Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
Potential cavity which separates the ARACHNOID MATER from the DURA MATER.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
An intracranial or rarely intraspinal suppurative process invading the space between the inner surface of the DURA MATER and the outer surface of the ARACHNOID.
Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.
Accumulation of blood in the EPIDURAL SPACE between the SKULL and the DURA MATER, often as a result of bleeding from the MENINGEAL ARTERIES associated with a temporal or parietal bone fracture. Epidural hematoma tends to expand rapidly, compressing the dura and underlying brain. Clinical features may include HEADACHE; VOMITING; HEMIPARESIS; and impaired mental function.
Subdural hematoma of the SPINAL CANAL.
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
The removal of a circular disk of the cranium.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
A delicate membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. It lies between the PIA MATER and the DURA MATER. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid cavity which is filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
A clinical condition resulting from repeated physical and psychological injuries inflicted on a child by the parents or caregivers.
Reduction of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure characterized clinically by HEADACHE which is maximal in an upright posture and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy (see ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES), neck stiffness, hearing loss (see DEAFNESS); NAUSEA; and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to SPINAL PUNCTURE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; DEHYDRATION; UREMIA; trauma (see also CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
Brain injuries resulted from vigorous shaking of an infant or young child held by the chest, shoulders, or extremities causing extreme cranial acceleration. It is characterized by the intracranial and intraocular hemorrhages with no evident external trauma. Serious cases may result in death.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES due to TRAUMA. Hemorrhage may involve any part of the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the BASAL GANGLIA. Depending on the severity of bleeding, clinical features may include SEIZURES; APHASIA; VISION DISORDERS; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; PARALYSIS; and COMA.
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)
Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A scale that assesses the outcome of serious craniocerebral injuries, based on the level of regained social functioning.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
X-ray image-detecting devices that make a focused image of body structures lying in a predetermined plane from which more complex images are computed.
The escape of diagnostic or therapeutic material from the vessel into which it is introduced into the surrounding tissue or body cavity.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
The paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining laminae of the vertebrae. With the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect.
Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.
The injection of autologous blood into the epidural space either as a prophylactic treatment immediately following an epidural puncture or for treatment of headache as a result of an epidural puncture.
The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure.
Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.
Narrow channel in the MESENCEPHALON that connects the third and fourth CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
A skull fracture characterized by inward depression of a fragment or section of cranial bone, often compressing the underlying dura mater and brain. Depressed cranial fractures which feature open skin wounds that communicate with skull fragments are referred to as compound depressed skull fractures.
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.
Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system.
A long flat muscle that extends along the whole length of both sides of the abdomen. It flexes the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar portion; it also tenses the anterior abdominal wall and assists in compressing the abdominal contents. It is frequently the site of hematomas. In reconstructive surgery it is often used for the creation of myocutaneous flaps. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p491)
Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle.
The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones.
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)
Tubes inserted to create communication between a cerebral ventricle and the internal jugular vein. Their emplacement permits draining of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus or other condition leading to fluid accumulation in the ventricles.
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.
Agents that prevent clotting.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.
Veins draining the cerebrum.
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Arteries which supply the dura mater.
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)
A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.
Conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Agents that cause clotting.
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Falls due to slipping or tripping which may result in injury.
Excision of part of the skull. This procedure is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
A snow sport which uses skis to glide over the snow. It does not include water-skiing.
Bleeding within the SKULL that is caused by systemic HYPERTENSION, usually in association with INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Hypertensive hemorrhages are most frequent in the BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBELLUM; PONS; and THALAMUS; but may also involve the CEREBRAL CORTEX, subcortical white matter, and other brain structures.
An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.
Brain tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin where the iron within the heme group is in the ferric (Fe3+) state, unable to bind oxygen and leading to impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
A congenital or acquired protrusion of the meninges, unaccompanied by neural tissue, through a bony defect in the skull or vertebral column.
The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.

Subdural hematoma associated with dural metastasis--case report--. (1/32)

A 56-year-old female presented with acute subdural hematoma associated with dural metastasis. The patient had been treated for breast cancer with disseminated bone and lung metastases. Evacuation of the hematoma with local management of the tumor and bleeding successfully improved her neurological condition and she underwent postoperative radiotherapy. This condition is especially associated with dural metastasis from adenocarcinoma (most frequently stomach cancer) and the clinical outcome depends on the general condition of the patient and the status of the coagulation disorders. If the tumors are multiple, as in this case, extreme caution should be paid to recurrent bleeding in the ipsilateral or contralateral side.  (+info)

Simultaneous cranial and spinal subdural hematoma. (2/32)

A 59-year-old male presented with spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) with concomitant cranial chronic SDH manifesting as mild paraparesis and numbness in both lower extremities. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed simultaneous occurrence of cranial and spinal SDHs. The patient was treated conservatively because of poor medical condition and mild neurological symptoms, and recovered well within 1 month. Serial follow-up MR imaging revealed spontaneous resolution of both lesions, with signal intensity changes suggesting the degenerative process of subacute hematoma. The spinal hematoma may have migrated from the cranial lesion. Spinal SDH is a potential sequela of chronic SDH in the cranium.  (+info)

Subacute spinal subdural hematoma associated with intracranial subdural hematoma. (3/32)

We describe a subacute spinal subdural hematoma in a patient with psot-traumatic subacute intracranial subdural hematoma. CT and MRI demonstrated hematoma within the interhemispheric subdural space and at the lumbar posterior subdural space which extended from the L1 to the S2 level. The lesion showed high signal intensity on both T1 and T2 weighted images. Surgical decompression of the spinal subdural hematoma was performed. The symptoms completely resolved after surgery. Spinal subdural hematoma may be concomitant with or may occur after intracranial subdural hematoma. If a patient with intracranial subdural hematoma complains of low back pain and weakness in both legs; lumbosacral MR examination should be performed to exclude spinal subdural hematoma.  (+info)

Delayed hemorrhage following microvascular decompression. Three case reports. (4/32)

Postoperative hemorrhage is one of the most dangerous complications following microvascular decompression (MVD), and usually occurs within the first 24 hours after MVD operation, whereas delayed hemorrhage is extremely rare. The possible mechanisms of acute and delayed postoperative hemorrhage following MVD seem to be different. Three of 685 patients treated by MVD developed delayed hematoma more than 24 hours after surgery, including two cases at the operative site and one at a remote site. The possible causes of such delayed hemorrhage are discussed. Postoperative monitoring is extremely important after the MVD procedure. If any hemorrhage can be identified at the early stage, valuable time can be won for treatment and better outcome.  (+info)

Akinetic mutism responsive to bromocriptine following subdural hematoma evacuation in a patient with hydrocephalus. (5/32)

An 11-year-old girl with obstructive hydrocephalus developed akinetic mutism after treatment for hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis by ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting. Bilateral chronic subdural hematomas developed about 2 months after insertion of the VP shunt and were evacuated. Postoperatively, the patient developed akinetic mutism, but her condition improved after administration of bromocriptine. Absence of abnormalities on dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography, lack of clinical response to levodopa treatment, and normal homovanillic acid concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid all indicated normal dopamine production. Pressure on the periventricular monoamine projections in the thalamus and hypothalamus without major dopamine deprivation in the striatum may have been the most important factors in the development of akinetic mutism in this patient.  (+info)

Spontaneous acute subdural hematoma contralateral to an arachnoid cyst. (6/32)

Arachnoid cysts (AC) are extra-cerebral cerebrospinal fluid collections of unknown origin. They correspond to 1% of all intracranial nontraumatic space-occupying lesions and appear more frequently in the middle fossa (50%). More than 25% of these cysts are incidental findings and the majority of patients are asymptomatic. Seizures, intracranial hypertension signs, neurological deficits, macrocrania, developmental delay and bulging of the skull are the main signs and symptoms of the lesion. AC rupture and bleeding are rare, usually occurring in young adults and associated with trauma. The risk of hemorrhage does not exceed 0.04% / year. We describe the case of a ten-year-old boy who presented with acute signs of intracranial hypertension secondary to a spontaneous acute subdural hematoma, contralateral to an AC of the middle fossa. Three factors were significant in this case: signs and symptoms occurred spontaneously; the presence of an acute subdural hematoma exclusively contralateral to the AC; successful outcome of the conservative treatment.  (+info)

Subdural hematoma following spinal cord stimulator implant. (7/32)

Headache following interventional procedures is a diagnostic challenge due to the multitude of possible etiologies involved. Presentation can be simple (PDPH alone) or complex (exacerbation of pre-existing chronic headache along with PDPH) or headache associated with a new onset intracranial process. Subdural hematoma is a rare complication of cranio-spinal trauma. Cranial subdural hematoma may present in an acute, sub-acute, or chronic fashion. Diagnosis of a subdural hematoma in the wake of a PDPH is difficult, requiring a high level of suspicion. Delayed diagnosis of subdural hematoma is usually related to failure to consider it in the differential diagnosis. Thorough history, assessment of the evolution of symptoms, and imaging studies may identify the possible cause and help direct treatment. Change in the character of initial presenting symptoms may be a sign of resolution of the headache or the onset of a secondary process. We report a case of acute intracranial subdural hematoma secondary to unintentional dural puncture during placement of a permanent spinal cord stimulator lead for refractory angina. There is need for careful follow-up of patients with a known post-dural tear. Failure to identify uncommon adverse events in patients with complicated spinal cord stimulator implantation may lead to permanent injury.  (+info)

Subdural hematoma associated with dural metastasis of gastric carcinoma: report of two cases. (8/32)

We treated two cases of a subdural hematoma associated with dural metastasis of gastric cancer, from which both patients died. Case 1: A 60-year-old female patient was hospitalized with a diagnosis of type 4 gastric cancer of the antrum. The patient suddenly collapsed, and, subsequently, left hemiplegia and a depressed level of consciousness were noted. A head computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a subdural hematoma with midline shift. The patient was diagnosed with chronic subdural hematoma and underwent emergency burr hole irrigation. Case 2: A 73-year-old man was diagnosed with type 4 gastric cancer and a total gastrectomy plus splenectomy were performed together with dissection of the N1 and N2 lymph node groups (D2 dissection) in March 2006 (T3, N2, P0, H0, INFgamma, ly3, v0, por2). Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using oral TS-1; following tests revealed no recurrence in the abdomen. In December 2006, gingival bleeding was noted with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and 10 days later, the patient was hospitalized with chief complaints of impaired consciousness and anorexia. CT scan revealed a right subdural hematoma with a midline shift. The patient was diagnosed with chronic subdural hematoma and underwent emergency burr hole irrigation and drainage. The dural biopsy of the two cases revealed adenocarcinoma noted in the dural blood vessel. Special staining revealed CEA-positive adenocarcinoma, and a diagnosis of the dural metastasis of gastric cancer was made. These patients' level of consciousness significantly improved postoperatively. However, DIC developed concurrently, and the patients died on the 13th and 14th postoperative day, respectively.  (+info)

A subdural hematoma is a type of hematoma (a collection of blood) that occurs between the dura mater, which is the outermost protective covering of the brain, and the brain itself. It is usually caused by bleeding from the veins located in this potential space, often as a result of a head injury or trauma.

Subdural hematomas can be classified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on their rate of symptom progression and the time course of their appearance on imaging studies. Acute subdural hematomas typically develop and cause symptoms rapidly, often within hours of the head injury. Subacute subdural hematomas have a more gradual onset of symptoms, which can occur over several days to a week after the trauma. Chronic subdural hematomas may take weeks to months to develop and are often seen in older adults or individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, even after minor head injuries.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma can vary widely depending on the size and location of the hematoma, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Common symptoms include headache, altered mental status, confusion, memory loss, weakness or numbness, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, along with management of any underlying conditions that may have contributed to its development.

The subdural space is a potential space between the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord, and the arachnoid mater, which is the middle meningeal layer. This space normally contains a thin film of fluid, but when it becomes filled with blood (subdural hematoma) or pus (subdural empyema), it can cause significant neurological problems due to increased pressure on the brain. The subdural space can also become widened in certain conditions such as dementia or hydrocephalus, leading to a condition called subdural hygroma.

A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs between the dura mater and the brain. When it becomes chronic, it means that the bleeding has occurred slowly over time, often over the course of several weeks or months. The blood gradually collects in the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid membrane, forming a clot.

A chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is typically characterized by the presence of liquefied blood, which can form a loculated collection that may exert mass effect on the underlying brain tissue. This can lead to symptoms such as headache, confusion, weakness, or even seizures, depending on the size and location of the hematoma.

