The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.
RED BLOOD CELL sensitivity to change in OSMOTIC PRESSURE. When exposed to a hypotonic concentration of sodium in a solution, red cells take in more water, swell until the capacity of the cell membrane is exceeded, and burst.
A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.
The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.
Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.
A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.
The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.
Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.
A test to detect non-agglutinating ANTIBODIES against ERYTHROCYTES by use of anti-antibodies (the Coombs' reagent.) The direct test is applied to freshly drawn blood to detect antibody bound to circulating red cells. The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibodies that can bind to red blood cells.
Diazo derivatives of aniline, used as a reagent for sugars, ketones, and aldehydes. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.
A method to identify and enumerate cells that are synthesizing ANTIBODIES against ANTIGENS or HAPTENS conjugated to sheep RED BLOOD CELLS. The sheep red blood cells surrounding cells secreting antibody are lysed by added COMPLEMENT producing a clear zone of HEMOLYSIS. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 3rd ed)
Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.
An antigenic mismatch between donor and recipient blood. Antibodies present in the recipient's serum may be directed against antigens in the donor product. Such a mismatch may result in a transfusion reaction in which, for example, donor blood is hemolyzed. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984).
Hemolytic anemia due to the ingestion of fava beans or after inhalation of pollen from the Vicia fava plant by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient erythrocytes.
Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin where the iron within the heme group is in the ferric (Fe3+) state, unable to bind oxygen and leading to impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).
The number of RETICULOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. The values are expressed as a percentage of the ERYTHROCYTE COUNT or in the form of an index ("corrected reticulocyte index"), which attempts to account for the number of circulating erythrocytes.
Abnormal intracellular inclusions, composed of denatured hemoglobin, found on the membrane of red blood cells. They are seen in thalassemias, enzymopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and after splenectomy.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
The aggregation of ERYTHROCYTES by AGGLUTININS, including antibodies, lectins, and viral proteins (HEMAGGLUTINATION, VIRAL).
A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.
Immunizing agent containing IMMUNOGLOBULIN G anti-Rho(D) used for preventing Rh immunization in Rh-negative individuals exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells.
The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.
The senescence of RED BLOOD CELLS. Lacking the organelles that make protein synthesis possible, the mature erythrocyte is incapable of self-repair, reproduction, and carrying out certain functions performed by other cells. This limits the average life span of an erythrocyte to 120 days.
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN E in the diet, characterized by posterior column and spinocerebellar tract abnormalities, areflexia, ophthalmoplegia, and disturbances of gait, proprioception, and vibration. In premature infants vitamin E deficiency is associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytosis, edema, intraventricular hemorrhage, and increasing risk of retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. An apparent inborn error of vitamin E metabolism, named familial isolated vitamin E deficiency, has recently been identified. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1181)
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.
Exotoxins produced by certain strains of streptococci, particularly those of group A (STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES), that cause HEMOLYSIS.
A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.
Hemopexin is a plasma glycoprotein that binds heme with high affinity, preventing its toxic effects and facilitating its clearance, thus playing a crucial role in iron metabolism and protection against oxidative stress.
The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
Oxygen-carrying RED BLOOD CELLS in mammalian blood that are abnormal in structure or function.
The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of SPIDERS.
The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.
A condition characterized by an abnormal increase of BILIRUBIN in the blood, which may result in JAUNDICE. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of HEME, is normally excreted in the BILE or further catabolized before excretion in the urine.
C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.
Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)
Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus fever acquired through contact with lice (TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE) as well as Brill's disease.
Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.
A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.
Amidines are organic compounds containing the functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom connected to two carbon atoms by double bonds, with the remaining two bonds attached to hydrogen and any other organic substituent.
The process by which blood or its components are kept viable outside of the organism from which they are derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the pentose phosphate pathway, catalyzing the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone while reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage and maintaining redox balance.
A spider of the genus Loxosceles, found in the midwestern and other parts of the United States, which carries a hemolytic venom that produces local necrosis or ulceration.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Plasmids controlling the synthesis of hemolysin by bacteria.
An examination of chemicals in the blood.
An autosomal recessive glycogen storage disease in which there is deficient expression of 6-phosphofructose 1-kinase in muscle (PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE-1, MUSCLE TYPE) resulting in abnormal deposition of glycogen in muscle tissue. These patients have severe congenital muscular dystrophy and are exercise intolerant.
A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.
The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.
Solutions that have a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.
The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.

Changes in haematological parameters and iron metabolism associated with a 1600 kilometre ultramarathon. (1/3524)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate haematological variations and iron related changes in the serum of participants in a 1600 kilometre ultramarathon run. PARTICIPANTS: Seven male and two female participants in a 1600 km foot race. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from the participants before, after four and 11 days of running, and at the end of the event. Samples were analysed by standard methods for haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total red cell count, mean red cell volume, mean red cell haemoglobin, total white cell count and differential, platelets, reticulocytes, iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, percentage transferrin saturation, haptoglobin, and bilirubin and corrected for changes in plasma volume. RESULTS: The following variables decreased during the event (p < 0.05): haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean red cell volume, percentage lymphocytes, percentage monocytes, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and percentage transferrin saturation. Increases (p < 0.05) were found in plasma volume, total red cell count (day 4 only), total white cell count, percentage and absolute numbers of neutrophils and reticulocytes, absolute numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes (day 4 only), absolute numbers of eosinophils (day 11 and race end), absolute numbers of basophils (race end only), platelets, ferritin, haptoglobin, and bilirubin (day 4 only). CONCLUSION: Ultramarathon running is associated with a wide range of changes in haematological parameters, many of which are related to the normal acute phase response to injury. These should not be confused with indicators of disease.  (+info)

Improved methods using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to detect tumour cells. (2/3524)

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is increasingly used to detect small numbers of circulating tumour cells, though the clinical benefit remains controversial. The largest single contributing factor to the controversy of its value is the different approaches to sample processing. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and reproducibility of RT-PCR for the detection of tumour cells after four commonly used different methods of sample processing. Using RT-PCR, one tumour cell spiked in 2 ml of whole blood was detected after analysis of separated mononuclear cell RNA, whole blood total or poly-A+ RNA. No false positives were identified with any method. However, the reproducibility of tumour cell detection was reduced after isolation of the mononuclear cell fraction. Only analysis of poly-A+ RNA had a sensitivity of 100% in all the cell spiking experiments. In patient blood samples, analysis of poly-A+ RNA increased the number of blood samples positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA compared with those positive after analysis of total RNA. This may reflect high levels of cDNA reducing the efficiency of the PCR. Isolation of poly-A+ RNA increases the sensitivity and reproducibility of tumour cell detection in peripheral blood.  (+info)

Antioxidative activity of 4-oxy- and 4-hydroxy-nitroxides in tissues and erythrocytes from rats. (3/3524)

AIM: To compare the activities of antioxidation of 4-oxy- and 4-hydroxy-nitroxides in tissues and RBC from rats. METHODS: The homogenates of liver, heart, and kidneys of rats were used to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) formation using TBA colorimetric method. H2O2-caused hemolysis was measured spectrometrically. Superoxide anion from zymosan-stimulated neutrophils of rats was assayed by NBT reduction method. RESULTS: Nitroxide free radicals OTMPO and HTMPO inhibited MDA generation caused by .OH generation system (MIC 10.5 and 21 mumol.L-1, respectively), antagonized hemolysis induced by H2O2 (MIC: 338 and 168 mumol.L-1, respectively), but did not affect O2- formation from activated neutrophils. 1-Hydroxyl compounds OTMPOH and HTMPOH possessed similarly potent antilipoperoxidative activities. But nonfree radical OTMP and HTMP had no effect on peroxidation of tissues. CONCLUSION: Nitroxides exert their antilipoperoxidative effect by specifically scavenging .OH free radicals in biological system. Trapping of .OH free radicals by nitroxides is not by reduction of NO. group in nitroxides. Both NO. group and NOH group are essential active groups.  (+info)

Isolation and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing infection in Iberian toothcarp Aphanius iberus. (4/3524)

High mortality among laboratory cultured Iberian toothcarp Aphanius iberus occurred in February 1997 in Valencia (Spain). The main signs of the disease were external haemorrhage and tail rot. Bacteria isolated from internal organs of infected fish were biochemically homogeneous and identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The bacteria were haemolytic against erythrocytes from eel Anguilla anguilla, amberjack Seriola dumerili, toothcarp A. iberus and humans, and were Kanagawa-phenomenon-negative. Infectivity tests showed that the virulence for A. iberus was dependent on salinity. Finally, all strains were virulent for amberjack and eel.  (+info)

Hemolysis associated with 25% human albumin diluted with sterile water--United States, 1994-1998. (5/3524)

Since 1994, a shortage of 5% human albumin, a product used off-label during therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), has existed in the United States. Because of this shortage, hospital pharmacists may prepare 5% solution of human albumin by diluting 25% human albumin with 0.9% NaCl or, when sodium load is a concern, 5% dextrose. However, if sterile water alone is used as the diluent, the osmolarity (tonicity) of the albumin solution is reduced and may cause hemolysis in recipients. This report describes two of 10 episodes of hemolysis (one fatal) among persons who received 25% human albumin diluted with sterile water and emphasizes that sterile water alone should not be used to dilute albumin.  (+info)

Novel techniques for in vivo hemolysis studies in guinea pigs. (6/3524)

The in vivo toxic-hemolytic studies using small experimental animals are complicated by difficulties in preventing hemolysis during repeated collection of blood specimens and in measuring hemoglobin concentration in small amounts of plasma sample. To solve these problems we tried to develope the new techniques for the in vivo hemolysis studies using guinea pigs. The hemolysis accident was minimized to 2.75 mg/dl by collecting the blood directly into heparinized microhematocrit tubes by small longitudinal incision in the auricular artery. The hemoglobin in a small amount of sample (10 microliters) was determined by the new analytical system using a microflow spectrophotometer with a modified cyanmethemoglobin method. The standard curve of the hemoglobin concentration in the system revealed a line of Y = 1.8X + 0.79 (r = 0.999), CV < 1% with a minimum detectable concentration of 1.25 mg/dl. By using the new techniques, it was found that the plasma hemoglobin concentration in normal animals were 7.27 +/- 0.44 mg/dl (mean +/- S.E.). The in vivo hemolytic activity of saponin was observed dose-dependently at doses of 30-50 mg/kg, i.v. in the guinea pigs. It is concluded that the present techniques are useful for in vivo hemolytic studies in small experimental animals such as guinea pigs.  (+info)

The hemolytic activity of bracken extracts in guinea pigs. (7/3524)

