A positive-stranded RNA virus species in the genus HEPEVIRUS, causing enterically-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (HEPATITIS E).
Acute INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans; caused by HEPATITIS E VIRUS, a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Similar to HEPATITIS A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.
Immunoglobulins raised by any form of viral hepatitis; some of these antibodies are used to diagnose the specific kind of hepatitis.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
An unassigned genus of RNA viruses with a single officially described species, HEPATITIS E VIRUS. A distantly related virus, Avian hepatitis E virus, has been listed as a tentative species. Strains have also been identified in swine. The family name hepeviridae has been proposed.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.
A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepatitis B. Some vaccines may be recombinantly produced.
Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
Antigens from any of the hepatitis viruses including surface, core, and other associated antigens.
A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.
Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
Any of the viruses that cause inflammation of the liver. They include both DNA and RNA viruses as well viruses from humans and animals.
Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.
A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.
A strain of HEPATITIS A VIRUS which causes hepatitis in humans. The virus replicates in hepatocytes and is presumed to reach the intestine via the bile duct. Transmission occurs by the fecal-oral route.
A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Antigens of the virions of HEPACIVIRUS, their surface, core, or other associated antigens.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS A VIRUS such as the human hepatitis A virus (HEPATITIS A VIRUS, HUMAN).
Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A DNA virus that closely resembles human hepatitis B virus. It has been recovered from naturally infected ducks.
'Blood donors' are individuals who voluntarily and safely donate a specific amount of their own blood, which can be further separated into components, to be used for transfusion purposes or for manufacturing medical products, without receiving remuneration that is intended to reward them financially.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.
Activities involved in ensuring the safety of FOOD including avoidance of bacterial and other contamination.
An ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS causing chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. It closely resembles the human hepatitis B virus.
RNA virus infections refer to diseases caused by viruses that have RNA as their genetic material, which includes a wide range of pathogens affecting humans, animals, and plants, manifesting in various clinical symptoms and potentially leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
A species of SWINE, in the family Suidae, comprising a number of subspecies including the domestic pig Sus scrofa domestica.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Aspects of health and disease related to travel.
Blood tests that are used to evaluate how well a patient's liver is working and also to help diagnose liver conditions.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.
A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.
Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
A country in western Europe bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the English Channel, the Mediterranean Sea, and the countries of Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the principalities of Andorra and Monaco, and by the duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital is Paris.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
The presence of viruses in the blood.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A republic in southern Africa, south of ANGOLA and west of BOTSWANA. Its capital is Windhoek.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Virginia" is not a medical concept or condition that has a defined meaning within the medical field. It is primarily used as a proper noun to refer to a state in the United States, a historical figure, or other non-medical uses.
A genus of Sciuridae consisting of 14 species. They are shortlegged, burrowing rodents which hibernate in winter.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
## I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Asia, known as Nihon-koku or Nippon-koku in Japanese, and is renowned for its unique culture, advanced technology, and rich history. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pakistan" is a country located in South Asia and it does not have a medical definition. If you have any medical question or term that you would like me to define, please provide it and I will be happy to help.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.
The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.
An isoenzyme of creatine kinase found in the MUSCLE.
The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
A family of RNA viruses, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. There are three genera FLAVIVIRUS; PESTIVIRUS; and HEPACIVIRUS, as well as several unassigned species.
The death of the female parent.
A country in northeastern Africa. The capital is Khartoum.
The family of agile, keen-sighted mongooses of Asia and Africa that feed on RODENTS and SNAKES.

Prevalence of enteric hepatitis A and E viruses in the Mekong River delta region of Vietnam. (1/420)

A study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was carried out in southwestern Vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic HEV transmission. The purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of HEV as a function of the susceptible population. Blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an ELISA for anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG. The prevalences of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG were 9% and 97%, respectively. There was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in age-specific anti-HEV IgG. A notable increase in anti-HAV IgG prevalence (P < 0.0001) occurred between child populations 0-4 (64%) and 5-9 (95%) years of age. No evidence of familial clustering of anti-HEV IgG-positive individuals was detected, and household crowding was not associated with the spread of HEV. Boiling of water was found to be of protective value against HEV transmission. A relatively low prevalence of anti-HEV indicates considerable HEV outbreak potential, against a background of 1) poor, water-related hygiene/sanitation, 2) dependence on a (likely human/animal waste)-contaminated Mekong riverine system, and 3) periodic river flooding.  (+info)

A hepatitis E virus variant from the United States: molecular characterization and transmission in cynomolgus macaques. (2/420)

