer to non-specific signals or interfering factors in diagnostic tests and measurements that can make it difficult to interpret results accurately.

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a type of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs due to exposure to harmful levels of noise. The damage can be caused by a one-time exposure to an extremely loud sound or by continuous exposure to lower level sounds over time. NIHL can affect people of all ages and can cause permanent damage to the hair cells in the cochlea, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments. Prevention measures include avoiding excessive noise exposure, wearing hearing protection, and taking regular breaks from noisy activities.

A hearing test is a procedure used to evaluate a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is performed by a hearing healthcare professional in a sound-treated booth or room with calibrated audiometers. The test measures a person's hearing sensitivity at different frequencies and determines the quietest sounds they can hear, known as their hearing thresholds.

There are several types of hearing tests, including:

1. Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA): This is the most common type of hearing test, where the person is presented with pure tones at different frequencies and volumes through headphones or ear inserts. The person indicates when they hear the sound by pressing a button or raising their hand.
2. Speech Audiometry: This test measures a person's ability to understand speech at different volume levels. The person is asked to repeat words presented to them in quiet and in background noise.
3. Tympanometry: This test measures the function of the middle ear by creating variations in air pressure in the ear canal. It can help identify issues such as fluid buildup or a perforated eardrum.
4. Acoustic Reflex Testing: This test measures the body's natural response to loud sounds and can help identify the location of damage in the hearing system.
5. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs): This test measures the sound that is produced by the inner ear when it is stimulated by a sound. It can help identify cochlear damage or abnormalities.

Hearing tests are important for diagnosing and monitoring hearing loss, as well as identifying any underlying medical conditions that may be causing the hearing problems.

Hearing is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations in the air or other mediums and translating them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. In medical terms, hearing is defined as the sense of sound perception, which is mediated by the ear and interpreted by the brain. It involves a complex series of processes, including the conduction of sound waves through the outer ear to the eardrum, the vibration of the middle ear bones, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear, which stimulates hair cells to send electrical signals to the auditory nerve and ultimately to the brain. Hearing allows us to communicate with others, appreciate music and sounds, and detect danger or important events in our environment.

Hearing aids are electronic devices designed to improve hearing and speech comprehension for individuals with hearing loss. They consist of a microphone, an amplifier, a speaker, and a battery. The microphone picks up sounds from the environment, the amplifier increases the volume of these sounds, and the speaker sends the amplified sound into the ear. Modern hearing aids often include additional features such as noise reduction, directional microphones, and wireless connectivity to smartphones or other devices. They are programmed to meet the specific needs of the user's hearing loss and can be adjusted for comfort and effectiveness. Hearing aids are available in various styles, including behind-the-ear (BTE), receiver-in-canal (RIC), in-the-ear (ITE), and completely-in-canal (CIC).

Occupational noise is defined as exposure to excessive or harmful levels of sound in the workplace that has the potential to cause adverse health effects such as hearing loss, tinnitus, and stress-related symptoms. The measurement of occupational noise is typically expressed in units of decibels (dB), and the permissible exposure limits are regulated by organizations such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States.

Exposure to high levels of occupational noise can lead to permanent hearing loss, which is often irreversible. It can also interfere with communication and concentration, leading to decreased productivity and increased risk of accidents. Therefore, it is essential to implement appropriate measures to control and reduce occupational noise exposure in the workplace.

Bilateral hearing loss refers to a type of hearing loss that affects both ears equally or to varying degrees. It can be further categorized into two types: sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs due to damage to the inner ear or nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain, while conductive hearing loss happens when sound waves are not properly transmitted through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and middle ear bones. Bilateral hearing loss can result in difficulty understanding speech, localizing sounds, and may impact communication and quality of life. The diagnosis and management of bilateral hearing loss typically involve a comprehensive audiological evaluation and medical assessment to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment options.

Hearing disorders, also known as hearing impairments or auditory impairments, refer to conditions that affect an individual's ability to hear sounds in one or both ears. These disorders can range from mild to profound and may result from genetic factors, aging, exposure to loud noises, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions.

There are mainly two types of hearing disorders: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear, preventing sound waves from reaching the inner ear. Causes include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a perforated eardrum, or damage to the ossicles (the bones in the middle ear).

Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, is caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. This type of hearing loss is often permanent and can be due to aging (presbycusis), exposure to loud noises, genetics, viral infections, certain medications, or head injuries.

Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both conductive and sensorineural components. In some cases, hearing disorders can also involve tinnitus (ringing or other sounds in the ears) or vestibular problems that affect balance and equilibrium.

Early identification and intervention for hearing disorders are crucial to prevent further deterioration and to help individuals develop appropriate communication skills and maintain a good quality of life.

Conductive hearing loss is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear. Sound waves are not able to transmit efficiently through the ear canal to the eardrum and the small bones in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction of sound that reaches the inner ear. Causes of conductive hearing loss may include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a middle ear infection, a hole in the eardrum, or problems with the tiny bones in the middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated through medical intervention or surgery.

High-frequency hearing loss is a type of sensorineural hearing impairment in which the ability to hear and discriminate sounds in the higher frequency range (3000 Hz or above) is diminished. This type of hearing loss can make it difficult for individuals to understand speech, especially in noisy environments, as many consonant sounds fall within this frequency range. High-frequency hearing loss can be caused by various factors including aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions, and ototoxic medications. It is typically diagnosed through a series of hearing tests, such as pure tone audiometry, and may be treated with hearing aids or other assistive listening devices.

Audiometry is the testing of a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is typically conducted using an audiometer, a device that emits tones at varying volumes and frequencies. The person being tested wears headphones and indicates when they can hear the tone by pressing a button or raising their hand.

There are two main types of audiometry: pure-tone audiometry and speech audiometry. Pure-tone audiometry measures a person's ability to hear different frequencies at varying volumes, while speech audiometry measures a person's ability to understand spoken words at different volumes and in the presence of background noise.

The results of an audiometry test are typically plotted on an audiogram, which shows the quietest sounds that a person can hear at different frequencies. This information can be used to diagnose hearing loss, determine its cause, and develop a treatment plan.

Sudden hearing loss, also known as sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL), is a type of hearing impairment that occurs suddenly or over a period of up to 3 days. It is typically defined as a hearing reduction of at least 30 decibels in three connected frequencies. The cause of SSHL is often unknown, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain ototoxic medications. In some cases, the hearing loss may resolve on its own, but prompt medical evaluation and treatment are recommended to improve the chances of recovery. Treatment options include corticosteroids, antiviral medication, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Pure-tone audiometry is a hearing test that measures a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. During the test, pure tones are presented to the patient through headphones or ear inserts, and the patient is asked to indicate each time they hear the sound by raising their hand, pressing a button, or responding verbally.

The softest sound that the person can hear at each frequency is recorded as the hearing threshold, and a graph called an audiogram is created to show the results. The audiogram provides information about the type and degree of hearing loss in each ear. Pure-tone audiometry is a standard hearing test used to diagnose and monitor hearing disorders.

Unilateral hearing loss is a type of hearing impairment that affects only one ear. This condition can be either sensorineural or conductive in nature. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear or nerve pathways leading to the brain, while conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves are not properly transmitted through the outer or middle ear. Unilateral hearing loss can result in difficulty hearing and understanding speech, particularly in noisy environments, and can also impact communication and quality of life. The cause of unilateral hearing loss can vary and may include factors such as infection, trauma, genetics, or exposure to loud noise. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the hearing loss and may include hearing aids, cochlear implants, or surgical intervention.

Auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEPs or BAEPs) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the auditory pathway of the brain in response to sound stimulation. The test involves placing electrodes on the scalp and recording the tiny electrical signals generated by the nerve cells in the brainstem as they respond to clicks or tone bursts presented through earphones.

The resulting waveform is analyzed for latency (the time it takes for the signal to travel from the ear to the brain) and amplitude (the strength of the signal). Abnormalities in the waveform can indicate damage to the auditory nerve or brainstem, and are often used in the diagnosis of various neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and brainstem tumors.

The test is non-invasive, painless, and takes only a few minutes to perform. It provides valuable information about the functioning of the auditory pathway and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with hearing or balance disorders.

Presbycusis is an age-related hearing loss, typically characterized by the progressive loss of sensitivity to high-frequency sounds. It's a result of natural aging of the auditory system and is often seen as a type of sensorineural hearing loss. The term comes from the Greek words "presbus" meaning old man and "akousis" meaning hearing.

This condition usually develops slowly over many years and can affect both ears equally. Presbycusis can make understanding speech, especially in noisy environments, quite challenging. It's a common condition, and its prevalence increases with age. While it's not reversible, various assistive devices like hearing aids can help manage the symptoms.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

Ear protective devices are types of personal protective equipment designed to protect the ears from potential damage or injury caused by excessive noise or pressure changes. These devices typically come in two main forms: earplugs and earmuffs.

Earplugs are small disposable or reusable plugs that are inserted into the ear canal to block out or reduce loud noises. They can be made of foam, rubber, plastic, or other materials and are available in different sizes to fit various ear shapes and sizes.

Earmuffs, on the other hand, are headbands with cups that cover the entire outer ear. The cups are typically made of sound-absorbing materials such as foam or fluid-filled cushions that help to block out noise. Earmuffs can be used in combination with earplugs for added protection.

Both earplugs and earmuffs are commonly used in industrial settings, construction sites, concerts, shooting ranges, and other noisy environments to prevent hearing loss or damage. It is important to choose the right type of ear protective device based on the level and type of noise exposure, as well as individual comfort and fit.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "hearing impairment" is defined as "hearing loss greater than 40 decibels (dB) in the better ear in adults or greater than 30 dB in children." Therefore, "Persons with hearing impairments" refers to individuals who have a significant degree of hearing loss that affects their ability to communicate and perform daily activities.

Hearing impairment can range from mild to profound and can be categorized as sensorineural (inner ear or nerve damage), conductive (middle ear problems), or mixed (a combination of both). The severity and type of hearing impairment can impact the communication methods, assistive devices, or accommodations that a person may need.

It is important to note that "hearing impairment" and "deafness" are not interchangeable terms. While deafness typically refers to a profound degree of hearing loss that significantly impacts a person's ability to communicate using sound, hearing impairment can refer to any degree of hearing loss that affects a person's ability to hear and understand speech or other sounds.

The correction of hearing impairment refers to the various methods and technologies used to improve or restore hearing function in individuals with hearing loss. This can include the use of hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive listening devices. Additionally, speech therapy and auditory training may also be used to help individuals with hearing impairment better understand and communicate with others. In some cases, surgical procedures may also be performed to correct physical abnormalities in the ear or improve nerve function. The goal of correction of hearing impairment is to help individuals with hearing loss better interact with their environment and improve their overall quality of life.

The auditory threshold is the minimum sound intensity or loudness level that a person can detect 50% of the time, for a given tone frequency. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the quietest sound that a person can hear. The auditory threshold can be affected by various factors such as age, exposure to noise, and certain medical conditions. Hearing tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, are used to measure an individual's auditory thresholds for different frequencies.

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are low-level sounds that are produced by the inner ear (cochlea) without any external stimulation. They can be recorded in a quiet room using specialized microphones placed inside the ear canal. SOAEs are thought to arise from the motion of the hair cells within the cochlea, which generate tiny currents in response to sound. These currents then cause the surrounding fluid and tissue to vibrate, producing sound waves that can be detected with a microphone.

SOAEs are typically present in individuals with normal hearing, although their presence or absence is not a definitive indicator of hearing ability. They tend to occur at specific frequencies and can vary from person to person. In some cases, SOAEs may be absent or reduced in individuals with hearing loss or damage to the hair cells in the cochlea.

It's worth noting that SOAEs are different from evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs), which are sounds produced by the inner ear in response to external stimuli, such as clicks or tones. Both types of otoacoustic emissions are used in hearing tests and research to assess cochlear function and health.

Functional hearing loss, also known as non-organic or psychogenic hearing loss, is a hearing impairment that is not due to an underlying medical condition or structural damage to the ear. Instead, it is thought to be caused by psychological or emotional factors, such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

In functional hearing loss, the person's hearing ability may appear to fluctuate or vary depending on the situation and their emotional state. They may have difficulty hearing in certain situations or with certain people, but perform better in others. In some cases, they may report hearing sounds that are not present or misinterpret what is being said.

Functional hearing loss can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as there may not be any obvious physical cause for the hearing impairment. A comprehensive evaluation by an audiologist or other healthcare professional is typically necessary to determine the underlying cause of the hearing loss and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment may involve counseling, therapy, or other interventions aimed at addressing the psychological or emotional factors contributing to the hearing loss.

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. It can be described as a sensation of hearing sound even when no actual noise is present. The sounds perceived can vary widely, from a whistling, buzzing, hissing, swooshing, to a pulsating sound, and can be soft or loud.

Tinnitus is not a disease itself but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes, such as hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections, earwax blockage, head or neck injuries, circulatory system disorders, certain medications, and age-related hearing loss.

Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and it may affect one or both ears. While tinnitus is not usually a sign of a serious medical condition, it can significantly impact quality of life and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and concentration.

Speech perception is the process by which the brain interprets and understands spoken language. It involves recognizing and discriminating speech sounds (phonemes), organizing them into words, and attaching meaning to those words in order to comprehend spoken language. This process requires the integration of auditory information with prior knowledge and context. Factors such as hearing ability, cognitive function, and language experience can all impact speech perception.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

The inner ear is the innermost part of the ear that contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance. It consists of a complex system of fluid-filled tubes and sacs called the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation, and the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone of the skull and is protected by a bony labyrinth. The vestibular system includes the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movements of the head, and the otolith organs (the saccule and utricle), which detect linear acceleration and gravity.

Damage to the inner ear can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), and balance problems.

Central hearing loss is a type of hearing disorder that occurs due to damage or dysfunction in the central auditory pathways of the brain, rather than in the ear itself. This condition can result from various causes, such as stroke, tumors, trauma, infection, or degenerative diseases affecting the brain.

In central hearing loss, the person may have difficulty understanding and processing speech, even when they can hear sounds at normal levels. They might experience problems with sound localization, discriminating between similar sounds, and comprehending complex auditory signals. This type of hearing loss is different from sensorineural or conductive hearing loss, which are related to issues in the outer, middle, or inner ear.

Audiometry, evoked response is a hearing test that measures the brain's response to sound. It is often used to detect hearing loss in infants and young children, as well as in people who are unable to cooperate or communicate during traditional hearing tests.

During the test, electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure the electrical activity produced by the brain in response to sounds presented through earphones. The responses are recorded and analyzed to determine the quietest sounds that can be heard at different frequencies. This information is used to help diagnose and manage hearing disorders.

There are several types of evoked response audiometry, including:

* Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR): measures the electrical activity from the brainstem in response to sound.
* Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR): measures the brain's response to continuous sounds at different frequencies and loudness levels.
* Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR): measures the electrical activity from the auditory cortex in response to sound.

These tests are usually performed in a quiet, sound-treated room and can take several hours to complete.

Acoustic impedance tests are diagnostic procedures used to measure the impedance or resistance of various parts of the ear to sound waves. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and diagnose any issues related to the middle ear, such as fluid buildup or problems with the eardrum.

The most common type of acoustic impedance test is tympanometry, which measures the mobility of the eardrum and the middle ear system by creating variations in air pressure within the ear canal. During this test, a small probe is inserted into the ear canal, and sound waves are generated while the pressure is varied. The resulting measurements provide information about the condition of the middle ear and can help identify any issues that may be affecting hearing.

Another type of acoustic impedance test is acoustic reflex testing, which measures the body's natural response to loud sounds. This involves measuring the contraction of the stapedius muscle in the middle ear, which occurs in response to loud noises. By measuring the strength and timing of this reflex, audiologists can gain additional insights into the functioning of the middle ear and identify any abnormalities that may be present.

Overall, acoustic impedance tests are important tools for diagnosing hearing problems and identifying any underlying issues in the middle ear. They are often used in conjunction with other hearing tests to provide a comprehensive assessment of an individual's hearing function.

Auditory hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

These hair cells have hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surface, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the fluid within the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the stereocilia to bend. This bending motion opens ion channels at the tips of the stereocilia, allowing positively charged ions (such as potassium) to flow into the hair cells and trigger a receptor potential.

The receptor potential then leads to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cells, which activate afferent nerve fibers that synapse with these cells. The electrical signals generated by this process are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve, where they are interpreted as sound.

There are two types of auditory hair cells: inner hair cells and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the primary sensory receptors responsible for transmitting information about sound to the brain. They make direct contact with afferent nerve fibers and are more sensitive to mechanical stimulation than outer hair cells.

Outer hair cells, on the other hand, are involved in amplifying and fine-tuning the mechanical response of the inner ear to sound. They have a unique ability to contract and relax in response to electrical signals, which allows them to adjust the stiffness of their stereocilia and enhance the sensitivity of the cochlea to different frequencies.

Damage or loss of auditory hair cells can lead to hearing impairment or deafness, as these cells cannot regenerate spontaneously in mammals. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of hair cells is essential for developing therapies aimed at treating hearing disorders.

The medical definition of "Education of Hearing Disabled" refers to the specialized education and teaching methods used for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. This type of education is designed to help students with hearing loss develop language, communication, academic, and social skills in a way that meets their unique needs. It can include various approaches such as American Sign Language (ASL), oral/aural methods, cued speech, and cochlear implant rehabilitation. The goal of education for the hearing disabled is to provide students with equal access to learning opportunities and help them reach their full potential.

Bone conduction is a type of hearing mechanism that involves the transmission of sound vibrations directly to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, bypassing the outer and middle ears. This occurs when sound waves cause the bones in the skull to vibrate, stimulating the cochlea (the spiral cavity of the inner ear) and its hair cells, which convert the mechanical energy of the vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound.

Bone conduction is a natural part of the hearing process in humans, but it can also be used artificially through the use of bone-conduction devices, such as hearing aids or headphones, which transmit sound vibrations directly to the skull. This type of transmission can provide improved hearing for individuals with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, or single-sided deafness, as it bypasses damaged or obstructed outer and middle ears.

Cochlear implantation is a surgical procedure in which a device called a cochlear implant is inserted into the inner ear (cochlea) of a person with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external component, which includes a microphone, processor, and transmitter, and an internal component, which includes a receiver and electrode array.

The microphone picks up sounds from the environment and sends them to the processor, which analyzes and converts the sounds into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the receiver, which stimulates the electrode array in the cochlea. The electrodes directly stimulate the auditory nerve fibers, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the inner ear that are responsible for normal hearing.

The brain interprets these electrical signals as sound, allowing the person to perceive and understand speech and other sounds. Cochlear implantation is typically recommended for people who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids and can significantly improve communication, quality of life, and social integration for those with severe to profound hearing loss.

Speech Audiometry is a hearing test that measures a person's ability to understand and recognize spoken words at different volumes and frequencies. It is used to assess the function of the auditory system, particularly in cases where there is a suspected problem with speech discrimination or understanding spoken language.

The test typically involves presenting lists of words to the patient at varying intensity levels and asking them to repeat what they hear. The examiner may also present sentences with missing words that the patient must fill in. Based on the results, the audiologist can determine the quietest level at which the patient can reliably detect speech and the degree of speech discrimination ability.

Speech Audiometry is often used in conjunction with pure-tone audiometry to provide a more comprehensive assessment of hearing function. It can help identify any specific patterns of hearing loss, such as those caused by nerve damage or cochlear dysfunction, and inform decisions about treatment options, including the need for hearing aids or other assistive devices.

Audiology is a branch of science that deals with the study of hearing, balance disorders, and related conditions. It involves the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of hearing and balance problems using various tests, techniques, and devices. Audiologists are healthcare professionals who specialize in this field and provide services such as hearing evaluations, fitting of hearing aids, and counseling for people with hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears). They also work closely with other medical professionals to manage complex cases and provide rehabilitation services.

Speech intelligibility is a term used in audiology and speech-language pathology to describe the ability of a listener to correctly understand spoken language. It is a measure of how well speech can be understood by others, and is often assessed through standardized tests that involve the presentation of recorded or live speech at varying levels of loudness and/or background noise.

Speech intelligibility can be affected by various factors, including hearing loss, cognitive impairment, developmental disorders, neurological conditions, and structural abnormalities of the speech production mechanism. Factors related to the speaker, such as speaking rate, clarity, and articulation, as well as factors related to the listener, such as attention, motivation, and familiarity with the speaker or accent, can also influence speech intelligibility.

Poor speech intelligibility can have significant impacts on communication, socialization, education, and employment opportunities, making it an important area of assessment and intervention in clinical practice.

Neonatal screening is a medical procedure in which specific tests are performed on newborn babies within the first few days of life to detect certain congenital or inherited disorders that are not otherwise clinically apparent at birth. These conditions, if left untreated, can lead to serious health problems, developmental delays, or even death.

The primary goal of neonatal screening is to identify affected infants early so that appropriate treatment and management can be initiated as soon as possible, thereby improving their overall prognosis and quality of life. Commonly screened conditions include phenylketonuria (PKU), congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and hearing loss, among others.

Neonatal screening typically involves collecting a small blood sample from the infant's heel (heel stick) or through a dried blood spot card, which is then analyzed using various biochemical, enzymatic, or genetic tests. In some cases, additional tests such as hearing screenings and pulse oximetry for critical congenital heart disease may also be performed.

It's important to note that neonatal screening is not a diagnostic tool but rather an initial step in identifying infants who may be at risk of certain conditions. Positive screening results should always be confirmed with additional diagnostic tests before any treatment decisions are made.

Perceptual masking, also known as sensory masking or just masking, is a concept in sensory perception that refers to the interference in the ability to detect or recognize a stimulus (the target) due to the presence of another stimulus (the mask). This phenomenon can occur across different senses, including audition and vision.

In the context of hearing, perceptual masking occurs when one sound (the masker) makes it difficult to hear another sound (the target) because the two sounds are presented simultaneously or in close proximity to each other. The masker can make the target sound less detectable, harder to identify, or even completely inaudible.

There are different types of perceptual masking, including:

1. Simultaneous Masking: When the masker and target sounds occur at the same time.
2. Temporal Masking: When the masker sound precedes or follows the target sound by a short period. This type of masking can be further divided into forward masking (when the masker comes before the target) and backward masking (when the masker comes after the target).
3. Informational Masking: A more complex form of masking that occurs when the listener's cognitive processes, such as attention or memory, are affected by the presence of the masker sound. This type of masking can make it difficult to understand speech in noisy environments, even if the signal-to-noise ratio is favorable.

Perceptual masking has important implications for understanding and addressing hearing difficulties, particularly in situations with background noise or multiple sounds occurring simultaneously.

Mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss is a type of hearing impairment that involves both conductive and sensorineural components.

Conductive hearing loss occurs when there are problems with the outer or middle ear that prevent sound from being transmitted efficiently to the inner ear. This can be due to various causes, such as damage to the eardrum, blockage in the ear canal, or issues with the bones in the middle ear.

Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. This type of hearing loss is typically permanent and can be caused by factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, or certain medical conditions.

In mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss, there is a combination of both types of impairment. This means that sound transmission is affected by problems in the outer or middle ear, as well as damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. As a result, a person with this type of hearing loss may have difficulty hearing faint sounds and understanding speech, particularly in noisy environments. Treatment for mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss typically involves addressing both the conductive and sensorineural components of the impairment, which may include medical treatment, surgery, or the use of hearing aids.

The middle ear is the middle of the three parts of the ear, located between the outer ear and inner ear. It contains three small bones called ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit and amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear also contains the Eustachian tube, which helps regulate air pressure in the middle ear and protects against infection by allowing fluid to drain from the middle ear into the back of the throat.

The spiral ganglion is a structure located in the inner ear, specifically within the cochlea. It consists of nerve cell bodies that form the sensory component of the auditory nervous system. The spiral ganglion's neurons are bipolar and have peripheral processes that form synapses with hair cells in the organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals.

The central processes of these neurons then coalesce to form the cochlear nerve, which transmits these electrical signals to the brainstem and ultimately to the auditory cortex for processing and interpretation as sound. Damage to the spiral ganglion or its associated neural structures can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

Sound spectrography, also known as voice spectrography, is a diagnostic procedure in which a person's speech sounds are analyzed and displayed as a visual pattern called a spectrogram. This test is used to evaluate voice disorders, speech disorders, and hearing problems. It can help identify patterns of sound production and reveal any abnormalities in the vocal tract or hearing mechanism.

During the test, a person is asked to produce specific sounds or sentences, which are then recorded and analyzed by a computer program. The program breaks down the sound waves into their individual frequencies and amplitudes, and displays them as a series of horizontal lines on a graph. The resulting spectrogram shows how the frequencies and amplitudes change over time, providing valuable information about the person's speech patterns and any underlying problems.

Sound spectrography is a useful tool for diagnosing and treating voice and speech disorders, as well as for researching the acoustic properties of human speech. It can also be used to evaluate hearing aids and other assistive listening devices, and to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for hearing loss and other auditory disorders.