CSDHs are often associated with underlying brain atrophy, which can create a larger potential space for blood to collect. They may also be seen in patients who are taking anticoagulant medications or have a bleeding disorder. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, although smaller CSDHs may be managed conservatively with close monitoring and repeat imaging.

A hematoma is defined as a localized accumulation of blood in a tissue, organ, or body space caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. This can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect coagulation. The severity and size of a hematoma may vary depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, bruising, and decreased mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the hematoma but may include observation, compression, ice, elevation, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

A subdural hematoma is a type of brain injury in which blood accumulates between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges, the protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord) and the brain. In the case of an acute subdural hematoma, the bleeding occurs suddenly and rapidly as a result of trauma, such as a severe head injury from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or assault. The accumulation of blood puts pressure on the brain, which can lead to serious complications, including brain damage or death, if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Acute subdural hematomas are considered medical emergencies and require immediate neurosurgical intervention.

Empyema subdural is a medical condition characterized by the presence of pus (purulent material) in the potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane of the brain. This space is called the subdural space. Empyema subdural can result from an infection that spreads from nearby areas such as the skull, face, or sinuses, or it can occur as a complication of neurosurgical procedures.

The symptoms of empyema subdural may include headache, altered mental status, fever, seizures, and neurological deficits depending on the severity and location of the infection. Diagnosis is usually made with the help of imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and treatment typically involves surgical drainage of the pus along with antibiotic therapy to eliminate the underlying infection. If left untreated, empyema subdural can lead to serious complications such as brain abscess, meningitis, or even death.

A subdural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the potential space between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the arachnoid membrane (one of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord) in the subdural space.

Subdural effusions can occur due to various reasons, including head trauma, infection, or complications from neurosurgical procedures. The fluid accumulation may result from bleeding (subdural hematoma), inflammation, or increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Depending on the underlying cause and the amount of fluid accumulated, subdural effusions can cause various symptoms, such as headaches, altered mental status, or neurological deficits.

Subdural effusions are often asymptomatic and may resolve independently; however, in some cases, medical intervention might be necessary to alleviate the pressure on the brain or address the underlying condition. Imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are typically used to diagnose and monitor subdural effusions.

An epidural cranial hematoma is a specific type of hematoma, which is defined as an abnormal accumulation of blood in a restricted space, occurring between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the skull in the cranial region. This condition is often caused by trauma or head injury, which results in the rupture of blood vessels, allowing blood to collect in the epidural space. The accumulation of blood can compress the brain tissue and cause various neurological symptoms, potentially leading to serious complications if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

A subdural hematoma in the spine is a specific type of spinal hemorrhage, where blood accumulates in the potential space between the dura mater (the outer layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the arachnoid membrane (the middle layer of the meninges). This space is normally devoid of fluid or blood.

Subdural hematomas in the spine can result from trauma, such as a fall or motor vehicle accident, which causes bleeding from the venous vessels located between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane. As blood accumulates, it can compress the spinal cord and nerve roots, leading to neurological deficits.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma in the spine may include localized back pain, radiating pain, sensory loss, motor weakness, or paralysis below the level of the lesion. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, loss of bowel and bladder control, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

An epidural spinal hematoma is a rare but potentially serious medical condition characterized by the accumulation of blood in the epidural space of the spinal canal. The epidural space is the outermost layer of the spinal canal and it contains fat, blood vessels, and nerve roots.

In an epidural spinal hematoma, blood collects in this space, often as a result of trauma or injury to the spine, or due to complications from medical procedures such as spinal taps or epidural anesthesia. The buildup of blood can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to symptoms such as back pain, muscle weakness, numbness, or paralysis below the level of the hematoma.

Epidural spinal hematomas require immediate medical attention and may necessitate surgical intervention to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord and prevent further nerve damage. Risk factors for developing an epidural spinal hematoma include bleeding disorders, anticoagulant medication use, and spinal trauma or surgery.

A subdural hematoma is a type of intracranial hemorrhage, which means it involves bleeding within the skull. More specifically, a subdural hematoma occurs between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain) and the brain itself. This condition is usually caused by trauma or injury to the head, which results in the rupture of blood vessels in the brain. The bleeding then forms a collection of blood in the subdural space, which can compress the brain and lead to various neurological symptoms.

Subdural hematomas can be acute, subacute, or chronic, depending on the time course of symptom onset and the rate of blood accumulation. Acute subdural hematomas typically result from severe head trauma and require immediate medical attention due to their rapid progression and potential for causing significant brain damage or even death. Chronic subdural hematomas, on the other hand, may develop more slowly over time and can sometimes be asymptomatic, although they still have the potential to cause long-term neurological problems if left untreated.

Treatment options for subdural hematomas depend on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, the severity of symptoms, and the size and location of the hematoma. In some cases, conservative management with close monitoring may be appropriate, while in other situations, surgical intervention may be necessary to alleviate pressure on the brain and prevent further damage.

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. This procedure is typically performed to treat various neurological conditions, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, or traumatic brain injuries. After the underlying brain condition is addressed, the bone flap is usually replaced and secured back in place with plates and screws. The purpose of a craniotomy is to provide access to the brain for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions while minimizing potential damage to surrounding tissues.

Dura Mater is the thickest and outermost of the three membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It provides protection and support to these delicate structures. The other two layers are called the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater, which are thinner and more delicate than the Dura Mater. Together, these three layers form a protective barrier around the central nervous system.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.

Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.

An Arachnoid cyst is a type of abnormal fluid-filled sac that develops between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane, which is one of the three layers that cover and protect the central nervous system. These cysts are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is the same fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

Arachnoid cysts can vary in size and may be present at birth or develop later in life due to trauma, infection, or other factors. While many arachnoid cysts are asymptomatic and do not cause any problems, larger cysts or those that grow or shift over time can put pressure on the brain or spinal cord, leading to a range of neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, hearing or vision changes, balance or coordination difficulties, and cognitive impairments.

Treatment for arachnoid cysts depends on their size, location, and associated symptoms. In some cases, observation and monitoring may be sufficient, while in others, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain the cyst or create a connection between it and the surrounding CSF space to relieve pressure.

A closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when there is no penetration or breakage of the skull. The brain is encased in the skull and protected by cerebrospinal fluid, but when the head experiences a sudden impact or jolt, the brain can move back and forth within the skull, causing it to bruise, tear blood vessels, or even cause nerve damage. This type of injury can result from various incidents such as car accidents, sports injuries, falls, or any other event that causes the head to suddenly stop or change direction quickly.

Closed head injuries can range from mild (concussion) to severe (diffuse axonal injury, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma), and symptoms may not always be immediately apparent. They can include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, or even coma. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a closed head injury, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.

Trephination, also known as trepanation or burr hole surgery, is a surgical procedure that involves making a circular hole in the skull. This ancient medical practice was used in various cultures throughout history for various purposes, such as relieving pressure on the brain, treating mental disorders, or releasing evil spirits. In modern medicine, it is rarely performed and usually reserved for severe conditions like subdural hematomas or infection inside the skull.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

The arachnoid is one of the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord, known as the meninges. It is located between the dura mater (the outermost layer) and the pia mater (the innermost layer). The arachnoid is a thin, delicate membrane that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which provides protection and nutrition to the central nervous system.

The arachnoid has a spider-web like appearance, hence its name, and it is composed of several layers of collagen fibers and elastic tissue. It is highly vascularized, meaning that it contains many blood vessels, and it plays an important role in regulating the flow of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord.

In some cases, the arachnoid can become inflamed or irritated, leading to a condition called arachnoiditis. This can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, muscle weakness, and sensory changes, and it may require medical treatment to manage.

Battered Child Syndrome is a medical condition in which a child has been physically abused and harmed, often over a period of time. It is also known as Non-accidental Injury (NAI) or Inflicted Traumatic Injury. The syndrome is characterized by a pattern of injuries, including bruises, fractures, burns, and internal injuries, which are not consistent with the history provided by the caregiver.

The symptoms of Battered Child Syndrome may include:

1. Unexplained or inconsistent explanations for injuries
2. Multiple injuries in various stages of healing
3. Injuries to different parts of the body, such as the ears, mouth, and genitals
4. Frequent visits to the emergency department or doctor's office for treatment of injuries
5. Delayed seeking of medical attention for serious injuries
6. Behavioral changes, such as fearfulness, regression, or aggression
7. Developmental delays or learning difficulties
8. Failure to thrive (poor growth and weight gain)

The diagnosis of Battered Child Syndrome is made by a healthcare professional based on the history, physical examination, and any diagnostic tests that may be necessary. The syndrome is a serious form of child abuse that requires immediate intervention and protection for the child. Treatment typically involves medical care for injuries, counseling and support for the child and family, and reporting the abuse to child protective services or law enforcement agencies.

Intracranial hypotension is a medical condition characterized by reduced pressure within the cranial cavity (the space containing brain and cerebrospinal fluid). This can occur due to several reasons, most commonly being a spontaneous or traumatic CSF leak (cerebrospinal fluid leak) from the dural membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The decrease in CSF pressure can cause various symptoms such as headaches (often positional), nausea, vomiting, neck pain, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, and cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, which may include bed rest, hydration, caffeine, epidural blood patch procedures, or surgical repair of CSF leaks.

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), also known as Abusive Head Trauma, is a form of inflicted injury that occurs when a baby or young child is violently shaken. This can lead to severe brain damage, blindness, hearing loss, developmental delays, seizures, and even death. The shaking causes the baby's fragile brain to move back and forth inside the skull, resulting in bruised brain tissues, bleeding in the brain, and detachment of the retinas. It's important to note that even brief periods of shaking can result in severe consequences. SBS is a form of child abuse and should be reported immediately to authorities.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized tool used by healthcare professionals to assess the level of consciousness and neurological response in a person who has suffered a brain injury or illness. It evaluates three aspects of a patient's responsiveness: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The scores from these three categories are then added together to provide an overall GCS score, which can range from 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) to 15 (indicating a normal level of consciousness). This scale helps medical professionals to quickly and consistently communicate the severity of a patient's condition and monitor their progress over time.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The posterior cranial fossa is a term used in anatomy to refer to the portion of the skull that forms the lower, back part of the cranial cavity. It is located between the occipital bone and the temporal bones, and it contains several important structures including the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and the lower cranial nerves (IX-XII). The posterior fossa also contains the foramen magnum, which is a large opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brainstem. This region of the skull is protected by the occipital bone, which forms the base of the skull and provides attachment for several neck muscles.

A traumatic cerebral hemorrhage is a type of brain injury that results from a trauma or external force to the head, which causes bleeding in the brain. This condition is also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or epidural or subdural hematoma, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding.

The trauma can cause blood vessels in the brain to rupture, leading to the accumulation of blood in the skull and increased pressure on the brain. This can result in various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, vomiting, weakness or numbness in the limbs, loss of consciousness, and even death if not treated promptly.

Traumatic cerebral hemorrhage is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. Treatment options may include surgery to relieve pressure on the brain, medication to control seizures and reduce swelling, and rehabilitation to help with recovery. The prognosis for traumatic cerebral hemorrhage depends on various factors such as the severity of the injury, location of the bleeding, age and overall health of the patient, and timeliness of treatment.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain or its surrounding tissues. It's a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. The bleeding can occur in various locations:

1. Epidural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater (the outermost protective covering of the brain) and the skull. This is often caused by trauma, such as a head injury.
2. Subdural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain's surface, which can also be caused by trauma.
3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding in the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounds the brain. This type of ICH is commonly caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
4. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: Bleeding within the brain tissue itself, which can be caused by hypertension (high blood pressure), amyloid angiopathy, or trauma.
5. Intraventricular hemorrhage: Bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, which contains CSF and communicates with the subarachnoid space. This type of ICH is often seen in premature infants but can also be caused by head trauma or aneurysm rupture in adults.

Symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, confusion, seizures, weakness, numbness, or paralysis on one side of the body, vision changes, or difficulty speaking or understanding speech. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further brain damage and potential long-term disabilities or death.

Spontaneous remission in a medical context refers to the disappearance or significant improvement of symptoms of a disease or condition without any specific treatment being administered. In other words, it's a situation where the disease resolves on its own, without any apparent cause. While spontaneous remission can occur in various conditions, it is relatively rare and not well understood. It's important to note that just because a remission occurs without treatment doesn't mean that medical care should be avoided, as many conditions can worsen or lead to complications if left untreated.