This study was conducted to elucidate the hemolytic activity of a new toxic substance in bracken fern. A crude extract (CE) was prepared from the methanol extracts of bracken by the column chromatography. When the CE was injected subcutaneously in guinea pigs, the hemoglobinuria and hemolysis were observed within 6 hr, and 3 days later edema and hemorrhages in the urinary bladder were observed. The CE was then fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and three (HF, BF and CF) of the fractions showed the toxic activities in guinea pigs. The HF caused the hemolysis, whereas both the BF and the CF caused the hemorrhagic cystitis without any hemolytic activities. The HF was further fractionated by the HPLC, resulting of the 3 fractions (HF-I, II and III). The hemolysis was caused only with the HF-II, and HF-II as well as HF did not cause the hemorrhagic cystitis. HPLC analysis revealed that both BF and CF contains braxin B and braxin C, respectively, and both HF and HF-II do not contain braxin A, B or C. These facts suggest that bracken fern contains a new toxic substance (hemolysin) which induces the acute hemolysis in guinea pigs.  (+info)

The rgg gene of Streptococcus pyogenes NZ131 positively influences extracellular SPE B production. (8/3524)

Streptococcus pyogenes produces several extracellular proteins, including streptococcal erythrogenic toxin B (SPE B), also known as streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B and streptococcal proteinase. Several reports suggest that SPE B contributes to the virulence associated with S. pyogenes; however, little is known about its regulation. Nucleotide sequence data revealed the presence, upstream of the speB gene, of a gene, designated rgg, that was predicted to encode a polypeptide similar to previously described positive regulatory factors. The putative Rgg polypeptide of S. pyogenes NZ131 consisted of 280 amino acids and had a predicted molecular weight of 33,246. To assess the potential role of Rgg in the production of SPE B, the rgg gene was insertionally inactivated in S. pyogenes NZ131, which resulted in markedly decreased SPE B production, as determined both by immunoblotting and caseinolytic activity on agar plates. However, the production of other extracellular products, including streptolysin O, streptokinase, and DNase, was not affected. Complementation of the rgg mutant with an intact rgg gene copy in S. pyogenes NZ131 could restore SPE B production and confirmed that the rgg gene product is involved in the production of SPE B.  (+info)

Hemolysis is the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid (plasma). This process can occur due to various reasons such as chemical agents, infections, autoimmune disorders, mechanical trauma, or genetic abnormalities. Hemolysis may lead to anemia and jaundice, among other complications. It is essential to monitor hemolysis levels in patients undergoing medical treatments that might cause this condition.

Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) faster than they can be produced. Red blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When they are destroyed, hemoglobin and other cellular components are released into the bloodstream, which can lead to complications such as kidney damage and gallstones.

Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms of the condition may result from genetic defects that affect the structure or function of red blood cells. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical conditions such as cancer or blood disorders.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and a rapid heartbeat. Treatment for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, blood transfusions, or surgery.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

Hemoglobinuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of hemoglobin in the urine. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Normally, when red blood cells die, they are broken down and their hemoglobin is recycled. However, in certain conditions such as intravascular hemolysis (the destruction of red blood cells inside blood vessels), hemoglobin can be released into the bloodstream and then filtered by the kidneys into the urine.

Hemoglobinuria can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including hemolytic anemias, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), severe infections, snake bites, and exposure to certain toxins or medications. It is important to identify the underlying cause of hemoglobinuria, as treatment will depend on the specific condition.

In some cases, hemoglobinuria can lead to kidney damage due to the toxic effects of free hemoglobin on the renal tubules. This can result in acute or chronic kidney injury, and in severe cases, it may require dialysis or transplantation.

Osmotic fragility is a term used in medicine, specifically in the field of hematology. It refers to the susceptibility or tendency of red blood cells (RBCs) to undergo lysis (rupture or breaking open) when exposed to hypotonic solutions (solutions with lower osmotic pressure than the RBCs). This test is often used to diagnose and monitor hereditary spherocytosis, a genetic disorder that affects the structure and stability of red blood cells.

In this condition, the RBC membrane proteins are defective, leading to abnormally shaped and fragile cells. When these abnormal RBCs come into contact with hypotonic solutions, they rupture more easily than normal RBCs due to their decreased osmotic resistance. The degree of osmotic fragility can be measured through a laboratory test called the "osmotic fragility test," which evaluates the stability and structural integrity of RBCs in response to varying osmotic pressures.

In summary, osmotic fragility is a medical term that describes the increased susceptibility of red blood cells to lysis when exposed to hypotonic solutions, often associated with hereditary spherocytosis or other conditions affecting RBC membrane stability.

HELLP syndrome is a serious complication in pregnancy, characterized by Hemolysis (the breakdown of red blood cells), Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count. It is often considered a variant of severe preeclampsia or eclampsia, although it can also occur without these conditions.

The symptoms of HELLP syndrome include headache, nausea and vomiting, upper right abdominal pain, and visual disturbances. It can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby, such as liver failure, placental abruption, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The exact cause of HELLP syndrome is not known, but it is thought to be related to problems with the blood vessels that supply the placenta. Treatment typically involves delivering the baby as soon as possible, even if the baby is premature. Women who have had HELLP syndrome are at increased risk for complications in future pregnancies.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the normal functioning of an enzyme called G6PD. This enzyme is found in red blood cells and plays a crucial role in protecting them from damage.

In people with G6PD deficiency, the enzyme's activity is reduced or absent, making their red blood cells more susceptible to damage and destruction, particularly when they are exposed to certain triggers such as certain medications, infections, or foods. This can lead to a condition called hemolysis, where the red blood cells break down prematurely, leading to anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, kidney failure.

G6PD deficiency is typically inherited from one's parents in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning that males are more likely to be affected than females. While there is no cure for G6PD deficiency, avoiding triggers and managing symptoms can help prevent complications.

An erythrocyte, also known as a red blood cell, is a type of cell that circulates in the blood and is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. The erythrocyte membrane refers to the thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the erythrocyte and helps to maintain its shape and stability.

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, which contains various proteins and carbohydrates. These components help to regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the erythrocyte, as well as provide structural support and protection for the cell.

The main lipids found in the erythrocyte membrane are phospholipids and cholesterol, which are arranged in a bilayer structure with the hydrophilic (water-loving) heads facing outward and the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails facing inward. This arrangement helps to maintain the integrity of the membrane and prevent the leakage of cellular components.

The proteins found in the erythrocyte membrane include integral proteins, which span the entire width of the membrane, and peripheral proteins, which are attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane. These proteins play a variety of roles, such as transporting molecules across the membrane, maintaining the shape of the erythrocyte, and interacting with other cells and proteins in the body.

The carbohydrates found in the erythrocyte membrane are attached to the outer surface of the membrane and help to identify the cell as part of the body's own immune system. They also play a role in cell-cell recognition and adhesion.

Overall, the erythrocyte membrane is a complex and dynamic structure that plays a critical role in maintaining the function and integrity of red blood cells.

Hemolytic anemia, autoimmune is a type of anemia characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own RBCs. This occurs when the body produces autoantibodies that bind to the surface of RBCs, leading to their rupture (hemolysis). The symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and dark colored urine. The diagnosis is made through blood tests that measure the number and size of RBCs, reticulocyte count, and the presence of autoantibodies. Treatment typically involves suppressing the immune system with medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs, and sometimes removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be necessary.

Hemolysins are a type of protein toxin produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and plants that have the ability to damage and destroy red blood cells (erythrocytes), leading to their lysis or hemolysis. This results in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding environment. Hemolysins can be classified into two main categories:

1. Exotoxins: These are secreted by bacteria and directly damage host cells. They can be further divided into two types:
* Membrane attack complex/perforin-like proteins (MACPF): These hemolysins create pores in the membrane of red blood cells, disrupting their integrity and causing lysis. Examples include alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus and streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes.
* Enzymatic hemolysins: These hemolysins are enzymes that degrade specific components of the red blood cell membrane, ultimately leading to lysis. An example is streptolysin S from Streptococcus pyogenes, which is a thiol-activated, oxygen-labile hemolysin.
2. Endotoxins: These are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause indirect hemolysis by activating the complement system or by stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators from host cells.

Hemolysins play a significant role in bacterial pathogenesis, contributing to tissue damage, impaired immune responses, and disease progression.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired disorder of the blood characterized by the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, dark colored urine (especially in the morning), chest pain, shortness of breath, and an increased risk of blood clots. The hemoglobin from the lysed red blood cells appears in the urine, hence the term "hemoglobinuria."

The paroxysmal nature of the disorder refers to the sudden and recurring episodes of hemolysis that can occur at any time, although they may be more frequent at night. The condition is caused by mutations in a gene called PIG-A, which leads to the production of defective red blood cell membranes that are sensitive to destruction by complement, a component of the immune system.

PNH is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to complications such as kidney damage, pulmonary hypertension, and thrombosis. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as blood transfusions, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be considered as a curative treatment option.

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is the main oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule made up of four globin proteins and four heme groups. Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds to one molecule of oxygen. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and also helps to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

There are several types of hemoglobin present in the human body, including:

* Hemoglobin A (HbA): This is the most common type of hemoglobin, making up about 95-98% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): This makes up about 1.5-3.5% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin F (HbF): This is the main type of hemoglobin present in fetal life, but it persists at low levels in adults. It consists of two alpha and two gamma globin chains.
* Hemoglobin S (HbS): This is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause sickle cell disease when it occurs in the homozygous state (i.e., both copies of the gene are affected). It results from a single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain.
* Hemoglobin C (HbC): This is another abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause mild to moderate hemolytic anemia when it occurs in the homozygous state. It results from a different single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain than HbS.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin, such as HbS and HbC, can lead to various clinical disorders, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies.

Haptoglobins are proteins found in the blood that bind to free hemoglobin, which is released when red blood cells break down. The resulting complex is then removed from the bloodstream by the liver, preventing the loss of iron and potential kidney damage caused by the breakdown products of hemoglobin. Haptoglobins are produced in the liver and their levels can be measured to help diagnose various medical conditions such as hemolytic anemia, liver disease, and inflammation.

The Coombs test is a laboratory procedure used to detect the presence of antibodies on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). It is named after the scientist, Robin Coombs, who developed the test. There are two types of Coombs tests: direct and indirect.

1. Direct Coombs Test (DCT): This test is used to detect the presence of antibodies directly attached to the surface of RBCs. It is often used to diagnose hemolytic anemia, a condition in which RBCs are destroyed prematurely, leading to anemia. A positive DCT indicates that the patient's RBCs have been coated with antibodies, which can occur due to various reasons such as autoimmune disorders, blood transfusion reactions, or drug-induced immune hemolysis.
2. Indirect Coombs Test (ICT): This test is used to detect the presence of antibodies in the patient's serum that can agglutinate (clump) foreign RBCs. It is commonly used before blood transfusions or during pregnancy to determine if the patient has antibodies against the RBCs of a potential donor or fetus, respectively. A positive ICT indicates that the patient's serum contains antibodies capable of binding to and agglutinating foreign RBCs.

In summary, the Coombs test is a crucial diagnostic tool in identifying various hemolytic disorders and ensuring safe blood transfusions by detecting the presence of harmful antibodies against RBCs.