The temporal bone is a paired bone that is located on each side of the skull, forming part of the lateral and inferior walls of the cranial cavity. It is one of the most complex bones in the human body and has several important structures associated with it. The main functions of the temporal bone include protecting the middle and inner ear, providing attachment for various muscles of the head and neck, and forming part of the base of the skull.

The temporal bone is divided into several parts, including the squamous part, the petrous part, the tympanic part, and the styloid process. The squamous part forms the lateral portion of the temporal bone and articulates with the parietal bone. The petrous part is the most medial and superior portion of the temporal bone and contains the inner ear and the semicircular canals. The tympanic part forms the lower and anterior portions of the temporal bone and includes the external auditory meatus or ear canal. The styloid process is a long, slender projection that extends downward from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone and serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.

The temporal bone plays a crucial role in hearing and balance, as it contains the structures of the middle and inner ear, including the oval window, round window, cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. The stapes bone, one of the three bones in the middle ear, is entirely encased within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Additionally, the temporal bone contains important structures for facial expression and sensation, including the facial nerve, which exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, a small opening in the temporal bone.

The Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) test is a hearing assessment used to estimate the softest speech level, typically expressed in decibels (dB), at which a person can reliably detect and repeat back spoken words or sentences. It measures the listener's ability to understand speech in quiet environments and serves as an essential component of a comprehensive audiological evaluation.

During the SRT test, the examiner presents a list of phonetically balanced words or sentences at varying intensity levels, usually through headphones or insert earphones. The patient is then asked to repeat each word or sentence back to the examiner. The intensity level is decreased gradually until the patient can no longer accurately identify the presented stimuli. The softest speech level where the patient correctly repeats 50% of the words or sentences is recorded as their SRT.

The SRT test results help audiologists determine the presence and degree of hearing loss, assess the effectiveness of hearing aids, and monitor changes in hearing sensitivity over time. It is often performed alongside other tests, such as pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry, to provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's hearing abilities.

The vestibular aqueduct is a bony canal that runs from the inner ear to the brain. It contains a membranous duct, called the endolymphatic duct, which is filled with a fluid called endolymph. The vestibular aqueduct plays a role in the maintenance of balance and hearing by regulating the pressure and composition of the endolymph. Abnormalities or damage to the vestibular aqueduct can lead to conditions such as endolymphatic hydrops, which can cause symptoms like vertigo, dizziness, and hearing loss.

The cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve, is the sensory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It consists of two parts: the outer spiral ganglion and the inner vestibular portion. The spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that receive input from hair cells in the cochlea, which is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing. These neurons then send their axons to form the cochlear nerve, which travels through the internal auditory meatus and synapses with neurons in the cochlear nuclei located in the brainstem.

Damage to the cochlear nerve can result in hearing loss or deafness, depending on the severity of the injury. Common causes of cochlear nerve damage include acoustic trauma, such as exposure to loud noises, viral infections, meningitis, and tumors affecting the nerve or surrounding structures. In some cases, cochlear nerve damage may be treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to help restore or improve hearing function.

Auditory perception refers to the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the sounds we hear. It involves the recognition and interpretation of different frequencies, intensities, and patterns of sound waves that reach our ears through the process of hearing. This allows us to identify and distinguish various sounds such as speech, music, and environmental noises.

The auditory system includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the auditory nerve, which transmits electrical signals to the brain's auditory cortex for processing and interpretation. Auditory perception is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain working together to identify and make sense of sounds in our environment.

Disorders or impairments in auditory perception can result in difficulties with hearing, understanding speech, and identifying environmental sounds, which can significantly impact communication, learning, and daily functioning.

The Organ of Corti is the sensory organ of hearing within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is a structure in the inner spiral sulcus of the cochlear duct and is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The Organ of Corti consists of hair cells, which are sensory receptors with hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surfaces. These stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous matrix and are arranged in rows of different heights. When sound vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, the stereocilia bend, which opens ion channels and triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

Damage or loss of hair cells in the Organ of Corti can result in hearing loss, making it a critical structure for maintaining normal auditory function.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. It serves to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. The tympanic membrane is composed of three layers: an outer layer of skin, a middle layer of connective tissue, and an inner layer of mucous membrane. It is held in place by several small bones and muscles and is highly sensitive to changes in pressure.

Auditory outer hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the cochlea of the inner ear. They are part of the organ of Corti and play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound energy into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

Unlike the more numerous and simpler auditory inner hair cells, outer hair cells are equipped with unique actin-based molecular motors called "motile" or "piezoelectric" properties. These motors enable the outer hair cells to change their shape and length in response to electrical signals, which in turn amplifies the mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane where they are located. This amplification increases the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of hearing, allowing us to detect and discriminate sounds over a wide range of intensities and frequencies.

Damage or loss of outer hair cells is a common cause of sensorineural hearing loss, which can result from exposure to loud noises, aging, genetics, ototoxic drugs, and other factors. Currently, there are no effective treatments to regenerate or replace damaged outer hair cells, making hearing loss an irreversible condition in most cases.

Labyrinth diseases refer to conditions that affect the inner ear's labyrinth, which is the complex system of fluid-filled channels and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, nausea, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Examples of labyrinth diseases include Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuronitis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "music" is not a term that has a medical definition. Music is a form of art that uses sound organized in time. It may include elements such as melody, harmony, rhythm, and dynamics. While music can have various psychological and physiological effects on individuals, it is not considered a medical term with a specific diagnosis or treatment application. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

Cochlear diseases refer to conditions that affect the structure or function of the cochlea, which is a part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. These diseases can cause various types and degrees of hearing loss, ranging from mild to profound. Some common cochlear diseases include:

1. Cochlear otosclerosis: A condition where there is abnormal bone growth in the cochlea, which can lead to conductive or sensorineural hearing loss.
2. Cochlear Meniere's disease: A disorder that affects the inner ear and causes vertigo, tinnitus, and fluctuating hearing loss.
3. Cochlear damage due to exposure to loud noises: Prolonged or sudden exposure to loud noises can cause permanent cochlear damage and hearing loss.
4. Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss that affects the cochlea and other structures of the auditory system.
5. Cochlear nerve tumors: Rare benign or malignant growths on the cochlear nerve can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
6. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections such as meningitis, labyrinthitis, or otitis media can damage the cochlea and lead to hearing loss.
7. Ototoxicity: Certain medications can be toxic to the cochlea and cause hearing loss, tinnitus, or balance problems.
8. Genetic factors: Inherited genetic mutations can cause various types of cochlear diseases, such as connexin 26 deficiency, Waardenburg syndrome, or Usher syndrome.

It is important to note that early diagnosis and treatment of cochlear diseases can help prevent or minimize hearing loss and other complications.

Speech discrimination tests are a type of audiological assessment used to measure a person's ability to understand and identify spoken words, typically presented in quiet and/or noisy backgrounds. These tests are used to evaluate the function of the peripheral and central auditory system, as well as speech perception abilities.

During the test, the individual is presented with lists of words or sentences at varying intensity levels and/or signal-to-noise ratios. The person's task is to repeat or identify the words or phrases they hear. The results of the test are used to determine the individual's speech recognition threshold (SRT), which is the softest level at which the person can correctly identify spoken words.

Speech discrimination tests can help diagnose hearing loss, central auditory processing disorders, and other communication difficulties. They can also be used to monitor changes in hearing ability over time, assess the effectiveness of hearing aids or other interventions, and develop communication strategies for individuals with hearing impairments.

Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to sound stimuli. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and neural processing in individuals, particularly those who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests.

There are several types of AEP tests, including:

1. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the brainstem in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess the integrity of the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory neuropathy and retrocochlear lesions.
2. Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (MLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess higher-level auditory processing, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory processing disorders and central auditory dysfunction.
3. Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a complex stimulus, such as speech. It is often used to assess language processing and cognitive function, and can help diagnose conditions such as learning disabilities and dementia.

Overall, AEP tests are valuable tools for assessing hearing and neural function in individuals who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests or who have complex neurological conditions.

Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics that deals with the study of the psychological and physiological responses to sound. It involves understanding how people perceive, interpret, and react to different sounds, including speech, music, and environmental noises. This field combines knowledge from various areas such as psychology, acoustics, physics, and engineering to investigate the relationship between physical sound characteristics and human perception. Research in psychoacoustics has applications in fields like hearing aid design, noise control, music perception, and communication systems.

Hyperacusis is a hearing disorder characterized by an increased sensitivity to sounds, where certain everyday noises are perceived as being excessively loud or uncomfortable, even painful. This condition can lead to avoidance behaviors and have a negative impact on a person's quality of life. It is different from normal hearing and requires medical evaluation to diagnose and manage.

I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is not a medical term per se, but it is widely used in various medical fields, particularly in diagnostic imaging and telemedicine. It is a measure from signal processing that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise.

In the context of medical imaging (like MRI, CT scans, or ultrasound), a higher SNR means that the useful information (the signal) is stronger relative to the irrelevant and distracting data (the noise). This results in clearer, more detailed, and more accurate images, which can significantly improve diagnostic precision.

In telemedicine and remote patient monitoring, SNR is crucial for ensuring high-quality audio and video communication between healthcare providers and patients. A good SNR ensures that the transmitted data (voice or image) is received with minimal interference or distortion, enabling effective virtual consultations and diagnoses.

Auditory inner hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting mechanical sound energy into electrical signals that can be processed and interpreted by the brain.

Human ears have about 3,500 inner hair cells arranged in one row along the length of the basilar membrane in each cochlea. These hair cells are characterized by their stereocilia, which are hair-like projections on the apical surface that are embedded in a gelatinous matrix called the tectorial membrane.

When sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, the stereocilia of inner hair cells bend and deflect. This deflection triggers a cascade of biochemical events leading to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cell. These neurotransmitters then stimulate the afferent auditory nerve fibers (type I fibers) that synapse with the inner hair cells, transmitting the electrical signals to the brain for further processing and interpretation as sound.

Damage or loss of these inner hair cells can lead to significant hearing impairment or deafness, as they are essential for normal auditory function. Currently, there is no effective way to regenerate damaged inner hair cells in humans, making hearing loss due to their damage permanent.

Auditory pathways refer to the series of structures and nerves in the body that are involved in processing sound and transmitting it to the brain for interpretation. The process begins when sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the eardrum, which then move the bones in the middle ear. These movements stimulate hair cells in the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, causing them to release neurotransmitters that activate auditory nerve fibers.

The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brainstem, where they are relayed through several additional structures before reaching the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain. Here, the signals are processed and interpreted as sounds, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other environmental noises.

Damage or dysfunction at any point along the auditory pathway can lead to hearing loss or impairment.

Connexins are a family of proteins that form the structural units of gap junctions, which are specialized channels that allow for the direct exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells. These channels play crucial roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis, coordinating cellular activities, and enabling communication between cells. In humans, there are 21 different connexin genes that encode for these proteins, with each isoform having unique properties and distributions within the body. Mutations in connexin genes have been linked to a variety of human diseases, including hearing loss, skin disorders, and heart conditions.

The ear is the sensory organ responsible for hearing and maintaining balance. It can be divided into three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna (the visible part of the ear) and the external auditory canal, which directs sound waves toward the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones called ossicles that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, and the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance.

Otoscopy is a medical examination procedure used to evaluate the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane (eardrum). It involves the use of an otoscope, a tool that consists of a lighted speculum attached to a handle. The speculum is inserted into the ear canal, allowing the healthcare provider to visualize and inspect the eardrum for any abnormalities such as perforations, inflammation, fluid accumulation, or foreign bodies. Otoscopy can help diagnose various conditions including ear infections, middle ear disorders, and hearing loss.

Loudness perception refers to the subjective experience of the intensity or volume of a sound, which is a psychological response to the physical property of sound pressure level. It is a measure of how loud or soft a sound seems to an individual, and it can be influenced by various factors such as frequency, duration, and the context in which the sound is heard.

The perception of loudness is closely related to the concept of sound intensity, which is typically measured in decibels (dB). However, while sound intensity is an objective physical measurement, loudness is a subjective experience that can vary between individuals and even for the same individual under different listening conditions.

Loudness perception is a complex process that involves several stages of auditory processing, including mechanical transduction of sound waves by the ear, neural encoding of sound information in the auditory nerve, and higher-level cognitive processes that interpret and modulate the perceived loudness of sounds. Understanding the mechanisms underlying loudness perception is important for developing hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive listening devices, as well as for diagnosing and treating various hearing disorders.

An acoustic neuroma, also known as vestibular schwannoma, is not actually a neuroma but rather a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve. This nerve is one of the two nerves that transmit sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. The tumor arises from an overproduction of Schwann cells, which normally provide a protective covering for the nerve fibers. As the tumor grows, it can press against the hearing and balance nerves, causing symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ear (tinnitus), unsteadiness, and disequilibrium. In some cases, acoustic neuromas can become quite large and cause additional symptoms by pressing on nearby cranial nerves. Treatment options include observation, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the tumor.

Menière disease is an inner ear disorder that is characterized by episodes of vertigo (a spinning sensation), tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear), hearing loss, and aural fullness (a feeling of pressure or blockage in the ear). It is caused by an abnormal accumulation of endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear, which can lead to damage of the vestibular system and cochlea. The exact cause of this fluid buildup is not known, but it may be related to genetics, allergies, or autoimmune disorders. Menière disease is typically a chronic condition, with symptoms that can vary in frequency and severity over time. Treatment options include dietary modifications, diuretics, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, and, in some cases, surgery.

Stria vascularis is a highly vascularized (rich in blood vessels) structure located in the cochlea of the inner ear. It plays a crucial role in the process of hearing by maintaining the endocochlear potential, which is essential for the conversion of sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The stria vascularis is composed of three layers: the marginal cells, intermediate cells, and basal cells, which work together to maintain the ionic balance and generate the endocochlear potential. Damage to the stria vascularis can result in hearing loss.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but an MP3 player is not a medical device or term. An MP3 player is a type of electronic device that can store and play digital media files, including music, audio books, and podcasts. The name "MP3" refers to one of the most common file formats for digital audio.

If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead!

Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.

Phonetics is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of human speech. It involves the study of how these sounds are produced, transmitted, and received, as well as how they are used to convey meaning in different languages. However, there can be some overlap between phonetics and certain areas of medical research, such as speech-language pathology or audiology, which may study the production, perception, and disorders of speech sounds for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Ear diseases are medical conditions that affect the ear and its various components, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), ear pain, and discharge. Some common ear diseases include:

1. Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) - an infection or inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal.
2. Otitis media - an infection or inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by a cold or flu.
3. Cholesteatoma - a skin growth that develops in the middle ear behind the eardrum.
4. Meniere's disease - a disorder of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
5. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders - problems with the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, which can cause ear pain and other symptoms.
6. Acoustic neuroma - a noncancerous tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Presbycusis - age-related hearing loss.

Treatment for ear diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, surgery, or other therapies. If you are experiencing symptoms of an ear disease, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional, such as an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist).

Sound localization is the ability of the auditory system to identify the location or origin of a sound source in the environment. It is a crucial aspect of hearing and enables us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively. The process involves several cues, including time differences in the arrival of sound to each ear (interaural time difference), differences in sound level at each ear (interaural level difference), and spectral information derived from the filtering effects of the head and external ears on incoming sounds. These cues are analyzed by the brain to determine the direction and distance of the sound source, allowing for accurate localization.

The round window ( membrana tympani rotunda) is a small, thin membrane-covered opening located in the inner ear between the middle ear and the cochlea. It serves as one of the two openings that lead into the cochlea, with the other being the oval window.

The round window's primary function is to help regulate and dampen the pressure changes within the cochlea that occur when sound waves reach the inner ear. This is accomplished through the movement of the fluid-filled spaces inside the cochlea (the scala vestibuli and scala tympani) caused by vibrations from the stapes bone, which connects to the oval window.

As the stapes bone moves in response to sound waves, it causes a corresponding motion in the perilymph fluid within the cochlea. This movement then creates pressure changes at the round window, causing it to bulge outward or move inward. The flexibility of the round window allows it to absorb and dissipate these pressure changes, which helps protect the delicate structures inside the inner ear from damage due to excessive pressure buildup.

It is important to note that any damage or dysfunction in the round window can negatively impact hearing ability and cause various hearing disorders.

Speech acoustics is a subfield of acoustic phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. It involves the study of how these properties are produced by the vocal tract and perceived by the human ear. Speech acousticians use various techniques to analyze and measure the acoustic signals produced during speech, including spectral analysis, formant tracking, and pitch extraction. This information is used in a variety of applications, such as speech recognition, speaker identification, and hearing aid design.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance problems.

These diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infection, trauma, tumors, or degeneration. Some examples of vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include:

1. Vestibular neuritis: an inner ear infection that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and balance problems.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that affects both the vestibular and cochlear nerves, causing vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
3. Acoustic neuroma: a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
4. Meniere's disease: a inner ear disorder that causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
5. Ototoxicity: damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals that can result in hearing loss and balance problems.
6. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that is associated with vertigo, dizziness, and balance problems.

Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

In the context of medicine, particularly in the field of auscultation (the act of listening to the internal sounds of the body), "sound" refers to the noises produced by the functioning of the heart, lungs, and other organs. These sounds are typically categorized into two types:

1. **Bradyacoustic sounds**: These are low-pitched sounds that are heard when there is a turbulent flow of blood or when two body structures rub against each other. An example would be the heart sound known as "S1," which is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole (contraction of the heart's ventricles).

2. **High-pitched sounds**: These are sharper, higher-frequency sounds that can provide valuable diagnostic information. An example would be lung sounds, which include breath sounds like those heard during inhalation and exhalation, as well as adventitious sounds like crackles, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs.

It's important to note that these medical "sounds" are not the same as the everyday definition of sound, which refers to the sensation produced by stimulation of the auditory system by vibrations.

Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the labyrinth, which is the inner ear's balance- and hearing-sensitive system. It is often caused by an infection, such as a viral or bacterial infection, that spreads to the inner ear. The inflammation can affect the delicate structures of the labyrinth, leading to symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, imbalance, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Labyrinthitis can be a serious condition that requires medical attention and treatment.

Recessive genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that will only be expressed when an individual has two copies of that particular allele, one inherited from each parent. If an individual inherits one recessive allele and one dominant allele for a particular gene, the dominant allele will be expressed and the recessive allele will have no effect on the individual's phenotype (observable traits).

Recessive genes can still play a role in determining an individual's genetic makeup and can be passed down through generations even if they are not expressed. If two carriers of a recessive gene have children, there is a 25% chance that their offspring will inherit two copies of the recessive allele and exhibit the associated recessive trait.

Examples of genetic disorders caused by recessive genes include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and albinism.

Sign language is not considered a medical term, but it is a visual-manual means of communication used by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. It combines hand shapes, orientation, and movement of the hands, arms, or body, along with facial expressions and lip patterns. Different sign languages exist in various countries and communities, such as American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL).

However, I can provide a definition related to medical terminology that involves the use of gestures for communication purposes:

Gesture (in medical context): A bodily action or movement, often used to convey information or communicate. In some medical situations, healthcare professionals may use simple, predefined gestures to elicit responses from patients who have difficulty with verbal communication due to conditions like aphasia, dysarthria, or being in a coma. These gestures can be part of a more comprehensive system called "gesture-based communication" or "nonverbal communication."

For sign language specifically, you may consult resources related to linguistics, special education, or deaf studies for detailed definitions and descriptions.

Otosclerosis is a medical condition that affects the bones in the middle ear. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and hardening (sclerosis) of the otosclerotic bone near the stapes footplate, one of the tiny bones in the middle ear (ossicles). This abnormal bone growth can cause stiffness or fixation of the stapes bone, preventing it from vibrating properly and leading to conductive hearing loss. In some cases, otosclerosis may also result in sensorineural hearing loss due to involvement of the inner ear structures. The exact cause of otosclerosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to have a genetic component and can sometimes be associated with pregnancy. Treatment options for otosclerosis include hearing aids or surgical procedures like stapedectomy or stapedotomy to bypass or remove the affected bone and improve hearing.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Occupational diseases are health conditions or illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to hazards in the workplace. These hazards can include physical, chemical, and biological agents, as well as ergonomic factors and work-related psychosocial stressors. Examples of occupational diseases include respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling dust or fumes, hearing loss due to excessive noise exposure, and musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements or poor ergonomics. The development of an occupational disease is typically related to the nature of the work being performed and the conditions in which it is carried out. It's important to note that these diseases can be prevented or minimized through proper risk assessment, implementation of control measures, and adherence to safety regulations.

Otitis media with effusion (OME), also known as serous otitis media or glue ear, is a medical condition characterized by the presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection. The fluid accumulation occurs due to the dysfunction of the Eustachian tube, which results in negative pressure and subsequent accumulation of sterile fluid within the middle ear space.

OME can lead to hearing difficulties, especially in children, as the fluid buildup impairs sound conduction through the ossicles in the middle ear. Symptoms may include mild hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and a sensation of fullness or pressure in the affected ear. In some cases, OME can resolve on its own within a few weeks or months; however, persistent cases might require medical intervention, such as placement of tympanostomy tubes (ear tubes) to drain the fluid and restore hearing.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Prosthesis fitting is the process of selecting, designing, fabricating, and fitting a prosthetic device to replace a part of an individual's body that is missing due to congenital absence, illness, injury, or amputation. The primary goal of prosthesis fitting is to restore the person's physical function, mobility, and independence, as well as improve their overall quality of life.

The process typically involves several steps:

1. Assessment: A thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical condition, and functional needs is conducted to determine the most appropriate type of prosthesis. This may include measurements, castings, or digital scans of the residual limb.

2. Design: Based on the assessment, a customized design plan is created for the prosthetic device, taking into account factors such as the patient's lifestyle, occupation, and personal preferences.

3. Fabrication: The prosthesis is manufactured using various materials, components, and techniques to meet the specific requirements of the patient. This may involve the use of 3D printing, computer-aided design (CAD), or traditional handcrafting methods.

4. Fitting: Once the prosthesis is fabricated, it is carefully fitted to the patient's residual limb, ensuring optimal comfort, alignment, and stability. Adjustments may be made as needed to achieve the best fit and function.

5. Training: The patient receives training on how to use and care for their new prosthetic device, including exercises to strengthen the residual limb and improve overall mobility. Follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor progress, make any necessary adjustments, and provide ongoing support.

Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness characterized by the sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving, even when you're perfectly still. It's often caused by issues with the inner ear or the balance-sensing systems of the body. Vertigo can be brought on by various conditions, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and migraines. In some cases, vertigo may also result from head or neck injuries, brain disorders like stroke or tumors, or certain medications. Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause and can include specific exercises, medication, or surgery in severe cases.

An "aircraft" is not a medical term, but rather a general term used to describe any vehicle or machine designed to be powered and operated in the air. This includes fixed-wing aircraft such as airplanes and gliders, as well as rotary-wing aircraft such as helicopters and autogyros.

However, there are some medical conditions that can affect a person's ability to safely operate an aircraft, such as certain cardiovascular or neurological disorders. In these cases, the individual may be required to undergo medical evaluation and obtain clearance from aviation medical examiners before they are allowed to fly.

Additionally, there are some medical devices and equipment that are used in aircraft, such as oxygen systems and medical evacuation equipment. These may be used to provide medical care to passengers or crew members during flight.

## I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "chinchilla."

A chinchilla is actually a type of rodent that is native to South America. They have thick, soft fur and are often kept as exotic pets or used in laboratory research. If you're looking for information about chinchillas in a medical context, such as their use in research or any potential health concerns related to keeping them as pets, I would be happy to help you try to find more information on those topics.

Vestibular diseases are a group of disorders that affect the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. The vestibular system includes the inner ear and parts of the brain that process sensory information related to movement and position.

These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, imbalance, nausea, and visual disturbances. Examples of vestibular diseases include:

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): a condition in which small crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and cause brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that can cause sudden onset of vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular neuronitis: inflammation of the vestibular nerve that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and imbalance but typically spares hearing.
4. Meniere's disease: a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that includes vestibular symptoms such as dizziness, imbalance, and disorientation.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: a condition in which there is a thinning or absence of bone over the superior semicircular canal in the inner ear, leading to vertigo, sound- or pressure-induced dizziness, and hearing loss.
7. Bilateral vestibular hypofunction: reduced function of both vestibular systems, causing chronic imbalance, unsteadiness, and visual disturbances.