The partial sequence of a hepatitis E virus (HEV-US1) isolated from a patient in the United States (US), suffering from acute viral hepatitis with no known risk factors for acquiring HEV, has been reported. These sequences were significantly different from previously characterized HEV isolates, alluding to the existence of a distinct human variant. In this paper, we report the near full-length sequences of HEV-US1 and a second US isolate (HEV-US2). HEV-US2 was identified in a US patient suffering from acute viral hepatitis. These sequences verify the presence of a new HEV strain in North America and provide information as to the degree of variability between variants. The HEV-US nucleotide sequences are 92% identical to each other and only 74% identical to the Burmese and Mexican strains. Amino acid and phylogenetic analyses also demonstrate that the US isolates are genetically distinct, suggesting the presence of three genotypes of HEV. Serum from the second US patient induced hepatitis following inoculation into a cynomolgus macaque. Within 2-4 weeks, HEV-US2 RNA was detectable in both the serum and faecal material coinciding with elevated serum alanine transaminase levels. Infection resolved as antibody titres increased 8 weeks post-inoculation.  (+info)

Hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptians with and without a history of hepatitis B virus infection: association with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection but not with (HCV) RNA level. (3/420)

The aim of this study was to analyze the association of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Egypt, using hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) as virus controls. In addition, the association of HCC with HCV RNA levels among persons seropositive for HCV was analyzed. We compared 131 patients with proven HCC, 247 with bladder cancer, and 466 healthy hospital employees. Age, sex, and place of residence were recorded to study confounding factors. Among the healthy controls, 16% were seropositive for HCV, 21% for HBV, and 31% for HEV. When healthy controls were age-matched with HCC patients, the latter were significantly (P < 0.001) more often HCV seropositive (67%) than were the controls (30%). The seropositivity for HBV and HEV did not differ significantly in frequency between the two groups. The seropositivity for HCV was also significantly (P < 0.001) more often found in HCC patients (76%) than in BC patients (47%), with seroprevalences for HBV and HEV not differing significantly in these age-matched groups. In HBV-negative HCC and bladder cancer patients, seroprevalence for HCV was significantly (P = 0.002) higher in HCC patients (68%) than in bladder cancer patients (36%). This difference was even more pronounced (P < 0.001) in HBV-positive HCC and bladder cancer patients (78% versus 52%, respectively). Of HCV-seropositive individuals, 49% were HCV RNA positive by branched DNA assay, and of these, 96% were infected by HCV genotype 4. No correlation between HCV RNA load and seropositivity of HBV or age or disease state was found. Infection with HCV and HCV-HBV double infection, but not HBV or HEV infection alone, is strongly correlated with HCC in Egypt.  (+info)

Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates from India (1976-1993). (4/420)

Seventeen Indian hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates, representing epidemic and sporadic hepatitis E cases during 1976-1991, were sequenced in the RNA polymerase (RNAP) region. Five isolates were also sequenced in the non-structural hypervariable region of open reading frame 1. Open reading frames 2 and 3 were sequenced only for the prototype isolate. On the basis of the comparison of all the available sequences of the conserved RNAP region, the HEV isolates were divided into three genotypes, differing from each other by >15%. Genotype I included African and Asian isolates, whereas II and III were represented by Mexican and US isolates, respectively. Genotype I was further divided into four sub-genotypes. The majority of the Indian isolates (15/20), along with the Burmese and Nepali isolates, belonged to genotype IA. Genotype IB included HEV isolates from China, Pakistan and the former USSR and 2/20 Indian isolates, which represented the oldest (1976) HEV sequenced so far. Genotype IC included both the African isolates, whereas 3/20 Indian isolates formed genotype ID. Nucleotide sequence analysis of other regions of the HEV genome also placed isolates in the same genotypes. Both the Indian cities experiencing second HEV epidemics, after intervals of 8 and 10 years, showed shifts in the sub-genotypes found; from IB (Ahm-76) to IA (Ahm-84) and from IA (Kol-81) to ID (Kol-91). However, no major shift in the genotypes was noted. Overall, HEV genotypes appear to be segregated geographically.  (+info)

Evidence for widespread infection of wild rats with hepatitis E virus in the United States. (5/420)

Hepatitis E is an important medical pathogen in many developing countries but is rarely reported from the United States, although antibody to hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) is found in > 1% of U.S. citizens. Zoonotic spread of the virus is suspected. Sera obtained from 239 wild rats trapped in widely separated regions of the United States were tested for anti-HEV. Seventy-seven percent of rats from Maryland, 90% from Hawaii, and 44% from Louisiana were seropositive for anti-HEV. Rats from urban as well as rural areas were seropositive and the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG increased in parallel with the estimated age of the rats, leading to speculation that they might be involved in the puzzling high prevalence of anti-HEV among some U.S. city dwellers. The discovery of a in rats in the United States and the recently reported discovery that HEV is endemic in U.S. swine raise many questions about transmission, reservoirs, and strains of HEV in developed countries.  (+info)