Phenylhydrazines are organic compounds that contain a phenyl group (a benzene ring with a hydrogen atom substituted by a hydroxy group) and a hydrazine group (-NH-NH2). They are aromatic amines that have been used in various chemical reactions, including the formation of azos and hydrazones. In medicine, phenylhydrazines were once used as vasodilators to treat angina pectoris, but their use has largely been discontinued due to their toxicity and potential carcinogenicity.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that affects the hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin is abnormal and causes the red blood cells to take on a sickle shape, rather than the normal disc shape. These sickled cells are stiff and sticky, and they can block blood vessels, causing tissue damage and pain. They also die more quickly than normal red blood cells, leading to anemia.

People with sickle cell anemia often experience fatigue, chronic pain, and jaundice. They may also have a higher risk of infections and complications such as stroke, acute chest syndrome, and priapism. The disease is inherited from both parents, who must both be carriers of the sickle cell gene. It primarily affects people of African descent, but it can also affect people from other ethnic backgrounds.

There is no cure for sickle cell anemia, but treatments such as blood transfusions, medications to manage pain and prevent complications, and bone marrow transplantation can help improve quality of life for affected individuals. Regular medical care and monitoring are essential for managing the disease effectively.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hemolytic Plaque Technique" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems like it might be a combination of two different concepts in medical and scientific research: the Hemolytic Assay and the Plaque Assay technique.

A Hemolytic Assay is a method used to measure the amount of hemolysis, or the rupturing of red blood cells, caused by a substance such as a toxin or an antibody. This assay can help determine the concentration of the hemolysin in a sample.

On the other hand, the Plaque Assay Technique is a method used to measure the number of infectious virus particles in a sample. It involves adding a layer of cells (like bacteria) that the virus can infect and then covering it with a nutrient agar overlay. After a period of incubation, clear areas or "plaques" appear in the agar where the viruses have infected and lysed the cells. By counting these plaques, researchers can estimate the number of infectious virus particles present in the original sample.

Therefore, if you're looking for a definition of a Hemolytic Plaque Technique, it might refer to a research method that combines both concepts, possibly measuring the amount of a substance (like an antibody) that causes hemolysis in red blood cells and correlating it with the number of infectious virus particles present. However, I would recommend consulting the original source or author for clarification on their intended meaning.

Hemagglutination is a process where red blood cells (RBCs) agglutinate or clump together. Viral hemagglutination refers to the ability of certain viruses to bind to and agglutinate RBCs. This is often due to viral surface proteins known as hemagglutinins, which can recognize and attach to specific receptors on the surface of RBCs.

In virology, viral hemagglutination assays are commonly used for virus identification and quantification. For example, the influenza virus is known to hemagglutinate chicken RBCs, and this property can be used to identify and titrate the virus in a sample. The hemagglutination titer is the highest dilution of a virus that still causes visible agglutination of RBCs. This information can be useful in understanding the viral load in a patient or during vaccine production.

Blood group incompatibility refers to a situation where the blood type of a donor and a recipient are not compatible, leading to an immune response and destruction of the donated red blood cells. This is because the recipient's immune system recognizes the donor's red blood cells as foreign due to the presence of incompatible antigens on their surface.

The most common type of blood group incompatibility occurs between individuals with different ABO blood types, such as when a person with type O blood receives type A, B, or AB blood. This can lead to agglutination and hemolysis of the donated red blood cells, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as hemolytic transfusion reaction.

Another type of blood group incompatibility occurs between Rh-negative mothers and their Rh-positive fetuses. If a mother's immune system is exposed to her fetus's Rh-positive red blood cells during pregnancy or childbirth, she may develop antibodies against them. This can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn if the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus in the future.

To prevent these complications, it is essential to ensure that donated blood is compatible with the recipient's blood type before transfusion and that appropriate measures are taken during pregnancy and childbirth to prevent sensitization of Rh-negative mothers to Rh-positive red blood cells.

Favism is a genetic disorder that results in a sensitivity to broad beans (Vicia faba) and related plants. It is most commonly found in populations from the Mediterranean, Middle East, and Asia. The disorder is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which is necessary for protecting red blood cells from damage.

When individuals with favism eat broad beans or inhale their pollen, the beans' metabolites can cause the release of harmful oxidative agents that destroy red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of favism can include weakness, fatigue, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney failure, seizures, or even death.

Avoiding broad beans and related plants is the primary treatment for favism. In some cases, blood transfusions or medications that boost red blood cell production may be necessary to manage symptoms. It's important to note that not all people with G6PD deficiency will develop favism, and not all people with favism have G6PD deficiency.

Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin in which the iron within the heme group is in the ferric (Fe3+) state instead of the ferrous (Fe2+) state. This oxidation reduces its ability to bind and transport oxygen effectively, leading to methemoglobinemia when methemoglobin levels become too high. Methemoglobin has a limited capacity to release oxygen to tissues, which can result in hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes).

Methemoglobin is normally present in small amounts in the blood, but certain factors such as exposure to oxidizing agents, genetic predisposition, or certain medications can increase its levels. Elevated methemoglobin levels can be treated with methylene blue, which helps restore the iron within hemoglobin back to its ferrous state and improves oxygen transport capacity.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

The complement system is a group of proteins found in the blood and on the surface of cells that when activated, work together to help eliminate pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi from the body. The proteins are normally inactive in the bloodstream. When they encounter an invading microorganism or foreign substance, a series of reactions take place leading to the activation of the complement system. Activation results in the production of effector molecules that can punch holes in the cell membranes of pathogens, recruit and activate immune cells, and help remove debris and dead cells from the body.

There are three main pathways that can lead to complement activation: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Each pathway involves a series of proteins that work together in a cascade-like manner to amplify the response and generate effector molecules. The three main effector molecules produced by the complement system are C3b, C4b, and C5b. These molecules can bind to the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Complement proteins also play a role in the regulation of the immune response. They help to prevent excessive activation of the complement system, which could damage host tissues. Dysregulation of the complement system has been implicated in a number of diseases, including autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

In summary, Complement System Proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune response by helping to eliminate pathogens and regulate the immune response. They can be activated through three different pathways, leading to the production of effector molecules that mark pathogens for destruction. Dysregulation of the complement system has been linked to various diseases.

A reticulocyte count is a laboratory test that measures the percentage of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream. They contain residual ribosomal RNA, which gives them a reticular or net-like appearance under a microscope when stained with certain dyes.

The reticulocyte count is often used as an indicator of the rate of red blood cell production in the bone marrow. A higher than normal reticulocyte count may indicate an increased production of red blood cells, which can be seen in conditions such as hemolysis, blood loss, or response to treatment of anemia. A lower than normal reticulocyte count may suggest a decreased production of red blood cells, which can be seen in conditions such as bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, or vitamin deficiencies.

The reticulocyte count is usually expressed as a percentage of the total number of red blood cells, but it can also be reported as an absolute reticulocyte count (the actual number of reticulocytes per microliter of blood). The normal range for the reticulocyte count varies depending on the laboratory and the population studied.

Heinz bodies are small, irregularly shaped inclusions found in the red blood cells (RBCs). They are aggregates of denatured hemoglobin and are typically seen in RBCs that have been exposed to oxidative stress. This can occur due to various factors such as exposure to certain chemicals, drugs, or diseases.

The presence of Heinz bodies can lead to the premature destruction of RBCs, a condition known as hemolysis. This can result in anemia and related symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. It's important to note that while Heinz bodies are often associated with certain diseases, they can also be present in otherwise healthy individuals who have been exposed to oxidative stress.

It's worth mentioning that the term "Heinz bodies" comes from the name of the scientist Robert Heinz, who first described them in 1890.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Hemagglutination is a medical term that refers to the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells (RBCs) in the presence of an agglutinin, which is typically a protein or a polysaccharide found on the surface of certain viruses, bacteria, or incompatible blood types.

In simpler terms, hemagglutination occurs when the agglutinin binds to specific antigens on the surface of RBCs, causing them to clump together and form visible clumps or aggregates. This reaction is often used in diagnostic tests to identify the presence of certain viruses or bacteria, such as influenza or HIV, by mixing a sample of blood or other bodily fluid with a known agglutinin and observing whether hemagglutination occurs.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are also commonly used to measure the titer or concentration of antibodies in a serum sample, by adding serial dilutions of the serum to a fixed amount of agglutinin and observing the highest dilution that still prevents hemagglutination. This can help determine whether a person has been previously exposed to a particular pathogen and has developed immunity to it.

Complement C8 is a protein component of the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Specifically, C8 is a part of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which forms a pore in the membrane of target cells, leading to their lysis or destruction.

C8 is composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. It is activated when it binds to the complement component C5b67 complex on the surface of a target cell. Once activated, C8 undergoes a conformational change that allows it to insert into the target cell membrane and form a pore, which disrupts the cell's membrane integrity and can lead to its death.

Deficiencies in complement components, including C8, can make individuals more susceptible to certain infections and autoimmune diseases. Additionally, mutations in the genes encoding complement proteins have been associated with various inherited disorders, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), which is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy and kidney failure.

Blood specimen collection is the process of obtaining a sample of blood from a patient for laboratory testing and analysis. This procedure is performed by trained healthcare professionals, such as nurses or phlebotomists, using sterile equipment to minimize the risk of infection and ensure accurate test results. The collected blood sample may be used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, assess overall health and organ function, and check for the presence of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. Proper handling, storage, and transportation of the specimen are crucial to maintain its integrity and prevent contamination.

Neonatal jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of a newborn baby's skin and eyes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells, which are then processed by the liver and excreted through the bile. In neonatal jaundice, the liver is not yet fully developed and cannot process bilirubin quickly enough, leading to its accumulation in the body.

Neonatal jaundice typically appears within the first 2-4 days of life and can range from mild to severe. Mild cases may resolve on their own without treatment, while more severe cases may require medical intervention such as phototherapy or a blood transfusion. Risk factors for neonatal jaundice include prematurity, bruising during birth, blood type incompatibility between mother and baby, and certain genetic disorders.

It is important to monitor newborns closely for signs of jaundice and seek medical attention if concerned, as untreated neonatal jaundice can lead to serious complications such as brain damage or hearing loss.

Erythrocyte aging, also known as red cell aging, is the natural process of changes and senescence that occur in red blood cells (erythrocytes) over time. In humans, mature erythrocytes are devoid of nuclei and organelles, and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days.

During aging, several biochemical and structural modifications take place in the erythrocyte, including:

1. Loss of membrane phospholipids and proteins, leading to increased rigidity and decreased deformability.
2. Oxidative damage to hemoglobin, resulting in the formation of methemoglobin and heinz bodies.
3. Accumulation of denatured proteins and aggregates, which can impair cellular functions.
4. Changes in the cytoskeleton, affecting the shape and stability of the erythrocyte.
5. Increased expression of surface markers, such as Band 3 and CD47, that signal the spleen to remove aged erythrocytes from circulation.