Treatment for vestibular diseases varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Otologic surgical procedures refer to a range of surgeries performed on the ear or its related structures. These procedures are typically conducted by otologists, who are specialists trained in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the ears, balance system, and related nerves. The goal of otologic surgery can vary from repairing damaged bones in the middle ear to managing hearing loss, tumors, or chronic infections. Some common otologic surgical procedures include:

1. Stapedectomy/Stapedotomy: These are procedures used to treat otosclerosis, a condition where the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and causes conductive hearing loss. The surgeon creates an opening in the stapes footplate (stapedotomy) or removes the entire stapes bone (stapedectomy) and replaces it with a prosthetic device to improve sound conduction.
2. Myringoplasty/Tympanoplasty: These are surgeries aimed at repairing damaged eardrums (tympanic membrane). A myringoplasty involves grafting a piece of tissue over the perforation in the eardrum, while a tympanoplasty includes both eardrum repair and reconstruction of the middle ear bones if necessary.
3. Mastoidectomy: This procedure involves removing the mastoid air cells, which are located in the bony prominence behind the ear. A mastoidectomy is often performed to treat chronic mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, or complications from middle ear infections.
4. Ossiculoplasty: This procedure aims to reconstruct and improve the function of the ossicles (middle ear bones) when they are damaged due to various reasons such as infection, trauma, or congenital conditions. The surgeon uses prosthetic devices made from plastic, metal, or even bone to replace or support the damaged ossicles.
5. Cochlear implantation: This is a surgical procedure that involves placing an electronic device inside the inner ear to help individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external processor and internal components that directly stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the cochlea.
6. Labyrinthectomy: This procedure involves removing the balance-sensing structures (vestibular system) inside the inner ear to treat severe vertigo or dizziness caused by conditions like Meniere's disease when other treatments have failed.
7. Acoustic neuroma removal: An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, which connects the inner ear to the brain. Surgical removal of the tumor is necessary to prevent hearing loss, balance problems, and potential neurological complications.

These are just a few examples of the various surgical procedures performed by otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat specialists) to treat conditions affecting the ear and surrounding structures. Each procedure has its specific indications, benefits, risks, and postoperative care requirements. Patients should consult with their healthcare providers to discuss the most appropriate treatment options for their individual needs.

Usher Syndromes are a group of genetic disorders that are characterized by hearing loss and visual impairment due to retinitis pigmentosa. They are the most common cause of deafblindness in developed countries. There are three types of Usher Syndromes (Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3) which differ in the age of onset, severity, and progression of hearing loss and vision loss.

Type 1 Usher Syndrome is the most severe form, with profound deafness present at birth or within the first year of life, and retinitis pigmentosa leading to significant vision loss by the teenage years. Type 2 Usher Syndrome is characterized by moderate to severe hearing loss beginning in childhood and vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa starting in adolescence or early adulthood. Type 3 Usher Syndrome has progressive hearing loss that begins in adolescence and vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa starting in the third decade of life.

The diagnosis of Usher Syndromes is based on a combination of clinical examination, audiological evaluation, and genetic testing. There is currently no cure for Usher Syndromes, but various assistive devices and therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.

The ear ossicles are the three smallest bones in the human body, which are located in the middle ear. They play a crucial role in the process of hearing by transmitting and amplifying sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The three ear ossicles are:

1. Malleus (hammer): The largest of the three bones, it is shaped like a hammer and connects to the eardrum.
2. Incus (anvil): The middle-sized bone, it looks like an anvil and connects the malleus to the stapes.
3. Stapes (stirrup): The smallest and lightest bone in the human body, it resembles a stirrup and transmits vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

Together, these tiny bones work to efficiently transfer sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled cochlea of the inner ear, enabling us to hear.

In psychology, Signal Detection Theory (SDT) is a framework used to understand the ability to detect the presence or absence of a signal (such as a stimulus or event) in the presence of noise or uncertainty. It is often applied in sensory perception research, such as hearing and vision, where it helps to separate an observer's sensitivity to the signal from their response bias.

SDT involves measuring both hits (correct detections of the signal) and false alarms (incorrect detections when no signal is present). These measures are then used to calculate measures such as d', which reflects the observer's ability to discriminate between the signal and noise, and criterion (C), which reflects the observer's response bias.

SDT has been applied in various fields of psychology, including cognitive psychology, clinical psychology, and neuroscience, to study decision-making, memory, attention, and perception. It is a valuable tool for understanding how people make decisions under uncertainty and how they trade off accuracy and caution in their responses.

An artifact, in the context of medical terminology, refers to something that is created or introduced during a scientific procedure or examination that does not naturally occur in the patient or specimen being studied. Artifacts can take many forms and can be caused by various factors, including contamination, damage, degradation, or interference from equipment or external sources.

In medical imaging, for example, an artifact might appear as a distortion or anomaly on an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan that is not actually present in the patient's body. This can be caused by factors such as patient movement during the scan, metal implants or other foreign objects in the body, or issues with the imaging equipment itself.

Similarly, in laboratory testing, an artifact might refer to a substance or characteristic that is introduced into a sample during collection, storage, or analysis that can interfere with accurate results. This could include things like contamination from other samples, degradation of the sample over time, or interference from chemicals used in the testing process.

In general, artifacts are considered to be sources of error or uncertainty in medical research and diagnosis, and it is important to identify and account for them in order to ensure accurate and reliable results.

DNA Mutational Analysis is a laboratory test used to identify genetic variations or changes (mutations) in the DNA sequence of a gene. This type of analysis can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, predict the risk of developing certain diseases, determine the most effective treatment for cancer, or assess the likelihood of passing on an inherited condition to offspring.

The test involves extracting DNA from a patient's sample (such as blood, saliva, or tissue), amplifying specific regions of interest using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then sequencing those regions to determine the precise order of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule. The resulting sequence is then compared to reference sequences to identify any variations or mutations that may be present.

DNA Mutational Analysis can detect a wide range of genetic changes, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, duplications, and rearrangements. The test is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations to provide a comprehensive assessment of a patient's genetic profile.

It is important to note that not all mutations are pathogenic or associated with disease, and the interpretation of DNA Mutational Analysis results requires careful consideration of the patient's medical history, family history, and other relevant factors.

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is not a medical term, but rather a term related to occupational health and safety. OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor that regulates workplace safety and health. It was created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education and assistance. OSHA covers most private sector employers and their workers, in addition to some public sector employers and workers in the 50 states and certain territories and jurisdictions under federal authority.

Consanguinity is a medical and genetic term that refers to the degree of genetic relationship between two individuals who share common ancestors. Consanguineous relationships exist when people are related by blood, through a common ancestor or siblings who have children together. The closer the relationship between the two individuals, the higher the degree of consanguinity.

The degree of consanguinity is typically expressed as a percentage or fraction, with higher values indicating a closer genetic relationship. For example, first-degree relatives, such as parents and children or full siblings, share approximately 50% of their genes and have a consanguinity coefficient of 0.25 (or 25%).

Consanguinity can increase the risk of certain genetic disorders and birth defects in offspring due to the increased likelihood of sharing harmful recessive genes. The risks depend on the degree of consanguinity, with closer relationships carrying higher risks. It is important for individuals who are planning to have children and have a history of consanguinity to consider genetic counseling and testing to assess their risk of passing on genetic disorders.

Pitch discrimination, in the context of audiology and neuroscience, refers to the ability to perceive and identify the difference in pitch between two or more sounds. It is the measure of how accurately an individual can distinguish between different frequencies or tones. This ability is crucial for various aspects of hearing, such as understanding speech, appreciating music, and localizing sound sources.

Pitch discrimination is typically measured using psychoacoustic tests, where a listener is presented with two sequential tones and asked to determine whether the second tone is higher or lower in pitch than the first one. The smallest detectable difference between the frequencies of these two tones is referred to as the "just noticeable difference" (JND) or the "difference limen." This value can be used to quantify an individual's pitch discrimination abilities and may vary depending on factors such as frequency, intensity, and age.

Deficits in pitch discrimination can have significant consequences for various aspects of daily life, including communication difficulties and reduced enjoyment of music. These deficits can result from damage to the auditory system due to factors like noise exposure, aging, or certain medical conditions, such as hearing loss or neurological disorders.

Cochlear microphonic potentials (CMs) are electrical responses that originate from the hair cells in the cochlea, which is a part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. These potentials can be recorded using an electrode placed near the cochlea in response to sound stimulation.

The CMs are considered to be a passive response of the hair cells to the mechanical deflection caused by sound waves. They represent the receptor potential of the outer hair cells and are directly proportional to the sound pressure level. Unlike other electrical responses in the cochlea, such as the action potentials generated by the auditory nerve fibers, CMs do not require the presence of neurotransmitters or synaptic transmission.

Cochlear microphonic potentials have been used in research to study the biophysical properties of hair cells and their response to different types of sound stimuli. However, they are not typically used in clinical audiology due to their small amplitude and susceptibility to interference from other electrical signals in the body.

Dominant genes refer to the alleles (versions of a gene) that are fully expressed in an individual's phenotype, even if only one copy of the gene is present. In dominant inheritance patterns, an individual needs only to receive one dominant allele from either parent to express the associated trait. This is in contrast to recessive genes, where both copies of the gene must be the recessive allele for the trait to be expressed. Dominant genes are represented by uppercase letters (e.g., 'A') and recessive genes by lowercase letters (e.g., 'a'). If an individual inherits one dominant allele (A) from either parent, they will express the dominant trait (A).

Stereocilia are hair-like projections found in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They are present on the sensory cells known as hair cells and are involved in hearing by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain.

Stereocilia are arranged in rows of graded height, with the tallest ones located near the opening of the cochlea (the base) and the shortest ones closer to the apex. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the fluid within the cochlea to move, which in turn causes stereocilia to bend. This bending action triggers the release of chemical signals that stimulate nerve fibers connected to the hair cells, ultimately transmitting information about the sound to the brain.

Damage or loss of stereocilia can result in hearing impairment or deafness, as seen in various forms of hearing disorders and age-related hearing loss.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Tympanic membrane perforation, also known as a ruptured eardrum, is a tear or hole in the tympanic membrane, which separates the outer ear canal and the middle ear. The tympanic membrane plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. A perforation can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, pressure changes, or explosive blasts, leading to symptoms like hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and ear discharge. The extent and location of the perforation determine the severity of the symptoms and the course of treatment, which may include observation, antibiotics, or surgical repair.

The cochlear nucleus is the first relay station in the auditory pathway within the central nervous system. It is a structure located in the lower pons region of the brainstem and receives sensory information from the cochlea, which is the spiral-shaped organ of hearing in the inner ear.

The cochlear nucleus consists of several subdivisions, each with distinct neuronal populations that process different aspects of auditory information. These subdivisions include the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and the granule cell domain.

Neurons in these subdivisions perform various computations on the incoming auditory signals, such as frequency analysis, intensity coding, and sound localization. The output of the cochlear nucleus is then sent via several pathways to higher brain regions for further processing and interpretation, including the inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and eventually the auditory cortex.

Damage or dysfunction in the cochlear nucleus can lead to hearing impairments and other auditory processing disorders.

The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body, which is a part of the middle ear. It is also known as the "stirrup" because of its U-shaped structure. The stapes connects the inner ear to the middle ear, transmitting sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear. More specifically, it is the third bone in the series of three bones (the ossicles) that conduct sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

Language development refers to the process by which children acquire the ability to understand and communicate through spoken, written, or signed language. This complex process involves various components including phonology (sound system), semantics (meaning of words and sentences), syntax (sentence structure), and pragmatics (social use of language). Language development begins in infancy with cooing and babbling and continues through early childhood and beyond, with most children developing basic conversational skills by the age of 4-5 years. However, language development can continue into adolescence and even adulthood as individuals learn new languages or acquire more advanced linguistic skills. Factors that can influence language development include genetics, environment, cognition, and social interactions.

The auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing and analyzing sounds, including speech. It is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, specifically within the Heschl's gyrus and the surrounding areas. The auditory cortex receives input from the auditory nerve, which carries sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

The auditory cortex is divided into several subregions that are responsible for different aspects of sound processing, such as pitch, volume, and location. These regions work together to help us recognize and interpret sounds in our environment, allowing us to communicate with others and respond appropriately to our surroundings. Damage to the auditory cortex can result in hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Industry" is a general term that refers to a specific branch of economic activity, or a particular way of producing goods or services. It is not a medical term with a defined meaning within the field of medicine.

However, if you are referring to the term "industrious," which can be used to describe someone who is diligent and hard-working, it could be applied in a medical context to describe a patient's level of engagement and effort in their own care. For example, a patient who is conscientious about taking their medications as prescribed, following through with recommended treatments, and making necessary lifestyle changes to manage their condition might be described as "industrious" by their healthcare provider.

The vestibular system is a part of the inner ear that contributes to our sense of balance and spatial orientation. It is made up of two main components: the vestibule and the labyrinth.

The vestibule is a bony chamber in the inner ear that contains two important structures called the utricle and saccule. These structures contain hair cells and fluid-filled sacs that help detect changes in head position and movement, allowing us to maintain our balance and orientation in space.

The labyrinth, on the other hand, is a more complex structure that includes the vestibule as well as three semicircular canals. These canals are also filled with fluid and contain hair cells that detect rotational movements of the head. Together, the vestibule and labyrinth work together to provide us with information about our body's position and movement in space.

Overall, the vestibular system plays a crucial role in maintaining our balance, coordinating our movements, and helping us navigate through our environment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "railroads" is not a term that has a widely accepted medical definition. It is most commonly associated with the transportation industry, referring to networks of railroad tracks and the companies that operate them. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or concept, I would be happy to try to help clarify that for you.

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as "airborne concentrations of substances and physical agents to which most workers can be exposed day after day for a normal 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek, without adverse health effects." TLVs are based on available scientific data and are designed to provide guidance to occupational health professionals in making decisions regarding safe levels of exposure to various workplace hazards.

TLVs are divided into three categories:

1. Time-weighted average (TWA): This is the average airborne concentration of a substance or physical agent to which a worker can be exposed for an 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek, without experiencing adverse health effects.
2. Short-term exposure limit (STEL): This is the maximum concentration of a substance or physical agent to which a worker can be exposed for a short period of time (usually 15 minutes) without experiencing significant irritation, narcosis, or other acute toxic effects. STELs are intended to protect workers from brief, but potentially hazardous, exposures.
3. Ceiling limit (CL): This is the concentration of a substance or physical agent that should not be exceeded at any time during the workday. Ceiling limits are designed to protect workers from the potential acute effects of high-concentration exposures.

It's important to note that TLVs are guidelines and not regulatory standards, meaning they do not have the force of law. However, many organizations and companies use TLVs as a basis for establishing their own exposure limits and workplace safety policies.

Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).

Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.

In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.

Vestibular function tests are a series of diagnostic assessments used to determine the functionality and health of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation. These tests typically include:

1. **Caloric Testing:** This test evaluates the response of each ear to stimulation with warm and cold water or air. The resulting responses are recorded and analyzed to assess the function of the horizontal semicircular canals and the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR).

2. **Rotary Chair Testing:** This test measures how well the vestibular system adapts to different speeds of rotation. The patient sits in a chair that moves in a controlled, consistent manner while their eye movements are recorded.

3. **Videonystagmography (VNG):** This test uses video goggles to record eye movements in response to various stimuli, such as changes in head position, temperature, and visual environment.

4. **Electronystagmography (ENG):** Similar to VNG, this test records eye movements but uses electrodes placed near the eyes instead of video goggles.

5. **Dix-Hallpike Test:** This is a clinical maneuver used to diagnose benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). It involves rapidly moving the patient's head from an upright position to a position where their head is hanging off the end of the examination table.

6. **Head Shaking Test:** This test involves shaking the head back and forth for 15-20 seconds and then observing the patient's eye movements for nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).

These tests help diagnose various vestibular disorders, including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and other balance disorders.

The cochlear duct, also known as the scala media, is a membranous duct located within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is one of three fluid-filled compartments in the cochlea, along with the vestibular duct (scala vestibuli) and the tympanic duct (scala tympani).

The cochlear duct contains endolymph, a specialized fluid that carries electrical signals to the auditory nerve. The organ of Corti, which is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals, is located within the cochlear duct.

The cochlear duct runs along the length of the cochlea and is separated from the vestibular duct by Reissner's membrane and from the tympanic duct by the basilar membrane. These membranes help to create a highly sensitive and selective environment for sound perception, allowing us to hear and distinguish different frequencies and intensities of sound.

Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of sound, its production, transmission, and effects. In a medical context, acoustics may refer to the use of sound waves in medical procedures such as:

1. Diagnostic ultrasound: This technique uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and tissues. It is commonly used during pregnancy to monitor fetal development, but it can also be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and musculoskeletal injuries.
2. Therapeutic ultrasound: This technique uses low-frequency sound waves to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation in muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It is often used to treat soft tissue injuries, arthritis, and other musculoskeletal conditions.
3. Otology: Acoustics also plays a crucial role in the field of otology, which deals with the study and treatment of hearing and balance disorders. The shape, size, and movement of the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear all affect how sound waves are transmitted and perceived. Abnormalities in any of these structures can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, or balance problems.

In summary, acoustics is an important field of study in medicine that has applications in diagnosis, therapy, and the understanding of various medical conditions related to sound and hearing.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the auditory-vestibular nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a paired peripheral nerve that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. It has two distinct parts: the cochlear part and the vestibular part.

The cochlear part is responsible for hearing and transmits sound signals from the cochlea to the brain. The vestibular part, on the other hand, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by transmitting information about head movement and position from the vestibular apparatus (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) in the inner ear to the brain.

Together, these two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve play a crucial role in our ability to hear and maintain balance. Damage to this nerve can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), or balance problems.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Otitis media is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear. It can occur as a result of a cold, respiratory infection, or allergy that causes fluid buildup behind the eardrum. The buildup of fluid can lead to infection and irritation of the middle ear, causing symptoms such as ear pain, hearing loss, and difficulty balancing. There are two types of otitis media: acute otitis media (AOM), which is a short-term infection that can cause fever and severe ear pain, and otitis media with effusion (OME), which is fluid buildup in the middle ear without symptoms of infection. In some cases, otitis media may require medical treatment, including antibiotics or the placement of ear tubes to drain the fluid and relieve pressure on the eardrum.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question as "automobiles" is a general term used to describe wheeled motor vehicles for transportation, and it's not typically a medical term with its own specific definition. However, I can provide you with some automobile-related terms that have medical implications:

1. **Driving fitness**: This refers to the physical and mental abilities required to operate a vehicle safely. Various medical conditions or treatments can impact driving fitness, such as seizure disorders, sleep apnea, certain medications, or alcohol/substance use disorders.
2. **Driving simulator**: A device used in research and rehabilitation settings that presents a realistic driving environment for assessing and training individuals with various medical conditions or disabilities affecting their ability to drive.
3. **Adaptive automobile equipment**: Devices designed to assist people with disabilities in operating vehicles, such as hand controls, wheelchair lifts, or pedal extensions.
4. **Transportation disadvantage**: A situation where an individual's medical condition, disability, or lack of access to suitable transportation limits their ability to obtain necessary healthcare services.
5. **Motor vehicle crash (MVC) outcomes**: Medical consequences resulting from motor vehicle crashes, including injuries and fatalities. These outcomes are often studied in public health and injury prevention research.

If you have a specific medical term or concept related to automobiles that you would like me to define or explain, please provide more details, and I will be happy to help.

Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to reconstruct or repair the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and/or the small bones of the middle ear (ossicles). The primary goal of this surgery is to restore hearing, but it can also help manage chronic middle ear infections, traumatic eardrum perforations, or cholesteatoma (a skin growth in the middle ear).

During the procedure, a surgeon may use various techniques such as grafting tissue from another part of the body to rebuild the eardrum or using prosthetic materials to reconstruct the ossicles. The choice of technique depends on the extent and location of the damage. Tympanoplasty is typically an outpatient procedure, meaning patients can return home on the same day of the surgery.

An algorithm is not a medical term, but rather a concept from computer science and mathematics. In the context of medicine, algorithms are often used to describe step-by-step procedures for diagnosing or managing medical conditions. These procedures typically involve a series of rules or decision points that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care.

For example, an algorithm for diagnosing a particular type of heart disease might involve taking a patient's medical history, performing a physical exam, ordering certain diagnostic tests, and interpreting the results in a specific way. By following this algorithm, healthcare professionals can ensure that they are using a consistent and evidence-based approach to making a diagnosis.

Algorithms can also be used to guide treatment decisions. For instance, an algorithm for managing diabetes might involve setting target blood sugar levels, recommending certain medications or lifestyle changes based on the patient's individual needs, and monitoring the patient's response to treatment over time.

Overall, algorithms are valuable tools in medicine because they help standardize clinical decision-making and ensure that patients receive high-quality care based on the latest scientific evidence.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Stochastic Processes" is actually a term from the field of mathematics, specifically probability theory and statistics. It doesn't have a direct medical definition.

However, to provide some context that might be relevant if you're studying a medical field with a strong statistical component: A stochastic process is a mathematical model used to describe random systems that evolve over time. It consists of a set of random variables indexed by time or some other parameter. The values of these variables at different times or parameters are not independent, but rather depend on each other in ways described by probability distributions.

In medical research, stochastic processes might be used to model the spread of a disease through a population over time, or the changing health status of an individual patient over the course of their treatment. However, it's important to note that this is a high-level overview and the specific use of stochastic processes in medical research would depend on the particular application.

Stapes surgery, also known as stapedectomy or stapedotomy, is a surgical procedure performed to correct hearing loss caused by otosclerosis. Otosclerosis is a condition in which the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and unable to vibrate properly, leading to conductive hearing loss.

During stapes surgery, the surgeon makes an incision behind the ear and creates a small opening in the eardrum. The fixed stapes bone is then removed or modified, and a prosthetic device is inserted in its place to allow sound vibrations to be transmitted to the inner ear. In some cases, a piece of tissue or artificial material may be used to fill the space left by the removed bone.

Stapedectomy involves complete removal of the stapes bone, while stapedotomy involves making a small hole in the stapes bone and inserting a prosthetic device through it. Both procedures are typically performed on an outpatient basis and have a high success rate in restoring hearing. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved, including infection, permanent hearing loss, and balance problems.

Endolymph is a specific type of fluid that is found within the inner ear, more specifically in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. This fluid plays a crucial role in maintaining balance and hearing functions. It helps in the stimulation of hair cells present in the inner ear which then transmit signals to the brain, enabling us to hear and maintain our balance. Any disturbance or changes in the composition or flow of endolymph can lead to various vestibular disorders and hearing problems.

The saccule and utricle are components of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation within the inner ear. Here are the medical definitions:

1. Saccule: A small sac-like structure located in the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear. It is one of the two otolith organs (the other being the utricle) that detect linear acceleration and gravity. The saccule contains hair cells with stereocilia, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix containing calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia. When the head changes position or moves linearly, the movement of these otoconia stimulates the hair cells, sending signals to the brain about the direction and speed of the motion.

2. Utricle: Another sac-like structure in the vestibular labyrinth, similar to the saccule but slightly larger. The utricle is also an otolith organ that detects linear acceleration and head tilts. It contains hair cells with stereocilia embedded in a gelatinous matrix filled with otoconia. When the head tilts or moves linearly, the movement of the otoconia stimulates the hair cells, providing information about the position and motion of the head to the brain.

In summary, both the saccule and utricle are essential for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by detecting linear acceleration and gravity through the movement of otoconia on their hair cell receptors.

Labyrinth supporting cells are specialized cells that are located in the inner ear and provide structural and functional support to the sensory hair cells within the labyrinth, which is the complex system of tubes and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These supporting cells form a crucial part of the architecture of the inner ear and help to maintain the proper functioning of the sensory hair cells by providing mechanical support, contributing to the development and maintenance of the extracellular matrix, and playing a role in the recycling of neurotransmitters. Additionally, labyrinth supporting cells can also transform into new hair cells in certain circumstances, which has implications for potential regenerative therapies aimed at treating hearing loss and balance disorders.

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are derived from bacteria and are used to treat various types of infections caused by gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. These antibiotics work by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits protein synthesis and ultimately leads to bacterial cell death.

Some examples of aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. These antibiotics are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat severe infections, such as sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.

Aminoglycosides can have serious side effects, including kidney damage and hearing loss, so they are typically reserved for use in serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics. They are also used topically to treat skin infections and prevent wound infections after surgery.

It's important to note that aminoglycosides should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to antibiotic resistance and further health complications.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Ear neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the ear. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the ear canal.

Benign ear neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include exostoses, osteomas, and ceruminous adenomas. These types of growths are usually removed surgically for cosmetic reasons or if they cause discomfort or hearing problems.

Malignant ear neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and may spread to other parts of the body. Examples include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. These types of tumors often require more extensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

It is important to note that any new growth or change in the ear should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

A missense mutation is a type of point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in the substitution of a different amino acid in the protein that is encoded by the affected gene. This occurs when the altered codon (a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid) specifies a different amino acid than the original one. The function and/or stability of the resulting protein may be affected, depending on the type and location of the missense mutation. Missense mutations can have various effects, ranging from benign to severe, depending on the importance of the changed amino acid for the protein's structure or function.

Otolaryngology is a specialized branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, management, and treatment of disorders related to the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and head and neck region. It's also known as ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat) specialty. Otolaryngologists are physicians trained in the medical and surgical management of conditions such as hearing and balance disorders, nasal congestion, sinusitis, allergies, sleep apnea, snoring, swallowing difficulties, voice and speech problems, and head and neck tumors.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

The ear canal, also known as the external auditory canal, is the tubular passage that extends from the outer ear (pinna) to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It is lined with skin and tiny hairs, and is responsible for conducting sound waves from the outside environment to the middle and inner ear. The ear canal is typically about 2.5 cm long in adults and has a self-cleaning mechanism that helps to keep it free of debris and wax.