Cell culture of sporadic hepatitis E virus in China. (6/420)

The isolation and identification of the 87A strain of epidemic hepatitis E virus (HEV) by means of cell culturing have been described previously. This paper reports the successful isolation of a sporadic HEV strain (G93-2) in human lung carcinoma cell (A549) cultures. The etiology, molecular and biological properties, and serological relationship of this new strain to other, epidemic HEV strains are described. The propagation of both sporadic and epidemic HEV strains in a cell culture system will facilitate vaccine research.  (+info)

Epidemiology of hepatitis B, C, E, and G virus infections and molecular analysis of hepatitis G virus isolates in Bolivia. (7/420)

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis G virus (HGV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) was investigated among 574 healthy blood donors in Bolivia. HCV RNA and HGV RNA in the serum were identified by a nested reverse transcription-PCR using primers derived from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). We also tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and for the antibody to HEV. The results revealed that HGV RNA was present in 84 of 574 (14.6%) tested blood donors, whereas HBsAg was detected in only 2 (0.3%) donors, and no individuals positive for HCV RNA were found. Anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) was detected in 93 (16.2%) individuals and anti-HEV IgM was found in 10 (1.7%) individuals among the same population. Phylogenetic analysis of 44 HGV isolates in the 5' UTR showed that 27 (61%) isolates were genotype 3 (Asian type) and the remaining 17 (39%) isolates were genotype 2 (United States and European type). Moreover, we obtained a full-length nucleotide sequence of the HGV genome (designated HGV-BL230) recovered from a Bolivian blood donor. The BL230 was composed of 9,227 nucleotides and had a single open reading frame, encoding 2,842 amino acid residues. Interestingly, the BL230 belonged to genotype 2 of HGV at the level of a full-length sequence, although this was classified as genotype 3 by a phylogenetic analysis based on the 5' UTR sequence. The BL230 differed from previously reported HGV/hepatitis GB virus type C isolates by 12 to 13% of the nucleotide sequence and 4% of the amino acid sequence. Our data indicate a high prevalence of HGV in native Bolivians, and the major genotype of HGV was type 3.  (+info)

The socioeconomic impact of hepatitis E in Nepal. (8/420)

Hepatitis E disease is responsible for substantial morbidity in Nepal. A socioeconomic analysis was performed to describe the costs and the effects of hepatitis E disease (HE) on health status in a Nepalese population living in the Kathmandu Valley. A modified health status index was used to quantify healthy days lost associated with HE. One hundred thirty-four individuals recently recovered from HE were interviewed in June 1998. The median age was 22 years and 60% were female. Study participants were sick and bedridden for a median of 22 and 10 days, respectively. The median healthy days lost per individual was 35 (768,000 total per region). The median cost of illness per individual, including direct and indirect, was $37 ($1,238,676 total per region). The percentage of yearly income lost for wage earners totaled 19.4%. Hepatitis E disease is associated with significant costs and loss of healthy days in Nepal. Further research is warranted to understand and limit this common disease.  (+info)

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to the family Hepeviridae and genus Orthohepevirus. It primarily infects the liver, causing acute hepatitis in humans. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food sources. Ingestion of raw or undercooked pork or deer meat can also lead to HEV infection.

HEV infection typically results in self-limiting acute hepatitis, characterized by symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and dark urine. In some cases, particularly among pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems, HEV infection can lead to severe complications, including fulminant hepatic failure and death.

There are four main genotypes of HEV that infect humans: genotype 1 and 2 are primarily found in developing countries and are transmitted through contaminated water; genotype 3 and 4 are found worldwide and can be transmitted through both zoonotic and human-to-human routes.

Prevention measures include improving sanitation, access to clean water, and food safety practices. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HEV infection, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. A vaccine against HEV is available in China and has shown efficacy in preventing the disease.

Hepatitis E is a viral infection that specifically affects the liver, caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The disease is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food. It can also be spread through blood transfusions and vertical transmission from mother to fetus.

The incubation period for hepatitis E ranges from 2 to 10 weeks. Symptoms of the disease are similar to other types of viral hepatitis and may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and dark urine.