The spleen plays a crucial role in removing senescent erythrocytes by recognizing and phagocytosing those with altered membrane composition or increased expression of surface markers. This process helps maintain the overall health and functionality of the circulatory system.

Vitamin E deficiency is a condition that occurs when there is a lack of sufficient vitamin E in the body. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that plays an essential role in maintaining the health of cell membranes, protecting them from damage caused by free radicals. It also helps to support the immune system and promotes healthy blood vessels and nerves.

Vitamin E deficiency can occur due to several reasons, including malnutrition, malabsorption disorders such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease, premature birth, or genetic defects affecting the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP), which is responsible for transporting vitamin E from the liver to other tissues.

Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency may include:

* Neurological problems such as peripheral neuropathy, ataxia (loss of coordination), and muscle weakness
* Retinopathy (damage to the retina) leading to vision loss
* Increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and inflammation
* Impaired immune function

Vitamin E deficiency is rare in healthy individuals who consume a balanced diet, but it can occur in people with certain medical conditions or those who have undergone bariatric surgery. In these cases, supplementation may be necessary to prevent or treat vitamin E deficiency.

Hereditary Spherocytosis is a genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells (RBCs) causing them to take on a spherical shape instead of their normal biconcave disc shape. This occurs due to mutations in the genes responsible for the proteins that maintain the structure and flexibility of RBCs, such as ankyrin, band 3, spectrin, and protein 4.2.

The abnormally shaped RBCs are fragile and prone to hemolysis (premature destruction), which can lead to anemia, jaundice, and gallstones. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe and may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and a yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of family history, physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), and specialized tests such as osmotic fragility test, eosin-5'-maleimide binding test, or direct antiglobulin test. Treatment may include monitoring, supplementation with folic acid, and in severe cases, splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) to reduce RBC destruction.

Streptolysins are exotoxins produced by certain strains of Streptococcus bacteria, primarily Group A Streptococcus (GAS). These toxins are classified into two types: streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S (SLS).

1. Streptolysin O (SLO): It is a protein exotoxin that exhibits oxygen-labile hemolytic activity, meaning it can lyse or destroy red blood cells in the presence of oxygen. SLO is capable of entering host cells and causing various cellular damages, including inhibition of phagocytosis, modulation of immune responses, and induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death).

2. Streptolysin S (SLS): It is a non-protein, oxygen-stable hemolysin that can also lyse red blood cells but does so independently of oxygen presence. SLS is more heat-resistant than SLO and has a stronger ability to penetrate host cell membranes.

Both streptolysins contribute to the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes, which can cause various clinical infections such as pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, scarlet fever, and invasive diseases like necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome.

The detection of streptolysin O antibodies (ASO titer) is often used as a diagnostic marker for past or recent GAS infections, particularly in cases of rheumatic fever, where elevated ASO titers indicate ongoing or previous streptococcal infection.

L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme found in various tissues within the body, including the heart, liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain. It plays a crucial role in the process of energy production, particularly during anaerobic conditions when oxygen levels are low.

In the presence of the coenzyme NADH, LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, generating NAD+ as a byproduct. Conversely, in the presence of NAD+, LDH can convert lactate back to pyruvate using NADH. This reversible reaction is essential for maintaining the balance between lactate and pyruvate levels within cells.

Elevated blood levels of LDH may indicate tissue damage or injury, as this enzyme can be released into the circulation following cellular breakdown. As a result, LDH is often used as a nonspecific biomarker for various medical conditions, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), liver disease, muscle damage, and certain types of cancer. However, it's important to note that an isolated increase in LDH does not necessarily pinpoint the exact location or cause of tissue damage, and further diagnostic tests are usually required for confirmation.

Hemopexin is a protein found in blood plasma. It's primary function is to bind and transport heme, a potentially toxic molecule that is released when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Hemopexin helps to prevent damage to tissues and organs by keeping free heme levels low in the bloodstream. It also plays a role in the immune response and has antioxidant properties. A deficiency in hemopexin can lead to increased risk of tissue damage and inflammation.

Erythrocyte count, also known as red blood cell (RBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood. Red blood cells are important because they carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. A low erythrocyte count may indicate anemia, while a high count may be a sign of certain medical conditions such as polycythemia. The normal range for erythrocyte count varies depending on a person's age, sex, and other factors.

Abnormal erythrocytes refer to red blood cells that have an abnormal shape, size, or other characteristics. This can include various types of abnormalities such as:

1. Anisocytosis: Variation in the size of erythrocytes.
2. Poikilocytosis: Variation in the shape of erythrocytes, including but not limited to teardrop-shaped cells (dacrocytes), crescent-shaped cells (sickle cells), and spherical cells (spherocytes).
3. Anemia: A decrease in the total number of erythrocytes or a reduction in hemoglobin concentration, which can result from various underlying conditions such as iron deficiency, chronic disease, or blood loss.
4. Hemoglobinopathies: Abnormalities in the structure or function of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in erythrocytes, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
5. Inclusion bodies: Abnormal structures within erythrocytes, such as Heinz bodies (denatured hemoglobin) or Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants).

These abnormalities can be detected through a complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral blood smear examination. The presence of abnormal erythrocytes may indicate an underlying medical condition, and further evaluation is often necessary to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

A spider bite is not a medical condition in and of itself, but rather an injury caused by the puncture of the skin by the fangs of a spider. Not all spiders are capable of penetrating human skin, and only a small number of species found in certain parts of the world have venom that can cause harmful reactions in humans.

The symptoms of a spider bite can vary widely depending on the species of spider, the amount of venom injected, the sensitivity of the person bitten, and the location of the bite. Some common symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, itching, and formation of a blister at the site of the bite. In more severe cases, symptoms such as muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing can occur.

It is important to note that many skin reactions that are attributed to spider bites may actually be caused by other factors such as bacterial infections or allergic reactions. Accurate identification of the spider responsible for a bite is often difficult, and in most cases, treatment is directed at relieving symptoms and preventing complications.

The ABO blood-group system is a classification system used in blood transfusion medicine to determine the compatibility of donated blood with a recipient's blood. It is based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs), as well as the corresponding antibodies present in the plasma.

There are four main blood types in the ABO system:

1. Type A: These individuals have A antigens on their RBCs and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
2. Type B: They have B antigens on their RBCs and anti-A antibodies in their plasma.
3. Type AB: They have both A and B antigens on their RBCs but no natural antibodies against either A or B antigens.
4. Type O: They do not have any A or B antigens on their RBCs, but they have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.

Transfusing blood from a donor with incompatible ABO antigens can lead to an immune response, causing the destruction of donated RBCs and potentially life-threatening complications such as acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Therefore, it is crucial to match the ABO blood type between donors and recipients before performing a blood transfusion.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a medical condition characterized by an excessively high level of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver and then excreted through the bile into the digestive system. However, if there is a problem with the liver's ability to process or excrete bilirubin, it can build up in the blood, leading to hyperbilirubinemia.

Hyperbilirubinemia can be classified as either unconjugated or conjugated, depending on whether the bilirubin is in its direct (conjugated) or indirect (unconjugated) form. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can occur due to increased production of bilirubin (such as in hemolytic anemia), decreased uptake of bilirubin by the liver, or impaired conjugation of bilirubin in the liver. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, on the other hand, is usually caused by a problem with the excretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile, such as in cholestatic liver diseases like hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, light-colored stools, itching, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

Complement C5 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body. The complement system is a complex series of biochemical reactions that help to identify and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses.

Complement C5 is one of several proteins in the complement system that are activated in a cascading manner in response to an activating event, such as the binding of an antibody to a pathogen. Once activated, Complement C5 can be cleaved into two smaller proteins, C5a and C5b.

C5a is a powerful anaphylatoxin, which means it can cause the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, leading to inflammation and increased vascular permeability. It also acts as a chemoattractant, drawing immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

C5b, on the other hand, plays a role in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is a protein structure that can punch holes in the membranes of pathogens, leading to their lysis and destruction.

Overall, Complement C5 is an important component of the immune system's response to infection and injury, helping to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body.

CD59 is a type of protein found on the surface of many cells in the human body, including red and white blood cells, that functions as an inhibitor of the complement system. The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps to eliminate pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from the body.

CD59 specifically inhibits the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is a protein structure that forms pores in the cell membrane and can lead to cell lysis or death. By preventing the formation of the MAC, CD59 helps to protect cells from complement-mediated damage.

As an antigen, CD59 is a molecule that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. However, because it is a self-protein found on normal human cells, CD59 is not typically targeted by the immune system unless there is some kind of dysregulation or abnormality.

In certain medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders or transplant rejection, the immune system may mistakenly target CD59 or other self-proteins, leading to damage to healthy cells and tissues. In these cases, treatments may be necessary to modulate or suppress the immune response and prevent further harm.

Erythrocyte deformability refers to the ability of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to change shape and bend without rupturing, which is crucial for their efficient movement through narrow blood vessels. This deformability is influenced by several factors including the cell membrane structure, hemoglobin concentration, and intracellular viscosity. A decrease in erythrocyte deformability can negatively impact blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, potentially contributing to various pathological conditions such as sickle cell disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests are a type of serological assay used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the amount of antibodies present in a patient's serum. These tests are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as influenza or HIV, by identifying the presence of antibodies that bind to specific viral antigens and prevent hemagglutination (the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells).

In an HI test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of the viral antigen, which has been treated to attach to red blood cells. If the patient's serum contains antibodies that bind to the viral antigen, they will prevent the antigen from attaching to the red blood cells and inhibit hemagglutination. The degree of hemagglutination inhibition can be measured and used to estimate the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum.

HI tests are relatively simple and inexpensive to perform, but they have some limitations. For example, they may not detect early-stage infections before the body has had a chance to produce antibodies, and they may not be able to distinguish between different strains of the same virus. Nonetheless, HI tests remain an important tool for diagnosing viral infections and monitoring immune responses to vaccination or infection.

"Rickettsia prowazekii" is a type of bacteria that causes typhus fever in humans. It's a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected lice or through contact with their feces. The bacteria infect endothelial cells and cause systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash.

Typhus fever is a severe and potentially life-threatening disease, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of death.

"Rickettsia prowazekii" is named after Henry Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two early researchers who studied typhus fever and made significant contributions to our understanding of the disease.

Chromium isotopes are different forms of the chemical element Chromium (Cr), which have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. This results in each isotope having a different atomic mass, although they all have the same number of protons (24) and therefore share the same chemical properties.

The most common and stable chromium isotopes are Chromium-52 (Cr-52), Chromium-53 (Cr-53), Chromium-54 (Cr-54), and Chromium-56 (Cr-56). The other less abundant isotopes of Chromium, such as Chromium-50 (Cr-50) and Chromium-51 (Cr-51), are radioactive and undergo decay to become stable isotopes.