Sensory thresholds are the minimum levels of stimulation that are required to produce a sensation in an individual, as determined through psychophysical testing. These tests measure the point at which a person can just barely detect the presence of a stimulus, such as a sound, light, touch, or smell.

There are two types of sensory thresholds: absolute and difference. Absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. Difference threshold, also known as just noticeable difference (JND), is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected between two stimuli.

Sensory thresholds can vary between individuals and are influenced by factors such as age, attention, motivation, and expectations. They are often used in clinical settings to assess sensory function and diagnose conditions such as hearing or vision loss.

The inferior colliculi are a pair of rounded eminences located in the midbrain, specifically in the tectum of the mesencephalon. They play a crucial role in auditory processing and integration. The inferior colliculi receive inputs from various sources, including the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, and cortical areas. They then send their outputs to the medial geniculate body, which is a part of the thalamus that relays auditory information to the auditory cortex.

In summary, the inferior colliculi are important structures in the auditory pathway that help process and integrate auditory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex for further analysis and perception.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Cerumen is the medical term for earwax. It is a natural substance produced by the body to protect and clean the ears. Cerumen helps to keep the ear canal moist, which prevents dry, itchy ears, and also traps dirt, dust, and other particles that could harm the eardrum. The earwax then gradually moves out of the ear canal and falls out or is removed during activities like showering or washing the face. While some people may need to have their earwax removed if it builds up and causes hearing problems or discomfort, in most cases, cerumen does not need to be cleaned or removed.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Genetic linkage is the phenomenon where two or more genetic loci (locations on a chromosome) tend to be inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome. This occurs during the process of sexual reproduction, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.

The closer two loci are to each other on a chromosome, the lower the probability that they will be separated by a crossover event. As a result, they are more likely to be inherited together and are said to be linked. The degree of linkage between two loci can be measured by their recombination frequency, which is the percentage of meiotic events in which a crossover occurs between them.

Linkage analysis is an important tool in genetic research, as it allows researchers to identify and map genes that are associated with specific traits or diseases. By analyzing patterns of linkage between markers (identifiable DNA sequences) and phenotypes (observable traits), researchers can infer the location of genes that contribute to those traits or diseases on chromosomes.

The tectorial membrane is a specialized structure in the inner ear, more specifically in the cochlea. It is a gelatinous, hair-like structure that is located above and parallel to the organ of Corti, which contains the sensory hair cells responsible for hearing. The tectorial membrane is composed of collagen fibers and a glycoprotein matrix.

The main function of the tectorial membrane is to deflect the stereocilia (hair-like projections) of the inner and outer hair cells as sound waves pass through the cochlea, which in turn triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound. The tectorial membrane moves in response to sound-induced vibrations of the fluid within the cochlea, causing shearing forces on the stereocilia, leading to the initiation of the hearing process.

In the context of medicine and physiology, vibration refers to the mechanical oscillation of a physical body or substance with a periodic back-and-forth motion around an equilibrium point. This motion can be produced by external forces or internal processes within the body.

Vibration is often measured in terms of frequency (the number of cycles per second) and amplitude (the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position). In clinical settings, vibration perception tests are used to assess peripheral nerve function and diagnose conditions such as neuropathy.

Prolonged exposure to whole-body vibration or hand-transmitted vibration in certain occupational settings can also have adverse health effects, including hearing loss, musculoskeletal disorders, and vascular damage.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Auditory fatigue, also known as temporary threshold shift, refers to a temporary decrease in hearing sensitivity that occurs after exposure to loud sounds. It is usually temporary and recovers after a period of rest and avoidance of further noise exposure. However, repeated or prolonged exposures to loud sounds can lead to permanent hearing damage or tinnitus.

The exact mechanism of auditory fatigue is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the temporary reduction in the sensitivity of hair cells in the inner ear (cochlea) that are responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. This reduction in sensitivity can make it difficult to hear quiet sounds and may cause sounds to seem distorted or muffled.

If you experience auditory fatigue, it is important to give your ears a rest and avoid further exposure to loud noises until your hearing returns to normal. If you are regularly exposed to loud noises as part of your job or hobbies, it is important to use appropriate hearing protection to prevent permanent damage to your hearing.

Lipreading, also known as speechreading, is not a medical term per se, but it is a communication strategy often used by individuals with hearing loss. It involves paying close attention to the movements of the lips, facial expressions, and body language of the person who is speaking to help understand spoken words.

While lipreading can be helpful, it should be noted that it is not an entirely accurate way to comprehend speech, as many sounds look similar on the lips, and factors such as lighting and the speaker's articulation can affect its effectiveness. Therefore, lipreading is often used in conjunction with other communication strategies, such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, or American Sign Language (ASL).

Auditory perceptual disorders, also known as auditory processing disorders (APD), refer to a group of hearing-related problems in which the ears are able to hear sounds normally, but the brain has difficulty interpreting or making sense of those sounds. This means that individuals with APD have difficulty recognizing and discriminating speech sounds, especially in noisy environments. They may also have trouble identifying where sounds are coming from, distinguishing between similar sounds, and understanding spoken language when it is rapid or complex.

APD can lead to difficulties in academic performance, communication, and social interactions. It is important to note that APD is not a hearing loss, but rather a problem with how the brain processes auditory information. Diagnosis of APD typically involves a series of tests administered by an audiologist, and treatment may include specialized therapy and/or assistive listening devices.

Transcription Factor Brn-3C, also known as POU4F3, is a protein involved in the regulation of gene expression. It belongs to the class IV POU domain transcription factor family and plays crucial roles in the development, maintenance, and function of inner ear hair cells, which are essential for hearing. Mutations in the Brn-3C gene have been associated with deafness disorders in humans. The protein works by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter regions of target genes and controlling their transcription into messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is critical for various cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival.

Suppurative Otitis Media is a type of inner ear infection that involves the accumulation of pus (suppuration) in the middle ear space. It can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection and often results from a previous episode of acute otitis media, where fluid builds up behind the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

Suppurative Otitis Media can lead to complications such as hearing loss, damage to the inner ear structures, and spread of infection to nearby areas like the mastoid process or the brain. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection and sometimes surgical intervention to drain the pus and relieve pressure on the eardrum.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

The endolymphatic sac is a small, fluid-filled structure that is part of the inner ear. It is located near the vestibular aqueduct and is responsible for maintaining the balance of fluids in the inner ear. The endolymphatic sac also plays a role in the resorption of endolymph, which is the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Disorders of the endolymphatic sac can lead to conditions such as Meniere's disease, which is characterized by vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Speech production measurement is the quantitative analysis and assessment of various parameters and characteristics of spoken language, such as speech rate, intensity, duration, pitch, and articulation. These measurements can be used to diagnose and monitor speech disorders, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and conduct research in fields such as linguistics, psychology, and communication disorders. Speech production measurement tools may include specialized software, hardware, and techniques for recording, analyzing, and visualizing speech data.

The spiral ligament of the cochlea is a fibrous structure located in the inner ear, more specifically in the cochlea. It is part of the membranous labyrinth and helps to maintain the shape and tension of the cochlear duct, which is essential for hearing.

The spiral ligament is attached to the bony wall of the cochlea and runs along the entire length of the cochlear duct, spiraling around it in a snail-like fashion. It consists of an outer, highly vascularized fibrous layer (the fibrous cap) and an inner, more cellular layer (the avascular zone).

The spiral ligament plays a crucial role in sound transmission and perception by helping to maintain the mechanical properties of the cochlear duct. The tension on the basilar membrane, where the sensory hair cells are located, is regulated by the spiral ligament's stiffness and elasticity. This tension affects the vibration amplitude and frequency selectivity of the basilar membrane, which in turn influences how we perceive different sounds and pitches.

Damage to the spiral ligament can result in hearing loss or impairment due to disrupted sound transmission and perception.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Motor Vehicles" is not a term that typically has a medical definition. It is a general term used to describe vehicles that are powered by a motor or engine and are designed for land transportation. This would include cars, trucks, motorcycles, buses, and other similar types of vehicles.

However, in a legal context, a "motor vehicle" may have a specific definition that varies by jurisdiction. For example, in some places, the definition might only include vehicles that are intended for use on public roads, excluding things like golf carts or construction equipment.

If you're looking for a medical term related to motor vehicles, there are many that could apply, such as "motor vehicle accident," "whiplash injury," or "traumatic brain injury due to motor vehicle collision." But the term "motor vehicles" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "vocabulary" is a term related to language and communication, rather than medicine or healthcare. It refers to the words and phrases that a person knows and uses in their communication. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!

KCNQ potassium channels, also known as Kv7 channels, are a type of voltage-gated potassium channel that play important roles in regulating electrical excitability in various tissues, including the heart and nervous system. These channels are composed of several subunits, typically formed by combinations of KCNQ1 to KCNQ5 proteins, which form a pore through which potassium ions can flow in response to changes in membrane voltage.

KCNQ channels are characterized by their slow activation and deactivation kinetics, which contribute to their role in setting the resting membrane potential and modulating the frequency of action potentials in neurons. In the heart, KCNQ channels help to regulate the duration of the cardiac action potential and are therefore important for maintaining normal heart rhythm.

Mutations in KCNQ channel genes have been associated with a variety of inherited disorders, including long QT syndrome, a condition characterized by abnormalities in the electrical repolarization of the heart that can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. Other diseases associated with KCNQ channel dysfunction include epilepsy, migraine, and various forms of hearing loss.

The endolymphatic duct is a narrow canal in the inner ear that is part of the membranous labyrinth. It connects the utricle and saccule (two sensory structures in the vestibular system responsible for detecting changes in head position and movement) to the endolymphatic sac (a dilated portion of the duct that helps regulate the volume and pressure of endolymph, a fluid found within the membranous labyrinth).

The endolymphatic duct plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis of the inner ear by allowing the absorption and circulation of endolymph. Disorders or abnormalities in this region can lead to various vestibular and hearing dysfunctions, such as Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, and other inner ear disorders.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Firearms are not a medical condition or disease, so they do not have a medical definition. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

A firearm is a portable gun, being a weapon consisting of a tube or barrel from which shots, shells, or bullets are discharged by the action of gunpowder or other explosive. Firearms may be manual, semi-automatic, or automatic in their operation and can vary in size, shape, and capacity. They are used for various purposes, including hunting, sport shooting, self-defense, and law enforcement. It is important to note that the possession, use, and regulation of firearms are subject to laws and regulations that vary by country and jurisdiction.

A computer simulation is a process that involves creating a model of a real-world system or phenomenon on a computer and then using that model to run experiments and make predictions about how the system will behave under different conditions. In the medical field, computer simulations are used for a variety of purposes, including:

1. Training and education: Computer simulations can be used to create realistic virtual environments where medical students and professionals can practice their skills and learn new procedures without risk to actual patients. For example, surgeons may use simulation software to practice complex surgical techniques before performing them on real patients.
2. Research and development: Computer simulations can help medical researchers study the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone. By creating detailed models of cells, tissues, organs, or even entire organisms, researchers can use simulation software to explore how these systems function and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Drug discovery and development: Computer simulations are an essential tool in modern drug discovery and development. By modeling the behavior of drugs at a molecular level, researchers can predict how they will interact with their targets in the body and identify potential side effects or toxicities. This information can help guide the design of new drugs and reduce the need for expensive and time-consuming clinical trials.
4. Personalized medicine: Computer simulations can be used to create personalized models of individual patients based on their unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics. These models can then be used to predict how a patient will respond to different treatments and identify the most effective therapy for their specific condition.

Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in modern medicine, enabling researchers and clinicians to study complex systems and make predictions about how they will behave under a wide range of conditions. By providing insights into the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone, computer simulations are helping to advance our understanding of human health and disease.

Pattern recognition in the context of physiology refers to the ability to identify and interpret specific patterns or combinations of physiological variables or signals that are characteristic of certain physiological states, conditions, or functions. This process involves analyzing data from various sources such as vital signs, biomarkers, medical images, or electrophysiological recordings to detect meaningful patterns that can provide insights into the underlying physiology or pathophysiology of a given condition.

Physiological pattern recognition is an essential component of clinical decision-making and diagnosis, as it allows healthcare professionals to identify subtle changes in physiological function that may indicate the presence of a disease or disorder. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, as well as to guide the development of new therapies and medical technologies.

Pattern recognition algorithms and techniques are often used in physiological signal processing and analysis to automate the identification and interpretation of patterns in large datasets. These methods can help to improve the accuracy and efficiency of physiological pattern recognition, enabling more personalized and precise approaches to healthcare.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

"CBA" is an abbreviation for a specific strain of inbred mice that were developed at the Cancer Research Institute in London. The "Inbred CBA" mice are genetically identical individuals within the same strain, due to many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a homozygous population, making them valuable tools for research because they reduce variability and increase reproducibility in experimental outcomes.

The CBA strain is known for its susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, which makes it a popular choice for researchers studying those conditions. Additionally, the CBA strain has been widely used in studies related to transplantation immunology, infectious diseases, and genetic research.

It's important to note that while "Inbred CBA" mice are a well-established and useful tool in biomedical research, they represent only one of many inbred strains available for scientific investigation. Each strain has its own unique characteristics and advantages, depending on the specific research question being asked.

Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that causes the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed. It's caused by various types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

The infection can develop quickly, over a few hours or days, and is considered a medical emergency. Symptoms may include sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In some cases, a rash may also be present.

Bacterial meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and even death if not treated promptly with appropriate antibiotics and supportive care. It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect bacterial meningitis. Vaccines are available to prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis.

Central auditory diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system, specifically in the brainstem and cortex. These disorders can result from various causes, such as head injuries, infections, tumors, or degenerative conditions. They can cause difficulties with understanding speech, locating the source of sounds, and perceiving complex or rapidly changing auditory stimuli.

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is a common type of central auditory disease. It is a hearing problem that affects about 5% of school-aged children. Kids with CAPD can't process what they hear in the same way other kids do because their ears and brain don't fully coordinate. Something interferes with the way the brain recognizes and interprets sounds, especially speech.

CAPD is not a hearing loss or an intelligence problem. Children with CAPD have normal structural hearing and can often hear sounds that are presented to them individually. However, they may struggle to understand speech in noisy environments, follow complex directions, or distinguish similar sounds from one another.

Central auditory diseases are typically diagnosed through a series of tests that assess different aspects of auditory processing, such as speech recognition in noise, temporal processing, and binaural integration. Treatment for these disorders may include auditory training, assistive listening devices, and environmental modifications to help compensate for the processing difficulties.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Child language refers to the development of linguistic abilities in children, including both receptive and expressive communication. This includes the acquisition of various components of language such as phonology (sound system), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (social use of language).

Child language development typically follows a predictable sequence, beginning with cooing and babbling in infancy, followed by the use of single words and simple phrases in early childhood. Over time, children acquire more complex linguistic structures and expand their vocabulary to communicate more effectively. However, individual differences in the rate and pace of language development are common.

Clinical professionals such as speech-language pathologists may assess and diagnose children with language disorders or delays in order to provide appropriate interventions and support for typical language development.

Alström Syndrome is a rare inherited genetic disorder characterized by the combination of several features, including:

1. Progressive visual impairment due to retinal degeneration (retinitis pigmentosa), which typically begins in childhood and can lead to blindness.
2. Hearing loss, which can also begin in childhood and progress over time.
3. Obesity, which often develops in early childhood and can lead to type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular complications.
4. Dilated cardiomyopathy, a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged, leading to heart failure.
5. Kidney disease, which can range from mild to severe and may require dialysis or transplantation.
6. Neurological symptoms, such as developmental delays, cognitive impairment, and movement disorders.
7. Hormonal imbalances, including problems with growth hormone, thyroid function, and sexual development.

Alström Syndrome is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein that is believed to play a role in maintaining the structure and function of various organelles within cells. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) in order to develop the condition.

There is no cure for Alström Syndrome, but early diagnosis and management of its various symptoms can help improve quality of life and prolong survival. Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, with input from specialists such as ophthalmologists, audiologists, cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, and neurologists.

The mastoid is a term used in anatomy and refers to the bony prominence located at the base of the skull, posterior to the ear. More specifically, it's part of the temporal bone, one of the bones that forms the side and base of the skull. The mastoid process provides attachment for various muscles involved in chewing and moving the head.

In a medical context, "mastoid" can also refer to conditions or procedures related to this area. For example, mastoiditis is an infection of the mastoid process, while a mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part or all of the mastoid process.

The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system in the inner ear that contributes to the sense of balance and spatial orientation. They are composed of three fluid-filled tubes, each located in a different plane (anterior, posterior, and horizontal) and arranged at approximately right angles to each other. The semicircular canals detect rotational movements of the head, enabling us to maintain our equilibrium during movement.

When the head moves, the fluid within the semicircular canals moves in response to that motion. At the end of each canal is a structure called the ampulla, which contains hair cells with hair-like projections (stereocilia) embedded in a gelatinous substance. As the fluid moves, it bends the stereocilia, stimulating the hair cells and sending signals to the brain via the vestibular nerve. The brain then interprets these signals to determine the direction and speed of head movement, allowing us to maintain our balance and orientation in space.

Language development disorders, also known as language impairments or communication disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect an individual's ability to understand and/or use spoken or written language in a typical manner. These disorders can manifest as difficulties with grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, word finding, following directions, and/or conversational skills.

Language development disorders can be receptive (difficulty understanding language), expressive (difficulty using language to communicate), or mixed (a combination of both). They can occur in isolation or as part of a broader neurodevelopmental disorder, such as autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability.

The causes of language development disorders are varied and may include genetic factors, environmental influences, neurological conditions, hearing loss, or other medical conditions. It is important to note that language development disorders are not the result of low intelligence or lack of motivation; rather, they reflect a specific impairment in the brain's language processing systems.

Early identification and intervention for language development disorders can significantly improve outcomes and help individuals develop effective communication skills. Treatment typically involves speech-language therapy, which may be provided individually or in a group setting, and may involve strategies such as modeling correct language use, practicing targeted language skills, and using visual aids to support comprehension.

Vestibular hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the vestibular system of the inner ear. They play a crucial role in detecting and mediating our sense of balance and spatial orientation by converting mechanical stimuli, such as head movements and gravity, into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The hair cells are shaped like a tuft of hair, with stereocilia projecting from their tops. These stereocilia are arranged in rows of graded height, and they are embedded in a gel-like structure within the vestibular organ. When the head moves or changes position, the movement causes deflection of the stereocilia, which opens ion channels at their tips and triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain via the vestibular nerve.

There are two types of vestibular hair cells: type I and type II. Type I hair cells have a large, spherical shape and are more sensitive to changes in head position, while type II hair cells are more cylindrical in shape and respond to both linear and angular acceleration. Together, these hair cells help us maintain our balance, coordinate our movements, and keep our eyes focused during head movements.

A homozygote is an individual who has inherited the same allele (version of a gene) from both parents and therefore possesses two identical copies of that allele at a specific genetic locus. This can result in either having two dominant alleles (homozygous dominant) or two recessive alleles (homozygous recessive). In contrast, a heterozygote has inherited different alleles from each parent for a particular gene.

The term "homozygote" is used in genetics to describe the genetic makeup of an individual at a specific locus on their chromosomes. Homozygosity can play a significant role in determining an individual's phenotype (observable traits), as having two identical alleles can strengthen the expression of certain characteristics compared to having just one dominant and one recessive allele.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The basilar membrane is a key structure within the inner ear that plays a crucial role in hearing. It is a narrow, flexible strip of tissue located inside the cochlea, which is the spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound waves into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

The basilar membrane runs along the length of the cochlea's duct and is attached to the rigid bony structures at both ends. It varies in width and stiffness along its length, with the widest and most flexible portion located near the entrance of the cochlea and the narrowest and stiffest portion located near the apex.

When sound waves enter the inner ear, they cause vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlear duct. These vibrations are transmitted to the basilar membrane, causing it to flex up and down. The specific pattern of flexion along the length of the basilar membrane depends on the frequency of the sound wave. Higher frequency sounds cause maximum flexion near the base of the cochlea, while lower frequency sounds cause maximum flexion near the apex.

As the basilar membrane flexes, it causes the attached hair cells to bend. This bending stimulates the hair cells to release neurotransmitters, which then activate the auditory nerve fibers. The pattern of neural activity in the auditory nerve encodes the frequency and amplitude of the sound wave, allowing the brain to interpret the sound.

Overall, the basilar membrane is a critical component of the hearing process, enabling us to detect and discriminate different sounds based on their frequency and amplitude.

An ossicular prosthesis is a medical device used to replace one or more of the small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear that are involved in hearing. These bones, known as the malleus, incus, and stapes, form a chain responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

An ossicular prosthesis is typically made of biocompatible materials such as ceramic, plastic, or metal. The prosthesis is designed to bypass damaged or missing ossicles and reestablish the connection between the eardrum and the inner ear, thereby improving hearing function. Ossicular prostheses are often used in surgeries aimed at reconstructing the middle ear, such as tympanoplasty or stapedectomy, to treat various types of conductive hearing loss.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of non-cancerous tumors in the nervous system, particularly on the nerves related to hearing and balance. It's also known as central neurofibromatosis or bilateral acoustic neuroma syndrome.

The primary feature of NF2 is the growth of schwannomas, which are tumors that develop from the cells surrounding nerve fibers. These typically grow on the vestibular nerve, leading to hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and balance problems. Bilateral acoustic neuromas (schwannomas affecting both vestibular nerves) are a hallmark of this condition.

Other common features include:

1. Meningiomas: These are tumors that grow in the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
2. Ependymomas: These are tumors that develop from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain or the spinal cord canal.
3. Neurofibromas: Unlike in Neurofibromatosis type 1, these are less common and typically don't become cancerous.
4. Skin changes: While not as prevalent as in NF1, some people with NF2 may have skin freckles, café-au-lait spots, or skin tumors.
5. Eye problems: Some individuals may experience cataracts, retinal abnormalities, or optic nerve tumors (optic gliomas).
6. Other potential symptoms: Headaches, facial weakness or numbness, and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

NF2 is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition if one of their parents has it. However, about half of all NF2 cases result from spontaneous genetic mutations with no family history of the disorder.

Dichotic listening tests are a type of psychological and neurological assessment that measures the ability to process two different auditory stimuli presented simultaneously to each ear. In these tests, different speech sounds, tones, or other sounds are played at the same time, one to each ear, through headphones. The participant is then asked to repeat or identify the stimuli heard in each ear.

The test is designed to evaluate the functioning of the brain's hemispheres and their specialization for processing different types of information. Typically, the right ear is more efficient at sending information to the left hemisphere, which is specialized for language processing in most people. Therefore, speech sounds presented to the right ear are often identified more accurately than those presented to the left ear.

Dichotic listening tests can be used in various fields, including neuropsychology, audiology, and cognitive science, to assess brain function, laterality, attention, memory, and language processing abilities. These tests can also help identify any neurological impairments or deficits caused by injuries, diseases, or developmental disorders.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!

Susac syndrome, also known as retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy, is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by the inflammation and damage to small blood vessels in the brain, retina, and inner ear. It primarily affects young adults, particularly women, and can lead to various neurological, auditory, and visual symptoms.

The medical definition of Susac syndrome includes:

1. Encephalopathy (brain dysfunction) - This is characterized by headaches, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes, seizures, or psychiatric symptoms due to inflammation in the brain.
2. Branch retinal artery occlusions (BRAO) - These are blockages of small blood vessels in the retina, leading to visual disturbances such as blurry vision, scotomas (blind spots), or even permanent vision loss.
3. Sensorineural hearing loss - This is caused by damage to the inner ear structures responsible for hearing, resulting in difficulties with hearing, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or vertigo (dizziness).

The triad of these symptoms is necessary for a definitive diagnosis of Susac syndrome. However, not all patients may present with all three components simultaneously. The presence of any two features should raise suspicion for this condition, and further diagnostic workup is required to confirm the diagnosis. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes in patients with Susac syndrome.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

The petrous bone is a part of the temporal bone, one of the 22 bones in the human skull. It is a thick and irregularly shaped bone located at the base of the skull and forms part of the ear and the cranial cavity. The petrous bone contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. It also helps protect the brain from injury by forming part of the bony structure surrounding the brain.

The term "petrous" comes from the Latin word "petrosus," meaning "stony" or "rock-like," which describes the hard and dense nature of this bone. The petrous bone is one of the densest bones in the human body, making it highly resistant to fractures and other forms of damage.

In medical terminology, the term "petrous" may also be used to describe any structure that resembles a rock or is hard and dense, such as the petrous apex, which refers to the portion of the petrous bone that points towards the sphenoid bone.