In most cases, hepatitis E is a self-limiting disease, meaning that it resolves on its own within a few weeks to months. However, in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems, the infection can lead to severe complications such as acute liver failure and death. Pregnant women, especially those in the third trimester, are at higher risk of developing severe disease and have a mortality rate of up to 25%.

Prevention measures include maintaining good hygiene practices, practicing safe food handling and preparation, and ensuring access to clean water sources. Currently, there is no specific treatment for hepatitis E, but supportive care can help manage symptoms. Vaccines are available in some countries to prevent the disease.

Hepatitis antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by a hepatitis virus. There are several types of hepatitis viruses, including A, B, C, D, and E, each with their own specific antibodies.

The presence of hepatitis antibodies in the blood can indicate a current or past infection with the corresponding hepatitis virus. For example, the detection of anti-HAV (hepatitis A virus) antibodies indicates a past infection or immunization against hepatitis A, while the detection of anti-HBs (hepatitis B surface antigen) antibodies indicates immunity due to vaccination or recovery from a hepatitis B infection.

It's important to note that some hepatitis antibodies may not provide immunity to future infections, and individuals can still be infected with the virus even if they have previously produced antibodies against it. Therefore, regular testing and vaccination are essential for preventing the spread of hepatitis viruses and protecting public health.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby at birth.

Acute hepatitis B infection lasts for a few weeks to several months and often causes no symptoms. However, some people may experience mild to severe flu-like symptoms, yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, and fatigue. Most adults with acute hepatitis B recover completely and develop lifelong immunity to the virus.

Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to serious liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B may experience long-term symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and depression. They are also at risk for developing liver failure and liver cancer.

Prevention measures include vaccination, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles or other drug injection equipment, and covering wounds and skin rashes. There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B, but chronic hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral medications to slow the progression of liver damage.

Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It's primarily spread through contact with contaminated blood, often through sharing needles or other equipment to inject drugs. For some people, hepatitis C is a short-term illness but for most — about 75-85% — it becomes a long-term, chronic infection that can lead to serious health problems like liver damage, liver failure, and even liver cancer. The virus can infect and inflame the liver, causing symptoms like jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, fatigue, and dark urine. Many people with hepatitis C don't have any symptoms, so they might not know they have the infection until they experience complications. There are effective treatments available for hepatitis C, including antiviral medications that can cure the infection in most people. Regular testing is important to diagnose and treat hepatitis C early, before it causes serious health problems.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver, causing inflammation and impaired function. This disease is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, often due to poor sanitation and hygiene. Individuals can become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with HAV or by coming into direct contact with an infected person's stool.

The symptoms of hepatitis A may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, in some cases, particularly in children under six years old, the infection may be asymptomatic.

While hepatitis A can be unpleasant and cause serious complications, it is rarely fatal and most people recover completely within a few months. Preventive measures include vaccination, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding potentially contaminated food and water.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family and causes the infectious disease known as hepatitis B. This virus primarily targets the liver, where it can lead to inflammation and damage of the liver tissue. The infection can range from acute to chronic, with chronic hepatitis B increasing the risk of developing serious liver complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The Hepatitis B virus has a complex life cycle, involving both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. It enters hepatocytes (liver cells) via binding to specific receptors and is taken up by endocytosis. The viral DNA is released into the nucleus, where it is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) form, which serves as the template for viral transcription.

HBV transcribes several RNAs, including pregenomic RNA (pgRNA), which is used as a template for reverse transcription during virion assembly. The pgRNA is encapsidated into core particles along with the viral polymerase and undergoes reverse transcription to generate new viral DNA. This process occurs within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, resulting in the formation of immature virions containing partially double-stranded DNA.

These immature virions are then enveloped by host cell membranes containing HBV envelope proteins (known as surface antigens) to form mature virions that can be secreted from the hepatocyte and infect other cells. The virus can also integrate into the host genome, which may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic cases.

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, such as through sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Prevention strategies include vaccination, safe sex practices, and avoiding needle-sharing behaviors. Treatment for hepatitis B typically involves antiviral medications that can help suppress viral replication and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens (HBsAg) are proteins found on the surface of the Hepatitis B virus. They are present in the blood of individuals infected with the Hepatitis B virus and are used as a marker for the presence of a current Hepatitis B infection. The detection of HBsAg in the blood indicates that an individual is infectious and can transmit the virus to others. It is typically used in diagnostic tests to detect and diagnose Hepatitis B infections, monitor treatment response, and assess the risk of transmission.