Chromium is an essential trace element for human health, playing a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It is also used in various industrial applications, such as in the production of stainless steel and other alloys.

Complement C6 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Specifically, C6 is a component of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is a group of proteins that work together to form a pore in the membrane of target cells, leading to their lysis or destruction.

The complement system is activated through several different pathways, including the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway. Once activated, these pathways converge at the level of C3, which is cleaved into C3a and C3b fragments. C3b can then bind to the surface of target cells and initiate the formation of the MAC.

C6 is one of several proteins that are required for the formation of the MAC. When C6 binds to C7, it undergoes a conformational change that allows it to interact with C8 and form a stable complex. This complex then recruits additional C9 molecules, which polymerize to form the pore in the target cell membrane.

Deficiencies in complement components, including C6, can lead to increased susceptibility to certain types of infections, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

Amidines are organic compounds that contain a functional group with the structure R-C=N-R, where R can be an alkyl or aromatic group. This functional group consists of a carbonyl (C=O) group and a nitrogen atom (N) connected to two organic groups (R).

In medical terminology, amidines are not commonly used. However, some amidine derivatives have been investigated for their potential therapeutic properties. For example, certain amidine compounds have shown antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. Some of these compounds have also been studied as potential drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

It is important to note that while some amidines may have therapeutic potential, they can also be toxic at high concentrations and should be handled with care.

Blood preservation refers to the process of keeping blood viable and functional outside of the body for transfusion purposes. This is typically achieved through the addition of various chemical additives, such as anticoagulants and nutrients, to a storage solution in which the blood is contained. The preserved blood is then refrigerated or frozen until it is needed for transfusion.

The goal of blood preservation is to maintain the structural integrity and functional capacity of the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as the coagulation factors, in order to ensure that the transfused blood is safe and effective. Different storage conditions and additives are used for the preservation of different components of blood, depending on their specific requirements.

It's important to note that while blood preservation extends the shelf life of donated blood, it does not last indefinitely. The length of time that blood can be stored depends on several factors, including the type of blood component and the storage conditions. Regular testing is performed to ensure that the preserved blood remains safe and effective for transfusion.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), also known as Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in the glycolytic pathway. It catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), while also converting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form NADH. This reaction is essential for the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cellular respiration. GAPDH has been widely used as a housekeeping gene in molecular biology research due to its consistent expression across various tissues and cells, although recent studies have shown that its expression can vary under certain conditions.

The brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) is a species of venomous spider that is native to North America. It is also known as the fiddleback spider or violin spider due to the distinctive violin-shaped marking on its cephalothorax. The brown recluse spider is a medium-sized spider, with adults ranging in size from 6 to 20 millimeters in body length. It is characterized by its light to dark brown coloration and lack of conspicuous markings on the abdomen.

The brown recluse spider is known for its necrotic bite, which can cause significant tissue damage and scarring. The venom of the brown recluse spider contains a number of different proteins, including sphingomyelinase D, which is thought to be responsible for the necrotic effects of the bite. The severity of the reaction to a brown recluse spider bite can vary widely, ranging from mild localized reactions to severe systemic reactions that can be life-threatening.

Brown recluse spiders are typically found in the central and southern United States, particularly in the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, Missouri, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. They prefer to live in warm, dry environments and are often found in woodpiles, sheds, barns, and other outbuildings. Inside homes, they can be found in closets, attics, crawl spaces, and underneath furniture.

It is important to note that brown recluse spiders are not aggressive and will only bite if they feel threatened or cornered. If you think you may have been bitten by a brown recluse spider, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Treatment for a brown recluse spider bite typically involves wound care, pain management, and in some cases, the use of antibiotics to prevent infection.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

"Hemolysin factors" is not a standard medical term, and it seems there might be some confusion in the question. However, I can provide information on hemolysins, which are substances that cause lysis (rupture) of red blood cells, resulting in the release of their contents into the surrounding fluid.

Hemolysins can be produced by various sources, such as:

1. Bacterial hemolysins: Some bacteria produce hemolysins as a virulence factor to aid in infecting the host. These hemolysins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins (secreted by the bacterium) and endotoxins (integral components of the bacterial cell membrane). Examples include streptolysin O and streptolysin S from Streptococcus pyogenes, hemolysin from Escherichia coli, and α-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Complement system: The complement system is a part of the immune response that can cause hemolysis through the membrane attack complex (MAC). This complex forms pores in the red blood cell membrane, leading to lysis.
3. Autoimmune disorders: In some autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the body produces antibodies against its own red blood cells, causing complement-mediated hemolysis.
4. Medicines and chemicals: Certain medications or chemicals can cause hemolysis as a side effect. These include some antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins), chemotherapeutic agents, and snake venoms.

If you meant to ask about something else related to "hemolysin factors," please provide more context so I can give a more accurate answer.

Blood chemical analysis, also known as clinical chemistry or chemistry panel, is a series of tests that measure the levels of various chemicals in the blood. These tests can help evaluate the function of organs such as the kidneys and liver, and can also detect conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

The tests typically include:

* Glucose: to check for diabetes
* Electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate): to check the body's fluid and electrolyte balance
* Calcium: to check for problems with bones, nerves, or kidneys
* Creatinine: to check for kidney function
* Urea Nitrogen (BUN): to check for kidney function
* Albumin: to check for liver function and nutrition status
* ALT (Alanine Transaminase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase): to check for liver function
* Alkaline Phosphatase: to check for liver or bone disease
* Total Bilirubin: to check for liver function and gallbladder function
* Cholesterol: to check for heart disease risk
* Triglycerides: to check for heart disease risk

These tests are usually ordered by a doctor as part of a routine check-up, or to help diagnose and monitor specific medical conditions. The results of the blood chemical analysis are compared to reference ranges provided by the laboratory performing the test, which take into account factors such as age, sex, and race.

Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII, also known as Tarui's disease, is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK), which is required for glycogenolysis – the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate and ultimately into glucose. This enzyme deficiency results in the accumulation of glycogen, particularly in muscle and red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as exercise-induced muscle cramps, myoglobinuria (the presence of myoglobin in the urine), and hemolytic anemia. The disease can also cause muscle weakness, fatigue, and dark-colored urine after strenuous exercise. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

Complement C7 is a protein that plays a role in the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to clear pathogens and damaged cells from the body. Specifically, C7 is a component of the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is a group of proteins that forms a pore in the membrane of target cells, leading to their lysis or destruction.

C7 is activated when it binds to the C5b-7 complex, which is formed by the cleavage of C5 and C6 by the C5 convertase. Once bound to the C5b-7 complex, C7 undergoes a conformational change that allows it to insert into the target cell membrane. This forms the basis for the formation of the MAC and subsequent lysis of the target cell.

Deficiencies in complement components, including C7, can lead to increased susceptibility to certain infections and autoimmune disorders. Additionally, abnormal regulation of the complement system has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory and degenerative conditions.

Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, within the family Togaviridae. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes the disease rubella (German measles) in humans. The virus is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets and has an incubation period of 12-23 days.

Rubella virus infection during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, can lead to serious birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the developing fetus. The symptoms of CRS may include hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart defects, and developmental delays.

The virus was eradicated from the Americas in 2015 due to widespread vaccination programs. However, it still circulates in other parts of the world, and travelers can bring the virus back to regions where it has been eliminated. Therefore, maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial for preventing the spread of rubella and protecting vulnerable populations from CRS.

A hypotonic solution is a type of fluid that has a lower osmotic pressure than another fluid. In the context of medical and physiological terms, it typically refers to a solution that has a lower solute concentration (and therefore lower osmolarity) than the fluids found in the body's cells.

When a hypotonic solution is introduced into the body or comes into contact with body tissues, water molecules tend to move from the area of lower solute concentration (the hypotonic solution) to the area of higher solute concentration (the body's fluids), in an attempt to equalize the osmotic pressure. This movement of water can cause cells to swell and potentially burst if the difference in osmolarity is significant or if the exposure is prolonged.

Hypotonic solutions are sometimes used medically for specific purposes, such as in irrigation solutions or in certain types of intravenous fluids, where careful control of osmotic pressure is required. However, it's important to use them appropriately and under medical supervision to avoid potential adverse effects.

'Clostridium perfringens' is a type of Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including in soil, decaying vegetation, and the intestines of humans and animals. It is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, producing several toxins that can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.

The bacterium can contaminate food during preparation or storage, particularly meat and poultry products. When ingested, the spores of C. perfringens can germinate and produce large numbers of toxin-producing cells in the intestines, leading to food poisoning. The most common form of C. perfringens food poisoning is characterized by symptoms that appear within 6 to 24 hours after ingestion and last for less than 24 hours.

In addition to foodborne illness, C. perfringens can also cause other types of infections, such as gas gangrene, a serious condition that can occur when the bacterium infects a wound and produces toxins that damage surrounding tissues. Gas gangrene is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics and surgical debridement or amputation of affected tissue.

Prevention measures for C. perfringens food poisoning include proper cooking, handling, and storage of food, as well as rapid cooling of cooked foods to prevent the growth of the bacterium.