The exome is the part of the genome that contains all the protein-coding regions. It represents less than 2% of the human genome but accounts for about 85% of disease-causing mutations. Exome sequencing, therefore, is a cost-effective and efficient method to identify genetic variants associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and inherited genetic conditions.

A heterozygote is an individual who has inherited two different alleles (versions) of a particular gene, one from each parent. This means that the individual's genotype for that gene contains both a dominant and a recessive allele. The dominant allele will be expressed phenotypically (outwardly visible), while the recessive allele may or may not have any effect on the individual's observable traits, depending on the specific gene and its function. Heterozygotes are often represented as 'Aa', where 'A' is the dominant allele and 'a' is the recessive allele.

Neurological models are simplified representations or simulations of various aspects of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and processes. These models can be theoretical, computational, or physical and are used to understand, explain, and predict neurological phenomena. They may focus on specific neurological diseases, disorders, or functions, such as memory, learning, or movement. The goal of these models is to provide insights into the complex workings of the nervous system that cannot be easily observed or understood through direct examination alone.

Articulation disorders are speech sound disorders that involve difficulties producing sounds correctly and forming clear, understandable speech. These disorders can affect the way sounds are produced, the order in which they're pronounced, or both. Articulation disorders can be developmental, occurring as a child learns to speak, or acquired, resulting from injury, illness, or disease.

People with articulation disorders may have trouble pronouncing specific sounds (e.g., lisping), omitting sounds, substituting one sound for another, or distorting sounds. These issues can make it difficult for others to understand their speech and can lead to frustration, social difficulties, and communication challenges in daily life.

Speech-language pathologists typically diagnose and treat articulation disorders using various techniques, including auditory discrimination exercises, phonetic placement activities, and oral-motor exercises to improve muscle strength and control. Early intervention is essential for optimal treatment outcomes and to minimize the potential impact on a child's academic, social, and emotional development.

Branchio-Oto-Rnal (BOR) syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the development of structures in the neck and head, as well as the kidneys and ears. The name "branchio-oto-renal" comes from the Greek words "branchia," meaning gill, "ot", meaning ear, and "renal," meaning kidney, reflecting the main areas affected by this syndrome.

BOR syndrome is characterized by a combination of the following features:

1. Branchial arch anomalies: These are abnormalities in the structures that develop from the branchial arches, which are embryonic structures that give rise to various parts of the head and neck. In BOR syndrome, these anomalies may include pits, tags, or cysts on the side of the neck.
2. Hearing loss: Most people with BOR syndrome have hearing loss, which can range from mild to severe. The hearing loss is often conductive, meaning it results from problems with the outer or middle ear, but it can also be sensorineural, meaning it affects the inner ear or nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain.
3. Renal anomalies: About 25% of people with BOR syndrome have kidney abnormalities, which can include structural defects, such as horseshoe kidney, or functional problems, such as renal insufficiency.

BOR syndrome is caused by mutations in the EYA1 gene, which is involved in the development and function of the ears, kidneys, and other structures in the body. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder if one of their parents has it.

Treatment for BOR syndrome typically involves addressing the specific symptoms and complications that arise. For example, hearing loss may be managed with hearing aids or cochlear implants, while kidney problems may require surgery or other interventions. Regular monitoring by a healthcare team is also important to detect and manage any potential complications.

Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) are a group of rare, hereditary autoinflammatory disorders caused by mutations in the NLRP3 gene, which encodes the cryopyrin protein. The mutation leads to overactivation of the inflammasome, an intracellular complex that regulates the activation of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in uncontrolled inflammation.

CAPS include three clinical subtypes:

1. Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS): This is the mildest form of CAPS and typically presents in infancy or early childhood with recurrent episodes of fever, urticaria-like rash, and joint pain triggered by cold exposure.
2. Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS): This subtype is characterized by more severe symptoms than FCAS, including recurrent fever, urticaria-like rash, joint pain, and progressive hearing loss. Patients with MWS are also at risk for developing amyloidosis, a serious complication that can lead to kidney failure.
3. Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID): Also known as chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome (CINCA), this is the most severe form of CAPS. It presents at birth or in early infancy with fever, urticaria-like rash, joint inflammation, and central nervous system involvement, including chronic meningitis, developmental delay, and hearing loss.

Treatment for CAPS typically involves targeted therapies that block the overactive inflammasome, such as IL-1 inhibitors. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life for patients with these disorders.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

A LOD (Logarithm of Odds) score is not a medical term per se, but rather a statistical concept that is used in genetic research and linkage analysis to determine the likelihood of a gene or genetic marker being linked to a particular disease or trait. The LOD score compares the odds of observing the pattern of inheritance of a genetic marker in a family if the marker is linked to the disease, versus the odds if the marker is not linked. A LOD score of 3 or higher is generally considered evidence for linkage, while a score of -2 or lower is considered evidence against linkage.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

In the context of medicine, "cues" generally refer to specific pieces of information or signals that can help healthcare professionals recognize and respond to a particular situation or condition. These cues can come in various forms, such as:

1. Physical examination findings: For example, a patient's abnormal heart rate or blood pressure reading during a physical exam may serve as a cue for the healthcare professional to investigate further.
2. Patient symptoms: A patient reporting chest pain, shortness of breath, or other concerning symptoms can act as a cue for a healthcare provider to consider potential diagnoses and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
3. Laboratory test results: Abnormal findings on laboratory tests, such as elevated blood glucose levels or abnormal liver function tests, may serve as cues for further evaluation and diagnosis.
4. Medical history information: A patient's medical history can provide valuable cues for healthcare professionals when assessing their current health status. For example, a history of smoking may increase the suspicion for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a patient presenting with respiratory symptoms.
5. Behavioral or environmental cues: In some cases, behavioral or environmental factors can serve as cues for healthcare professionals to consider potential health risks. For instance, exposure to secondhand smoke or living in an area with high air pollution levels may increase the risk of developing respiratory conditions.

Overall, "cues" in a medical context are essential pieces of information that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care and treatment.

Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Genetic tests are performed on a sample of blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue. For example, a physician may recommend genetic testing to help diagnose a genetic condition, confirm the presence of a gene mutation known to increase the risk of developing certain cancers, or determine the chance for a couple to have a child with a genetic disorder.

There are several types of genetic tests, including:

* Diagnostic testing: This type of test is used to identify or confirm a suspected genetic condition in an individual. It may be performed before birth (prenatal testing) or at any time during a person's life.
* Predictive testing: This type of test is used to determine the likelihood that a person will develop a genetic disorder. It is typically offered to individuals who have a family history of a genetic condition but do not show any symptoms themselves.
* Carrier testing: This type of test is used to determine whether a person carries a gene mutation for a genetic disorder. It is often offered to couples who are planning to have children and have a family history of a genetic condition or belong to a population that has an increased risk of certain genetic disorders.
* Preimplantation genetic testing: This type of test is used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF) to identify genetic changes in embryos before they are implanted in the uterus. It can help couples who have a family history of a genetic disorder or who are at risk of having a child with a genetic condition to conceive a child who is free of the genetic change in question.
* Pharmacogenetic testing: This type of test is used to determine how an individual's genes may affect their response to certain medications. It can help healthcare providers choose the most effective medication and dosage for a patient, reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions.

It is important to note that genetic testing should be performed under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional who can interpret the results and provide appropriate counseling and support.

The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is a narrow space located at the junction of the brainstem and the cerebellum, where the pons and cerebellum meet. This region is filled with several important nerves, blood vessels, and membranous coverings called meninges. The CPA is a common site for various neurological disorders because it contains critical structures such as:

1. Cerebellum: A part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
2. Pons: A portion of the brainstem that plays a role in several vital functions, including facial movements, taste sensation, sleep regulation, and respiration.
3. Cranial nerves: The CPA is home to the following cranial nerves:
* Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): This nerve has two components - cochlear and vestibular. The cochlear part is responsible for hearing, while the vestibular part contributes to balance and eye movement.
* Facial nerve (CN VII): This nerve controls facial expressions, taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, salivary gland function, and lacrimation (tear production).
4. Blood vessels: The CPA contains critical blood vessels like the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), which supplies blood to various parts of the brainstem, cerebellum, and cranial nerves.
5. Meninges: These are protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. In the CPA, the meninges include the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Disorders that can affect the structures in the cerebellopontine angle include acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas), meningiomas, epidermoids, and arteriovenous malformations. These conditions may cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), facial weakness or numbness, difficulty swallowing, and imbalance.

Pneumococcal meningitis is a specific type of bacterial meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges). It is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. This bacterium is commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and middle ear fluid of healthy individuals. However, under certain circumstances, it can invade the bloodstream and reach the meninges, leading to meningitis.

Pneumococcal meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms may include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light (photophobia). In some cases, it can also lead to complications such as hearing loss, brain damage, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against pneumococcus, such as ceftriaxone or vancomycin. In some cases, corticosteroids may also be used to reduce inflammation and prevent complications. Prevention measures include vaccination with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) or the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23), which can help protect against pneumococcal infections, including meningitis.

The oval window ( fenestra vestibuli ) is a small opening in the inner ear, specifically in the bony labyrinth of the temporal bone. It connects the middle ear to the vestibular system of the inner ear, more precisely to the vestibule. The oval window is covered by the base of the stapes, one of the three smallest bones in the human body, also known as the stirrup. This arrangement allows for the transmission of vibratory energy from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner ear, which is essential for hearing.

A "reflex, acoustic" is not a standard medical term. However, it seems like you might be looking for a definition of the "acoustic reflex." The acoustic reflex is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to loud sounds. This reflex helps protect the inner ear from damage caused by high-intensity sounds.

When a loud sound reaches the ear, it stimulates the stapedius muscle in the middle ear, which then contracts and causes the stapes bone (one of the three bones in the middle ear) to become stiffer. This stiffening reduces the amount of sound that is transmitted to the inner ear, thus protecting it from potential harm.

The acoustic reflex can be measured using a device called an impedance audiometer, which measures changes in the pressure within the ear canal caused by muscle contraction during the reflex. This measurement provides valuable information for diagnosing and monitoring various hearing and balance disorders.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

Cholesteatoma, middle ear is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells (keratinizing squamous epithelium) within the middle ear space. This skin cells accumulation forms a pearly, white, or gray mass that can erode and destroy surrounding structures such as the ossicles (the tiny bones in the middle ear), the mastoid process (a bony prominence behind the ear), and even the inner ear or brain.

Cholesteatomas can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Acquired cholesteatomas are more common and usually result from repeated middle ear infections that cause a retraction pocket of the eardrum, which then traps skin cells leading to their abnormal growth. Symptoms of cholesteatoma may include hearing loss, ear drainage, ear pain, vertigo, or facial weakness. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cholesteatoma and restoration of any damaged structures.

Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs) are short-latency electromyographic responses recorded from the sternocleidomastoid or other neck muscles in response to intense, high-frequency bone conducted vibration or air-conducted sound. They reflect the activation of the vestibular afferents that innervate the otolithic organs (saccule and utricle) in response to linear acceleration and head tilt. VEMPs are used in clinical settings to assess the function of the vestibular system, particularly the sacculocollic reflex pathway, and can help diagnose various vestibular disorders such as superior canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular neuritis, and Meniere's disease.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

The olivary nucleus is a structure located in the medulla oblongata, which is a part of the brainstem. It consists of two main parts: the inferior olive and the accessory olive. The inferior olive is further divided into several subnuclei.

The olivary nucleus plays an important role in the coordination of movements, particularly in the regulation of fine motor control and rhythmic movements. It receives input from various sources, including the cerebellum, spinal cord, and other brainstem nuclei, and sends output to the cerebellum via the climbing fibers.

Damage to the olivary nucleus can result in a variety of neurological symptoms, including ataxia (loss of coordination), tremors, and dysarthria (speech difficulties). Certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple system atrophy, may also affect the olivary nucleus and contribute to its degeneration.

In medical terms, the term "voice" refers to the sound produced by vibration of the vocal cords caused by air passing out from the lungs during speech, singing, or breathing. It is a complex process that involves coordination between respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems. Any damage or disorder in these systems can affect the quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility of the voice.

The medical field dealing with voice disorders is called Phoniatrics or Voice Medicine. Voice disorders can present as hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, strain, weakness, or a complete loss of voice, which can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and quality of life.

I must clarify that the term "Guinea Pigs" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, in colloquial or informal language, it may refer to people who are used as the first to try out a new medical treatment or drug. This is known as being a "test subject" or "in a clinical trial."

In the field of scientific research, particularly in studies involving animals, guinea pigs are small rodents that are often used as experimental subjects due to their size, cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling. They are not actually pigs from Guinea, despite their name's origins being unclear. However, they do not exactly fit the description of being used in human medical experiments.

Anion transport proteins are specialized membrane transport proteins that facilitate the movement of negatively charged ions, known as anions, across biological membranes. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining ionic balance and regulating various physiological processes within the body.

There are several types of anion transport proteins, including:

1. Cl-/HCO3- exchangers (also known as anion exchangers or band 3 proteins): These transporters facilitate the exchange of chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions across the membrane. They are widely expressed in various tissues, including the red blood cells, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, where they help regulate pH, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis.
2. Sulfate permeases: These transporters facilitate the movement of sulfate ions (SO42-) across membranes. They are primarily found in the epithelial cells of the kidneys, intestines, and choroid plexus, where they play a role in sulfur metabolism and absorption.
3. Cl- channels: These proteins form ion channels that allow chloride ions to pass through the membrane. They are involved in various physiological processes, such as neuronal excitability, transepithelial fluid transport, and cell volume regulation.
4. Cation-chloride cotransporters: These transporters move both cations (positively charged ions) and chloride anions together across the membrane. They are involved in regulating neuronal excitability, cell volume, and ionic balance in various tissues.

Dysfunction of anion transport proteins has been implicated in several diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (due to mutations in the CFTR Cl- channel), distal renal tubular acidosis (due to defects in Cl-/HCO3- exchangers), and some forms of epilepsy (due to abnormalities in cation-chloride cotransporters).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "metallurgy" is not a term that has a medical definition. Metallurgy is a branch of materials science that deals with the properties, physical and chemical behavior, and production of metals. It involves studying the techniques and processes used to isolate, alloy, and fabricate various types of metal products. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

The branch of transportation concerned with flying aircraft, including the design, development, production, and operation of airplanes, helicopters, and other flying machines. In a medical context, aviation may refer to the study of the effects of flight on the human body, particularly in relation to pilot health and safety, or to the medical aspects of aviation, such as aeromedical evacuation and transportation of patients by air.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. An airport is not a medical term, but rather a term used in transportation and aviation. An airport is a facility where aircraft such as airplanes and helicopters take off and land, typically comprising a building or group of buildings where passengers and cargo can embark and disembark and air traffic control and other services are located. It's primarily used for commercial flights carrying passengers and cargo, but it can also be used for general aviation purposes, such as private planes, military aircraft, and emergency medical services.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for hearing and balance. It has two parts: the cochlear part, which is associated with hearing, and the vestibular part, which is associated with balance.

Vestibulocochlear nerve injuries refer to damages or injuries to this nerve, which can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), disequilibrium (unsteadiness), and other balance-related issues. These injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as head trauma, acoustic neuroma (a benign tumor that develops on this nerve), infection, inflammation, or complications from surgery.

The severity of the injury can vary, leading to different symptoms and levels of disability. In some cases, vestibulocochlear nerve injuries may be treated with medication, therapy, or surgery, while in other cases, the damage may be permanent.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Environmental monitoring is the systematic and ongoing surveillance, measurement, and assessment of environmental parameters, pollutants, or other stressors in order to evaluate potential impacts on human health, ecological systems, or compliance with regulatory standards. This process typically involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, such as air, water, soil, and biota, and using this information to inform decisions related to public health, environmental protection, and resource management.

In medical terms, environmental monitoring may refer specifically to the assessment of environmental factors that can impact human health, such as air quality, water contamination, or exposure to hazardous substances. This type of monitoring is often conducted in occupational settings, where workers may be exposed to potential health hazards, as well as in community-based settings, where environmental factors may contribute to public health issues. The goal of environmental monitoring in a medical context is to identify and mitigate potential health risks associated with environmental exposures, and to promote healthy and safe environments for individuals and communities.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Textile Industry" and "medical definition" are not related. The textile industry is the overall system of designing, producing, and distributing clothing and their raw materials, which include fiber, yarn, and cloth. It involves several processes such as spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing, and finishing.

If you're looking for a medical term or definition, please provide me with the term so I can assist you better.

Echolocation is a biological sonar system used by certain animals to navigate and locate objects in their environment. It is most commonly associated with bats and dolphins, although some other species such as shrews and cave-dwelling birds also use this method.

In echolocation, the animal emits a series of sounds, often in the form of clicks or chirps, which travel through the air or water until they hit an object. The sound then reflects off the object and returns to the animal, providing information about the distance, size, shape, and location of the object.

By analyzing the time delay between the emission of the sound and the reception of the echo, as well as the frequency changes in the echo caused by the movement of the object or the animal itself, the animal can create a mental image of its surroundings and navigate through it with great precision.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Hereditary nephritis is a genetic disorder that causes recurring inflammation of the kidneys' glomeruli, which are the tiny blood vessel clusters that filter waste from the blood. This condition is also known as hereditary glomerulonephritis.

The inherited form of nephritis is caused by mutations in specific genes, leading to abnormalities in the proteins responsible for maintaining the structural integrity and proper functioning of the glomeruli. As a result, affected individuals typically experience hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (protein in urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), and progressive kidney dysfunction that can ultimately lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

There are different types of hereditary nephritis, such as Alport syndrome and thin basement membrane nephropathy. These conditions have distinct genetic causes, clinical presentations, and inheritance patterns. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can help slow the progression of kidney damage and improve long-term outcomes for affected individuals.

Transportation noise is not a medical condition itself, but it is a significant environmental health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines transportation noise as noise produced by various transportation systems, including road traffic, railways, airports, and shipping.

Exposure to high levels of transportation noise can have adverse effects on human health, such as:

1. Sleep disturbance: Noise can interrupt sleep patterns, leading to difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and daytime sleepiness.
2. Cardiovascular disease: Prolonged exposure to high levels of transportation noise has been linked to an increased risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke.
3. Impaired cognitive function: Children exposed to high levels of transportation noise may experience impaired cognitive functioning, including difficulties with reading, memory, and attention.
4. Annoyance and stress: Exposure to transportation noise can cause annoyance, frustration, and stress, which can negatively impact quality of life.
5. Hearing loss: Long-term exposure to high levels of transportation noise can lead to hearing loss or tinnitus.

It is essential to minimize exposure to transportation noise through various measures such as noise barriers, land-use planning, and traffic management to protect public health.