Viral hepatitis in humans refers to inflammation of the liver caused by infection with viruses that primarily target the liver. There are five main types of human viral hepatitis, designated as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV). These viruses can cause a range of illnesses, from acute self-limiting hepatitis to chronic hepatitis, which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is typically spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It usually results in an acute self-limiting infection, but rarely can cause chronic hepatitis in individuals with weakened immune systems.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, and other bodily fluids. It can lead to both acute and chronic hepatitis, which may result in cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated.
3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is predominantly spread through exposure to infected blood, such as through sharing needles or receiving contaminated blood transfusions. Chronic hepatitis C is common, and it can lead to serious liver complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer if not treated.
4. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an incomplete virus that requires the presence of HBV for its replication. HDV infection occurs only in individuals already infected with HBV, leading to more severe liver disease compared to HBV monoinfection.
5. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It usually results in an acute self-limiting infection but can cause chronic hepatitis in pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Prevention measures include vaccination for HAV and HBV, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing needles, and ensuring proper hygiene and sanitation to prevent fecal-oral transmission.

Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the liver, often resulting in damage to liver cells. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections (such as Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E), alcohol abuse, toxins, medications, and autoimmune disorders. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine. The severity of the disease can range from mild illness to severe, life-threatening conditions, such as liver failure or cirrhosis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Viral Hepatitis, Animal" is not a standard medical classification or definition. Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, and viral hepatitis refers to inflammation caused by a virus. The term "animal" in this context doesn't provide a clear meaning.

However, it's worth noting that some animals can contract viral hepatitis, similar to humans. For instance, there are hepatitis A, B, and C-like viruses that have been identified in various animal species. These are typically not transmissible to humans.

If you're referring to a specific medical condition or context, could you please provide more details? I'd be happy to help further with more information.

Chronic Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that lasts for more than six months. This long-term infection can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), which can cause serious health problems, such as liver failure or liver cancer, in some individuals. The infection is usually asymptomatic until complications arise, but it can be detected through blood tests that identify antibodies to the virus or viral RNA. Chronic hepatitis C is typically managed with antiviral therapy, which can help clear the virus from the body and reduce the risk of liver damage.

Chronic Hepatitis B is a persistent infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can lead to chronic inflammation and scarring of the liver over time. It is defined as the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the blood for more than six months.

The infection can be asymptomatic or may cause nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and joint pain. A small percentage of people with chronic HBV infection may develop serious complications, including cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Treatment options for chronic hepatitis B include antiviral medications that can help to suppress the virus and reduce the risk of liver damage. Vaccination is available to prevent hepatitis B infection.

Hepevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Hepeviridae, order Picornavirales. This genus contains a single species, Human hepevirus 1 (HHV-1), also known as hepatitis E virus (HEV). HEV is a non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that primarily infects the liver, causing acute hepatitis E in humans. The transmission of HEV occurs mainly through the fecal-oral route, often associated with contaminated water or food. In rare cases, HEV can also be transmitted zoonotically via contact with infected animals or consumption of undercooked meat from infected animals, such as pigs and deer.

HEV infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1-6 weeks in immunocompetent individuals; however, it can lead to chronic hepatitis, liver failure, or even death in pregnant women, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Prevention strategies include improving sanitation, providing safe drinking water, and developing an effective vaccine against HEV.

Chronic hepatitis is a type of liver inflammation that lasts for more than six months and can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and even liver cancer in some cases. It can be caused by various factors, including viral infections such as Hepatitis B and C, autoimmune disorders, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The symptoms of chronic hepatitis may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, dark urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Treatment for chronic hepatitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, immunosuppressive drugs, or lifestyle changes.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the causative agent of hepatitis A, a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family and Hepatovirus genus. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. After entering the body, HAV infects hepatocytes in the liver, leading to liver damage and associated symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and nausea. The immune system eventually clears the infection, providing lifelong immunity against future HAV infections. Preventive measures include vaccination and practicing good hygiene to prevent transmission.

"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.

The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.

It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."

Hepatitis B antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of the Hepatitis B virus. There are two main types of Hepatitis B antibodies:

1. Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs): This is produced when a person has recovered from a Hepatitis B infection or has been successfully vaccinated against the virus. The presence of anti-HBs indicates immunity to Hepatitis B.
2. Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBC): This is produced during a Hepatitis B infection and remains present for life, even after the infection has been cleared. However, the presence of anti-HBC alone does not indicate immunity to Hepatitis B, as it can also be present in people who have a chronic Hepatitis B infection.

It's important to note that testing for Hepatitis B antibodies is typically done through blood tests and can help determine whether a person has been infected with the virus, has recovered from an infection, or has been vaccinated against it.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Viral hepatitis vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by various hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis A and B. These vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against infection with the corresponding virus. The vaccines are typically administered through injection and may require multiple doses for full protection.