Paxillus involutus ingestion can cause hemolysis. Spaceflight can cause hemolysis. Hemolysis may result from intrinsic defects ... Extravascular hemolysis refers to hemolysis taking place in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. In this case ... Hemolysis or haemolysis (/hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs/), also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells ( ... From hemo- + -lysis, from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma, 'blood') + λύσις lúsis, 'loosening'). Hemolysis inside the body can be ...
Beta-hemolysis (β-hemolysis), sometimes called complete hemolysis, is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and ... A substance that causes hemolysis is a hemolysin. When alpha-hemolysis (α-hemolysis) is present, the agar under the colony is ... Other synonymous terms are incomplete hemolysis and partial hemolysis. Alpha hemolysis is caused by hydrogen peroxide produced ... display alpha hemolysis. This is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. ...
... describes hemolysis that happens mainly inside the vasculature. As a result, the contents of the red ... Intravascular hemolysis is the state when the red blood cell ruptures as a result of the complex of complement autoantibodies ... Extravascular hemolysis Haptoglobin and hemopexin are not recyclable. Stanley L Schrier. William C Mentzer; Jennifer S Tirnauer ... Schaer, D. J.; Buehler, P. W.; Alayash, A. I.; Belcher, J. D.; Vercellotti, G. M. (2012-12-20). "Hemolysis and free hemoglobin ...
"Intravascular hemolysis". eClinpath. Retrieved 2019-05-08. "Bilirubin and hemolytic anemia". eClinpath. Retrieved 2019-05-08. ... concentrations are low or depleted as a result of severe or prolonged hemolysis. Both haptoglobin and hemopexin are acute-phase ...
... haptoglobin levels will be decreased in case of intravascular hemolysis or severe extravascular hemolysis. In the process of ... In intravascular hemolysis, free hemoglobin will be released into circulation and hence haptoglobin will bind the hemoglobin. ... "Intravascular hemolysis". eClinpath. Retrieved 8 May 2019. "Entrez Gene: HP". Trayhurn P, Wood IS (September 2004). "Adipokines ... A decrease in haptoglobin can support a diagnosis of hemolysis, especially when correlated with a decreased hemoglobin, and ...
... there are two principal mechanisms of hemolysis; intravascular and extravascular. Intravascular hemolysis describes hemolysis ... Extravascular hemolysis refers to hemolysis taking place in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. In this case ... Chronic hemolysis leads to an increased excretion of bilirubin into the biliary tract, which in turn may lead to gallstones. ... Intravascular hemolysis may occur when red blood cells are targeted by autoantibodies, leading to complement fixation, or by ...
Haemolysis is reported. It has also been reported to cause post kidney failure in children. Like other antibiotics, ceftriaxone ... Guleria VS, Sharma N, Amitabh S, Nair V (September-October 2013). "Ceftriaxone-induced hemolysis". Indian Journal of ...
"What is Hemolysis?" (PDF). Becton-Dickinson. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-06-01. Akerblom O, ...
"Microbiology Primer: Hemolysis". Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-12-12. "Streptococcaceae Answers". ... shaped zone of hemolysis which indicates a positive test. CAMP is an acronym for "Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson", for the ... that enlarges the area of hemolysis formed by the β-hemolysin elaborated from Staphylococcus aureus. Although the test is ... perfringens act synergistically to produce enhanced hemolysis. Streaking these two organisms perpendicular to each other on a ...
Neter, E (1956). "Bacterial Hemagglutination and Hemolysis". Statler Research Laboratories and Department of Pediatrics, ...
... hemolysis can also occur. MD is not persistent, meaning that it will dissipate after a short time. It is, however, still quite ...
Stalnikowicz R, Amitai Y, Bentur Y (2004). "Aphrodisiac drug-induced hemolysis". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 42 ...
Rao, D. Sheshagiri; Barik, Ramachandra; Siva Prasad, Akula (1 September 2016). "Hemolysis induced by PMIVSD occluder". Indian ...
Hemolysis or Kidney stone disease). "Chenopodium giganteum D.Don". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal ...
Crenellation Cytorrhysis Hemolysis Plasmolysis "Crenate". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on July 31, 2012. ...
Can occur hemolysis and erythrocytes. It occurs mostly in moist soil in shade, at the height of 1000-3000 m as climbs over ...
No hemolysis has been observed. Growth has been documented on trypticase soy agar, but the size of the colonies are roughly ...
Histophilus does not exhibit consistent hemolysis. Their ability to reduce nitrogen allows them to be facultative anaerobes and ...
... display alpha-hemolysis. Alpha-hemolysis is also termed incomplete hemolysis or partial hemolysis because the cell membranes of ... Beta-hemolysis (β-hemolysis), sometimes called complete hemolysis, is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and ... Streptococcus pyogenes, or GAS, displays beta hemolysis. Some weakly beta-hemolytic species cause intense hemolysis when grown ... When alpha-hemolysis (α-hemolysis) is present, the agar under the colony will appear dark and greenish due to the conversion of ...
"Immune Hemolysis: Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations". Seminars in Hematology. Anemia in Clinical Practice. 52 (4): 304- ... "Drug-induced hemolysis: Cefotetan-dependent hemolytic anemia mimicking an acute intravascular immune transfusion reaction". ... Quinidine Penicillin in high doses can induce immune mediated hemolysis via the hapten mechanism in which antibodies are ...
Shirron, N; Korem, M; Shuster, A; Leikin-Frankel, A; Rosenberg, M (2008). "Effect of Alcohol on Bacterial Hemolysis". Curr. ... "Microbial alcohol-conferred hemolysis is a late response to alcohol stress". FEMS Yeast Res. 11 (4): 315-23. doi:10.1111/j.1567 ...
α-Hemolysis will only cause partial lysis of the red blood cells (the cell membrane is left intact) and will appear green or ... γ-Hemolysis (or nonhemolytic) is the term referring to a lack of hemolytic activity. BAPs also contain meat extract or yeast ... "Blood Agar Plates and Hemolysis Protocols". Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2014-10-28. "Blood Agar- ...
Growth on rabbit blood shows slight hemolysis. In glucose broth, the cultures appear turbid with a smooth sediment and a final ...
Sharp MK, Mohammad SF (Sep 1998). "Scaling of hemolysis in needles and catheters". Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 26 (5): ... and 25G butterflies connected directly to vacuum tubes caused the same amount of hemolysis and gave the same coagulation panel ... that shear stress and hence hemolysis decrease with decreasing needle bore (but the decrease can be clinically insignificant). ...
Hemolysis, magnesium concentration in red blood cells is approximately three times greater than in serum, therefore hemolysis ... Hypermagnesemia is expected only in massive hemolysis. Chronic kidney disease, excretion of magnesium becomes impaired when ...
... mechanisms of hemolysis, red blood cell destruction; and iron overload, a serious chronic condition in which the body absorbs ...
Melrose, W. D.; Bell, P. A.; Jupe, D. M.; Baikie, M. J. (1990-01-01). "Alcohol-associated haemolysis in Zieve's syndrome: a ... ISBN 0-19-262515-2. Shukla, Sandhya; Sitrin, Michael (2015-07-09). "Hemolysis in Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis: Zieve's Syndrome". ...
... s also cause hemolysis of mammalian blood cells. The main purpose of the secretion of grammastin is defensive and ... Grammistins affect organisms by cytolysis and hemolysis. As well as being toxic they are also antibiotic and antimicrobial. " ...
... a clue to footstrike hemolysis. Runner's anemia as a benefit versus runner's hemolysis as a detriment". The American Journal of ... The impact forces from running can lead to red blood cell hemolysis and accelerate red blood cell production. This can shift ... Repetitive impacts to the body may cause mechanical trauma and bursting (hemolysis) of red blood cells. This has been ... "Rust Urine after Intense Hand Drumming Is Caused by Extracorpuscular Hemolysis". Clinical Journal of the American Society of ...
Hemolysis on blood agar is beta-hemolytic. It ferments D-glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, salicin, D-sorbitol, and starch, ...
Paxillus involutus ingestion can cause hemolysis. Spaceflight can cause hemolysis. Hemolysis may result from intrinsic defects ... Extravascular hemolysis refers to hemolysis taking place in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. In this case ... Hemolysis or haemolysis (/hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs/), also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells ( ... From hemo- + -lysis, from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma, blood) + λύσις lúsis, loosening). Hemolysis inside the body can be ...
Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. ... Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. ...
Forensic scientists at the Scottsdale Police Department Crime Laboratory used the Hemolysis Reference Palette for hemolysis ... Create a Hemolysis Reference Palette. *Print the palette from a color printer. Be sure to mark "Print on Both Sides." ... Prevention of hemolysis is important to preserve the quality of a serum sample for testing.. Best Practices to Prevent ... Print-only version [PDF - 2 pages]Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, which can have an effect on laboratory results ...
... an episode of acute haemolysis occurred after the administration of glyburide (glibenclamide). Erythrocyte fragmentation, with ... Since autoimmune haemolysis was excluded on the basis of laboratory data, acute haemolysis was ascribed to G6PD deficiency. ... Glyburide-induced acute haemolysis in a G6PD-deficient patient with NIDDM Br J Haematol. 1996 Jan;92(1):159-60. doi: 10.1046/j. ... an episode of acute haemolysis occurred after the administration of glyburide (glibenclamide). Erythrocyte fragmentation, with ...
2015). Genetic, Ethnic, and Gender Determinants of Red Blood Cell Storage and Stress Hemolysis (Meeting Abstract: S73-040A). ... Genetic, Ethnic, and Gender Determinants of Red Blood Cell Storage and Stress Hemolysis (Meeting Abstract: S73-040A) ... Genetic, Ethnic, and Gender Determinants of Red Blood Cell Storage and Stress Hemolysis (Meeting Abstract. S73-040A) ...
In addition, hemolysis and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) was assessed in the isolates. A total of 78 E ... For hemolysis detection, isolates were inoculated in blood agar base enriched with ovine blood. Only 31 (39.7%) isolates were ... Table 2 Escherichia coli profile of psittacine surveyed for O serogroup, hemolysis and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) ... Figure 1 Percentage of seropositive and seronegative Escherichia coli strains producing hemolysis and ESBL isolated from ...
... a potential inverse marker of both hemolysis and hypoxia, was lower (p=0.041). Each of the markers of hemolysis was higher in ... Low hemoglobin oxygen saturation is associated with markers of hemolysis16,30,31 and increased risk of stroke in sickle cell ... Chronic hyper-hemolysis in sickle cell anemia: association of vascular complications and mortality with less frequent ... Because of the different reference ranges for the four markers of hemolysis among the three research sites, the computation of ...
Comparison of radial haemolysis with haemagglutination inhibition in estimating rubella antibody. Message subject: (Your Name) ...
Hemolysis is defined as premature destruction and hence a shortened RBC life span (< 120 days). Anemia results when bone marrow ...
But, in our study no severe haemolysis was noted and all 40 study population had moderate haemolysis. Of the total 40 patients ... Moderate haemolysis with score 2 was seen in 13 patients with IgG antibody alone and in 9 patients with IgG and combination of ... Haemolysis was classified into severe if all the above parameters were fulfilled, or classified into moderate if any of the two ... Haemolysis in AIHA is a result of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or Immunoglobulin M (IgM) auto-antibodies with or without complement ...
drug-induced hemolysis; drug-induced acute renal failure; drug-dependentantibodies; diclofenac; immune hemolytic anemia. ... Misdiagnosis in patients with diclofenac-induced hemolysis: new cases and a concise review ...
Aintree - A Survey of Practice in the Management of Haemolysis, Icterus, and Lipaemia in Blood Specimens in the United Kingdom ... Abstract:BACKGROUND-AIM: Haemolysis (H), icterus (I) and lipaemia (L) are frequent interferants in laboratory medicine and ...
Identification of novel genes and pathways affecting Salmonella type III secretion system 1 using a contact-dependent hemolysis ... Identification of novel genes and pathways affecting Salmonella type III secretion system 1 using a contact-dependent hemolysis ... Identification of novel genes and pathways affecting Salmonella type III secretion system 1 using a contact-dependent hemolysis ... Identification of novel genes and pathways affecting Salmonella type III secretion system 1 using a contact-dependent hemolysis ...