A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.

Pneumocephalus is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity, specifically within the cranial vault (the space enclosed by the skull and containing the brain). This can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, neurosurgical procedures, tumors, or infection. The accumulation of air in the cranium can lead to symptoms like headache, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, and neurological deficits. It is essential to diagnose and treat pneumocephalus promptly to prevent further complications, such as meningitis or brain abscess. Treatment options may include surgery, bed rest with head elevation, or administration of oxygen to facilitate the reabsorption of air.

A brain abscess is a localized collection of pus in the brain that is caused by an infection. It can develop as a result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection that spreads to the brain from another part of the body or from an infection that starts in the brain itself (such as from a head injury or surgery).

The symptoms of a brain abscess may include headache, fever, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness on one side of the body, and changes in vision, speech, or behavior. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical drainage of the abscess to relieve pressure on the brain.

It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent potentially life-threatening complications such as brain herniation or permanent neurological damage.

Implanted electrodes are medical devices that are surgically placed inside the body to interface directly with nerves, neurons, or other electrically excitable tissue for various therapeutic purposes. These electrodes can be used to stimulate or record electrical activity from specific areas of the body, depending on their design and application.

There are several types of implanted electrodes, including:

1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) electrodes: These are placed deep within the brain to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. DBS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that modulate abnormal neural activity in targeted brain regions.
2. Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) electrodes: These are implanted along the spinal cord to treat chronic pain syndromes. SCS electrodes emit low-level electrical pulses that interfere with pain signals traveling to the brain, providing relief for patients.
3. Cochlear Implant electrodes: These are surgically inserted into the cochlea of the inner ear to restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve directly, bypassing damaged hair cells within the cochlea.
4. Retinal Implant electrodes: These are implanted in the retina to treat certain forms of blindness caused by degenerative eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa. The electrodes convert visual information from a camera into electrical signals, which stimulate remaining retinal cells and transmit the information to the brain via the optic nerve.
5. Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) electrodes: These are placed near the sacral nerves in the lower back to treat urinary or fecal incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. SNS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that regulate the function of the affected muscles and nerves.
6. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) electrodes: These are wrapped around the vagus nerve in the neck to treat epilepsy and depression. VNS electrodes provide intermittent electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve, which has connections to various regions of the brain involved in these conditions.

Overall, implanted electrodes serve as a crucial component in many neuromodulation therapies, offering an effective treatment option for numerous neurological and sensory disorders.

The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, which are two of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the third one being the dura mater). This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and cushioning to the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space also contains blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients. It's important to note that subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of stroke, can occur when there is bleeding into this space.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) is a widely used clinical measurement for assessing the outcome and recovery of patients who have suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or other neurological disorders. It was first introduced in 1975 by Graham Jennett and colleagues at the University of Glasgow.

The GOS classifies the overall functional ability and independence of a patient into one of the following five hierarchical categories:

1. **Death:** The patient has died due to the injury or its complications.
2. **Vegetative State (VS):** The patient is unaware of their surroundings, shows no meaningful response to stimuli, and has minimal or absent brainstem reflexes. They may have sleep-wake cycles but lack higher cognitive functions.
3. **Severe Disability (SD):** The patient demonstrates considerable disability in their daily life, requiring assistance with personal care and activities. They might have cognitive impairments, communication difficulties, or physical disabilities that limit their independence.
4. **Moderate Disability (MD):** The patient has some disability but can live independently, manage their own affairs, and return to work in a sheltered environment. They may exhibit minor neurological or psychological deficits.
5. **Good Recovery (GR):** The patient has resumed normal life with minimal or no residual neurological or psychological deficits. They might have some minor problems with memory, concentration, or organizational skills but can perform their daily activities without assistance.

The Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) is an updated and more detailed version of the GOS, which further breaks down the original five categories into eight subcategories for a more nuanced assessment of patient outcomes.

Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).

During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a type of headache that can occur following a procedure where the dura mater, the outer layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, is punctured. This most commonly occurs during lumbar punctures (spinal taps), epidural anesthesia or central line placements.

The headache is typically described as a positional headache, meaning it worsens with sitting upright or standing and improves with lying down. The exact cause of PDPH is not fully understood, but it's thought to be due to the loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the brain and spinal cord. This leads to traction on pain-sensitive structures in the head and neck.

PDPH usually begins within 48 hours of the procedure, but can sometimes occur up to five days later. In addition to positional headache, symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, photophobia (light sensitivity), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hearing loss. The headache usually resolves on its own within a few days or weeks, but in some cases, it can last for months or even become chronic. Treatment options include hydration, caffeine, analgesics, and in some refractory cases, an epidural blood patch.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner is a medical imaging device that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sections can then be manipulated, through either additional computer processing or interactive viewing, to show various bodily structures and functions in 2D or 3D.

In contrast to conventional X-ray imaging, CT scanning provides detailed images of many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT is often used when rapid, detailed images are needed such as in trauma situations or for the detection and diagnosis of stroke, cancer, appendicitis, pulmonary embolism, and musculoskeletal disorders.

CT scanning is associated with some risks, particularly from exposure to ionizing radiation, which can lead to cancer and other diseases. However, the benefits of CT scanning, in particular its ability to detect life-threatening conditions early and accurately, generally outweigh the risks. As a result, it has become an important tool in modern medicine.

Extravasation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials refers to the unintended leakage or escape of these substances from the intended vasculature into the surrounding tissues. This can occur during the administration of various medical treatments, such as chemotherapy, contrast agents for imaging studies, or other injectable medications.

The extravasation can result in a range of complications, depending on the type and volume of the material that has leaked, as well as the location and sensitivity of the surrounding tissues. Possible consequences include local tissue damage, inflammation, pain, and potential long-term effects such as fibrosis or necrosis.

Prompt recognition and management of extravasation are essential to minimize these complications. Treatment may involve local cooling or heating, the use of hyaluronidase or other agents to facilitate dispersion of the extravasated material, or surgical intervention in severe cases.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

The ligamentum flavum is a pair of elastic bands of tissue located in the spine. They connect the laminae, which are parts of the vertebral arch, from one vertebra to the next in the spine. These ligaments help maintain the stability and alignment of the vertebral column, allowing for a limited range of movement while preventing excessive motion that could cause injury. The elasticity of the ligamentum flavum also facilitates the return of the spinal column to its normal position after flexion.

These ligaments are named "flavum" because they have a yellowish color due to their high elastin content. They play an essential role in protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots from damage during movements of the spine. Any degeneration, thickening, or calcification of the ligamentum flavum may lead to conditions such as spinal stenosis, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

A retinal hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs in the blood vessels of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can result from various underlying causes, including diabetes, high blood pressure, age-related macular degeneration, or trauma to the eye. Retinal hemorrhages can be categorized into different types based on their location and appearance, such as dot and blot hemorrhages, flame-shaped hemorrhages, or subhyaloid hemorrhages. Depending on the severity and cause of the hemorrhage, treatment options may vary from monitoring to laser therapy, medication, or even surgery. It is essential to consult an ophthalmologist for a proper evaluation and management plan if you suspect a retinal hemorrhage.

A blood patch, epidural is a medical procedure used to treat a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH), which can occur after a lumbar puncture or spinal anesthesia. During the procedure, a small amount of the patient's own blood is withdrawn and injected into the epidural space, forming a clot that seals the dural tear and alleviates the headache.

The blood patch procedure involves several steps:

1. The patient is typically placed in a lateral decubitus position (lying on their side) to widen the intervertebral space.
2. The area is cleaned and prepared for the injection, similar to other sterile procedures.
3. Using a local anesthetic, the skin and underlying tissues are numbed to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
4. A thin needle is inserted into the epidural space, usually at the same level as the original dural puncture.
5. Once the needle is in the correct position, a small amount of blood (usually around 10-20 mL) is drawn from a vein in the patient's arm.
6. The withdrawn blood is then slowly injected into the epidural space through the needle.
7. After the injection, the needle is removed, and the patient is monitored for any adverse reactions or complications.

The clot formed by the injected blood helps to seal the dural tear, preventing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from leaking into the epidural space and causing a headache. The blood patch procedure typically provides rapid relief from PDPH, with most patients experiencing significant improvement within 30 minutes to an hour after the injection. However, in some cases, multiple blood patches may be required to achieve complete resolution of the headache.

In medical terms, suction refers to the process of creating and maintaining a partial vacuum in order to remove fluids or gases from a body cavity or wound. This is typically accomplished using specialized medical equipment such as a suction machine, which uses a pump to create the vacuum, and a variety of different suction tips or catheters that can be inserted into the area being treated.

Suction is used in a wide range of medical procedures and treatments, including wound care, surgical procedures, respiratory therapy, and diagnostic tests. It can help to remove excess fluids such as blood or pus from a wound, clear secretions from the airways during mechanical ventilation, or provide a means of visualizing internal structures during endoscopic procedures.

It is important to use proper technique when performing suctioning, as excessive or improperly applied suction can cause tissue damage or bleeding. Medical professionals are trained in the safe and effective use of suction equipment and techniques to minimize risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

A basal ganglia hemorrhage is a type of intracranial hemorrhage, which is defined as bleeding within the skull or brain. Specifically, a basal ganglia hemorrhage involves bleeding into the basal ganglia, which are clusters of neurons located deep within the forebrain and are involved in regulating movement, cognition, and emotion.

Basal ganglia hemorrhages can result from various factors, including hypertension (high blood pressure), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, illicit drug use (such as cocaine or amphetamines), and head trauma. Symptoms of a basal ganglia hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache, altered consciousness, weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and visual disturbances.

Diagnosis of a basal ganglia hemorrhage typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment may include supportive care, medications to control symptoms, and surgical intervention in some cases. The prognosis for individuals with a basal ganglia hemorrhage varies depending on the severity of the bleed, the presence of underlying medical conditions, and the timeliness and effectiveness of treatment.

The cerebral aqueduct, also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius, is a narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles (cavities) of the brain. It allows for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. The cerebral aqueduct is a critical component of the ventricular system of the brain, and any obstruction or abnormality in this region can result in an accumulation of CSF and increased pressure within the brain, which can lead to serious neurological symptoms and conditions such as hydrocephalus.

The meninges are the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost, toughest layer), the arachnoid mater (middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost, delicate layer). These membranes provide protection and support to the central nervous system, and contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove waste products. Inflammation or infection of the meninges is called meningitis, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

A depressed skull fracture is a type of skull fracture where a piece of the skull bone is pushed inward (depressed) toward the brain. This type of fracture can potentially cause damage to the underlying brain tissue and may require surgical intervention for proper treatment and to reduce the risk of complications such as infection or increased intracranial pressure. Depressed skull fractures are often caused by high-force trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from significant height.

Spontaneous rupture in medical terms refers to the sudden breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure within the body without any identifiable trauma or injury. This event can occur due to various reasons such as weakening of the tissue over time because of disease or degeneration, or excessive pressure on the tissue.

For instance, a spontaneous rupture of the appendix is called an "appendiceal rupture," which can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity. Similarly, a spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel, like an aortic aneurysm, can result in life-threatening internal bleeding.

Spontaneous ruptures are often medical emergencies and require immediate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure and potentially causing damage to the brain tissues. This excessive buildup of CSF can result from either overproduction or impaired absorption of the fluid, which typically causes the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain to expand and put pressure on surrounding brain structures.

The condition can be congenital, present at birth due to genetic factors or abnormalities during fetal development, or acquired later in life as a result of injuries, infections, tumors, or other disorders affecting the brain's ability to regulate CSF flow and absorption. Symptoms may vary depending on age, severity, and duration but often include headaches, vomiting, balance problems, vision issues, cognitive impairment, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for hydrocephalus typically involves surgically implanting a shunt system that diverts the excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed, such as the abdominal cavity. In some cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) might be an alternative treatment option, creating a new pathway for CSF flow within the brain. Regular follow-ups with neurosurgeons and other healthcare professionals are essential to monitor the condition and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

Skull neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the skull. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate from various types of cells, such as bone cells, nerve cells, or soft tissues. Skull neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location, including headaches, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, and neurological deficits. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is important to note that a neoplasm in the skull can also refer to metastatic cancer, which has spread from another part of the body to the skull.