The hepatitis A vaccine is made from inactivated hepatitis A virus, while the hepatitis B vaccine is made from recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Both vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing infection and reducing the risk of complications associated with viral hepatitis, such as liver disease and liver cancer.

It's important to note that there are no vaccines available for other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis C, D, or E. Prevention strategies for these types of viral hepatitis typically involve measures to reduce exposure to the virus, such as safe injection practices and avoiding high-risk behaviors like sharing needles or having unprotected sex with infected individuals.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is a protein found in the core of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is present during active replication of the virus and plays a crucial role in the formation of the viral capsid or core. The antibodies produced against HBcAg (anti-HBc) can be detected in the blood, which serves as a marker for current or past HBV infection. It is important to note that HBcAg itself is not detectable in the blood because it is confined within the viral particle. However, during the serological testing of hepatitis B, the detection of anti-HBc IgM indicates a recent acute infection, while the presence of anti-HBc IgG suggests either a past resolved infection or an ongoing chronic infection.

Hepatitis A vaccines are inactivated or live attenuated viral vaccines that are administered to prevent infection and illness caused by the hepatitis A virus. The vaccine contains antigens that stimulate an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies that protect against future infection with the virus.

The inactivated hepatitis A vaccine is made from viruses that have been chemically treated to destroy their ability to cause disease while preserving their ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is typically given in two doses, six months apart, and provides long-term protection against the virus.

The live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine contains a weakened form of the virus that is unable to cause illness but can still stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine is given as a single dose and provides protection against the virus for at least 20 years.

Hepatitis A vaccines are recommended for people who are at increased risk of infection, including travelers to areas where hepatitis A is common, men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs, and people with chronic liver disease or clotting factor disorders. The vaccine is also recommended for children in certain states and communities where hepatitis A is endemic.

Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The most well-known member of this genus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Hepaciviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They have a small icosahedral capsid and infect a variety of hosts, including humans, non-human primates, horses, and birds. The virus enters the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface and is then internalized through endocytosis.

HCV has a high degree of genetic diversity and is classified into seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes based on differences in its RNA sequence. This genetic variability can affect the virus's ability to evade the host immune response, making treatment more challenging.

In addition to HCV, other hepaciviruses have been identified in various animal species, including equine hepacivirus (EHCV), rodent hepacivirus (RHV), and bat hepacivirus (BtHepCV). These viruses are being studied to better understand the biology of hepaciviruses and their potential impact on human health.

Hepatitis antigens are proteins or molecules present on the surface or inside the hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E) that can stimulate an immune response in the body. These antigens are targeted by the immune system to produce antibodies to fight against the infection.

For example, the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a protein found on the surface of the hepatitis B virus and its presence in the blood indicates an ongoing infection or evidence of past infection/vaccination. Similarly, the core antigen (HBcAg) is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus and is a marker of active viral replication.

Detection of these antigens in clinical samples such as blood is useful for diagnosing hepatitis infections and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is a protein produced by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) during its replication process. It can be found in the blood of individuals infected with HBV. The presence of HBeAg generally indicates that the virus is actively replicating in the liver and that the individual has high levels of viral load.

HBeAg is a serological marker used to assess the severity and activity of HBV infection, as well as the response to antiviral treatment. In particular, the disappearance of HBeAg from the blood (known as seroconversion) is often associated with a decrease in viral replication and an improvement in liver disease. However, the presence of HBeAg does not necessarily mean that the individual will develop symptoms or liver damage, as some people can remain asymptomatic carriers of the virus for many years.

It's important to note that not all HBV strains produce HBeAg, and some mutant strains may not produce detectable levels of this antigen even when the virus is actively replicating. Therefore, additional tests may be needed to confirm the presence or absence of HBV infection in these cases.

Hepatitis B antigens are proteins or particles present on the surface (HBsAg) or inside (HBcAg, HBeAg) the hepatitis B virus.

1. HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen): This is a protein found on the outer surface of the hepatitis B virus. Its presence in the blood indicates an active infection with hepatitis B virus. It's also used as a marker to diagnose hepatitis B infection and monitor treatment response.

2. HBcAg (Hepatitis B core antigen): This is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus core. It's not usually detected in the blood, but its antibodies (anti-HBc) are used to diagnose past or present hepatitis B infection.