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Noise exposure in the workplace can also contribute to noise-induced hearing loss and other health issues. Occupational hearing ... Noise-induced hearing loss can be caused by prolonged exposure to noise levels above 85 A-weighted decibels. A comparison of ... Noise calculation Noise control Noise measurement Noise map Noise regulation Occupational noise Safe listening World Hearing ... National Institutes of Health, NIDCD (February 7, 2017). "Noise-Induced Hearing Loss". Archived from the original on 2020-04-14 ...
Long term occupational noise exposure can contribute to permanent hearing loss, which is referred to as noise-induced hearing ... "Noise-Induced Hearing Loss". NIDCD. 18 August 2015. "Occupational Safety and Health Standards , Occupational Safety and Health ... Merrel, HB (1992). "Noise pollution and hearing loss in the dental office". Dental Assisting Journal. 61 (3): 6-9. Wilson, J.D ... Few dentists have reported using personal hearing protective devices, which could offset any potential hearing loss or tinnitus ...
... or noise-induced hearing loss. Exposure to a single very loud noise such as a gun shot or bomb blast can cause noise-induced ... PTA can be used to differentiate between conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss and mixed hearing loss. A hearing ... Hearing loss that worsens with age but is caused by factors other than normal aging, such as noise-induced hearing loss, is not ... "Sensorineural Hearing Loss". HealthCentral. Retrieved 8 June 2013. "Nutrients Prevent Noise Induced Hearing Loss". 2013-05-08. ...
Salvi, Richard; Boettcher, Flint A. (2008), Conn, P. Michael (ed.), "Animal Models of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss", Sourcebook ... "Noise-induced hearing loss: perspectives". Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 22 (5): 373. doi:10.1097/ ... Noise-Planet: app to make an open source noise map of environmental noise Koopen: Indoor Noise Measurement Dataset (Articles ... In the extreme, excessive levels or periods of noise can have long-term negative health effects such as hearing loss, tinnitus ...
Rosenhall U, Pedersen K, Svanborg A (1990). "Presbycusis and noise-induced hearing loss". Ear Hear. 11 (4): 257-63. doi:10.1097 ... Helicopter noise is aerodynamically induced noise from the main and tail rotors and mechanically induced noise from the main ... The noise originates from three main sources: Engine and other mechanical noise Aerodynamic noise Noise from aircraft systems ... U.S. Noise Control Act of 1972 United States Code Citation: 42 U.S.C. 4901 to 4918 S. Rosen and P. Olin, Hearing loss and ...
"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss". nih.gov. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2015. World Health ... medically diagnosing hearing loss, identifying other hearing related disease, and monitoring hearing status in occupational ... "Can Loud Noise during Exercise Damage my Hearing?". Healthy Hearing. Item 4. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. ... "Causes of Hearing Loss in Adults". asha.org. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2015. " ...
Christie, Kevin W.; Eberl, Daniel F. (October 2014). "Noise-induced hearing loss: new animal models". Current Opinion in ... C127W is likely a loss of function mutation, which then exactly mirrors the known resulting deafness and hearing loss from loss ... It is possible that mutations to these genes do not cause deafness or loss of hearing by breaking the pathway for the ... Most notably, variation C127W is associated with deafness and hearing loss. C127 is located in the binding pocket and is ...
Noise-induced hearing loss in pre-industrial era. Early contributions in "De Morbis Artificum" by Bernardino Ramazzini (1633- ... he detected in accounting clerks the psychological stress to avoid mistakes or cause loss to their employers and keenly noted ... deafness among workers exposed to noise (Paladino ME et al 2023) and voice disorders and disphonia involving intense voice ...
... exposures to noise be reduced to a level equivalent to 85 dBA for eight hours to reduce occupational noise-induced hearing loss ... "Interventions to prevent occupational noiseinduced hearing loss". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (7): ... CDC - Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention - Facts and Statistics - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic Archived 2016-07-03 at ... with about 23,000 cases significant enough to cause permanent hearing impairment. About 82% of occupational hearing loss cases ...
Eggermont, Jos J. (2014). "3 - Neural Substrates of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss". Noise and the Brain - Experience Dependent ... Hearing Research. Computational models of the auditory system. 360: 3-13. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2017.11.003. ISSN 0378-5955. PMC ...
In experimental animals, carbon monoxide appears to worsen noise-induced hearing loss at noise exposure conditions that would ... Fechter LD (2004). "Promotion of noise-induced hearing loss by chemical contaminants". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental ... In humans, hearing loss has been reported following carbon monoxide poisoning. Unlike the findings in animal studies, noise ... memory loss, nausea, hearing disorders and vomiting. It is unknown whether low-level chronic exposure may cause permanent ...
... of workers may have noise-induced hearing loss, meaning 71% are not likely to develop a hearing loss due to noise. Because of ... Hearing impairment Audiometry Exposure Action Value Noise-induced hearing loss Occupational hearing loss Safe-In-Sound Award ... For example, noise-induced hearing loss may impact quality of life as a person ages, while age-related hearing loss may create ... Proper training and education of those exposed to noise is the key to preventing noise-induced hearing loss. If employees are ...
... -induced hearing loss, when associated with noise exposure at the workplace is also called occupational hearing loss. For ... music Noise and vibration on maritime vessels Noise calculation Noise control Noise in music Noise music Noise pollution Noise ... Examples of measures taken to prevent noise-induced hearing loss in the workplace include engineering noise control, the Buy- ... Association of Noise Consultants Background noise Colors of noise Impulse noise (acoustics) International Noise Awareness Day ...
Hearing loss Noise-induced hearing loss Tinnitus Hearing protection device Safe listening (Articles with short description, ... When the hearing loss is rooted from a traumatic occurrence, it may be classified as noise-induced hearing loss, or NIHL. There ... Complete loss of the stereocilia causes permanent hearing damage and is more associated with noise-induced hearing loss and ... Scientific Basis of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. 1996:95-109. Axelsson, A.; Vertes, D; Miller, J. (1981). "Immediate Noise ...
This change is intended to prevent noise induced hearing loss. The effectiveness of hearing protection is greatly reduced if ... Gong, Wei (2021). "Evaluating the effectiveness of earplugs in preventing noise-Induced hearing loss in an auto parts factory ... Noise health effects Hearing conservation programs Hearing protection device Earplug Earmuffs Safe-in-Sound Award Kah Heng Lee ... Hearing protection devices such as earplugs or earmuffs must be worn correctly for the wearer to be protected from noise. ...
... and anything above this could cause noise-induced hearing loss. Hearing loss due to irreversible injury to the inner ear from ... Henneberry K, Hilland S, Haslam SK (June 2021). "Are dental hygienists at risk for noise-induced hearing loss? A literature ... noise-induced hearing loss, skin disease, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use or prolonged sun exposure. On ... 1986 Noise induced hearing loss regulations, 2003 Pressure Equipment Regulations, 2004 In Syria, health and safety is the ...
Exposure to high intensity noise may cause Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in dental practitioners. Due to the nature of ... Henneberry, K.; Hilland, S.; Haslam, S. K (2021). "Are dental hygienists at risk for noise-induced hearing loss? A literature ... Exposure to noise levels above 85 decibels for 8 hours or more can be harmful to one's hearing, and may also be associated with ... "Safety/Ergo Tips: Hearing Loss , American Dental Association , Center for Professional Success". success.ada.org. Retrieved ...
The vuvuzelas have the potential to cause noise-induced hearing loss. Prof James Hall III, Dirk Koekemoer, De Wet Swanepoel and ... it may put spectators at a significant risk of hearing loss. Hearing loss experts at the U.S. National Institute for ... Its high volume can lead to permanent hearing loss for unprotected ears after close-range exposure, with a sound level of 120 ... Demand for earplugs to protect from hearing loss during the World Cup outstripped supply, with many pharmacies out of stock. ...
Exposure to excessive noise can lead to noise-induced hearing loss. Hearing loss developed as a result of occupational ... Exposures to noise exceeding 90 dBA can lead to adverse effects on workers' hearing. The use of administrative controls and ... To protect miners' hearing, the US Mine Safety and Health Administration's (MSHA) guidelines for noise place a Permissible ... Noise is also a contributing factor to potential adverse effects on coal miners' health. ...
"Prevention of noise- and drug-induced hearing loss with d-methionine". Hearing Research. 226 (1-2): 92-103. doi:10.1016/j. ... PDE-5 inhibitors are also known for inducing sudden sensorineural hearing loss. It is mainly related to the obstruction and ... The use of D-methionine to protect against hearing loss induced by drugs like cisplatin and aminoglycosides is preliminarily ... hearing loss, dizziness and nausea and/or vomiting. The diagnosis of medicine-induced ototoxicity is challenging as it usually ...
While everyone loses hearing with age, the amount and type of hearing loss is variable. Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), also ... There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. An ... "What Is Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?". NIH - Noisy Planet. December 27, 2017. "CDC - Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention - ... conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss. About half of hearing loss globally is preventable ...
Hearing conservation program Occupational hearing loss Noise-induced hearing loss Buy Quiet Earplug Earmuffs Protective ... can cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) which is then classified as occupational hearing loss. Most often, this is a type ... of sensorineural hearing loss. Noise, in the context of industrial noise, is hazardous to a person's hearing because of its ... Health effects from noise Noise control Noise pollution Noise regulation "Occupational Noise Exposure: Standards". Occupational ...
"AM-111 protects against permanent hearing loss from impulse noise trauma", 2007 J Kil, "Ebselen treatment reduces noise induced ... Mild hearing loss is thresholds of 25-45 dB; moderate hearing loss is thresholds of 45-65 dB; severe hearing loss is thresholds ... Hearing aids help improve hearing of many elderly. Hearing aids can now be tuned to specific frequency ranges of hearing loss. ... The hearing loss is most marked at higher frequencies. Hearing loss that accumulates with age but is caused by factors other ...
Haller, Anne Kathryn; Montgomery, Judy (2004). "Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Children: What Educators Need to Know" (PDF). AGS ... The loss of a founding member of the Who caused Townshend to re-evaluate his relationship with Daltrey, which had been strained ... Townshend also produced noises by manipulating controls on his guitar and by allowing the instrument to feedback. In the ... The group moved to a mod sound the following year, particularly after hearing the Small Faces fuse Motown with a harsher R&B ...
A common hazard of repeated firearm use is noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). NIHL can result from long-term exposure to noise ... "Noise-Induced Hearing Loss". NIDCD. 2015-08-18. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-10-15. "Gunshots and ... Even with hearing protection, due to the high intensity of the noise guns produce shooters still develop hearing loss over time ... hearing loss -- why hearing protection is vital". Healthy Hearing. 2007-12-10. Archived from the original on 2019-10-15. ...
... loss function of the purinergic receptors expressed in the Hensen's cells in the cochlea may lead to noise-induced hearing loss ... "Cochlear hair cell regeneration after noise-induced hearing loss: Does regeneration follow development?". Hearing Research. 349 ... Voltage-Sensitive Potassium Currents in Isolated Hensen's Cells and Nifedipine Protects Against Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in ... would results in severe hearing loss and is one of the most common inherited nonsyndromic deafness. There are nerve fibres and ...
High levels of exposure to noise may result in noise-induced hearing loss. Devices for that purpose are called hearing ... Noise reduction, Occupational safety and health, Protective gear, Noise control). ...
Noise-induced and age-related hearing loss are the most common forms of hearing loss seen in adult patients and they often co- ... "Translating animal models to human therapeutics in noise-induced and age-related hearing loss". Hearing Research. 377: 44-52. ... noise-induced hearing loss". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (45): 14077-85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2845-09.2009. PMC 2812055. ... noise-induced hearing loss". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (45): 14077-85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2845-09.2009. PMC 2812055. ...
Noise Induced Hearing Loss: Basic Mechanisms, Prevention and Control. London: Noise Research Network Publications. ISBN 1- ... This could be an indication of noise-induced hearing loss before it is seen on an audiogram. In one study, a group of subjects ... OAEs are a measurement of the activity of outer hair cells in the cochlea, and noise-induced hearing loss occurs as a result of ... They found that an increase in severity of the noise-induced hearing loss resulted in OAEs with a smaller range of emissions ...
It is also to ensure that employees are not experiencing noise-induced hearing loss. A noise dosimeter is used to measure noise ... Hearing impairment Audiometry Hearing Conservation Program Noise-induced hearing loss Sysco Environmental OSHA Occupational ... to damage caused by Raynaud's phenomenon is less clearly defined between the EAV for noise and noise-induced hearing loss, an ... The training program must cover the effects of noise on hearing, the purpose of hearing protection, and the purpose of ...
Hearing plays an essential role in communication, speech and language development, and learning. ... Preventing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Hearing loss caused by exposure to loud sound is preventable.5 To reduce their risk of ... noise-induced hearing loss, adults and children can do the following:. *Understand that noise-induced hearing loss can lead to ... This type of hearing loss, termed "noise-induced hearing loss," is usually caused by exposure to excessively loud sounds and ...
... hearing loss Ototoxicity Presbycusis Sensorineural hearing loss Tinnitus General Noise Noise pollution Noise regulation Noise ... Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a hearing impairment resulting from exposure to loud sound. People may have a loss of ... Interventions to prevent noise-induced hearing loss often have many components. A 2017 Cochrane review found that hearing loss ... Hearing Loss Association of America. "Hearing Loss and relationships". Hearing Loss Association of America. Archived from the ...
Hearing loss that is caused by the noise exposure due to recreational or nonoccupational activities is termed socioacusis. ... Environmental noise is a common and preventable cause of hearing loss in industrialized societies. ... encoded search term (Noise-Induced Hearing Loss) and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hearing loss due to injurious noise at workplace is referred to as occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL). The term ...
Rabino-witzs fine article1 on noise-induced hearing loss, I wanted to add a telltale sign of hearing damage that occurs in ... although hearing aids are less successful with the notch patterns of noise-induced hearing loss than with most other patterns. ... Pecks comments regarding the problem of recreational firearm use and noise-induced hearing loss. Results from a recent study1 ... of greatest hearing loss at 4,000 or 6,000 Hz; however, shooters of shoulder arms have an asymmetric hearing loss with a ...
Keep your ears safe from noise-induced hearing loss (sponsored) ... Keep your ears safe from noise-induced hearing loss by: Jessica ... Regardless of how it might affect you, one thing is certain-noise-induced hearing loss is something you can prevent. ... Pam Keenan, joins us to talk about noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and what treatment options are available. ... About McDonald Hearing Services. At McDonald Audiology & Hearing Health Care, we realize that the idea of hearing loss and ...
Drivers who frequently take to the road with the top down may be risking serious damage to their hearing, according to research ... Drivers of convertibles may be at risk for noise-induced hearing loss. October 6, 2009. ScienceBlog.com ... Genetic mutation a strong indicator of age-related hearing loss risk. New treatment more than doubles survival for high risk ... Long or repeated exposure to sounds over 85 Db is widely recognized to cause permanent hearing loss. Road surface, traffic ...
0033 Early predictors of noise-induced hearing loss Message subject: (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Occupational ...
Noise and Hearing loss:. Hearing loss due to excessive or prolonged exposure to noise is known as noise-induced hearing loss ( ... Noise-induced hearing loss is irreversible, but it is also fully preventable. But if it remains unaddressed, it can negatively ... Noise-induced hearing loss can also be prevented by adopting safe listening strategies. The term safe listening simply refers ... A person is said to have normal hearing if his or her hearing thresholds are 20dB or better in both ears. Hearing loss is when ...
noise induced hearing loss from Neuroscience News features breaking science news from research labs, scientists and colleges ... Some People May Be Genetically Susceptible to Noise Induced Hearing Loss. A new study reports some people may be more ... an atlas representing changes in the levels of RNA made in different cell types in the ear following noise-induced hearing loss ... Understanding Hearing Loss From Noise Damage Through Gene Expression Changes. Researchers have created ...
Professional musicians experience hearing loss, tinnitus and ear pain, an Iranian study finds. ... Noise-induced hearing loss common among professional musicians Professional musicians experience hearing loss, tinnitus and ear ... Due to this exposure to high-intensity sounds, musicians are at greater risk of noise-induced hearing loss. Noise exposure is ... Get our news about hearing loss. If you want to receive news from us on hearing loss and other hearing related issues, then ...
... following noise exposure. However, the molecular mechanism underlying noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) remains to be fully ... and the National Institutes of Health recognize noise-induced hearing loss as a significant problem. A quick survey of the ... profiling of cells of the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion following noise exposure will be used to identify pathways induced ... Noise-Induced Hearing Loss The National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ...
Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Prevents Recovery from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Disrupts the ... Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Prevents Recovery from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Disrupts the ... Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Prevents Recovery from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Disrupts the ... Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Prevents Recovery from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Disrupts the ...
The NIHL POC was updated with the latest evidence and redesigned in collaboration with the Association of Hearing Instrument ... Overview The NIHL POC describes comprehensive hearing services for workers to reduce the impact of their hearing loss through ... Program of care for noise induced hearing loss. Overview. The NIHL POC describes comprehensive hearing services for workers to ... workers identified with occupational noise induced hearing loss and who require a new hearing aid will be provided with hearing ...
... Permanent hearing loss caused by exposing your ears to loud noise. It may occur from a single sharp ... Copyright Center for Hearing Loss Help 2023 · Help for your hearing loss, tinnitus and other ear conditions™. Center for ... Contacta HLD3 Hearing Loop System. The sleek, new Contacta HLD3 hearing loop system is the ultimate in home, small group and ... hearing loss, tinnitus, balance problems, etc.) of 877 drugs, 35 herbals and 148 chemicals. More importantly, this book ...
... is one of the underlying mechanisms of noise-induced damage to tissues in the innerear that leads to noise-induced hearing loss ... non-invasive intervention strategy to mitigate a primary cause of loud-sound induced hearing loss mitochondrial dysfunction and ... we are examining the efficacy of a potential early intervention therapeutic for noise induced hearing loss NIHL.The generation ... is one of the underlying mechanisms of noise-induced damage to tissues in the innerear that leads to noise-induced hearing loss ...
WHEC seminar: The likely prevalence of occupational noise induced hearing loss across British industry. 11 Aug 2023 ... Around 1 in 5 of British workers are exposed to noise that could damage hearing. ...
... This is a preventative measure, not restorative, but ... Posted by CENTURY HEARING. A substance called d-methionine may prevent noise-induced hearing loss. This is a preventative ... A substance called d-methionine may prevent noise-induced hearing loss.. August 01, 2014. ... The drug often causes hearing loss as a side effect.. D-met has been shown to be effective in reducing or preventing painful ...
Partner Alert: Protect Your Hearing! Noise Induced Hearing Loss Public Service Announcements (PSAs) at Times Square Nov. 25 - ... NCEHs Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Initiative has hit the big times! Times Square, that is, a major commercial ... A 15 second Public Service Announcement for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss will be advertised on two of the largest billboards: the ... Copyright © Hearing Loss Association of America®. All Rights Reserved.. The Hearing Loss Association of America (HLAA) is a tax ...
Prevalence of noise induced hearing loss in textile industries in Morogoro and Dar Es Salaam ... This cross sectional study measured the prevalence of Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) in textile industries in Dar Es Salaam ... Noise sampling was also done in each section and the outcome compared to the Tanzania Bureau of Standards requirements for ... Noise levels in the factory was also found to be above the allowable limits (85 to 99 dBA). It was also found that the ...
Noise-induced hearing loss is common and often treatable. You deserve to hear your world. Contact us to schedule an appointment ... What Is Noise Induced Hearing Loss?. Noise induced hearing loss is the second most common form of hearing loss (ranking behind ... Who is Affected by Noise Induced Hearing Loss?. Hearing loss is often perceived as "a disease of the elderly," but noise ... How Do You Treat Noise-induced Hearing Loss?. The most common treatment method for this hearing loss type is the use of a ...
This page lists educational resources which deal with the prevention of noise inducing hearing loss. ... Occupational noise-induced hearing loss in Australia: Overcoming barriers to effective noise control and hearing loss ... Includes Hearing Video, hearing loss simulator, online hearing check, noise exposure calculator and noise control case studies ... Preventing noise-induced hearing loss - Projects and educational resources. This publication is for: Employee / workerEmployer ...
Deafness, Noise Induced Health Policy Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/prevention & Control Noise Noise, Occupational Occupational ... Title : Proposed national strategy for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss Corporate Authors(s) : National Institute ... Proposed national strategies for the prevention of leading work-related diseases and injuries, noise-induced hearing loss ... noise-induced hearing loss. Developed in 1985 at a conference sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and ...
Hearing plays an essential role in communication, speech and language development, and learning. ... Preventing Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Hearing loss caused by exposure to loud sound is preventable.5 To reduce their risk of ... noise-induced hearing loss, adults and children can do the following:. *Understand that noise-induced hearing loss can lead to ... This type of hearing loss, termed "noise-induced hearing loss," is usually caused by exposure to excessively loud sounds and ...
Noise and Health, A Quarterly Inter-disciplinary International Journal ... Novel oral multifunctional antioxidant prevents noise-induced hearing loss and hair cell loss. ... Tinnitus following occupational noise exposure has been correlated to noise-induced hearing loss, with negligible occurrence in ... Noise-induced tinnitus: A comparison between four clinical groups without apparent hearing loss. Noise Health 2011;13:423-31. ...
Interventions to reduce occupational noise exposure are warranted. AB - Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss ( ... Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is one of the most common yet preventable occupational diseases. ... abstract = "Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is one of the most common yet preventable occupational ... N2 - Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is one of the most common yet preventable occupational ...
This fact sheet provides concise good practice guidance on preventing hearing loss. ... Home › A - Z topics and industry › Agriculture › Noise in agriculture › Preventing noise induced hearing loss - fact sheet ... Wear hearing protection if noise levels are still too high.. This information sheet outlines the main hazards regarding noise ... Farmers are frequently exposed to loud noises from machinery and animals, which can lead to hearing loss over time. ...
Hearing loss that is caused by the noise exposure due to recreational or nonoccupational activities is termed socioacusis. ... Environmental noise is a common and preventable cause of hearing loss in industrialized societies. ... encoded search term (Noise-Induced Hearing Loss) and Noise-Induced Hearing Loss What to Read Next on Medscape ... Perez R, Freeman S, Sohmer H. Effect of an initial noise induced hearing loss on subsequent noise induced hearing loss. Hear ...
These are at safe levels and do not damage our hearing. But sounds can be harmful if t […] ... Definition of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Every day we are exposed to multiple sounds. ... NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS 1. Definition of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Every day we are exposed to multiple sounds. ... Such sounds can damage the sensory system, the inner ear, and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). ...
  • These sounds can damage sensitive structures in the inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). (nih.gov)
  • Researchers have also estimated that as many as 17 percent of teens (ages 12 to 19) have features of their hearing test suggestive of NIHL in one or both ears ( Pediatrics 2011 ), based on data from 2005-2006. (nih.gov)
  • NIHL can be caused by a one-time exposure to an intense "impulse" sound, such as an explosion, or by continuous exposure to loud sounds over an extended period of time, such as noise generated in a woodworking shop. (nih.gov)
  • Metidieri MM, Rodrigues HF, Filho FJ, Ferraz DP, Neto AF, Torres S. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL): literature review with a focus on occupational medicine. (medscape.com)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a hearing impairment resulting from exposure to loud sound. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is estimated that 15% of young people are exposed to sufficient leisure noises (i.e. concerts, sporting events, daily activities, personal listening devices, etc.) to cause NIHL. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first symptom of NIHL may be difficulty hearing a conversation against a noisy background. (wikipedia.org)
  • PURPOSE The purpose of this Request for Applications (RFA) is to solicit research grant applications addressing the biological mechanisms of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). (nih.gov)
  • RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) continues to be a major public health issue. (nih.gov)
  • ONIHL is a more common cause of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and much more serious problem than socioacusis for the following 2 reasons: (1) The threat of loss of employment may convince people to remain in environments with noise levels higher than they would otherwise accept, and (2) in the workplace, high levels of noise may be sustained on a regular basis for many hours each day over many years. (medscape.com)
  • In occupational NIHL, which is almost always bilateral, loss is always greater at the frequencies 3000-6000 Hz than at 500-2000 Hz. (medscape.com)
  • Recent research has revealed a number of mechanisms that contribute to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms of NIHL can include difficulty hearing in noisy environments, ringing in the ears, and trouble understanding speech. (beltone.com)
  • Prolonged exposure to loud sounds can cause damage to the hair cells in the inner ear, which can lead to noise-induced hearing loss, also known as NIHL. (beltone.com)
  • In many cases, NIHL is unnoticeable, because it doesn't involve a sudden loss of hearing. (beltone.com)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) can result in severe impairment of hearing. (beltone.com)
  • Today's post is sponsored by Puro Sound, a startup aiming to eliminate Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) in children and teens. (familyfocusblog.com)
  • First I'd like to touch on exactly what Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is and that is much as it sounds- in short, hearing loss caused by noise. (familyfocusblog.com)
  • Advanced aircraft are powerful and more efficient but generate high noise causing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among military pilots. (banglajol.info)
  • Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is a result of damage to the inner ear upon exposure to very loud noises over a prolonged period of time. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) can develop after one occurrence of extreme noise exposure or after listening to very loud sounds over time. (signia.net)
  • Analyses from nationally representative health interview and examination surveys found that about one in seven U.S. teens ages 12 to 19 years (13-18 percent), and nearly one in four (24 percent) U.S. adults ages 20 to 69 years has features of his or her hearing test in one or both ears that suggest noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). (nih.gov)
  • If the name of the condition wasn't clear enough, NIHL is the type of hearing loss that comes as a result of prolonged exposure to loud noises or music. (usatoday.com)
  • A noise-induced hearing loss (also called NIHL) is a permanent hearing loss caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of noise . (earinstitute.co.za)
  • When you have a noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) , the hair cells in your inner ear have been damaged by the exposure to noise. (earinstitute.co.za)
  • You can prevent a noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) by turning down the volume, reducing the time you are exposed to the loud noise and/or using hearing protection . (earinstitute.co.za)
  • UNLABELLED Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is an insidious and cumulative disease that worsens over the years with work-related noise exposure. (virascience.com)
  • AIM To evaluate the noise spectrum influence on NIHL prevalence in workers. (virascience.com)
  • Often, people who are suffering from NIHL report that they were not aware their hearing was being damaged. (paduffy-solicitors.com)
  • Symptoms, causes, and prevention tips for (NIHL) Noise-induced hearing loss. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Tony Collins here and today we'll talk about Hearing loss or as it is also called, NIHL or Noise Induced Hearing Loss. (safetyhub.co.nz)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among Canadian oil and gas drilling sector workers has jumped by 12 per cent, from 33 per cent in 2012 to 45 per cent in 2017. (myosh.com)
  • WorkSafe British Columbia said that while NIHL has increased in the drilling sector, the percentage of workers who reported wearing a hearing protection device has also increased, from 94 to 98 percent, with a heavy reliance on foam earplugs. (myosh.com)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the loss of hearing due to damage of the tiny hair cells in the ears, which send the sounds to the brain. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • This makes NIHL one of the most common sensorineural hearing deficit , second only to presbycusis or age-related hearing loss. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • As mentioned, loud noises and sounds are the usual cause of NIHL. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • The louder the noise, the sooner NIHL can happen. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • NIHL is the only hearing problem that can be prevented. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • By introducing the small interfering CAMKKβ siRNA (siCaMKKβ), CaMKKβ expression was reduced in OHCs and significantly attenuated noise-induced losses of synapses and OHCs and NIHL in adult CBA/J mice at the age of 12 weeks (Figure 2). (technologypublisher.com)