Birth injuries refer to damages or injuries that a baby suffers during the birthing process. These injuries can result from various factors, such as mechanical forces during delivery, medical negligence, or complications during pregnancy or labor. Some common examples of birth injuries include:

1. Brachial plexus injuries: Damage to the nerves that control movement and feeling in the arms and hands, often caused by excessive pulling or stretching during delivery.
2. Cephalohematoma: A collection of blood between the skull and the periosteum (the membrane covering the bone), usually caused by trauma during delivery.
3. Caput succedaneum: Swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp, often resulting from pressure on the head during labor and delivery.
4. Fractures: Broken bones, such as a clavicle or skull fracture, can occur due to mechanical forces during delivery.
5. Intracranial hemorrhage: Bleeding in or around the brain, which can result from trauma during delivery or complications like high blood pressure in the mother.
6. Perinatal asphyxia: A lack of oxygen supply to the baby before, during, or immediately after birth, which can lead to brain damage and other health issues.
7. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the eye), often caused by pressure on the head during delivery.
8. Spinal cord injuries: Damage to the spinal cord, which can result in paralysis or other neurological issues, may occur due to excessive force during delivery or medical negligence.

It's important to note that some birth injuries are unavoidable and may not be a result of medical malpractice. However, if a healthcare provider fails to provide the standard of care expected during pregnancy, labor, or delivery, they may be held liable for any resulting injuries.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Neurosurgery, also known as neurological surgery, is a medical specialty that involves the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders of the nervous system. This includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgeons use both traditional open and minimally invasive techniques to treat various conditions such as tumors, trauma, vascular disorders, infections, stroke, epilepsy, pain, and congenital anomalies. They work closely with other healthcare professionals including neurologists, radiologists, oncologists, and critical care specialists to provide comprehensive patient care.

The rectus abdominis is a paired, flat, and long muscle in the anterior (front) wall of the abdomen. It runs from the pubic symphysis (the joint where the two pubic bones meet in the front of the pelvis) to the xiphoid process (the lower end of the sternum or breastbone) and costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs.

The rectus abdominis is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine (lower back), which helps in bending forward or sitting up from a lying down position. It also contributes to maintaining proper posture and stabilizing the pelvis and spine. The muscle's visibility, especially in its lower portion, is often associated with a "six-pack" appearance in well-trained individuals.

A ventriculostomy is a medical procedure in which an opening is made into one of the cerebral ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces within the brain, to relieve pressure or to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing. This is typically performed using a catheter known as an external ventricular drain (EVD). The EVD is inserted through a burr hole in the skull and into the ventricle, allowing CSF to drain out and be measured or tested. Ventriculostomy may be necessary in the management of various conditions that can cause increased intracranial pressure, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries.

The middle cranial fossa is a depression or hollow in the skull that forms the upper and central portion of the cranial cavity. It is located between the anterior cranial fossa (which lies anteriorly) and the posterior cranial fossa (which lies posteriorly). The middle cranial fossa contains several important structures, including the temporal lobes of the brain, the pituitary gland, the optic chiasm, and the cavernous sinuses. It is also where many of the cranial nerves pass through on their way to the brain.

The middle cranial fossa can be further divided into two parts: the anterior and posterior fossae. The anterior fossa contains the optic chiasm and the pituitary gland, while the posterior fossa contains the temporal lobes of the brain and the cavernous sinuses.

The middle cranial fossa is formed by several bones of the skull, including the sphenoid bone, the temporal bone, and the parietal bone. The shape and size of the middle cranial fossa can vary from person to person, and abnormalities in its structure can be associated with various medical conditions, such as pituitary tumors or aneurysms.

Epilepsy, partial is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in a specific, localized area of the brain. These seizures are also known as focal seizures and can vary in severity and symptoms depending on the location of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Partial epilepsies can be further classified into two main categories: simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures. Simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures are associated with impaired awareness or responsiveness during the seizure.

The causes of partial epilepsies can include brain injury, infection, stroke, tumors, genetic factors, or an unknown cause. Treatment typically involves anti-seizure medications, and in some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain responsible for the seizures.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts are medical devices used to divert the flow of excess CSF from the brain and spinal cord to another part of the body, usually the abdominal cavity. The shunt consists of a catheter, a valve, and a reservoir.

The catheter is inserted into one of the ventricles in the brain or the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord to drain the excess CSF. The valve regulates the flow of CSF to prevent over-drainage, which can cause complications such as low CSF pressure and brain sagging. The reservoir is a small chamber that allows for easy access to the shunt system for monitoring and adjusting the pressure settings.

CSF shunts are typically used to treat conditions associated with increased production or impaired absorption of CSF, such as hydrocephalus, communicating hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and pseudotumor cerebri. By reducing the buildup of CSF in the brain, shunts can help alleviate symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision problems, and cognitive impairment.

It is important to note that while CSF shunts are effective in managing these conditions, they also carry risks of complications such as infection, obstruction, malfunction, and over-drainage. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are necessary to ensure proper functioning and minimize the risk of complications.

A ruptured aneurysm is a serious medical condition that occurs when the wall of an artery or a blood vessel weakens and bulges out, forming an aneurysm, which then bursts, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to internal hemorrhage, organ damage, and even death, depending on the location and severity of the rupture.

Ruptured aneurysms are often caused by factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, aging, and genetic predisposition. They can occur in any part of the body but are most common in the aorta (the largest artery in the body) and the cerebral arteries (in the brain).

Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden and severe pain, weakness or paralysis, difficulty breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness, and shock. Immediate medical attention is required to prevent further complications and increase the chances of survival. Treatment options for a ruptured aneurysm may include surgery, endovascular repair, or medication to manage symptoms and prevent further bleeding.

Anticoagulants are a class of medications that work to prevent the formation of blood clots in the body. They do this by inhibiting the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a clot. Anticoagulants can be given orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously, depending on the specific drug and the individual patient's needs.

There are several different types of anticoagulants, including:

1. Heparin: This is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that is often used in hospitalized patients who require immediate anticoagulation. It works by activating an enzyme called antithrombin III, which inhibits the formation of clots.
2. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH): LMWH is a form of heparin that has been broken down into smaller molecules. It has a longer half-life than standard heparin and can be given once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection.
3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): These are newer oral anticoagulants that work by directly inhibiting specific clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. Examples include apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
4. Vitamin K antagonists: These are older oral anticoagulants that work by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is necessary for the formation of clotting factors. Warfarin is an example of a vitamin K antagonist.

Anticoagulants are used to prevent and treat a variety of conditions, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation, and prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. It is important to note that anticoagulants can increase the risk of bleeding, so they must be used with caution and regular monitoring of blood clotting times may be required.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

The occipital bone is the single, posterior cranial bone that forms the base of the skull and encloses the brain. It articulates with the parietal bones anteriorly and the temporal bones laterally. The occipital bone also contains several important structures such as the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain, and the external and internal occipital protuberances, which serve as attachment points for neck muscles.

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Brain edema is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure. This can result from various causes, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, infection, brain tumors, or inflammation. The swelling of the brain can compress vital structures, impair blood flow, and cause neurological symptoms, which may range from mild headaches to severe cognitive impairment, seizures, coma, or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Traffic accidents are incidents that occur when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an animal, or a stationary object, resulting in damage or injury. These accidents can be caused by various factors such as driver error, distracted driving, drunk driving, speeding, reckless driving, poor road conditions, and adverse weather conditions. Traffic accidents can range from minor fender benders to severe crashes that result in serious injuries or fatalities. They are a significant public health concern and cause a substantial burden on healthcare systems, emergency services, and society as a whole.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It's the measurement of the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and brain tissue within the confined space of the skull.

Normal ICP ranges from 5 to 15 mmHg in adults when lying down. Intracranial pressure may increase due to various reasons such as bleeding in the brain, swelling of the brain, increased production or decreased absorption of CSF, and brain tumors. Elevated ICP is a serious medical emergency that can lead to brain damage or even death if not promptly treated. Symptoms of high ICP may include severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and visual changes.

Cerebral ventriculography is a medical imaging technique that involves the injection of a contrast material into the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain. The purpose of this procedure is to produce detailed images of the ventricular system and the surrounding structures in order to diagnose and evaluate various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles), tumors, or other abnormalities that may be causing obstruction or compression of the ventricular system.

The procedure typically involves inserting a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into the lateral ventricle of the brain through a small hole drilled in the skull. The contrast material is then injected through the catheter and X-ray images are taken as the contrast material flows through the ventricular system. These images can help to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be present.

Cerebral ventriculography has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provide similar information without the need for invasive procedures. However, cerebral ventriculography may still be used in certain cases where these other methods are not sufficient to make a definitive diagnosis.

Cerebral veins are the blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the brain to the dural venous sinuses, which are located between the layers of tissue covering the brain. The largest cerebral vein is the superior sagittal sinus, which runs along the top of the brain. Other major cerebral veins include the straight sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and cavernous sinus. These veins receive blood from smaller veins called venules that drain the surface and deep structures of the brain. The cerebral veins play an important role in maintaining normal circulation and pressure within the brain.

Intracranial hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure within the skull (intracranial space) that contains the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood. Normally, the pressure inside the skull is carefully regulated to maintain a balance between the formation and absorption of CSF. However, when the production of CSF exceeds its absorption or when there is an obstruction in the flow of CSF, the pressure inside the skull can rise, leading to intracranial hypertension.

The symptoms of intracranial hypertension may include severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances such as blurred vision or double vision, and papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). In some cases, intracranial hypertension can lead to serious complications such as vision loss, brain herniation, and even death if left untreated.

Intracranial hypertension can be idiopathic, meaning that there is no identifiable cause, or secondary to other underlying medical conditions such as brain tumors, meningitis, hydrocephalus, or certain medications. The diagnosis of intracranial hypertension typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and lumbar puncture to measure the pressure inside the skull and assess the CSF composition. Treatment options may include medications to reduce CSF production, surgery to relieve pressure on the brain, or shunting procedures to drain excess CSF from the intracranial space.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it. This can occur due to various reasons such as degenerative changes in the spine, herniated discs, bone spurs, tumors, or fractures. The compression can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder and bowel control. In severe cases, it can cause paralysis. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.

Meningeal arteries refer to the branches of the major cerebral arteries that supply blood to the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. These arteries include:

1. The middle meningeal artery, a branch of the maxillary artery, which supplies the dura mater in the cranial cavity.
2. The anterior and posterior meningeal arteries, branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries, respectively, that supply blood to the dura mater in the anterior and posterior cranial fossae.
3. The vasorum nervorum, small arteries that arise from the spinal branch of the ascending cervical artery and supply the spinal meninges.

These arteries play a crucial role in maintaining the health and integrity of the meninges and the central nervous system they protect.

The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).

The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.

Consciousness disorders, also known as altered consciousness, refer to conditions that affect a person's awareness or perception of their surroundings, themselves, or their current state. These disorders can range from mild to severe and can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, illness, or the use of certain medications.

There are several types of consciousness disorders, including:

1. Coma: A state of deep unconsciousness in which a person is unable to respond to stimuli or communicate.
2. Vegetative State: A condition in which a person may have sleep-wake cycles and some automatic responses, but lacks awareness or the ability to interact with their environment.
3. Minimally Conscious State: A condition in which a person has some degree of awareness and may be able to respond to stimuli, but is unable to communicate or consistently interact with their environment.
4. Delirium: A state of confusion and altered consciousness that can occur suddenly and fluctuate over time. It is often caused by an underlying medical condition or the use of certain medications.
5. Locked-in Syndrome: A rare condition in which a person is fully conscious but unable to move or communicate due to complete paralysis of all voluntary muscles except for those that control eye movement.

Treatment for consciousness disorders depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, therapy, or surgery. In some cases, recovery may be possible with appropriate treatment and rehabilitation. However, in other cases, the disorder may be permanent or result in long-term disability.

Meningeal neoplasms, also known as malignant meningitis or leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, refer to cancerous tumors that originate in the meninges, which are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can arise primarily from the meningeal cells themselves, although they more commonly result from the spread (metastasis) of cancer cells from other parts of the body, such as breast, lung, or melanoma.

Meningeal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including headaches, nausea and vomiting, mental status changes, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies (such as MRI) and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained through a spinal tap. Treatment options may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. The prognosis for patients with meningeal neoplasms is generally poor, with a median survival time of several months to a year.

A meningioma is a type of slow-growing tumor that forms on the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It's usually benign, meaning it doesn't spread to other parts of the body, but it can still cause serious problems if it grows and presses on nearby tissues.