3. HBeAg (Hepatitis B e antigen): This is a protein found inside the hepatitis B virus core and is associated with viral replication. Its presence in the blood indicates high levels of viral replication, increased infectivity, and higher risk of liver damage. It's used to monitor disease progression and treatment response.

These antigens play a crucial role in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of hepatitis B infection.

Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.

Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.

Hepatitis viruses refer to a group of viral agents that primarily target the liver, causing inflammation and damage to hepatocytes (liver cells). This results in various clinical manifestations, ranging from an acute infection to a chronic, persistent infection. There are five main types of hepatitis viruses, named Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E virus, each with distinct genetic material, modes of transmission, and disease severity.

1. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV): This is a single-stranded RNA virus that is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. Infected individuals may experience symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. While most people recover completely within a few months, severe complications can occur in rare cases. A vaccine is available to prevent HAV infection.
2. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): This is a double-stranded DNA virus that is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, such as during sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. HBV can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, which may lead to severe liver complications like cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated. A vaccine is available to prevent HBV infection.
3. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): This is a single-stranded RNA virus that is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood, often through sharing needles or during medical procedures using contaminated equipment. Like HBV, HCV can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, which may lead to severe liver complications if left untreated. No vaccine is currently available for HCV; however, antiviral treatments can cure the infection in many cases.
4. Hepatitis D Virus (HDV): This is a defective RNA virus that requires the presence of HBV to replicate and cause infection. HDV is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, similar to HBV. Co-infection with both HBV and HDV can result in more severe liver disease compared to HBV infection alone. Antiviral treatments are available for HDV; however, a vaccine is not.
5. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV): This is a single-stranded RNA virus that primarily causes acute hepatitis and is usually transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. In most cases, HEV infection resolves on its own without treatment. However, in pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems, HEV can cause severe liver complications. No vaccine is currently available for HEV in the United States; however, a vaccine has been approved in some countries.

Hepatitis C antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Detection of these antibodies in the blood indicates a past or present HCV infection. However, it does not necessarily mean that the person is currently infected, as antibodies can persist for years even after the virus has been cleared from the body. Additional tests are usually needed to confirm whether the infection is still active and to guide treatment decisions.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Hepatitis A antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to a Hepatitis A virus infection or after vaccination. There are two types of Hepatitis A antibodies:

1. IgM anti-HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) antibodies: These are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection. They appear in the blood within 2 to 4 weeks after exposure to the virus and remain detectable for up to 12 weeks. The presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies indicates a recent or ongoing Hepatitis A infection.

2. IgG anti-HAV antibodies: These are the second type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection, and they appear in the blood several weeks after the onset of illness. IgG anti-HAV antibodies remain detectable for many years, providing long-term immunity against future Hepatitis A infections. After vaccination, only IgG anti-HAV antibodies are produced, indicating immunity to Hepatitis A.

Testing for Hepatitis A antibodies is used to diagnose acute or past Hepatitis A infections and to assess immunity following vaccination.

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic (long-term) disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the liver, leading to inflammation and damage. This results in decreased liver function over time if not treated. The exact cause of autoimmune hepatitis is unknown, but it is believed to be associated with genetic factors and exposure to certain environmental triggers, such as viral infections or medications.

There are two main types of autoimmune hepatitis:

1. Type 1 (classic) autoimmune hepatitis: This form can affect both adults and children, and it is more common in women than men. People with this type may also have other autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, or ulcerative colitis.
2. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis: This form primarily affects children and young women. It is less common than type 1 and tends to be more severe. People with this type may also have other autoimmune disorders, such as celiac disease or chronic candidiasis.

Symptoms of autoimmune hepatitis can vary widely, from mild to severe. They may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and light-colored stools.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, imaging studies, and sometimes a liver biopsy to assess the extent of damage. Treatment usually includes medications that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, which can help reduce inflammation and slow or stop liver damage. In some cases, lifestyle changes and supportive care may also be necessary.

Hepatitis A Virus, Human (HAV): A single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family, specifically the Hepatovirus genus. It is the causative agent of Hepatitis A, a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. The virus is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected individual. Following incubation (15-50 days), symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. Most people recover completely within a few weeks; however, severe complications and death are possible, especially in individuals with preexisting liver disease. Prevention is primarily achieved through vaccination and practicing good hygiene.

Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is not a traditional virus but rather a defective RNA particle that requires the assistance of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to replicate. It's also known as delta agent or hepatitis D. HDV is a unique pathogen that only infects individuals who are already infected with HBV.

The virus causes a more severe form of viral hepatitis than HBV alone, leading to a higher risk of fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure) and chronic hepatitis, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HDV is primarily transmitted through percutaneous or sexual contact with infected blood or body fluids.