  • Pretreatment with CaMKKβ siRNA via intra-tympanic delivery on RWM reduces NIHL assessed 14 d after noise exposure. (technologypublisher.com)
  • People may have a loss of perception of a narrow range of frequencies or impaired perception of sound including sensitivity to sound or ringing in the ears. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prolonged exposure to high-noise volumes or even short exposures to high-level impulse sound can damage sensitive structures in the inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss and/or ringing in the ears. (3m.com)
  • Common symptoms of noise-induced hearing loss include difficulty hearing conversations, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and muffled or distorted sound. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Warning signs of noise-induced hearing loss include trouble hearing someone's speech when just a few feet away, ringing in the ears (a condition known as tinnitus), or difficulty understanding speech. (grainnet.com)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss can result from a one-time exposure to a very loud sound, blast, or impulse, or from listening to loud sounds over an extended period. (cdc.gov)
  • Listening to loud music through headphones or attending concerts and other events with loud music can also put us at risk for noise-induced hearing loss. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Listening to loud music, especially on headphones, is a common cause of noise-induced hearing loss. (nih.gov)
  • When we are exposed to loud noises, the sound waves enter our ears and cause our eardrums to vibrate. (hearingresearch.org)
  • For example, construction workers are often exposed to loud noises from heavy machinery and power tools. (hearingresearch.org)
  • All of us can be exposed to loud noises and develop hearing loss. (drhear.com)
  • Protect your ears when you are exposed to loud noises. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People exposed to loud noises over a prolonged period can slowly lose their hearing. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Tinnitus is another disorder that can happen when you're exposed to loud noises. (otofonix.com)
  • Hearing loss caused by exposure to loud sound is preventable. (cdc.gov)
  • More importantly, hearing damage is completely preventable. (3m.com)
  • Environmental noise is a common and preventable cause of hearing loss in industrialized societies. (medscape.com)
  • Since much of this rise in teen hearing loss is attributed to Noise Induced Hearing Loss and it is preventable, this is a major break through! (familyfocusblog.com)
  • Unlike many other severely disabling conditions, such as vision problems or mental health disorders, this specific type of hearing loss is easily treatable and preventable. (nursinganswers.net)
  • Noise induced hearing loss is typically preventable. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss is something that is 100 percent preventable. (otofonix.com)
  • in the case of vestibular damages, in the inner-ear Tinnitus is described as hearing a sound when an external sound is not present. (wikipedia.org)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss can cause high-pitched tinnitus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tinnitus is the largest single category for disability claims in the military, with hearing loss a close second. (wikipedia.org)
  • Every aspect of the subjects covered are things I deal with in my clinic everyday, tinnitus patients, hyperacusis, and especially noise induced hearing loss in combination with tinnitus. (audiologyonline.com)
  • Exposure to loud sounds can lead to tinnitus, which can be a warning sign of impending hearing loss. (nih.gov)
  • Although young musicians did not suffer from hearing loss at the time of the study, almost 7 percent already suffered from permanent tinnitus, and 17 percent had experienced temporary ringing sounds in their ears. (all-about-the-human-ear.com)
  • A noise-induced hearing loss is often accompanied by tinnitus - a ringing, whooshing, roaring or buzzing sounds in your ears, also more commonly known as ringing ears. (earinstitute.co.za)
  • Noise in the ear ( tinnitus ) may accompany hearing loss. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tinnitus and hearing loss may not go away if you listen to loud music or hear loud sounds over and over again. (kidshealth.org)
  • Lawn mowers and power tools, like chainsaws, are loud enough to cause tinnitus and hearing loss. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some musicians have lost their hearing and have tinnitus - a real problem for someone who needs to hear to make music. (kidshealth.org)
  • Talk to your doctor about getting a hearing test if you have tinnitus that doesn't go away or you are concerned about your hearing. (kidshealth.org)
  • Many times, tinnitus and temporary hearing loss may happen simultaneously. (otofonix.com)
  • Because tinnitus can arise from so many conditions, ranging from hearing loss to high blood pressure to medications, diagnosing the cause or causes can be a challenge. (nih.gov)
  • Hearing aids may help those who have hearing loss along with tinnitus. (nih.gov)
  • Soldiers exposed to loud noise, including bomb blasts, can develop tinnitus due to tissue damage in hearing-related areas of the brain and ear. (nih.gov)
  • Although tinnitus is often associated with hearing loss , it does not cause the loss, nor does a hearing loss cause tinnitus. (webmd.com)
  • In fact, some people with tinnitus experience no difficulty hearing, and in a few cases they even become so acutely sensitive to sound (hyperacusis) that they must take steps to muffle or mask external noises. (webmd.com)
  • Up to 90% of people with tinnitus have some level of noise-induced hearing loss. (webmd.com)
  • A single exposure to a sudden extremely loud noise can also cause tinnitus. (webmd.com)
  • When you have tinnitus, you're the only one who notices the ringing, buzzing, or other noise. (webmd.com)
  • Lots of blaring noises where you live or work can cause hearing loss that triggers tinnitus. (webmd.com)
  • Sounds at or below 70 A-weighted decibels (dBA), even after long exposure, are unlikely to cause hearing loss. (nih.gov)
  • Be aware of noises over 85 decibels. (beltone.com)
  • There are many smartphone apps that you can download to check the decibels of noises around you. (beltone.com)
  • Noise is measured in units called decibels (dB). (drhear.com)
  • Even sounds less than 75 decibels are capable of causing hearing loss. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Hazardous noise levels are defined as 85 decibels in the A scale for eight hours or the equivalent (the A scale is used for measuring environmental noise). (myosh.com)
  • But repeated exposure to noise above 85 decibels (dB) can cause noise induced hearing loss. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Occupational Noise Exposure Standard 1910.95 , noise levels exceeding a time-weighted average of 85 decibels (dB) over an eight-hour period require the employer to implement a hearing conservation program. (grainnet.com)
  • Know which noises in your environment are damaging (85 decibels or louder). (healthyhearing.com)
  • Park S, Johnson MD, Hong O. Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) noise standard violations over 50 years: 1972 to 2019. (medscape.com)
  • Occupational noise exposure and hearing: a systematic review. (medscape.com)
  • Analysis on Risk Factors of Depressive Symptoms in Occupational Noise-induced Hearing Loss Patients: A Cross-sectional Study. (medscape.com)
  • When exposure to hazards such as noise occur at work and is associated with hearing loss, it is referred to as occupational hearing loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) used DALYs to estimate the impact of hearing loss on quality of life in the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report article "Hearing Impairment Among Noise-Exposed Workers in the United States, 2003-2012. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing loss due to injurious noise at workplace is referred to as occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL). (medscape.com)
  • Consequently, occupational noise exposure has drawn the most attention and is the best studied. (medscape.com)
  • What is actually sought is to account for non-occupational hearing loss. (occupationalhearingloss.com)
  • Several researchers have studied primitive cultures to determine the influence of aging on hearing acuity in the absence of occupational noise (1,7). (occupationalhearingloss.com)
  • Loss of hearing may be considered an occupational injury among musicians. (all-about-the-human-ear.com)
  • If you work in construction, manufacturing, or farming, hearing loss is a definite occupational hazard. (drhear.com)
  • Occupational hearing loss is damage to the inner ear from noise or vibrations due to certain types of jobs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Introduction: The occupational noise induced hearing loss is one of the wide spread problems and a long term complication of working in noisy environments. (virascience.com)
  • Introduction: Occupational noise exposure induced hearing loss is recognized as one of the most harmful factors in industries. (virascience.com)
  • A significant portion of the hearing loss is due to occupational auditory stimuli that are harmful to the sensory system (Nelson, et al. (nursinganswers.net)
  • WorkSafeBC occupational audiologist Sasha Brown said there were a number of reasons why workers may be diagnosed with noise-induced hearing loss even though they wore some form of hearing protection. (myosh.com)
  • Because of this, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is investigating the noise exposures of waterwell drillers while they are drilling water wells for our communities. (cdc.gov)
  • Nationally, much attention has been given to the ever increasing problem of Americans losing their hearing due to occupational noise exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1996, NIOSH's National Occupational Research Agenda identified hearing loss as the most common occupation-related disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: Better and large scale implementation of technical interventions and evaluation of their long-term effects are necessary to identify the most effective strategies for reducing occupational hearing loss. (cdc.gov)
  • Pourbakht A, Yamasoba T. Cochlear damage caused by continuous and intermittent noise exposure. (medscape.com)
  • After this course learners will be able to define cochlear synaptopathy, explain the general impact of noise induced hearing loss on structures of the cochlear and peripheral auditory system and discuss research that may have implications for future treatment of cochlear synaptopathy. (audiologyonline.com)
  • If the hearing loss is severe enough, a cochlear implant may help. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The 72 kDa heat shock protein , HSP72, located intracellularly provides cochlear cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory roles in the inner ear during stressful noise challenges. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our data indicates that cochlear damage induced by noise exposure is accompanied by local and systemic heat shock response markers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, the scientists found FOXO3 in cochlear hair cells from a human cadaver, supporting the idea that it may also play a role in human hearing. (nih.gov)
  • White adds that they would also like to study whether increasing FOXO3 in cochlear hair cells would help protect against noise-induced hearing loss. (nih.gov)
  • D) Quantification of OHC numbers along the cochlear duct showed that pretreatment with siCaMKKβ significantly reduced noise-induced OHC loss. (technologypublisher.com)
  • The common pathology of acquired hearing loss is loss of cochlear sensory hair cells with outer hair cells (OHCs) being more sensitive than inner hair cells (IHCs). (technologypublisher.com)
  • Since cochlear sensory hair cells in mammals do not regenerate, the loss is irreversible and causes permanent hearing loss. (technologypublisher.com)
  • [1] Hill K., Yuan H., Wang X., Sha S., "Noise-Induced Loss of Hair Cells and Cochlear Synaptopathy Are Mediated by the Activation of AMPK. (technologypublisher.com)
  • She has discovered an insidious process that begins acutely after noise, as a loss of communications (synapses) between sensory inner hair cells and cochlear neurons. (nih.gov)
  • Moreover, she has shown that such exposures dramatically accelerate the gradual loss of cochlear synapses and cochlear neurons otherwise seen with aging alone. (nih.gov)
  • Glutamate excitotoxicity and primary cochlear neurodegeneration after noise / Sharon Kujawa. (nih.gov)
  • If you suspect that you have noise-induced hearing loss, an audiologist can perform a hearing test to determine the extent of the damage. (hearingresearch.org)
  • If you've ever read the Hearing Solutions blog's 'Ask an Audiologist' series it should be evident that hearing loss and its prevention are top of mind for many parents. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • Long story short, I have a feeling that he's just fine - but for some peace of mind, you might talk to his doctor about having his hearing tested by an Audiologist in your area. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • Click here to contact an Audiologist or Hearing Instrument Practitioner directly with your enquiries. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • If you have been exposed to traumatic noise or frequent loud venues such as nightclubs or concert halls without hearing protection, we strongly advise scheduling an appointment with an audiologist, even if you are not experiencing symptoms. (connecthearing.com)
  • If your hearing impairment is severe enough, your audiologist may prescribe a hearing aid to you. (connecthearing.com)
  • Should the test return saying that you have hearing loss, you will be sent to an audiologist (ear professionals) or to an otolaryngologist (ear and hearing disorder specialist) for a more in-depth hearing test. (fraservalleybeltone.com)
  • The doctor may recommend you see an audiologist to receive hearing aids. (fraservalleybeltone.com)
  • An audiologist performs a hearing test to determine if you have hearing loss. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • If the test shows that you do have a problem with hearing, the audiologist can focus on ear care and figure out the degree of hearing loss. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • The audiologist then will identify which frequencies you have difficulty hearing. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • However, if you're someone who blasts music in your car every day, works in a loud environment, or cranks up the volume of your headphones at the gym, you're putting your hearing at risk. (beltone.com)
  • To protect your hearing, you should limit your exposure to loud sounds and use hearing protection, such as earplugs or noise-canceling headphones. (beltone.com)
  • This is the main reason that we recommend different types of headphones for different uses: if you're unlikely to have to drown out the outside world, over-ears are great for home use, while if you're out in the noisy world, a great set of passive noise-attenuating in-ears are ideal to protect your hearing. (usatoday.com)
  • Over-the-ear headphones are much less likely to damage your hearing, provided you control the volume. (connecthearing.com)
  • Noise cancelling headphones are useful when you are surrounded by noise, as it makes it less likely you will raise the volume to be able to hear better, thereby sparing your ears. (drhear.com)
  • BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS Release Date: May 30, 2000 RFA: DC-00-002 National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders ( http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/ ) National Institute on Aging ( http://www.nih.gov/nia/ ) Letter of Intent Receipt Date: July 15, 2000 Application Receipt Date: September 21, 2000 THIS RFA USES "MODULAR GRANT" AND "JUST-IN-TIME" CONCEPTS. (nih.gov)
  • Deafness or hearing impairment resulting from prolonged exposure to loud noise is most frequently associated with industrial workplaces, airports etc. (all-about-the-human-ear.com)
  • The hearing loss, also referred to as industrial deafness, is often as a result of extended exposure to noise at work within the working environment. (paduffy-solicitors.com)
  • The (NIDCD) National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders supports research into the triggers, treatment, and prevention of hearing loss. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Can loud noise cause deafness? (simplihealth.in)
  • The main cause of deafness or hearing loss is exposure to loud sounds/noise. (simplihealth.in)
  • It is very important to know that noise induced deafness is a non-reversible problem. (simplihealth.in)
  • Deafness is the number-one disability in the US, with hearing loss affecting more than 35 million individuals. (technologypublisher.com)
  • The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) estimates 26 million Americans have hearing loss that may have been caused by exposure to noise. (healthyhearing.com)
  • Regardless of your unique workplace conditions, earmuffs can often address a number of factors to help you build a more effective hearing conservation program. (3m.com)
  • Wear protective devices for your ears, such as ear plugs or earmuffs when participating in activities where loud noises will be present such as mowing the lawn, hunting, or attending loud concerts. (beltone.com)
  • It is important for workers in these industries to wear protective gear, such as earplugs or earmuffs, to minimize their risk of hearing damage. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Wearing earplugs or earmuffs can help reduce the risk of hearing damage and ensure that they can continue to work safely. (hearingresearch.org)
  • We will provide an overview of different types of hearing protective devices, such as earplugs and earmuffs, their effectiveness, and proper usage guidelines. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • The earplugs or earmuffs might be the wrong size, inserted or worn incorrectly, not worn for long enough, or they may not be providing enough protection for the duration and intensity of noise exposure. (myosh.com)
  • Part of our Pro Series, the 3M™ Pro-Grade Earmuffs are designed with the pro in mind to bring exceptional hearing protection and all-day comfort for those on the job. (3m.com)
  • Our highest noise reduction earmuffs (highest noise reduction rating (NRR) 3M™ Earmuff in retail stores), these hearing protectors help block out potentially harmful sound. (3m.com)
  • An estimated 12.5% of children and adolescents aged 6-19 years (approximately 5.2 million) and 17% of adults aged 20-69 years (approximately 26 million) have suffered permanent damage to their hearing from excessive exposure to noise. (cdc.gov)
  • Twenty-one million U.S. adults (19.9%) who reported no exposure to loud or very loud noise at work had an audiometric notch (bilateral or unilateral) ( Table 1 ). (medscape.com)
  • Based on a 2011-2012 CDC study involving hearing tests and interviews with participants, at least 10 million adults (6 percent) in the U.S. under age 70-and perhaps as many as 40 million adults (24 percent)-have features of their hearing test that suggest hearing loss in one or both ears from exposure to loud noise. (nih.gov)
  • Mahboubi H, Zardouz S, Oliaei S, Pan D, Bazargan M, Djalilian HR. Noise-induced hearing threshold shift among US adults and implications for noise-induced hearing loss: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. (medscape.com)
  • One of the most common forms of hearing loss in adults is noise-induced hidden hearing loss (NIHHL). (nih.gov)
  • The sensitive structures of the inner ear are vulnerable in people of all ages, and exposure to harmful sound may cause temporary or permanent hearing impairment in both children and adults. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • Hearing tests are provided to adults ages 18, and older, at no cost in select clinics only. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • The WHO predicts that about 1,1 billion adolescents and young adults are at risk of hearing loss from unsafe earphone use and exposure to harmful sound in noisy places like nightclubs, bars and sporting events. (drhear.com)
  • Sensorineural hearing loss in adults. (medlineplus.gov)
  • I've supported many adults with hearing loss, many of whom are veterans and enrolled in the VA health care system. (cochlear.com)
  • There's a strong correlation between hearing loss and depression among adults in the United States. (healthyhearing.com)
  • Children with minimal sensorineural hearing loss: prevalence, educational performance, and functional status. (cdc.gov)
  • Sensorineural types of hearing loss like this one occur in 23% of people over the age of 65, but the difference with hearing loss is that it is 100% avoidable, unlike the others. (drhear.com)
  • Sensual Hearing Loss: Sensual hearing loss, also known as sensorineural hearing loss, is the most common type of hearing loss. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • A noise-induced hearing loss is therefore a type of sensorineural hearing loss . (earinstitute.co.za)
  • There are a variety of prevention strategies available to avoid or reduce hearing loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • We offer one-day Hearing Loss Prevention Seminars free of charge as part of our effort to help educate employers about protecting their workers' vital sense of hearing through the adoption of safe workplace practices. (3m.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 12.5% of people aged 6-19 and 17% of people aged 20-69 have experienced permanent hearing damage as a result of excessive noise exposure . (connecthearing.com)
  • Studies have shown that although subjects were provided with hearing protection devices, employees in hazardous noise environments only wear the provided prevention 30% of the time (Freuler, 2014). (nursinganswers.net)
  • The Center for Disease Control and Prevention showed that six percent of North Americans under the age of seventy experience some form of hearing loss. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Canadian employers are required to provide hearing-loss prevention programs, monitor noise levels and conduct annual hearing tests for workers exposed to hazardous noise levels to prevent permanent hearing damage. (myosh.com)
  • If you have already suffered from noise damage, existing damage to your hearing cannot be repaired, but prevention methods can keep more damage from occurring. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • The invention provides a gene therapy and therapeutic target for prevention of acquired hearing loss. (technologypublisher.com)
  • Currently, there are no clinical therapies for prevention and treatment of acquired hearing loss. (technologypublisher.com)
  • Her work seeks to clarify how normal inner ear structures and functions are altered by aging and by noise exposure, how vulnerability to these changes is shaped by an individual's genetic background, and how these processes can be manipulated pharmacologically to reveal underlying mechanisms or for treatment or prevention. (nih.gov)
  • Translating data into knowledge and action: challenges in evidence-based hearing loss prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • Many countries have mandated hearing loss prevention programs when noise exposures cannot be reduced to this level. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: Results from intervention effectiveness studies on hearing loss prevention do not provide evidence to support current practices. (cdc.gov)
  • there is low quality evidence that legislation can reduce noise levels in workplaces, and contradictory evidence that prevention programs are effective in the long-term. (cdc.gov)
  • Most reported interventions focus on the use of hearing protectors, and effectiveness depends on the quality of the implementation of prevention programs. (cdc.gov)
  • Have You Heard of the ANSI/ASA S12.71-2018 Hearing Fit-Test Standard? (3m.com)
  • Intense noise-induced apoptosis in hair cells of guinea pig cochleae. (medscape.com)
  • However, when we are exposed to noises that are too loud, these hair cells can become damaged or destroyed. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Gradual hearing loss occurs over a period of time, as repeated exposure to loud noise gradually damages the hair cells in the inner ear. (hearingresearch.org)
  • A noise exposure that only causes a temporary threshold shift (TTS) can nevertheless result in permanent damage to ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). (nih.gov)
  • Over time, if enough of these hair cells are damaged or broken, hearing loss results. (signia.net)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss happens when tiny hair-like structures (stereocilia) that sit on top of hair cells in the inner ear are damaged by noises that are too loud and/or last for too long. (nih.gov)
  • As the sound reaches your ear, the delicate hair cells in your cochlea (your hearing organ) can be easily damaged by the noise. (drhear.com)
  • These hair cells have the job of sending sound signals to the brain to be processed as sound, so when they are damaged, they can't send that sound to the brain, resulting in hearing loss. (drhear.com)
  • That's not to say that the hair cells will definitely be destroyed by one or two instances of loud noise. (drhear.com)
  • A sudden loud noise (like an explosion) or being around loud sounds over time can damage the tiny hair cells of the inner ear, making it hard to hear. (kidshealth.org)
  • Long or repeated exposure to loud noises can damage and even destroy hair cells. (nih.gov)
  • The team examined the effect of noise on structural damage to hair cells and other parts of the cochlea. (nih.gov)
  • Loud noises and sounds produce powerful vibrations in these hair cells that can permanently damage them. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • Experiments on animals suggest that free oxygen radicals may resolve the noise damage to hair cells. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • Previous studies by the researchers had shown that levels of phosphorylated AMPKα increased in hair cells in a noise intensity-dependent manner and correlated with increasing loss of outer hair cells, and that the inhibition of AMPK via siRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor prevented this loss. (technologypublisher.com)
  • These hair cells do not regenerate, so our hearing suffers permanently when they die or are damaged. (healthyhearing.com)
  • In home hearing tests, workplace tests, and children's tests are subject to a service fee. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • This study is to determine the existence of noise pollution in the workplace and probability of its hearing injury among exposed workers in Sarkhoon refinery in 2008, Bandar Abbas, Iran Methods: In this cr. (virascience.com)
  • However, there are many instances where the required initial audiometric test or also known as a baseline hearing assessment, is not completed when commencing in a prescribed noisy workplace. (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • This can cause difficulties when determining a workers degree of hearing loss due to workplace noise exposure. (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • If you are a worker who has not undergone a hearing assessment upon commencing employment in a noisy workplace however, have recorded a 10% loss of hearing or more you may be able to further investigate a noise induced hearing loss claim through a late baseline assessment. (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • A late baseline assessment recognises workers who after undergoing their first hearing assessment record a loss of 10% or more yet have worked in a noisy workplace prior to the assessment. (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • The purpose of an Ear Nose and Throat review is to determine a workers percentage of hearing loss due to noise exposure in the workplace and exclude any other possible causes, for example age related loss or infection. (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • It is important that a worker undergoes the required audiometric testing when commencing employment in a prescribed noise workplace to ensure their workers' compensation entitlements are not compromised. (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • As with anything that can hurt you in the workplace, including noise, we need to have a plan in place to minimise the chance of harm to you and your employees. (safetyhub.co.nz)
  • Substantial noise control can be achieved in the workplace, with no evidence of this practice in the literature. (cdc.gov)
  • Hearing loss can result from damage to structures and/or nerve fibers in the inner ear that respond to sound. (cdc.gov)
  • Normally, these sounds are at safe levels that don't damage our hearing. (nih.gov)
  • How can noise damage our hearing? (nih.gov)
  • To understand how loud noises can damage our hearing, we have to understand how we hear. (nih.gov)
  • Ten million Americans have already suffered irreversible damage from noise, and thirty million more are exposed to dangerous levels of noise each day. (nih.gov)
  • Many young people get summer or afterschool jobs that involve farm work, construction, landscaping or theme parks, all of which can damage hearing. (3m.com)
  • Contributions to TTS include reversible damage to hair cell (HC) stereocilia or synapses, while moderate TTS reflects protective purinergic hearing adaptation. (nih.gov)
  • PTS represents permanent damage to or loss of HCs and synapses. (nih.gov)
  • Over time, repeated exposure to loud noises can lead to permanent hearing damage. (hearingresearch.org)
  • The risk of experiencing noise-induced hearing loss depends on the level of noise, the duration of exposure, and the individual's susceptibility to hearing damage. (hearingresearch.org)
  • The burning question after a particularly loud outing to an event is could my child have suffered some hearing damage from being in a loud environment? (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • A typical rock concert averages about 120 dB, which means hearing damage can occur after the first 15 minutes. (signia.net)
  • the higher the volume, the less time it takes for hearing damage to occur. (signia.net)
  • Many enjoyable sounds that we hear every day are at safe levels that won't damage our hearing. (nih.gov)
  • These sounds can damage part of the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss. (nih.gov)
  • For example, firecrackers are often 160 dBA, and can cause hearing damage much more quickly than exposure to a power lawn mower at 80-100 dBA. (nih.gov)
  • Believe it or not, it's very easy to damage your hearing without even knowing it. (usatoday.com)
  • It goes without saying that there are a number of things that can affect your hearing, but the most delicate part of this anatomy, the stereocilia , is the part of your inner ear that is the easiest to damage. (usatoday.com)
  • While it's usually not immediate, over time you can seriously damage your hearing permanently, and that's a very unfortunate thing to have to live through: especially if you're an audiophile. (usatoday.com)
  • Sounds from 80-110 dB may not cause immediate hearing loss, but they can and will damage the ears with prolonged exposure. (connecthearing.com)
  • Consider downloading a smartphone app that identifies ambient noise levels and advises you when there's a risk of hearing damage, such as the CDC's NIOSH Sound Level Meter App . (connecthearing.com)
  • Loud sounds generally damage your hearing gradually over a period of time. (drhear.com)
  • They can also damage your hearing on the rare occasions you are subject to a short blast of loud noise, such as a firearm or explosion. (drhear.com)
  • Conclusion: By raising awareness about hearing loss, including sensual and conductive hearing loss, and promoting the use of hearing protective devices, we can mitigate the risk of hearing damage and improve overall auditory health. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • By recognizing the signs and causes of hearing loss, we can take appropriate measures to prevent further damage and seek appropriate treatment. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • A general rule of thumb is that if you need to shout to be heard, the sound is in the range that can damage hearing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Protecting your ears from any further damage and hearing loss is a key part of treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The loss may get worse if you don't take measures to prevent further damage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Previous studies have shown that noise exposure, including naturally occurring low levels, could cause permanent damage to the auditory system. (nursinganswers.net)
  • Normally harmless but when sounds are loud and prolonged, it can lead to permanent hearing damage. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Researchers are also looking into the protective properties of cells of the inner ear, which might be able to reduce the noise damage There is a public education campaign of increasing awareness with both parents and teens about the causes of noise-induced hearing loss called "It's a Noisy Planet. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Hearing loss runs in some families, or may be caused by a birth defects, infections, or medicines that damage the ear. (kidshealth.org)