Hemolysis indexes were assessed at baseline and after each 4-week period. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the results suggests ... The protective effect of vitamin E on the hemolysis associated with dapsone treatment in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis ... Prophylactic vitamin E to minimize potential hemolysis at the initiation of dapsone therapy may also be appropriate. ... CONCLUSION: Partial protection against dapsone-induced hemolysis by orally administered vitamin E, if confirmed as being ...
... hemolysis and staphyloxanthin production, without interfering with growth. Myricetin affects both surface proteins and secreted ... g) Hemolysis promoted by supernatants of Myr treated-S. aureus ATCC 29213. (h) Hemolysis promoted by supernatants of Myr-gly ... i) Effect of Myr on purified Hla induced hemolysis. (j) Effect of Myr-gly on purified Hla induced hemolysis. *Represents ... Hemolysis assay. Firstly, we carried out a simple assay to assess the possible injury caused by flavonoids to human red blood ...
Optimized workflow in HbA1c determination with onboard hemolysis. In order to process whole blood samples by onboard hemolysis ... Analyzers which are capable to do onboard hemolysis, immersion depth of sample probe is insufficient to reach sedimented ...
Trpc2 depletion protects red blood cells from oxidative stress-induced hemolysis. In: Experimental Hematology. 2012 ; Vol. 40, ... Trpc2 depletion protects red blood cells from oxidative stress-induced hemolysis. Experimental Hematology. 2012 Jan;40(1):71-83 ... Trpc2 depletion protects red blood cells from oxidative stress-induced hemolysis. Iwona Hirschler-Laszkiewicz, Wenyi Zhang, ... Dive into the research topics of Trpc2 depletion protects red blood cells from oxidative stress-induced hemolysis. Together ...
Quantification of haemolysis. We quantified the plasma haemolysis by measuring the absorbance of haemoglobin at 414 nm using a ... After confirming that haemolysis in cardiac plasma samples did not affect the clusterin ELISA assay (Supplementary Fig. S3), we ... Consequently, one plasma aliquot tube per animal was melted, analysed for haemolysis, and diluted 1:500 in PBS to be used in ...
Filed Under: Malaria Q&A Tagged With: dosage, G6PD-deficient, haemolysis, haemolytic anaemia, Malaria Treatment, Mefloquine, ... Filed Under: Malaria Q&A Tagged With: Anaemia, G6DP deficiency, haemolysis, Malaria Treatment, Primaquine, relapse ... Since it can induce haemolysis in people with G6DP deficiency, this drug is usually not recommended for people with this ... haemolysis, Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Ovale, Plasmodium Vivax, Primaquine, Quinine ...
Drug-induced hemolysis. Drugs may cause a positive direct antiglobulin test result and/or immune-mediated hemolysis, with an ... 7] Therefore, even if the result is negative, elution may be performed if immune hemolysis is suspected. ... Which results on a direct antiglobulin test (DAT) are characteristic of drug-induced hemolysis? ... This may result in a positive direct antiglobulin test result, immune hemolysis, or both. ...
After calculating the hemolysis rate for each NP suspension concentration, it was detected that the hemolysis rate was lower ... 3.8.1. Erythrocyte Hemolysis Assay. To perform the erythrocyte hemolysis assay, 2 mL of peripheral blood was collected from two ... The hemolysis percentage was calculated according to the following formula:. H. e. m. o. l. y. s. i. s. %. =. ABS. −. ABSnc. ... Table 3. Hemolysis assays of the L-DOPA and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles (LdCurNPs) and unloaded nanoparticles (UnNPs) results ...
... but did inhibit virus-mediated haemolysis. Both monoclonal antibodies could enhance virus infectivity of Fc receptor-bearing ... Vaananen P., Kääriäinen L. 1980; Fusion and haemolysis of erythrocytes caused by three togaviruses: Semliki Forest, Sindbis and ... and Independently Inhibit Haemagglutination or Haemolysis * A. C. Chanas1, E. A. Gould1, J. C. S. Clegg2, M. G. R. Varma1 ... but did inhibit virus-mediated haemolysis. Both monoclonal antibodies could enhance virus infectivity of Fc receptor-bearing ...
Coagulation MCQs Part V, The most common Answers and Questions in MCDs for students, BMLT, DMLT, Laboratory technologists, and Technicians. ...
Sucrose hemolysis test (screening) No hemolysis visible - Negative result Hemolysis present - Positive result Sucrose hemolysis ... test (confirmatory) Hemolysis findings in supernate are as follows: < 5% - Inconsequential or negat... ... The reference range of hemolysis on sucrose hemolysis testing (screening and confirmatory tests) is listed below. ... The visible hemolysis(no OD measured, sugar water test) or the percentage of hemolysis (OD measurement, sucrose hemolysis test ...
Sucrose hemolysis test (screening) No hemolysis visible - Negative result Hemolysis present - Positive result Sucrose hemolysis ... test (confirmatory) Hemolysis findings in supernate are as follows: < 5% - Inconsequential or negat... ... The reference range of hemolysis on sucrose hemolysis testing (screening and confirmatory tests) is listed below. ... The visible hemolysis(no OD measured, sugar water test) or the percentage of hemolysis (OD measurement, sucrose hemolysis test ...
This page describes what hemolysis is in a phlebotomy context and how to prevent it. ... The greater the hemolysis, the greater the dilution. Suffice it to say hemolysis is just all-around nasty. So how do those who ... Hemolysis:. What is it and How to Prevent it.. Red is such a pretty color... unless it tinges the serum or plasma of the ... More materials to help you reduce your hemolysis problem:. Number of Products to Show. * View. 12 Items/Page. 24 Items/Page. 48 ...
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No evidence that chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine induce hemolysis in G6PD deficiency * Integration of HIV services with ... Severe haemolysis during primaquine radical cure ofPlasmodium vivaxmalaria: two systematic reviews and individual patient data ... Severe haemolysis during primaquine radical cure ofPlasmodium vivaxmalaria: two systematic reviews and individual patient data ...
  • Intravascular hemolysis describes hemolysis that happens mainly inside the vasculature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intravascular hemolysis may occur when red blood cells are targeted by autoantibodies, leading to complement fixation, or by damage by parasites such as Babesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Confirmation of COVID-19 in a case of severe intravascular hemolysis caused by B. coatimundi at an Illinois zoo, 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 6]. (cdc.gov)
  • They found 20 red papules and an itching sensa- and severe intravascular hemolysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Different factors contribute to residual anemia during eculizumab treatment: underlying bone marrow dysfunction, residual intravascular hemolysis and the emergence of C3-mediated extravascular hemolysis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Indeed, proximal inhibitors are designed to interfere with early phases of complement activation, eventually preventing C3-mediated extravascular hemolysis in addition to intravascular hemolysis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare hematological disorder characterized by complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis, bone marrow failure, and severe thrombophilia ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Hemolysis can lead to hemoglobinemia due to hemoglobin released into the blood plasma, which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and can lead to increased risk of infection due to its inhibitory effects on the innate immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha hemolysis is a type of partial hemolysis in which the iron molecules in the hemoglobin are oxidized by hydrogen peroxide produced by the bacteria. (pediaa.com)
  • A standard automated process that measures free hemoglobin was used to identify hemolysis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • As a consequence, the decrease of serum haptoglobin is an indicant of free hemoglobin which is an index of hemolysis. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
  • The role of chronic hemolysis was further strengthened by multivariate analysis showing a correlation between estimated GFR and a low plasma fetal hemoglobin level, a young age, and a high reticulocyte count (r(2) = 0.54). (sorbonne-universite.fr)
  • Postartemisinin delayed hemolysis (PADH) can occur 1-3 weeks after initiation of treatment with artemisinin-based antimalarials such as artesunate and is characterized by a decline in hemoglobin levels amid hemolysis. (blogspot.com)
  • In PADH, hemoglobin levels decline as a result of hemolysis 1-3 weeks following initiation of treatment of malaria with a drug in the artemisinin class of antimalarials (e.g., artesunate) ( 6 ,8 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vitro hemolysis study indicated that mPEG-PLA copolymers and ethaselen-loaded polymeric micelles had no hemolytic effect on the erythrocyte. (springer.com)
  • In order to obtain fundamental data on the effects of inner shapes of connectors on blood, in vitro hemolysis tests were performed by using an original designed extracorporeal circuit. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This study aimed to assess confidence level of healthcare professionals in venipuncture and their knowledge on the possible causes of in vitro hemolysis. (biochemia-medica.com)
  • A four-section questionnaire was used as a research instrument comprising general information for research participants, knowledge on possible causes of in vitro hemolysis due to type of material used and venipuncture technique and specimen handling, as well as assessment of healthcare professionals' confidence level in their own ability to perform first and last venipuncture. (biochemia-medica.com)
  • Only 11/94 of healthcare professionals recognized that blood sample collection from cannula and evacuated tube is method which contributes most to the occurrence of in vitro hemolysis, whereas most risk factors affecting occurrence of in vitro hemolysis during venipuncture were recognized. (biochemia-medica.com)
  • When performing venipuncture without adhering to the recommendations of good phlebotomy practice, a number of complications can occur, with in vitro hemolysis being particularly common ( 3 ). (biochemia-medica.com)
  • In vitro hemolysis affects the quality of analyte and can lead to incorrect interpretation of obtained results ( 5 - 8 ). (biochemia-medica.com)
  • In vitro hemolysis can occur from errors in specimen transport associated with the position of the tube (horizontal or vertical), mode and time of transport, as well as a temperature (extremely high or low), while the characteristics of centrifugation and separation are the factors affecting occurrence during the preparation of the blood sample for laboratory analysis ( 3 , 7 , 9 ). (biochemia-medica.com)
  • Nevertheless, an association between hemolysis and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease has been questioned because, in most studies thus far, not all markers of hemolysis have had significant associations with estimated pulmonary artery pressure. (haematologica.org)
  • Glomerular hyperfiltration in adult sickle cell anemia: a frequent hemolysis associated feature. (sorbonne-universite.fr)
  • Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with chronic haemolysis , immuno- suppression and susceptibility to infections , which may trigger infection -associated haemolysis (IAH). (bvsalud.org)
  • The effect of sample hemolysis on blood ethanol analysis using headspace gas chromatography. (cdc.gov)
  • Blackwater" urine due to massive hemolysis, from a patient exposed to arsine at a gas tank cleaning operation. (medscape.com)
  • Arsine causes massive hemolysis and results in anemia, jaundice, and hemoglobinuric renal failure. (cdc.gov)
  • Extravascular hemolysis refers to hemolysis taking place in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because in vivo hemolysis destroys red blood cells, in uncontrolled, chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Extrinsic hemolysis is caused by the red blood cell's environment: Immune-mediated causes could include transient factors as in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (cold agglutinin disease) or permanent factors as in autoimmune diseases like autoimmune hemolytic anemia (itself more common in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia). (wikipedia.org)
  • Runners can develop hemolytic anemia due to "footstrike hemolysis", the destruction of red blood cells in feet at foot impact. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary hypertension may develop in most forms of hereditary and chronic hemolytic anemia 7 - 10 suggesting that there is a clinical syndrome of hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension. (haematologica.org)
  • The direct antiglobulin test is used most commonly to investigate possible hemolytic transfusion reactions , hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and drug-induced immune hemolysis. (medscape.com)
  • There is besides urobilinogen in the piss.Discussion:The trials for hemolysis identify the different facets of the hemolytic procedures described above. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