Meningiomas most commonly occur in adults, and are more common in women than men. They can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including headaches, seizures, vision or hearing problems, memory loss, and changes in personality or behavior. In some cases, they may not cause any symptoms at all and are discovered only during imaging tests for other conditions.

Treatment options for meningiomas include monitoring with regular imaging scans, surgery to remove the tumor, and radiation therapy to shrink or kill the tumor cells. The best treatment approach depends on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and their personal preferences.

The third ventricle is a narrow, fluid-filled cavity in the brain that is located between the thalamus and hypothalamus. It is one of the four ventricles in the ventricular system of the brain, which produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spinal cord.

The third ventricle is shaped like a slit and communicates with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen (also known as the foramen of Monro), and with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius).

The third ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces CSF. The fluid flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle, then through the cerebral aqueduct and into the fourth ventricle, where it can circulate around the brainstem and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the third ventricle, such as enlargement or obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct, can lead to hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an accumulation of CSF in the brain.

A pupil disorder refers to any abnormality or condition affecting the size, shape, or reactivity of the pupils, the circular black openings in the center of the eyes through which light enters. The pupil's primary function is to regulate the amount of light that reaches the retina, adjusting its size accordingly.

There are several types of pupil disorders, including:

1. Anisocoria: A condition characterized by unequal pupil sizes in either one or both eyes. This may be caused by various factors, such as nerve damage, trauma, inflammation, or medication side effects.

2. Horner's syndrome: A neurological disorder affecting the autonomic nervous system, resulting in a smaller pupil (miosis), partial eyelid droop (ptosis), and decreased sweating (anhidrosis) on the same side of the face. It is caused by damage to the sympathetic nerve pathway.

3. Adie's tonic pupil: A condition characterized by a dilated, poorly reactive pupil due to damage to the ciliary ganglion or short ciliary nerves. This disorder usually affects one eye and may be associated with decreased deep tendon reflexes in the affected limbs.

4. Argyll Robertson pupil: A condition where the pupils are small, irregularly shaped, and do not react to light but constrict when focusing on nearby objects (accommodation). This disorder is often associated with neurosyphilis or other brainstem disorders.

5. Pupillary dilation: Abnormally dilated pupils can be a sign of various conditions, such as drug use (e.g., atropine, cocaine), brainstem injury, Adie's tonic pupil, or oculomotor nerve palsy.

6. Pupillary constriction: Abnormally constricted pupils can be a sign of various conditions, such as Horner's syndrome, Argyll Robertson pupil, drug use (e.g., opioids, pilocarpine), or oculomotor nerve palsy.

7. Light-near dissociation: A condition where the pupils do not react to light but constrict when focusing on nearby objects. This can be seen in Argyll Robertson pupil and Adie's tonic pupil.

Prompt evaluation by an ophthalmologist or neurologist is necessary for accurate diagnosis and management of these conditions.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Coagulants are substances that promote the process of coagulation or clotting. They are often used in medical settings to help control bleeding and promote healing. Coagulants work by encouraging the formation of a clot, which helps to stop the flow of blood from a wound or cut.

There are several different types of coagulants that may be used in medical treatments. Some coagulants are naturally occurring substances, such as vitamin K, which is essential for the production of certain clotting factors in the body. Other coagulants may be synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds, such as recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa), which is used to treat bleeding disorders and prevent excessive bleeding during surgery.

Coagulants are often administered through injection or infusion, but they can also be applied topically to wounds or cuts. In some cases, coagulants may be used in combination with other treatments, such as compression or cauterization, to help control bleeding and promote healing.

It is important to note that while coagulants can be helpful in controlling bleeding and promoting healing, they can also increase the risk of blood clots and other complications. As a result, they should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

A spinal puncture, also known as a lumbar puncture or a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower back to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, by analyzing the CSF for cells, chemicals, bacteria, or viruses. Additionally, spinal punctures can be used to administer medications or anesthetics directly into the CSF space, such as in the case of epidural anesthesia during childbirth.

The medical definition of a spinal puncture is: "A diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves introducing a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, typically at the lumbar level, to collect cerebrospinal fluid or administer medications."

Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:

1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.

Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.

An accidental fall is an unplanned, unexpected event in which a person suddenly and involuntarily comes to rest on the ground or other lower level, excluding intentional changes in position (e.g., jumping to catch a ball) and landings that are part of a planned activity (e.g., diving into a pool). Accidental falls can occur for various reasons, such as environmental hazards, muscle weakness, balance problems, visual impairment, or certain medical conditions. They are a significant health concern, particularly among older adults, as they can lead to serious injuries, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality.

A decompressive craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure in which a portion of the skull is removed to allow the swollen brain to expand and reduce intracranial pressure. This surgical intervention is typically performed as a last resort in cases where other treatments for increased intracranial pressure, such as hyperosmolar therapy or drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, have been unsuccessful.

During the procedure, the surgeon creates an opening in the skull (craniectomy) and removes a piece of bone (bone flap). This exposes the brain and creates additional space for it to expand without being compressed by the rigid skull. The dura mater, the outermost protective layer surrounding the brain, may also be opened to provide further room for brain swelling.

Once the swelling has subsided, a second procedure known as cranioplasty is performed to replace the removed bone flap or use an artificial implant to restore the skull's integrity and protect the underlying brain tissue. The timing of cranioplasty can vary depending on individual patient factors and clinical conditions.

Decompressive craniectomy is most commonly used in the management of traumatic brain injuries, stroke-induced malignant cerebral edema, and intracranial hypertension due to various causes, such as infection or inflammation. While this procedure can be lifesaving in some cases, it may also lead to complications like seizures, hydrocephalus, or neurological deficits. Therefore, the decision to perform a decompressive craniectomy should be made carefully and on an individual basis, considering both the potential benefits and risks.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "skiing" is not a medical term. It is a recreational activity that involves sliding down snow-covered slopes while standing on long, flat runners called skis. However, if you're interested, I can provide information about injuries that are commonly associated with skiing:

Skiing injuries can range from minor scrapes and bruises to more serious injuries such as fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains. Some of the most common skiing injuries include:

1. Knee injuries: ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) tears are a common injury in skiers, often caused by landing awkwardly from jumps or falls.
2. Shoulder injuries: Dislocations and sprains can occur when skiers fall onto an outstretched arm.
3. Thumb injuries: Skiers can suffer from "skier's thumb" when they fall with their hand still in the ski pole strap, causing a ligament tear in the thumb.
4. Head injuries: Concussions and other head injuries can occur if skiers collide with objects or other people, or if they fall and hit their head on the ground. Wearing a helmet while skiing is highly recommended to reduce the risk of head injuries.
5. Fractures: Skiers can suffer fractures in various parts of the body, including the wrists, ankles, and hips, due to falls or collisions.

To prevent these injuries, it's essential to wear appropriate safety gear, such as helmets, wrist guards, and back protectors, and to receive proper instruction on skiing techniques and safety practices. Additionally, staying in good physical condition and being aware of one's limits can help reduce the risk of injury while skiing.

Intracranial hemorrhage, hypertensive is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs due to the rupture of blood vessels in the brain as a result of chronic high blood pressure (hypertension). It is also known as hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Hypertension can weaken and damage the walls of the small arteries and arterioles in the brain over time, making them more susceptible to rupture. When these blood vessels burst, they cause bleeding into the surrounding brain tissue, forming a hematoma that can compress and damage brain cells.

Intracranial hemorrhage, hypertensive is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Symptoms may include sudden severe headache, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision changes, loss of balance or coordination, and altered level of consciousness.

The diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage, hypertensive is typically made through imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Treatment may involve medications to reduce blood pressure, surgery to remove the hematoma, and supportive care to manage complications such as brain swelling or seizures.

The retroperitoneal space refers to the area within the abdominal cavity that is located behind (retro) the peritoneum, which is the smooth serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. This space is divided into several compartments and contains vital structures such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, and vena cava.

The retroperitoneal space can be further categorized into two regions:

1. The posterior pararenal space, which is lateral to the psoas muscle and contains fat tissue.
2. The perirenal space, which surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands and is filled with fatty connective tissue.

Disorders or conditions affecting the retroperitoneal space may include infections, tumors, hematomas, or inflammation, which can lead to various symptoms depending on the specific structures involved. Imaging techniques such as CT scans or MRI are commonly used to diagnose and assess retroperitoneal pathologies.

An Encephalocele is a type of neural tube defect that occurs when the bones of the skull do not close completely during fetal development. This results in a sac-like protrusion of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull. The sac may be visible on the scalp, forehead, or back of the head, and can vary in size. Encephaloceles can cause a range of symptoms, including developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, vision problems, and seizures, depending on the severity and location of the defect. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the encephalocele soon after birth to prevent further damage to the brain and improve outcomes.

Esophageal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Here are some common esophageal diseases with their brief definitions:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining, often caused by GERD, infection, or medication.
3. Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, which can make swallowing difficult.
4. Esophageal cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, often as a result of long-term GERD or smoking.
5. Esophageal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the normal movement and function of the esophagus, such as achalasia, diffuse spasm, and nutcracker esophagus.
6. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the lower esophagus changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Esophageal diverticula: Small pouches that form in the esophageal wall, often causing difficulty swallowing or regurgitation.
8. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): A chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the esophagus due to an allergic reaction.

These are some of the common esophageal diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin in which the iron within the heme group is in the ferric (Fe3+) state instead of the ferrous (Fe2+) state. This oxidation reduces its ability to bind and transport oxygen effectively, leading to methemoglobinemia when methemoglobin levels become too high. Methemoglobin has a limited capacity to release oxygen to tissues, which can result in hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes).

Methemoglobin is normally present in small amounts in the blood, but certain factors such as exposure to oxidizing agents, genetic predisposition, or certain medications can increase its levels. Elevated methemoglobin levels can be treated with methylene blue, which helps restore the iron within hemoglobin back to its ferrous state and improves oxygen transport capacity.

A meningocele is a type of neural tube defect that results in the herniation of the meninges (the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) through a defect in the vertebral column. The meninges protrude as a sac-like structure, which may be covered by skin or a thin layer of tissue. Meningoceles usually do not contain neural tissue, but cerebrospinal fluid is present within the sac. They are typically asymptomatic unless there is compression of surrounding structures or infection. Treatment generally involves surgical repair to prevent potential complications such as meningitis or neurological damage.

Therapeutic irrigation, also known as lavage, is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of fluids or other agents into a body cavity or natural passageway for therapeutic purposes. This technique is used to cleanse, flush out, or introduce medication into various parts of the body, such as the bladder, lungs, stomach, or colon.

The fluid used in therapeutic irrigation can be sterile saline solution, distilled water, or a medicated solution, depending on the specific purpose of the procedure. The flow and pressure of the fluid are carefully controlled to ensure that it reaches the desired area without causing damage to surrounding tissues.

Therapeutic irrigation is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, obstructions, and toxic exposures. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help identify abnormalities or lesions within body cavities.

Overall, therapeutic irrigation is a valuable technique in modern medicine that allows healthcare providers to deliver targeted treatment directly to specific areas of the body, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

Myelography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the spinal cord and surrounding structures, such as the spinal nerves, intervertebral discs, and the spinal column. This procedure involves the injection of a contrast dye into the subarachnoid space, which is the area surrounding the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The dye outlines the spinal structures, making them visible on X-ray or CT scan images.

The primary purpose of myelography is to diagnose various spinal conditions, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, infection, and traumatic injuries. It can help identify any compression or irritation of the spinal cord or nerves that may be causing pain, numbness, weakness, or other neurological symptoms.

The procedure typically requires the patient to lie flat on their stomach or side while the radiologist inserts a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, usually at the lower lumbar level. Once the contrast dye is injected, the patient will be repositioned for various X-ray views or undergo a CT scan to capture detailed images of the spine. After the procedure, patients may experience headaches, nausea, or discomfort at the injection site, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex medical condition characterized by the abnormal activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. This process can result in the consumption of clotting factors and platelets, which can then lead to bleeding complications. DIC can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including sepsis, trauma, cancer, and obstetric emergencies.

The term "disseminated" refers to the widespread nature of the clotting activation, while "intravascular" indicates that the clotting is occurring within the blood vessels. The condition can manifest as both bleeding and clotting complications, which can make it challenging to diagnose and manage.

The diagnosis of DIC typically involves laboratory tests that evaluate coagulation factors, platelet count, fibrin degradation products, and other markers of coagulation activation. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition while also managing any bleeding or clotting complications that may arise.