  • But how do you know how noisy it has to be before it becomes a problem and know if it will damage a persons hearing? (safetyhub.co.nz)
  • Damage caused by prolonged exposure to noise cannot be treated. (simplihealth.in)
  • Regularly get your hearing tested to make sure damage is not being done. (arbortec.com)
  • One study found that 25 percent of those who use a personal music player are exposed to daily noise that is high enough to cause damage. (sandiegohearing.com)
  • The louder the sound, the less amount of time it takes to damage your hearing. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • Can Activities Damage Your Hearing? (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • Noise induced hearing loss can occasionally be temporary and hearing may return after 16 to 48 hours, but damage may still have occurred. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • An awareness of activities that can cause hearing damage is key. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • Regular hearing tests can help identify problems early, reducing your risk of developing long-term damage. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • The majority of the time these noises are at safe levels, but if noises become too loud and last for an extended period-they can damage your inner ear and cause hearing loss. (otofonix.com)
  • Work is in progress to further describe the networks that help protect the inner ear from permanent noise-induced damage so that potential treatments might be developed. (nih.gov)
  • Loud and long-lasting sounds, or ones that are extremely loud even for a brief time, can damage sensitive structures in the inner ear and cause noise-induced hearing loss. (nih.gov)
  • Upon noise exposure, FOXO3 travels into the hair cell nucleus, suggesting it might play a role in the protective response to noise-induced damage. (nih.gov)
  • They linked the hearing loss in the FOXO3-deficient mice with outer hair cell loss and structural damage. (nih.gov)
  • Discontinuing your exposure to damaging noise levels can cease the progression of hearing loss, though the damage can't be undone. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • Delivery of AMPKα siRNA via PSC application completely prevents KM-furosemide-induced damage to OHC function measured by DPOAE 14 d after the injection. (technologypublisher.com)
  • Early AMPK activation may protect hearing by increasing ATP storage and reducing the release of large quantities of p-AMPK, which could help to inhibit synapse damage. (frontiersin.org)
  • Noise intensity and duration of exposure determine the level of noise damage to an organism. (frontiersin.org)
  • The noise causes permanent damage to the sound-sensitive cells of the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear. (webmd.com)
  • The project aims to use MRI and electrophysiology to investigate the neural bases of noise exposure, aging, and hearing loss, and to characterise damage to the auditory system that is currently undetectable by regular audiological testing methods. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Histologically, treatment with E2 and DPN resulted in significantly higher survival of IHC synapses 6-weeks after noise exposure at 24 kHz frequency. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate whether sound conditioning influences auditory system protection by activating adenylate activated kinase (AMPK), and if such adaption protects ribbon synapses from high-intensity noise exposure. (frontiersin.org)
  • After 110 dB noise exposure, there were significantly more ribbon synapses in the SC+NE group than the NE group. (frontiersin.org)
  • TTS (Temporary Threshold Shift) is a temporary change of the hearing threshold the hearing loss that will be recovered after a few hours to couple of days. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exposure to intense sound or noise can result in purely temporary threshold shift (TTS), or leave a residual permanent threshold shift (PTS) along with alterations in growth functions of auditory nerve output. (nih.gov)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss can be temporary or permanent, depending on the length and intensity of exposure. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Hearing loss caused by noise can be temporary. (nih.gov)
  • The hearing loss can be only temporary, but other times it can be long-term and impact both ears. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • A temporary hearing loss that goes away in less than two days. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • But if you go to a music concert and come back and experience discomfort in hearing then it is treatable or reversible since it is temporary. (simplihealth.in)
  • The hearing loss that you experience may just be temporary. (otofonix.com)
  • Just as with temporary hearing loss , you need to take precautions to avoid permanent hearing loss going forward. (otofonix.com)
  • The annoying quality of loud noise may serve as a warning that it is adversely affecting health, ie, injuring the auditory system. (medscape.com)
  • WHS will also discuss the importance of using hearing protective devices to prevent hearing loss and maintain healthy auditory function. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • Auditory brainstem responses were evaluated before noise exposure (124 dB SPL for 2 h) and 14 days after. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, H-index of HSP72 ( plasma / cochlea eHSP72/iHSP72 ratio) was increased in the noise-induced hearing loss group, but prevented by alanyl- glutamine dipeptide treatment , although alanyl- glutamine dipeptide had no effect on auditory threshold . (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, plasma levels of 72 kDa heat shock proteins can be used as a biomarker of auditory stress after noise exposure. (bvsalud.org)
  • If hearing loss is left untreated, the part of the brain that process auditory signals can atrophy or reassign itself to focus on other brain functions, making it much harder to hear. (healthyhearing.com)
  • It reported that 2.5 healthy years were lost each year for every 1,000 noise-exposed U.S. workers because of hearing impairment (hearing loss that impacts day-to-day activities). (wikipedia.org)
  • These lost years were shared among the 13% of workers with hearing impairment (about 130 workers out of each 1,000 workers). (wikipedia.org)
  • With the use of hearing aids, individuals no longer feel excluded or isolated from their friends and family due to their hearing impairment. (beltone.com)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss manifests in a very similar fashion to other forms of hearing impairment. (connecthearing.com)
  • Hearing impairment occurs when the inner ear is damaged. (fraservalleybeltone.com)
  • The risk of hearing impairment increases with age and is exacerbated by exposure to noise, particularly at work. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, farmers who work with tractors and other loud equipment should also wear protective gear to prevent hearing loss. (hearingresearch.org)
  • The only regulations that OSHA provides for these hearing protectors are they must be "comfortable to wear and offer sufficient attenuation to prevent hearing loss" (United States Department of Labor). (nursinganswers.net)
  • Therefore it is recommended that people who work surrounded by loud noises, military people, gunners, etc. should always wear noise-cancelling ear muffs/defenders to protect their ears. (simplihealth.in)
  • Ensure all workers who are at risk are wearing sufficient hearing protection that fits, and that they understand how to properly wear it. (myosh.com)
  • Make sure workers insert or wear the correct hearing protection prior to entering a noisy environment and wear it until after exiting the noisy location. (myosh.com)
  • When exposed to loud noise, be sure to wear earplugs or other protective devices. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • Even if your employer doesn't require you to wear hearing protection, it may be a good idea to approach your boss about wearing them if you're concerned about the noise level. (otofonix.com)
  • If noise levels exceed a time-weighted average of 90 dB over an eight-hour shift, employees will be required to wear hearing protection. (grainnet.com)
  • If you've been diagnosed with hearing loss and the hearing healthcare provider prescribed hearing aids as a treatment, you'll be doing yourself a big favor if you wear them as recommended . (healthyhearing.com)
  • Research indicates people who wear hearing aids experience added health benefits . (healthyhearing.com)
  • Wear hearing protection like earplugs whenever you know you'll be exposed to loud noise. (healthyhearing.com)
  • however, noise-induced hearing loss can also be due to unsafe recreational, residential, social and military service-related noise exposures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hearing loss that is caused by the noise exposure due to recreational or nonoccupational activities is termed socioacusis. (medscape.com)
  • After this course learners will be able to describe the number of people in the world at risk for recreational noise-induced hearing loss, and discuss different levels of noise exposure associated with risk for noise-induced hearing loss. (audiologyonline.com)
  • Be aware of the risks to hearing from recreational activities such as shooting a gun or driving snowmobiles. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is estimated that 24 percent of Americans between the ages of 20 and 69 experience hearing loss that is the result of exposure to excessive noise either at work or through recreational activities. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • Based on the list, most of the loudest noises come from recreational activities. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • Lowering the volume of sound at its source, limiting the time of exposure and physical protection can reduce the impact of excessive noise. (wikipedia.org)
  • But what exactly qualifies as excessive noise? (connecthearing.com)
  • Avoid excessive noise wherever and whenever possible. (connecthearing.com)
  • Hearing Protective Devices: Hearing protective devices are essential tools for preventing hearing loss in environments with excessive noise exposure. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • it was shown that the noise level in various working places, particularly in the weaving workshop, was quite excessive comparing to the standards and so, it may very likely result in producing hearing loss in the workers. (virascience.com)
  • to determine the hearing loss of the workers due to excessive noise, 1. (virascience.com)
  • If you believe that you've been exposed to excessive noise, you can get yourself screened. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • Understanding the hazards of excessive noise and sound is the first step in keeping your sense of hearing healthy. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • Of the 40 million people with hearing loss in the U.S., 25 percent of those, or 10 million, have lost their hearing as a result of exposure to excessive noise. (greenriverstar.com)
  • An audiometric notch is a deterioration in the hearing threshold (the softest sound a person can hear). (medscape.com)
  • Your distance from the source of the sound and the length of time you are exposed to the sound are also important factors in protecting your hearing. (nih.gov)
  • Hearing depends on a series of events that change sound waves in the air into electrical signals. (nih.gov)
  • In both types, loud sound overstimulates delicate hearing cells, leading to the permanent injury or death of the cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • rather, exposure to excessively high levels from any sound source over time can cause hearing loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • PTS (Permanent Threshold Shift) is a permanent change of the hearing threshold (the intensity necessary for one to detect a sound) following an event, which will never recover. (wikipedia.org)
  • Have you ever thought about the effect loud sound has on your hearing and what you can do to protect yourself from suffering hearing loss? (3m.com)
  • The term acoustic trauma means the hearing loss due to single exposure to intense sound. (medscape.com)
  • Simply measuring the physical intensity of the stimulus as a sound pressure level cannot assess the potentially damaging effect of noise. (medscape.com)
  • It is a a form of hearing loss that develops when the mechanisms of the inner ear are damaged by exposure to harmful sound levels. (familyfocusblog.com)
  • That is why he founded Puro Sound with the mission to eliminate Noise Induced Hearing Loss in children and teens. (familyfocusblog.com)
  • The simplest way to avoid developing noise-induced hearing loss is to pay attention to sound volume wherever you go. (signia.net)
  • The louder the sound, the shorter the amount of time it takes for possible hearing loss to occur. (nih.gov)
  • Any sound above 120 dB is known as traumatic noise. (connecthearing.com)
  • As mentioned before, any sound higher than 85 dB could lead to hearing loss. (drhear.com)
  • Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is unable to pass efficiently through the outer or middle ear. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • If the sound is at or greater than the maximum levels recommended, you need to take steps to protect your hearing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are also people who lose their hearing following a single intense sound, like an explosion. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Hearing loss in these cases is called sound-induced hearing loss. (simplihealth.in)
  • While diagnosis if you go through the history of the patient you will realise that loud noises/sounds usually sound these patients or have a high earphone usage. (simplihealth.in)
  • If conversations and other noises sound distorted or muffled, you may be experiencing early symptoms. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • Furthermore, the physiological and psychological effects of higher frequency sound and noise comprise an enormous volume of literature and have not been reviewed at this time. (nih.gov)
  • CBA mice (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 24 mice per group): control, sound conditioning (SC), sound conditioning plus noise exposure (SC+NE), and noise exposure (NE). (frontiersin.org)
  • Sound conditioning animals were more noise resistant and recovered hearing faster than non-SC animals. (frontiersin.org)
  • Persons exposed to loud noise at work were twice as likely to have bilateral or unilateral notches ( Table 1 ) than those not exposed. (medscape.com)
  • However, 23.5% of persons who self-reported excellent or good hearing (irrespective of noise exposure reported) had bilateral or unilateral notches (5.5% and 18.0%, respectively) ( Table 1 ). (medscape.com)
  • They also confirm that most of these youth suffer from bilateral high-frequency hearing loss, which is often caused by noise exposure. (familyfocusblog.com)
  • Hearing may deteriorate gradually from chronic and repeated noise exposure (such as to loud music or background noise) or suddenly from exposure to impulse noise, which is a short high intensity noise (such as a gunshot or airhorn). (wikipedia.org)
  • Prolonged exposure to loud noises, such as loud music, construction noise, or aircraft noise, can cause permanent hearing loss . (fraservalleybeltone.com)
  • Noise-induced hearing loss can happen at any age, and loud music can be the culprit. (otofonix.com)
  • There are two main types of noise-induced hearing loss: gradual and sudden. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Sudden hearing loss, on the other hand, occurs quickly and can be caused by a single loud noise, such as an explosion or gunshot. (hearingresearch.org)
  • As a result, repeated exposure to loud noises can lead to permanent hearing loss. (hearingresearch.org)
  • However, some sounds can cause long-term or permanent noise-induced hearing loss, either instantly or after prolonged listening. (signia.net)
  • This permanent hearing loss can then worsen over a lifetime. (nih.gov)
  • This type of hearing loss is permanent. (nih.gov)
  • Unfortunately, once these cells are damaged, they will stop sending signals to your brain, and the loss of functionality from these cells is permanent: you will never get that hearing back. (usatoday.com)
  • The hearing loss is very often permanent. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2005). This type of permanent hearing loss is referred to as "noise- induced hearing loss. (nursinganswers.net)
  • This permanent hearing loss can also be caused by shorter bursts of loud noise such as gunfire, explosions, air horns, etc. (fraservalleybeltone.com)
  • Should you destroy enough cells or nerves, the hearing loss becomes permanent. (fraservalleybeltone.com)
  • You need to make sure to take precautions going forward do you don't end up causing permanent hearing loss in the future every time you expose your ears to loud noises. (otofonix.com)
  • Permanent hearing loss is what you want to avoid. (otofonix.com)
  • This noise-induced hearing loss can be permanent. (nih.gov)
  • Workers exposed to high noise levels for extended periods of time, day in and day out, often experience permanent hearing loss. (grainnet.com)
  • Noise is one of the many factors that can result in hearing loss, but other environmental exposures and genetic predispositions in combination with noise may also affect this crucial sensory function. (nursinganswers.net)
  • Pure-tone audiometry was used to measure hearing thresholds and following pure tone frequencies were used for the test: 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 kHz. (banglajol.info)
  • Thus, applying age corrections to a person's hearing thresholds for calculation of significant threshold shift will overestimate the expected hearing loss for some and underestimate it for others, because the median hearing loss attributable to presbycusis for a given age group will not be generalized to that experienced by an individual in that age group. (occupationalhearingloss.com)
  • Goycoolea (1) studied the natives on Easter Island and found equal hearing thresholds in males and females of similar ages. (occupationalhearingloss.com)
  • B) Pretreatment with siCaMKKβ significantly attenuates 101-dB-noise-increased DPOAE thresholds from 12-40 kHz (C) Representative images revealed Myosin-VIIA-immunolabeled OHCs (brown) 14 d after 101-dB-noise exposure in groups pretreated with siControl or siCaMKKβ. (technologypublisher.com)
  • Exposure to harmful noise can happen at any age. (nih.gov)
  • Harmful noises at home may come from sources including lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and woodworking tools. (nih.gov)
  • A hearing conservation program can be a simple program that provides hearing protection devices to the employees that are potentially being exposed to these harmful measures. (nursinganswers.net)
  • For example, if there are machines running or background noise levels that are annoying, but are not actually harmful to the ears - you are not going to go deaf. (safetyhub.co.nz)
  • Even if you can't tell that you are damaging your hearing, you could have trouble hearing in the future, such as not being able to understand other people when they talk, especially on the phone or in a noisy room. (nih.gov)
  • Mild hearing loss may make it difficult to hear a conversation in a noisy environment, while severe hearing loss can make it impossible to communicate effectively with others. (hearingresearch.org)
  • Noisy Planet offers steps to protect hearing. (nih.gov)
  • At the present, large groups of workers who are working in noisy environments are exposed to hearing loss. (virascience.com)
  • An Ear Nose and Throat specialist will consider a workers full employment history within a noisy work environment when calculating the percentage loss of hearing. (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • Kids and teens are often exposed to noise levels that could permanently harm their hearing over time. (cdc.gov)
  • You may not realize how many common noises you are exposed to that rise above recommended safe levels. (3m.com)
  • Expanding the ability to both hear and communicate with fellow workers while protecting against dangerous levels of noise is the purpose behind communication-enhanced hearing protection. (3m.com)
  • Even with hearing protection, Melamed reported that 60% of workers rated high levels of unwanted background noise as "highly annoying. (medscape.com)
  • The increased urinary cortisol levels decreased toward normal after 7 days of noise attenuation. (medscape.com)
  • If you are attending a concert or other event with loud noise levels , consider wearing earplugs or standing at a safe distance from the speakers. (hearingresearch.org)
  • International Standards Organization, Annex A estimates hearing levels for an industrial population that was screened for exposure to gun and intense industrial noise. (occupationalhearingloss.com)
  • Listening to levels below 85 dB can help you preserve your hearing. (signia.net)
  • For some people, hearing returns to its normal levels after 16 to 48 hours after exposure to loud noises. (nih.gov)
  • A busy city intersection is roughly 85 dB, and many earbuds are capable of putting out noise levels upwards of 90 dB. (connecthearing.com)
  • Normally, you hear these sounds at safe levels that don't affect hearing. (nih.gov)
  • A more precise way to check is to use an app - there are plenty out there which measure ambient noise levels and will tell you whether they are dangerous to your health. (drhear.com)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS This a cross-sectional historical cohort carried out in steel mills, lumber mills and marble shops, with noise levels above 85dB, in which we evaluat. (virascience.com)
  • He was often required to work in engine rooms of company ships and was constantly exposed to extremely high levels of noise from engines and boilers. (paduffy-solicitors.com)
  • We found an increase in both iHSP72 and eHSP72 levels in the noise-induced hearing loss group, which was alleviated by alanyl- glutamine dipeptide treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • Normally, background noises are at safe levels that do not negatively impact our hearing. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • If this happens, you won't be able to hear as well as you usually do for a short period, but your hearing will return to normal levels. (otofonix.com)
  • You can invest in a hearing aid so that you can enjoy hearing people, and other noises at normal levels again. (otofonix.com)
  • Many types of tools and equipment expose workers to high noise levels. (grainnet.com)
  • This risk can be minimized by reducing noise levels to 85 dB(A) or less. (cdc.gov)
  • Diabetics have a much higher risk of developing hearing loss as are nondiabetics which indicates high blood sugar levels to be a potential factor. (raysahelian.com)
  • Folic acid supplementation appears to slow the hearing loss that commonly occurs with age, at least in people with high levels of the amino acid homocysteine. (raysahelian.com)
  • Previous reports have linked low folate levels with poor hearing, but it was unclear if administration of the vitamin could slow age-related hearing loss. (raysahelian.com)
  • Because there is evidence that folate may improve hearing by lowering plasma homocysteine levels, the researchers excluded subjects who had low homocysteine levels at the start of the study. (raysahelian.com)
  • As the name suggests, noise-induced hearing loss refers to hearing loss that is caused by exposure to loud noises. (hearingresearch.org)
  • According to the UN Health Agency Worldwide, about 360 million people suffer from moderate to severe hearing loss. (otofonix.com)
  • The mice with FOXO3 also had hearing loss, but it was far less severe. (nih.gov)
  • Two weeks afterward, the mice lacking FOXO3 continued to have severe hearing loss, but the normal mice seemed to mostly recover their hearing. (nih.gov)
  • I had my hearing tested, and we found out I had a moderate to severe hearing loss in both ears. (cochlear.com)
  • Seventy percent of persons exposed to loud noise in the past 12 months never or seldom wore hearing protection. (medscape.com)
  • Melamed S, Rabinowitz S, Green MS. Noise exposure, noise annoyance, use of hearing protection devices and distress among blue-collar workers. (medscape.com)
  • I was able to achieve 100% support from the company's health and safety leadership because they listened and believed in my passion about the importance of hearing protection. (3m.com)
  • We acknowledge that loud noises can harm our hearing, and we understand the tremendous benefits of wearing hearing protection. (3m.com)
  • Noise protection that attenuated the unwanted background noise by 30-33 dB for 7 days produced significant improvement in irritability and fatigue symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • We are looking for individuals and companies to add hearing protection to their friends and customers, Find out how. (bigearinc.com)
  • Finally, Dental hearing protection that does not act like Ear Plugs . (bigearinc.com)
  • You might consider investing in hearing protection for your son to ensure that his ears are protected. (hearingsolutions.ca)
  • When in doubt, you can always use hearing protection. (signia.net)
  • If hearing protection is not available, cover your ears with your hands. (nih.gov)
  • It goes without saying that hearing protection is simply much better and cheaper than having to fix the hearing problem after it occurs. (all-about-the-human-ear.com)
  • My online store contains a large range of hearing protection products at low prices! (all-about-the-human-ear.com)
  • Ensure you always have adequate hearing protection on-hand. (connecthearing.com)
  • If your budget doesn't stretch that far, any hearing protection is better than nothing. (drhear.com)
  • For those who are looking for the most comfortable hearing protection, we offer custom hearing devices. (drhear.com)
  • These safety regulations include anything from grain safety in the agriculture sector to hearing protection at construction sites. (nursinganswers.net)
  • The hearing protection devices that many companies provide will only supply 7 dB of attenuation, making the noise exposure continuously well above the acceptable limit. (nursinganswers.net)
  • Another glaring issue with this restriction is attenuation is only feasible if the hearing protection device is properly inserted, fit correctly, and worn at all times during the noise exposure. (nursinganswers.net)
  • Treatment for a partial hearing loss usually will concentrate on making sure you have proper ear protection, so your hearing doesn't get worse. (nexgenhearing.com)
  • Invest in some hearing protection. (otofonix.com)
  • There is a generally accepted rule of thumb used to identify when hearing protection should be worn. (grainnet.com)
  • This rule states that if a person is having trouble understanding or hearing a normal tone of voice at a distance of approximately three feet, hearing protection should be worn. (grainnet.com)
  • Your employer also may post signs in the work environment to communicate hearing protection requirements. (grainnet.com)
  • Further, 65 dB SPL SC offered better hearing protection than 85 dB SPL SC. (frontiersin.org)
  • The 3M Pro-Grade Earmuff is designed to be a high noise reducing/protection earmuff. (3m.com)
  • The hearing deteriorates gradually from the noise exposure. (earinstitute.co.za)
  • In most cases, a noise-induced hearing loss develops gradually as a result of long-lasting exposure to noise. (earinstitute.co.za)
  • When a noise-induced hearing loss develops gradually, it is harder to perceive. (earinstitute.co.za)
  • Hearing loss often develops gradually and may not be immediately noticeable. (schwartzberghearing.com)
  • The effect of a hearing conservation program on adolescents' attitudes towards noise. (medscape.com)
  • Welcome to our comprehensive web page on hearing loss, noise assessments and hearing conservation. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • Stay informed, protect your hearing, and spread the word about the importance of hearing conservation. (westernhealthandsafety.com)
  • OSHA has stated that anyone that is exposed to 90 dB TWA (time-weighted average) for 8 hour or more hours, the employer must implement a hearing conservation program. (nursinganswers.net)
  • Other steps include regularly maintaining machinery, isolating the noise, and developing a hearing conservation program for the employees. (makatimed.net.ph)
  • Thus, this work informs efforts to develop better clinical tests and to identify effective pharmacologic therapies for these common forms of hearing loss, and should guide hearing conservation efforts aimed at better protecting the public health. (nih.gov)
  • This RFA "Biological Mechanisms of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss" is related to one or more of the priority areas. (nih.gov)
  • Because some people are more vulnerable than others to noise-induced hearing loss, researchers have sought to understand the genetic factors and mechanisms that may be protective. (nih.gov)
  • Methods: Recent Cochrane Reviews investigated various initiatives and mechanisms (e.g., legislation, proper hearing protector usage, etc.) to determine which work best to either promote the use of hearing protections, and/or reduce noise exposure or hearing loss among workers. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevalence of hearing loss among noise-exposed workers within the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector, 2003-2012. (medscape.com)
  • So, this study is aimed to determine the prevalence of hearing loss (more than, 25 dB) of the workers in coal mines and leaching fac. (virascience.com)
  • Dement J, Welch LS, Ringen K, Cranford K, Quinn P. Hearing loss among older construction workers: Updated analyses. (medscape.com)
  • The annual disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated for noise-exposed U.S. workers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Learn how to protect construction workers from hazardous noise while still allowing them to hear the critical sounds needed to perform their job safely and productively. (3m.com)
  • Rock and pop musicians are at risk of having noise induced hearing loss the same way industrial workers do. (all-about-the-human-ear.com)
  • The noise spectrum influence on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss prevalence in workers. (virascience.com)
  • One of our solicitors will be able to assist you in determining if you should pursue investigations into a workers' compensation claim for noise induced hearing loss . (turnerfreeman.com.au)
  • Ensure workers have their hearing tested and are aware of their hearing-test results. (myosh.com)
  • Protect Their Hearing. (cdc.gov)
  • Learn more about how to protect loved ones from hearing loss. (3m.com)
  • Take steps to protect your ears today and enjoy a lifetime of clear hearing. (beltone.com)
  • By taking these precautions, you can help protect your hearing and reduce your risk of noise-induced hearing loss. (hearingresearch.org)
  • The best way to make sure that your children continue to enjoy the sounds they love throughout life is to teach them practical ways to protect their hearing. (nih.gov)
  • The best we can do is be cognizant of the noise around us and take the necessary steps to protect our ears from harm. (connecthearing.com)
  • Fortunately, there are devices that can help protect your hearing and amplify low sounds so you can hear them. (otofonix.com)
  • Support the NCEH's "Thunderclap" campaign and help others protect their hearing. (ishn.com)
  • If you can't protect your hearing from the loud noise, move away from it. (healthyhearing.com)
  • Regardless of how it might affect you, one thing is certain: noise-induced hearing loss is something you can prevent. (nih.gov)
  • The best way to prevent noise-induced hearing loss is to avoid exposure to loud noises whenever possible. (hearingresearch.org)
  • By avoiding prolonged exposure to loud noise environments and utilization of personal hearing safety devices can prevent noise-induced hearing loss. (banglajol.info)
  • Now that you have a rough idea of what Noise-Induced Hearing Loss is, let's take a look at some options to prevent it in the future. (usatoday.com)
  • The following steps can help prevent hearing loss. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are laws that are put into place to prevent this occupationally acquired hearing loss. (nursinganswers.net)
  • How Can I Prevent Hearing Loss? (kidshealth.org)
  • You can't prevent these kinds of hearing loss. (kidshealth.org)
  • We explore whether noise-induced hearing loss promotes both intracellular and extracellular HSP72 heat shock response alterations, and if alanyl- glutamine dipeptide supplementation could modify heat shock response and prevent hearing loss . (bvsalud.org)
  • This year's theme, "Hear the Future," focuses on strategies to prevent the expected increase in the number of people living with hearing loss. (ishn.com)
  • The NCEH is especially focused on educating young people about noise-induced hearing loss in order to help prevent it. (ishn.com)
  • Dietary intervention with fish oils could prevent or delay the development of age-related hearing loss. (raysahelian.com)
  • Without a doubt, the easiest way to prevent hearing loss is to reduce the volume of the noise in your environment. (healthyhearing.com)
  • The first difficulty the patient usually notices is trouble understanding speech when a high level of ambient background noise is present. (medscape.com)
  • Due to this dip at 4 or 8 kHz the patients have difficulty hearing these sounds. (simplihealth.in)
  • These people have difficulty hearing sounds which are 4-8 kHz at the early stage. (simplihealth.in)
  • The patient faces no difficulty hearing the person sitting close to them. (simplihealth.in)
  • But they may face problems hearing sounds that come from far or have difficulty understanding certain words. (simplihealth.in)
  • This type of hearing loss, termed "noise-induced hearing loss," is usually caused by exposure to excessively loud sounds and cannot be medically or surgically corrected. (cdc.gov)