  • In a 61-year-old man with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and poorly controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, an episode of acute haemolysis occurred after the administration of glyburide (glibenclamide). (nih.gov)
  • Since autoimmune haemolysis was excluded on the basis of laboratory data, acute haemolysis was ascribed to G6PD deficiency. (nih.gov)
  • Mutagenesis was performed to study the effect of factor D (FD) inhibition on C3 convertase-induced FB cleavage, complement-mediated hemolysis, and the release of soluble C5b-9 from glomerular endothelial cells. (lu.se)
  • Because the feeding process of the Plasmodium parasites damages red blood cells, malaria is sometimes called "parasitic hemolysis" in medical literature. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, delayed hemolysis has been reported in association with parenteral artesunate therapy of malaria ( 6 -8 ). (blogspot.com)
  • Free heme is oxidised to methaem that is bound by haemopexin for katabolism by the liver or bound by albumen to organize methaemalbumin which remains in circulation until more haemopexin is available ( Greer, 2006, Robert S. Hillman, 2005 ) .If the direct Coombs trial is positive, haemolysis is caused by an immune procedure.Hemosiderin in the urine indicates chronic intravascular haemolysis. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
  • It appears to be a complication of chronic hemolysis, is resistant to hydroxyurea therapy, and confers a high risk of death. (nih.gov)
  • SCD patients are vulnerable to anaemic effect of IAH due to vicious interaction between pre-existing 'inherited' chronic haemolysis and 'acquired' IAH. (bvsalud.org)
  • While IAEMH is associated with severe anaemia due to intravascular haemolysis caused by red cell invasion, oxidative injury , auto- antibodies , and/or pathogen- haem interaction, IAIMH is associated with haemophagocytic tri-lineage destruction of haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow . (bvsalud.org)
  • The present study tested the hypotheses that elevated jet velocity affects 10% of pediatric patients, is associated with both hemolysis and hypoxia, and has clinical correlates with acute chest syndrome, stroke, transfusion requirement and abnormal 6-minute walk test results. (haematologica.org)
  • Which preanalytic variables related to peripheral venous blood specimen collection and transportation decrease hemolysis? (ena.org)
  • Three types of hemolysis may occur as a result of Streptococcus infection: alpha hemolysis, beta hemolysis, and gamma hemolysis. (pediaa.com)
  • Comparison of radial haemolysis with haemagglutination inhibition in estimating rubella antibody. (bmj.com)
  • One of them was capable of neutralizing virus infectivity and inhibiting haemagglutination, while the other had no significant neutralizing or haemagglutination-inhibiting capability, but did inhibit virus-mediated haemolysis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Hemolysis or haemolysis (/hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs/), also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma). (wikipedia.org)
  • Analyzers which are capable to do onboard hemolysis, immersion depth of sample probe is insufficient to reach sedimented erythrocytes. (hba1cnet.com)
  • This process results in haemolysis of erythrocytes. (online-sciences.com)
  • Patient sera with the D371G and I242L mutations induced hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. (lu.se)
  • One cause of hemolysis is the action of hemolysins, toxins that are produced by certain pathogenic bacteria or fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • During hemolysis, the ensuing free hemoglobins organize composites with haptoglobin, with the composites being broken down in the liver. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
  • Drugs may cause a positive direct antiglobulin test result and/or immune-mediated hemolysis, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 1 million. (medscape.com)
  • Or, if the patient's circulating potassium is actually too low, hemolysis can spike the specimen into a normal range and lead to inaction when action is necessary. (phlebotomy.com)
  • This CPG provides practice recommendations on the prevention of blood specimen hemolysis before, during, and after the draw based on a systematic review and critical analysis of the literature. (ena.org)
  • Hemolysis in blood samples is usually a consequence of a number of factors, which can be classified as those occurring during venipuncture itself, during specimen transportation and while preparing the blood sample ( 3 , 9 ). (biochemia-medica.com)
  • Causes of hemolysis during venipuncture may include: extraction methods, materials used for venous access, needle size, arm position, vein selection, handling blood specimen, skills and abilities of those sampling biological materials, particularities of blood vessels in a patient and others. (biochemia-medica.com)
  • Hemolysis has been reported to be the number one cause of rejected chemistry specimens. (phlebotomy.com)
  • In fact, six times more specimens are rejected because of hemolysis than the second-most common reason, insufficient sample volume. (phlebotomy.com)
  • Since accurate results begin with the collector, those who draw blood specimens are in the best position to make sure patients are treated according to results that are not delayed or altered because of hemolysis. (phlebotomy.com)
  • In specimens drawn by IV catheter, hemolysis was significantly higher when blood was drawn from locations other than the antecubital fossa, with small-gauge catheters, collection tubes ≤ half full, tourniquet time ≥ 1 minute, and difficult venipuncture. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Multiple logistic-regression analysis, with the use of the dichotomous variable of a tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity of less than 2.5 m per second or 2.5 m per second or more, identified a self-reported history of cardiovascular or renal complications, increased systolic blood pressure, high lactate dehydrogenase levels (a marker of hemolysis), high levels of alkaline phosphatase, and low transferrin levels as significant independent correlates of pulmonary hypertension. (nih.gov)
  • La información más reciente sobre el nuevo Coronavirus de 2019, incluidas las clínicas de vacunación para niños de 6 meses en adelante. (stanfordchildrens.org)
  • Although erythropoietin-induced calcium influx through TRPC2 or TRPC3 is not critical for erythroid production, these data demonstrate that TRPC2 plays an important role in oxidative stress-induced hemolysis, which may be related to reduced calcium entry in red cells in the presence of Trpc2 depletion. (psu.edu)
  • Alpha hemolysis refers to the partial hemolysis of red blood cells shown by the greenish discoloration surrounding the bacterial colony in the blood agar . (pediaa.com)
  • Alpha hemolysis refers to the greenish discoloration and partial hemolysis of the red blood cells immediately surrounding colonies of some streptococci on blood agar plates. (pediaa.com)
  • Beta hemolysis refers to the complete breakdown of red blood cells, demonstrated by a clear zone surrounding the bacterial colony in the blood agar. (pediaa.com)
  • Hemolysis can be caused by exposure of ruddy cells to complement repairing antibodies, toxins, or automatically through exposures to interrupt blood vass.Anaemia occurs due ruddy cells being destroyed and removed from circulation before their normal lifetime. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
  • Prophylactic vitamin E to minimize potential hemolysis at the initiation of dapsone therapy may also be appropriate. (mcmaster.ca)
  • But before we master the art of preventing hemolysis, we have to understand how it occurs. (phlebotomy.com)
  • As alpha hemolysis occurs by Streptococcus pneumonia, it can be used as a diagnostic feature during the identification of the bacterial strain. (pediaa.com)
  • Hematocrit: With dilution of the blood, a higher percentage of hemolysis is seen, with negligible effect on the visible hemolysis. (medscape.com)
  • The greater the hemolysis, the greater the dilution. (phlebotomy.com)
  • At the end of the incubation period, the mixture is examined for hemolysis. (medscape.com)
  • However, the prolonged incubation allows the formation of clear areas in alpha hemolysis. (pediaa.com)
  • Additionally, thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) can result in hemolysis of red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Print-only version [PDF - 2 pages] Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, which can have an effect on laboratory results. (cdc.gov)
  • So hemolysis is literally the destruction of blood cells, specifically red blood cells. (phlebotomy.com)
  • Hemolysis is the word for the process in which the red blood cells break down and release bilirubin. (uhhospitals.org)
  • Alpha hemolysis is a type of partial hemolysis of red blood cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Beta hemolysis is a type of complete hemolysis of red blood cells that surround the colony. (pediaa.com)
  • Beta hemolysis is caused by the toxic by-products that destroy red blood cells. (pediaa.com)
  • In instances where hemolysis is due to familial spherocytosis, some ruddy blood cells may look smaller, rounder and profoundly staining than usual. (lyceecharlesdegaulle.eu)
  • Knowing the hemolysis status of a serum sample before testing can save time and resources. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevention of hemolysis is important to preserve the quality of a serum sample for testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Confidence level at last venipuncture among both profiles of healthcare staff was very high, but they showed insufficient knowledge about possible factors affecting hemolysis due to materials used in venipuncture compared with factors due to venipuncture technique and handling of blood sample. (biochemia-medica.com)
  • Some beta hemolysis reactions are very subtle. (pediaa.com)
  • They used the reference palette to qualitatively gauge the degree of hemolysis with their test samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Degree of hemolysis was more dependent on particle size than on free silica content. (cdc.gov)
  • RESULTS: Statistical analysis of the results suggests that oral administration of 800 units of vitamin E daily for 4 weeks confers partial protective effect against dapsone-induced hemolysis in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. (mcmaster.ca)
  • infection associated extra-medullary haemolysis (IAEMH) and infection associated intra-medullary haemolysis (IAIMH). (bvsalud.org)
  • Forensic scientists at the Scottsdale Police Department Crime Laboratory used the Hemolysis Reference Palette for hemolysis status to study the effects of blood hemolysis on forensic blood ethanol testing. (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND-AIM: Haemolysis (H), icterus (I) and lipaemia (L) are frequent interferants in laboratory medicine and result in incomplete reports, delayed patient management, repeated venesection, and increased cost. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSION: Partial protection against dapsone-induced hemolysis by orally administered vitamin E, if confirmed as being clinically relevant by further trials, may allow clinicians to continue dapsone therapy orally in patients who develop significant hemolysis. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Alpha hemolysis is also known as partial hemolysis or green hemolysis. (pediaa.com)
  • The results showed that after hemolysis detection , the prothrombin time (PT) statistically decreased, while the partial thromboplastin time (APTT) statistically increased. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alpha hemolysis is caused by hydrogen peroxide produced by the bacterium. (pediaa.com)
  • We report here that myricetin, but not its glycosylated form, can remarkably decrease the production of several S. aureus virulence factors, including adhesion, biofilm formation, hemolysis and staphyloxanthin production, without interfering with growth. (nature.com)
  • In order to process whole blood samples by onboard hemolysis, analyzers need to fulfill specific requirements. (hba1cnet.com)
  • Objectives: Hemolysis of blood samples drawn in the emergency department (ED) is a common problem that can interfere with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conclusions: The device used to collect blood was the strongest independent predictor of hemolysis in blood samples drawn in the ED in this study. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Freshly collected samples were artificially hemolyzed to simulate the hemolysis processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Note that the percentage of hemolysis on sucrose hemolysis test can vary based on the temperature at which the test is performed, the type of blood used (defibrinated or whole blood), and recent multiple blood transfusions that can dilute the percentage of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) cells. (medscape.com)
  • The influence of hemolysis on coagulation test has rarely been studied when tested on Sysmex CS5100. (bvsalud.org)

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