Sharma R, Gaillard F. "Subdural haemorrhage". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2018-08-14. "Intracranial Hemorrhage - Subdural Hematomas ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subdural hematoma. Subdural Hematoma at eMedicine Imaging and Mechanism of Subdural ... Treatment of a subdural hematoma depends on its size and rate of growth. Some small subdural hematomas can be managed by ... Acute subdural hematomas are often life-threatening. Chronic subdural hematomas have a better prognosis if properly managed. In ...
Types of intracranial hemorrhage include subdural, subarachnoid, extradural, and intraparenchymal hematoma. Craniotomy ... If intracranial hemorrhage occurs, a hematoma within the skull can put pressure on the brain. ... McDonough VT, King B. "What's the Difference Between a Subdural and Epidural Hematoma?" (PDF). BrainLine. WETA-TV. Archived ... Subdural hemorrhage results from tearing of the bridging veins in the subdural space between the dura and arachnoid mater. Head ...
Jack T M (1982) Post-partum intracranial subdural haematoma. A possible complication of epidural analgesia. British Medical ... lead to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid and subdural haematoma. Arterial occlusion may be due to thrombi, amniotic fragments or ... Lanska D J, Kryscio R J (2000) Risk factors for peripartum and postpartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis. Stroke 31 ...
Subdural hematoma maybe less acute than epidural hematoma due to slower blood accumulation, but it still has the potential to ... epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. This condition most commonly occurred in those with ... Therefore, subdural hematoma always limited to one side of the brain. Density of SDH reduces as it progresses from acute to ... McDonough VT, King B. "What's the Difference Between a Subdural and Epidural Hematoma?" (PDF). BrainLine. WETA-TV. Archived ...
There were 6 cases of subdural hematoma and intracranial injury reported in football. Based on these data, an estimated 62,816 ... Two types of hematomas occurring within the brain are: subdural and extradural hematomas, which are classified as a traumatic ... Subdural and epidural hematomas are serious injuries and recovery varies widely depending on the severity of the hematoma. ... Small hematomas may be monitored closely to ensure the hematoma is not enlarging and resolved properly. A large hematoma larger ...
Subdural hematoma is associated with worse outcome and increased mortality, while people with epidural hematoma are expected to ... shift of intracranial structures) are considered emergencies and are removed surgically. For intracranial hematomas, the ... Extra-axial lesions include epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage. ... In contrast, intracranial hemorrhage involves bleeding that is not mixed with tissue. Hematomas, also focal lesions, are ...
Subdural hematoma confers a higher risk of PTE than does epidural hematoma, possibly because it causes more damage to brain ... Intracranial hematomas, in which blood accumulates inside the skull, are one of the most important risk factors for PTE. ... Repeated intracranial surgery confers a high risk for late PTE, possibly because people who need more surgery are more likely ... The late 19th century saw the advent of intracranial surgery, operating on brain lesions believed to be causing seizures, a ...
... there can be raised intracranial pressure through mechanisms such as a subdural haematoma. In these cases, the raised ... Gault, David T.; Renier, Dominique; Marchac, Daniel; Jones, Barry M. (September 1992). "Intracranial Pressure and Intracranial ... A copper beaten skull is a phenomenon wherein intense intracranial pressure disfigures the internal surface of the skull. The ... craniosynostosis results in increased intracranial pressure leading possibly to visual impairment, sleeping impairment, eating ...
Epidural hematomas may occur in combination with subdural hematomas, or either may occur alone. CT scans reveal subdural or ... As with other types of intracranial hematomas, the blood almost always must be removed surgically to reduce the pressure on the ... Thus, they expand inward toward the brain rather than along the inside of the skull, as occurs in subdural hematomas. Most ... "Subdural Hematoma." Emedicine.com. Retrieved on February 6, 2007. University of Vermont College of Medicine. "Neuropathology: ...
... it is necessary to differentiate between subdural and epidural hematomas. Based on the location of the hematoma, use both axial ... Complete spinal MRI with MR angiography is used when patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage without the intracranial etiology. ... An inverted Mercedes-Benz sign shows the spinal subdural hematoma on the axial image. Given the rarity and heterogeneity of ... "Acute non-traumatic idiopathic spinal subdural hematoma: radiographic findings and surgical results with a literature review". ...
Mondorf, Y.; Abu-Owaimer, M.; Gaab, M.R.; Oertel, J.M. (December 2009). "Chronic subdural hematoma - craniotomy versus burr ... The intentional perforation of the cranium exposes the dura mater to treat health problems related to intracranial diseases or ... Trepanation is a treatment used for epidural and subdural hematomas, and surgical access for certain other neurosurgical ... It is performed by a physician or surgeon to relieve the pain associated with a subungual hematoma (blood under the nail); a ...
In some circumstances, concussive injury can cause microvascular disruption, hemorrhage, or subdural hematoma. Closed head ... Additionally, increased intracranial pressure and movement of cerebrospinal fluid following a trauma may play a role in the ... and elevated intracranial pressure can distort the walls of the ventricles. Diffuse axonal injury is a key pathology in ...
... subdural or epidural hematoma, or abscesses all tend to deform the adjacent brain.[citation needed] Generalized brain swelling ... An increase in pressure, most commonly due to head injury leading to intracranial hematoma or cerebral edema, can crush brain ... Craniotomies are holes drilled in the skull with the help of cranial drills to remove intracranial hematomas or relieve ... is an elevated intracranial pressure. ICP is very likely to cause severe harm if it rises too high. Very high intracranial ...
... hematoma, subdural, chronic MeSH C23.550.414.838.700.400 - hematoma, subdural, intracranial MeSH C23.550.414.838.700.700 - ... hematoma, subdural MeSH C23.550.414.913.700.100 - hematoma, subdural, acute MeSH C23.550.414.913.700.200 - hematoma, subdural, ... hematoma, epidural, spinal MeSH C23.550.414.838.700 - hematoma, subdural MeSH C23.550.414.838.700.100 - hematoma, subdural, ... chronic MeSH C23.550.414.913.700.400 - hematoma, subdural, intracranial MeSH C23.550.414.913.850 - subarachnoid hemorrhage MeSH ...
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... intracranial causes, primary and secondary neoplasms, communicating hydrocephalus, subdural hematoma, vascular lesions, ...
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... neoplasms subarachnoid hemorrhage idiopathic intracranial hypertension temporal arteritis chronic subdural hematoma post- ... "Endovascular treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Clinical and radiologic outcome of 10 consecutive patients". ...
... and subdural hematoma (bleeding in the subdural space), are not considered "hemorrhagic stroke". Hemorrhagic stroke may occur ... but the other forms of intracranial hemorrhage, such as epidural hematoma (bleeding between the skull and the dura mater, which ... For example, in intracranial hemorrhage, the affected area may compress other structures. Most forms of stroke are not ... The above two main types of hemorrhagic stroke are also two different forms of intracranial hemorrhage, which is the ...
... can be used to successfully distinguish between a variety of intracranial conditions including acute subdural hematoma, ... malignant middle cerebral artery infarction, epidural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, chronic subdural hematoma, infarction ... Midline shift is often associated with high intracranial pressure (ICP), which can be deadly. In fact, midline shift is a ... The sign can be caused by conditions including traumatic brain injury, stroke, hematoma, or birth deformity that leads to a ...
... subdural hematoma, foreign bodies in the head, pneumocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid leaks. For temporal bone directed bullets ... temporal lobe abscess, meningitis, aphasia, hemianopsia, and hemiplegia are common late intracranial complications. As many as ...
... subdural hematoma) or between the brain and the skull (epidural hematoma). Intracranial hematoma causes an increase in pressure ... Almost half of the total concussions reported each year are sports-related intracranial hematoma - a condition in which a blood ... Cerebral contusion Concussion Diffuse axonal injury Intracranial hemorrhage Traumatic brain injury Ibrahim, Nicole G.; Ralston ...
... while Noelle notices that Atheria begins to show signs that she is suffering from both a concussion and a subdural hematoma as ... She resolves to perform an emergency procedure to relieve life-threatening intracranial pressure inside Atheria's skull, but ...
... subdural hematoma, ischemic stroke, brain tumors, infectious disorders and intracranial surgery. Cerebral edema may result in ... but there are theoretical side effects ranging from neurological complications to subdural hematoma. Hypertonic saline solution ... Usually, 90 mL of space is created in the intracranial vault by 1.6% reduction in brain water content. Osmotherapy has cerebral ... The main goal of osmotherapy is to decrease intracranial pressure (ICP) by shifting excess fluid from brain. This is ...
... hematoma, subdural, chronic MeSH C21.866.915.300.490.450.400 - hematoma, subdural, intracranial MeSH C21.866.915.300.490.700 - ... hematoma, subdural MeSH C21.866.260.616.600.050 - hematoma, subdural, acute MeSH C21.866.260.616.600.120 - hematoma, subdural, ... hematoma, epidural, cranial MeSH C21.866.915.300.490.450 - hematoma, subdural MeSH C21.866.915.300.490.450.050 - hematoma, ... chronic MeSH C21.866.260.616.600.400 - hematoma, subdural, intracranial MeSH C21.866.260.616.800 - subarachnoid hemorrhage, ...
... intracranial hypotension, cerebellar infarctions, or bilateral subdural hematomas. In a true subarachnoid hemorrhage, there is ... higher attenuation on CT scans of the basal cisterns, and blood that has leaked from a vessel or formed a hematoma is more ... subarachnoid hemorrhages because of underlying disease processes and decreased cerebral perfusion with elevated intracranial ...
... intracranial hypotension, cerebellar infarctions, or bilateral subdural hematomas. The classic symptom of subarachnoid ... International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators) (December 1998). "Unruptured intracranial aneurysms-- ... Gibbs GF, Huston J, Qian Q, Kubly V, Harris PC, Brown RD, Torres VE (May 2004). "Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms in ... Some predictors of early rebleeding are high systolic blood pressure, the presence of a hematoma in the brain or ventricles, ...
... confirmed the cause of death as head injuries with subdural haematoma, and raised intracranial pressure and midbrain ...
... to traumatic intracranial haematoma Headache attributed to epidural haematoma Headache attributed to subdural haematoma ... to lymphocytic hypophysitis Headache attributed to intracranial neoplasm Headache attributed to increased intracranial pressure ... Headache attributed to intracranial hypertension secondary to metabolic, toxic or hormonal causes Headache attributed to ... Headache attributed to other non-vascular intracranial disorder Headache induced by acute substance use or exposure Nitric ...
Intracranial Subdural Hematoma, Traumatic*Intracranial Subdural Hematoma, Traumatic. *Traumatic Intracranial Subdural Hematoma ... Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial*Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial. *Intracranial Subdural Hematoma. *Hematoma, Intracranial ... Subdural, Intracranial" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Hematoma, Subdural, Intracranial" was a ... Chronic intracranial subdural hematoma after spinal anesthesia for a cesarean section: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021 Oct ...
... Jung-Hwan Oh1, Seung- ... Spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) is very rare. Furthermore, intracranial vasospasm (ICVS) associated with spinal ... However, intracranial hemorrhage was not revealed by brain MRI or CT. On day 3 after admission, weakness of both legs and ... After hematoma evacuation, her symptoms gradually improved. We suggest that spinal cord evaluation should be considered in ...
... intracranial subdural hematoma, complications Abstract. The paper describes a rare case of acute intracranial subdural hematoma ... Intracranial vascular abnormalities and coagulopathies associated with subdural intracranial hematoma were not evident on CT- ... Acute nontraumatic subdural intracranial hematoma: rare complication of percutaneous vertebroplasty Authors. * Elbek S. ... Halikulov, E. S., Jumanov, K. N., & Juraev, E. S. (2017). Acute nontraumatic subdural intracranial hematoma: rare complication ...
Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. ... Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. ... Subdural hematoma (bleeding between the covering of the brain and the surface of the brain) ... ICP - raised; Intracranial pressure - raised; Intracranial hypertension; Acute increased intracranial pressure; Sudden ...
Sharma R, Gaillard F. "Subdural haemorrhage". Radiopaedia. Retrieved 2018-08-14. "Intracranial Hemorrhage - Subdural Hematomas ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subdural hematoma. Subdural Hematoma at eMedicine Imaging and Mechanism of Subdural ... Treatment of a subdural hematoma depends on its size and rate of growth. Some small subdural hematomas can be managed by ... Acute subdural hematomas are often life-threatening. Chronic subdural hematomas have a better prognosis if properly managed. In ...
... intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, intraventricular hemorrhage, ... while subdural hematomas generally develop more gradually. However, subdural hematomas are typically associated with underlying ... Seizures are more commonly observed with contusions (more so with subdural hematoma than with epidural hematoma), depressed ... Although exceptions occur, epidural hematomas are usually secondary to arterial injury, while subdural hematomas are usually ...
Intracranial lesions - Eg, subdural hematoma, intracranial bleeding, cerebrovascular accident, tumor, abscess. * Infections - ... Intracranial pressure and hepatic encephalopathy improved in some patients with FHF who were assisted with these devices. ... CT scan and MRI studies of the brain may be important in ruling out intracranial lesions when the diagnosis of hepatic ... Computed tomography (CT) scanning and MRI studies of the brain may be important in ruling out intracranial lesions when the ...
Intracranial lesions - Eg, subdural hematoma, intracranial bleeding, cerebrovascular accident, tumor, abscess. * Infections - ... Intracranial pressure and hepatic encephalopathy improved in some patients with FHF who were assisted with these devices. ... CT scan and MRI studies of the brain may be important in ruling out intracranial lesions when the diagnosis of hepatic ... Computed tomography (CT) scanning and MRI studies of the brain may be important in ruling out intracranial lesions when the ...
Intracranial hemorrhage in dengue fever: management and outcome: a series of 5 cases and review of literature. Surg Neurol. ... A) Acute subdural hematoma, on the left side. B) Subdural hematoma with... ... A 1-month follow-up CT scan of his head without contrast showed complete resolution of the subdural hematoma (Figure, panel C ... A repeat CT scan of his head showed a subdural hematoma with surrounding edema and midline shift (Figure, panel B). ...
Approximately 10-50% of EDH cases are associated with other intracranial lesions. These lesions include subdural hematomas, ... Pathophysiology of intracranial epidural haematoma following birth. Med Hypotheses. 2006. 66 (2):371-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... CT scan of an acute left-sided epidural hematoma. Note the typical convex or lens-shaped appearance. The hematoma takes this ... CT scan of an acute left-sided epidural hematoma. Note the typical convex or lens-shaped appearance. The hematoma takes this ...
An 11-month-old girl presented to hospital with a massive subdural haematoma and bilateral retinal haemorrhages following an ... Intracranial hemorrhage and rebleeding in suspected victims of abusive head trauma: addressing the forensic controversies. ... An infant with subdural hematoma and retinal hemorrhages: does von Willebrand disease explain the findings?. *Case Report ... Subdural hematomas in infants with benign enlargement of the subarachnoid spaces are not pathognomonic for child abuse. AJNR Am ...
Subdural hematoma. *Epidural hematoma (spinal, intracranial). *Subdural hygroma. *Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. *Venous ... G06.2 - Extradural and subdural abscess, unspecified. SNOMEDCT:. 37660004 - Subdural abscess. Look For. Copy. Subscription ... Other etiologies include trauma, seeding of an existing subdural hematoma, or postoperative infection. These infections are ... Subdural empyema Print Images (5) Contributors: Andrea Wasilewski MD, Richard L. Barbano MD, PhD. Other Resources UpToDate ...
... epi and sub-dural hematoma).. Vascular diseases: hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, cerebral infarct, intracranial hemorrhage, ... Meningo-encephalic infections: epidural and subdural infections, meningitis (acute, chronic, lymphocytic). Intraparenchymal ...
Intracranial injury in AHT frequently includes subdural hematoma (typically bilateral over the cerebral convexities or in the ... A unique complex of ocular, intracranial, and sometimes other injuries occurs in infants who have been abused by violent ... Neuroimaging may also show intracranial edema, ischemia, or contusion in the acute stage and atrophy in later stages. These ... Extensive retinal hemorrhage without other ocular findings strongly suggests that intracranial injury has been caused by AHT, ...
Increasing incidence of chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly. QJM-AN Int J Med 2017;110:775-8.doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcx143. ... Effects of anesthetic agents and other drugs on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and intracranial pressure. In: Cottrell J, ... Chronic subdural hematoma in elderly people: present status on Awaji island and epidemiological prospect. Neurol Med Chir 1992; ... Outcome following surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma in the oldest-old population. Neurosurg Rev 2017;40:461-8.doi ...
Subdural hematoma in a patient with spontaneous intracranial hypotension and cerebral venous thrombosis. ...
... and subdural hematoma. The force of rupture and location of an aneurysm determine the presence of the other types of hemorrhage ... 3. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Diagnosis of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) in most of the cases is incidentally ... The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms-Risk of rupture ... Genetics of intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 2008;. 39. :1049-1055. *6. Foroud T, Lai D, Koller D, Vant Hof F, Kurki MI, ...
Epidural hematoma. Spinal hematoma. Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction. Intracranial hemorrhage. Intrauterine subdural hemorrhage ... These hematomas may result in long-term or permanent paralysis. Patients should be frequently monitored for signs and symptoms ... Epidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients anticoagulated with LMWH or heparinoids who receive neuraxial (epidural/ ... Factors increasing risk of epidural or spinal hematomas *Indwelling epidural catheters. *Concomitant use of other drugs that ...
Intracranial hemorrhage. *Subdural hematoma. *Epidural hematoma. *Skull Fracture. *Second impact syndrome. *Heat illness ...
Brain surgery may be needed in treatment of subdural hematoma to remove blood and to decrease intracranial pressure. The ...
... or subdural hematoma (SDH) was reported. Results: Clinicians in 58 practices ordered 349 CT scans. Only 52 patients (15%) had ... and a chart audit was performed to collect further clinical information whenever an intracranial tumor, subarachnoid hemorrhage ...
Vis forfatter(e) (2012). What is the pressure in chronic subdural hematomas? A prospective, population-based study. Journal of ... Vis forfatter(e) (2021). Dyslipidemia and rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms-a systematic review. Neurosurgical review. 1-8 ... Vis forfatter(e) (2008). How often do chronic extra-cerebral haematomas occur in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts? ... Vis forfatter(e) (2007). Visual attention in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts. Journal of Neurology. 60-66. ...
... subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral contusion. Traumatic ... subdural hematoma remains the most common cause of boxing related mortality. Over the years, many boxers have perished in the ...
... subdural hematoma). Some of these patients (eg, neurologic examination is normal and intracranial hemorrhage , 10 mL) may not ... right frontal subdural hematoma. Note that the scalp hematomas in the frontal and temporal regions indicate areas of direct ... right frontal subdural hematoma. Note that the scalp hematomas in the frontal and temporal regions indicate areas of direct ... A) CT scan shows focal contusion in the left superior temporal gyrus (arrow) and a posterior falx subdural hematoma (arrows). ...
... such as an acute subdural hematoma (SDH), epidural hematoma (EDH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracranial hematoma and ...
432.0 Nontraumatic extradural hemorrhage Nontraumatic epidural hemorrhage 432.1 Subdural hemorrhage Subdural hematoma, ... nontraumatic 432.9 Unspecified intracranial hemorrhage Intracranial hemorrhage NOS 433 Occlusion and stenosis of precerebral ... intracranial venous sinus (325) nonpyogenic (437.6) portal (vein) (572.1) 451.81 Iliac vein 451.82 Of superficial veins of ... intracranial portion (437.3) 442.82 Subclavian artery 442.83 Splenic artery 442.84 Other visceral artery Aneurysm: celiac ...
2] A subdural haematoma is a collection of blood within the outermost meningeal layer of the brain. Subdural haemorrhage is ... usually associated with traumatic brain injury, and may cause an increase in intracranial pressure, which can cause compression ... 18] A subdural haematoma is usually associated with traumatic brain injury. Blood gathers between the dura mater and the brain. ... Mr A was found to have a large bilateral subdural haematoma with a midline shift of his brain. Registrar Dr J discussed Mr As ...
... a subdural hematoma, the most common type of intracranial hemorrhage in children. Subdural hematomas are generally venous in ... The child with an acute subdural will present with immediate alterations in cerebral functioning. A subacute subdural hematoma ... avoided in patients with epidural or subdural hematomas and should only be performed when these types of intracranial ... A chronic subdural hematoma is commonly diagnosed months later when a child is evaluated for changes in personality, behavior, ...
Epidural Hematoma;. Subdural Hematoma;. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage;. Cerebral contusion;. Diffuse axonal injury;. Shaken Baby ... Intracerebral Hematoma;. Hypoxic-ischemic Lesions;. Increased Intracranial Pressure;. Herniations;. Cerebral Edema…" Chapter 9 ... Skull and Intracranial Pathology Radiology Cases;. Face, Ear and Neck Pathology Radiology Cases;. Pathology of Spine and ... Chapter 4: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Increased Intracranial Pressure. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) ...
... in one patient additional subdural haematoma was observed and one patient suffered from isolated subarachnoid haemorrhage. All ... Baseline demographics, aetiology of stroke and intracranial haemorrhage, angiographic outcome assessed by the Thrombolysis in ... In 5/6 (83%) patients, the pre-interventional intracranial haemorrhage had aggravated in post-interventional computed ... Mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke patients with pre-interventional intracranial haemorrhage following ...
  • Furthermore, intracranial vasospasm (ICVS) associated with spinal hemorrhage has been very rarely reported. (en-journal.org)
  • We present an ICVS case without intracranial hemorrhage following SDH. (en-journal.org)
  • However, intracranial hemorrhage was not revealed by brain MRI or CT. (en-journal.org)
  • We suggest that spinal cord evaluation should be considered in patients with headache who have ICVS, although intracranial hemorrhage would not be visible in brain images. (en-journal.org)
  • If a tumor, hemorrhage, or other problem has caused the increase in intracranial pressure, these problems will be treated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • citation needed] Intracerebral hemorrhage and ruptured cortical vessels (blood vessels on the surface of the brain) can also cause subdural hematoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • We report a case of acute subdural hematoma secondary to CCHF, where thrombocytopenia was the main cause of cerebral hemorrhage. (cdc.gov)
  • Intracranial hemorrhage and rebleeding in suspected victims of abusive head trauma: addressing the forensic controversies. (springer.com)
  • Intracranial injury in AHT frequently includes subdural hematoma (typically bilateral over the cerebral convexities or in the interhemispheric fissure) and subarachnoid hemorrhage. (aao.org)
  • Copies of CT reports were reviewed, and a chart audit was performed to collect further clinical information whenever an intracranial tumor, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or subdural hematoma (SDH) was reported. (nih.gov)
  • Boxers have died during a bout or in the immediate aftermath due to traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) such as an acute subdural hematoma (SDH), epidural hematoma (EDH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracranial hematoma and injury to the great vessels of the neck such as carotid or vertebral artery dissection. (lifesitenews.com)
  • As a result, knockouts are common and combat sports unfortunately have a high incidence of acute traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) such as concussion, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral contusion. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The most common forms of birth injuries include Erb's Palsy (brachial plexus injuries), hematoma, fractures, spinal cord injuries, intracranial and subdural hemorrhage, oxygen deprivation, and paralysis. (medicalmalpractice.net)
  • 2019. Dr V.VLASYUK : Subdural Hemorrhage. (atide-asso.org)
  • in one patient additional subdural haematoma was observed and one patient suffered from isolated subarachnoid haemorrhage. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Thoracic disc surgery can lead to a life-threatening complication: intracranial hypotension due to a subarachnoid-pleural fistula. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Severe neurological deterioration occurring after thoracic decompressive surgery may rarely be attributed to intracranial hypotension due to a subarachnoid-pleural fistula. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Chronic intracranial subdural hematoma after spinal anesthesia for a cesarean section: a case report. (harvard.edu)
  • Chronic subdural hematomas have a better prognosis if properly managed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of chronic subdural hematomas are usually delayed more than three weeks after Injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • The elderly also have more brittle veins, making chronic subdural bleeds more common. (wikipedia.org)
  • Introduction Chronic subdural haematoma (cSDH) tends to occur in older patients, often with significant comorbidity. (bmj.com)
  • What is the pressure in chronic subdural hematomas? (uib.no)
  • How often do chronic extra-cerebral haematomas occur in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts? (uib.no)
  • To clarify the mechanism of chronic subdural hema-toma, the hematomas taken intraoperatively were mixed with the fresh patient's blood and observed the clot formation. (go.jp)
  • Forty-five patients who had undergone the surgery for chronic subdural hematoma were included in this study. (go.jp)
  • Increased fibrinolytic activity at the site of the hema-toma membrane has been reported to be involved in the patho-genesis of chronic subdural hematoma. (go.jp)
  • However, it is suggested that in-creased coagulation activity in the hematoma mixed with the fresh blood by more than certain amount may be involved in the mechanisms of the recur-rence in chronic subdural hematoma. (go.jp)
  • The purpose of this study was to clarify the criteria for initial treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) by com-paring the backgrounds and post-treatment courses of patients who underwent drainage or middle meningeal artery (MMA) emboliza-tion for CSDH. (go.jp)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia (CSFH) is sometimes associated with chronic subdural hematomas (CSHs). (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 17. Surash S, Bhargava D, Tyagi A. Bilateral extradural hematoma formation following excision of a thoracic intradural lesion. (theunj.org)
  • reported a case of CCHF in a person with a bilateral frontal parasagittal hematoma that was managed with oral ribavirin and intravenous ceftriaxone, platelet transfusions, and supportive therapy ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • An 11-month-old girl presented to hospital with a massive subdural haematoma and bilateral retinal haemorrhages following an allegedly minor fall. (springer.com)
  • Mr A was found to have a large bilateral subdural haematoma with a midline shift of his brain. (hdc.org.nz)
  • The paper describes a rare case of acute intracranial subdural hematoma in a 22-year old woman followed by fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous vertebroplasty for vertebral hemangioma. (theunj.org)
  • 16. Grahovac G, Vilendecic M, Chudy D, Srdoc D, Skrlin J. Nightmare complication after lumbar disc surgery: cranial nontraumatic acute epidural hematoma. (theunj.org)
  • Infection of the paranasal sinuses is a risk factor for cranial subdural empyema, as the infection can spread to the space by way of emissary veins. (logicalimages.com)
  • This is thought to be secondary to decreased intracranial pressure and subsequent dilation of the venous system to attempt to replace the lost intracranial CSF volume. (ajnr.org)
  • We report an unusual case of acute subdural hematoma secondary to CCHF. (cdc.gov)
  • Much more common than epidural hemorrhages, subdural hemorrhages generally result from shearing injuries due to various rotational or linear forces. (wikipedia.org)
  • An infant with subdural hematoma and retinal hemorrhages: does von Willebrand disease explain the findings? (springer.com)
  • Long-lasting increased intracranial pressure (such as with idiopathic intracranial hypertension) can result in permanent vision loss. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Subdural empyema is a collection of pus in the space between the dura and the arachnoid. (logicalimages.com)
  • Slow extravasation of blood into the subdural space between the dura and arachnoid membranes. (neurocare.ai)
  • Primary care providers may sometimes spot early symptoms of increased intracranial pressure such as headache, seizures, or other nervous system problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Postdural puncture headache is a well- known complication of spinal anesthesia, but the subsequent development of intracranial subdural hematoma is a serious life-threatening complication which should be urgently treated. (longdom.org)
  • Our report reviews the literature on 49 patients who developed a postdural puncture headache complicated by intracranial subdural hematoma following spinal anesthesia. (longdom.org)
  • SAH are often seen in trauma settings, or after rupture of intracranial aneurysms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The natural history of saccular intracranial aneurysms consists of three phases: initiation, growth, and either stabilization or rupture, and the application of scientific principles to biological processes has made it easier to understand the behavior of aneurysm formation and rupture. (intechopen.com)
  • Time course of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients treated for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A one-year transcranial Doppler and acetazolamide follow-up study. (uib.no)
  • Rupture prediction of intracranial aneurysms: a nationwide matched case-control study of hemodynamics at the time of diagnosis. (uib.no)
  • Cerebrovascular reactivity after treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms - a transcranial Doppler sonography and acetazolamide study. (uib.no)
  • Carotid intima-media thickness - a potential predictor for rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms. (uib.no)
  • Differences in anatomical distribution, gender, and sidedness between ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms in a defined patient population. (uib.no)
  • In contrast, epidural hematomas are usually caused by tears in arteries, resulting in a build-up of blood between the dura mater and the skull. (wikipedia.org)
  • verification needed] The symptoms of a subdural hematoma have a slower onset than those of epidural hematomas because the lower-pressure veins involved bleed more slowly than arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased intracranial pressure is a rise in the pressure inside the skull that can result from or cause brain injury. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Increased intracranial pressure can be due to a rise in the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An MRI or CT scan of the head can usually determine the cause of increased intracranial pressure and confirm the diagnosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sudden increased intracranial pressure is an emergency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sudden increased intracranial pressure is a serious and often life-threatening condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If the bleeds are large enough to put pressure on the brain, signs of increased intracranial pressure or brain damage will be present. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with severe head trauma are at increased risk of developing cerebral edema, respiratory failure, and herniation secondary to increased intracranial pressure. (medscape.com)
  • Removal of cerebrospinal fluid via external ventricular drains or lumbar drains may be necessary in patients with increased intracranial pressure. (medscape.com)
  • 2019. Dr V.VLASYUK : Compression of the skull, brain and increased intracranial pressure. (atide-asso.org)
  • Spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) is very rare. (en-journal.org)
  • A 1-month follow-up CT scan of his head without contrast showed complete resolution of the subdural hematoma (Figure, panel C). Thrombocytopenia could be considered a risk factor for the development of a spontaneous acute subdural hematoma of arterial origin with more rapid and aggressive evolution ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Summary: We report a case of spontaneous intracranial hypotension that underwent cerebral angiography. (ajnr.org)
  • Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is being recognized with increasing frequency primarily because of the identification of the various MR imaging features. (ajnr.org)
  • Forty-six patients (19 with subdural hematoma, 14 with intracerebral hematoma, and 13 with epidural hematoma) were accrued to the study group consecutively. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A repeat CT scan of his head showed a subdural hematoma with surrounding edema and midline shift (Figure, panel B). (cdc.gov)
  • Patients should be treated with external lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for 3-5 days rather than a low-pressure pleural drain to avoid the onset of intracranial hypotension leading to symptomatic subdural hematomas. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Multiple intracranial vasospasms were noted on a brain CT angiogram and transfemoral cerebral angiography. (en-journal.org)
  • MRI images revealed subdural hematoma compressing the brain. (theunj.org)
  • An increase in intracranial pressure can also be due to a rise in pressure within the brain itself. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of bleeding in which a collection of blood-usually but not always associated with a traumatic brain injury-gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater of the meninges surrounding the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subdural hematomas may cause an increase in the pressure inside the skull, which in turn can cause compression of and damage to delicate brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the brain shrinks with age, the subdural space enlarges and the veins that traverse the space must cover a wider distance, making them more vulnerable to tears. (wikipedia.org)
  • This can cause ischemic brain damage by two mechanisms: one, pressure on the cortical blood vessels, and two, vasoconstriction due to the substances released from the hematoma, which causes further ischemia by restricting blood flow to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Computed tomography (CT) scanning and MRI studies of the brain may be important in ruling out intracranial lesions when the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is in question. (medscape.com)
  • Signal density of the hematoma compared with the brain parenchyma changes over time after injury. (medscape.com)
  • Brain surgery may be needed in treatment of subdural hematoma to remove blood and to decrease intracranial pressure. (limamemorial.org)
  • 2 Most sport-related concussions are mild, but the potential always exists for a more serious, life-threatening head injury, such as an epidural hematoma (bleeding between the skull and the brain) or second-impact syndrome . (momsteam.com)
  • Surgery is often needed in patients with more severe injury to place monitors to track and treat intracranial pressure elevation, decompress the brain if intracranial pressure is increased, or remove intracranial hematomas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • however, the necropsy revealed multiple skull fractures and a sub dural hematoma, along with a cerebral edema and blood vessel rupture along the left optic nerve. (marinelife.org)
  • There was no significant difference in median pre-operative MGS score (1 vs 1) or mean maximum hematoma diameter (18 vs 19 mm) in the 17 patients who showed resolution of CSDH by MMA embolization alone or in the 4 patients who required additional drain-age. (go.jp)
  • Other etiologies include trauma, seeding of an existing subdural hematoma , or postoperative infection. (logicalimages.com)
  • Impact of Frailty on Morbidity and Mortality in Adult Patients Undergoing Surgical Evacuation of Acute Traumatic Subdural Hematoma. (harvard.edu)
  • After hematoma evacuation, her symptoms gradually improved. (en-journal.org)
  • Large bone flap is separated followed by irrigation and evacuation of the hematoma. (neurocare.ai)
  • On the 30th day post operatively, the patient developed intracranial subdural hematoma which was surgically evacuated in the operating room and the patient had full recovery. (longdom.org)
  • Signs and symptoms of acute hematomas may appear in minutes, if not immediately, but can also be delayed as much as two weeks. (wikipedia.org)
  • The traditional rule has been to wake up a concussed athlete every 3 to 4 hours during the night to evaluate changes in symptoms and rule out the possibility of an intracranial bleed, such as a subdural hematoma. (momsteam.com)
  • Hematogenous seeding of the space is more likely to result in spinal subdural empyema. (logicalimages.com)
  • This location is less common, accounting for less than 5% of subdural empyema. (logicalimages.com)
  • Morbidity and mortality in subdural empyema is directly related to delay in therapy. (logicalimages.com)
  • In juveniles, an arachnoid cyst is a risk factor for subdural hematoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acute subdural hematoma is usually caused by external trauma that creates tension in the wall of a bridging vein as it passes between the arachnoid and dural layers of the brain's lining-i.e., the subdural space. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anxiety and depression in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts-A prospective study. (uib.no)
  • Maze learning in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts. (uib.no)
  • Location, sidedness, and sex distribution of intracranial arachnoid cysts in a population-based sample. (uib.no)
  • Visual attention in patients with intracranial arachnoid cysts. (uib.no)
  • A population based study of intracranial arachnoid cysts: clinical and neuroimaging outcomes following surgical cyst decompression in adults. (uib.no)
  • This blunt force trauma resulted in intracranial bleeding which was the ultimate cause of death. (marinelife.org)
  • Fourteen patients with a thin hematoma underwent EBP and three with a thick hematoma underwent CSH surgery immediately after EBP on the same day. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • reported 5 case-patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever and intracranial bleeding. (cdc.gov)
  • Subdural hematomas are most often caused by head injury, in which rapidly changing velocities within the skull may stretch and tear small bridging veins. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, scalp hematomas or skull fractures are usually good indicators of a significant direct force to a focal region. (medscape.com)
  • Intracranial pressure may be measured during a spinal tap (lumbar puncture). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Familiarizar a los participantes con los abordajes más comunes al sistema ventricular y al raquis lumbar y torácico mediante prácticas intensivas en modelo animal. (neurosurgery.directory)
  • Approximately 10-50% of EDH cases are associated with other intracranial lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroimaging may also show intracranial edema, ischemia, or contusion in the acute stage and atrophy in later stages. (aao.org)
  • Baseline demographics, aetiology of stroke and intracranial haemorrhage, angiographic outcome assessed by the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score and clinical outcome evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days were recorded. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Clinical manifestations from raised intracranial pressure by enlarging hematoma. (neurocare.ai)
  • Intracranial vascular abnormalities and coagulopathies associated with subdural intracranial hematoma were not evident on CT-angiography and in laboratory tests. (theunj.org)
  • Percutaneous vertebroplasty was emphasized to be followed by rare intracranial complications, awareness of which is very important for the surgeon for complications prevention and treatment outcomes improvement. (theunj.org)
  • A cerebral aneurysm is defined as a local outpouching of an intracranial artery and can either be saccular or fusiform. (intechopen.com)
  • Background: Data on outcome of endovascular treatment in patients with acute ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion suffering from intravenous thrombolysis-associated intracranial haemorrhage prior to mechanical thrombectomy remain scarce. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive acute ischaemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy due to large vessel occlusion despite the pre-interventional occurrence of intravenous thrombolysis-associated intracranial haemorrhage was performed at five tertiary care centres between January 2010-September 2020. (uni-koeln.de)
  • In 5/6 (83%) patients, the pre-interventional intracranial haemorrhage had aggravated in post-interventional computed tomography with space-occupying effect. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Conclusion: Mechanical thrombectomy in patients with intravenous thrombolysis-associated intracranial haemorrhage is technically feasible. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Infants, too, have larger subdural spaces and are more predisposed to subdural bleeds than are young adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • A unique complex of ocular, intracranial, and sometimes other injuries occurs in infants who have been abused by violent shaking. (aao.org)