Prevention strategies include vaccination against HBV, which also prevents HDV infection, and avoiding high-risk behaviors such as intravenous drug use and unprotected sex with multiple partners. There is no specific treatment for HDV; however, antiviral therapy for HBV can help manage the infection.

Hepatitis D, also known as Delta hepatitis, is a viral infection of the liver that can only occur in people who have a current infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It's caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), which is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus.

HDV requires the presence of HBV for its replication and survival, so it can't infect someone who doesn't already have HBV. When both viruses are present, they can interact in ways that lead to more severe liver disease than either virus would cause alone.

Hepatitis D can be an acute or chronic infection, and it can range from mild to severe, with symptoms similar to those of other types of viral hepatitis, such as jaundice, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and joint pain. In some cases, hepatitis D can lead to serious complications, including liver failure and death.

Hepatitis D is primarily spread through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids, such as during sexual contact, sharing needles, or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. It's preventable through vaccination against hepatitis B, which provides immunity to both viruses. There is no specific treatment for hepatitis D, but antiviral therapy for hepatitis B can help manage the infection and prevent complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Animal Hepatitis" is not a medical term used to describe a specific disease. Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, and it can be caused by various factors, including viruses, alcohol, drugs, and certain medical conditions.

However, there are several viral hepatitis types that can infect animals, such as Hepatitis A, B, and C, which primarily affect humans. But there are also other hepatitis viruses that are species-specific and primarily infect animals, such as:

1. Canine Hepatitis (Adenovirus Type 1): This is a viral infection that affects dogs and causes liver damage, respiratory signs, and occasionally death.
2. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Virus: While not strictly a hepatitis virus, this feline coronavirus can cause severe inflammation of the liver and other organs in cats.
3. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): This retrovirus affects horses and causes cyclic fever, anemia, and occasionally liver disease.
4. Avian Hepatitis E Virus: A recently discovered virus that infects birds and can cause hepatitis and other systemic signs in chickens and other avian species.

If you're looking for information on a specific animal hepatitis virus or a different medical term, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate answer.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Antiviral agents are a class of medications that are designed to treat infections caused by viruses. Unlike antibiotics, which target bacteria, antiviral agents interfere with the replication and infection mechanisms of viruses, either by inhibiting their ability to replicate or by modulating the host's immune response to the virus.

Antiviral agents are used to treat a variety of viral infections, including influenza, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B and C, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.

These medications can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the type of viral infection being treated. Some antiviral agents are also used for prophylaxis, or prevention, of certain viral infections.

It is important to note that antiviral agents are not effective against all types of viruses and may have significant side effects. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any antiviral therapy.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile into the digestive system. However, if there's an issue with bilirubin metabolism or elimination, it can accumulate in the body, leading to jaundice.

Jaundice can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis), gallbladder issues (gallstones, tumors), or blood disorders (hemolysis). It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if jaundice is observed, as it may indicate a severe health problem requiring prompt medical attention.

A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) is a type of coronavirus that primarily infects laboratory mice. It is not related to the human hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, or E. MHV causes a range of diseases in mice, including hepatitis (liver inflammation), encephalomyelitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), and enteritis (inflammation of the intestine). The virus is transmitted through fecal-oral route and respiratory droplets. It's widely used in research to understand the pathogenesis, immunity, and molecular biology of coronaviruses.

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is a type of enzyme found primarily in the cells of the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cells of other tissues such as the heart, muscles, and kidneys. Its primary function is to catalyze the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to another alpha-keto acid, usually pyruvate, to form pyruvate and another amino acid, usually glutamate. This process is known as the transamination reaction.

When liver cells are damaged or destroyed due to various reasons such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or drug-induced liver injury, ALT is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, measuring the level of ALT in the blood is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating liver function and detecting liver damage. Normal ALT levels vary depending on the laboratory, but typically range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L) for men and 6 to 45 U/L for women. Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver injury or disease, although other factors such as muscle damage or heart disease can also cause elevations in ALT.

An open reading frame (ORF) is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA sequence that has the potential to be translated into a protein. It begins with a start codon (usually "ATG" in DNA, which corresponds to "AUG" in RNA) and ends with a stop codon ("TAA", "TAG", or "TGA" in DNA; "UAA", "UAG", or "UGA" in RNA). The sequence between these two points is called a coding sequence (CDS), which, when transcribed into mRNA and translated into amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain.

In eukaryotic cells, ORFs can be located in either protein-coding genes or non-coding regions of the genome. In prokaryotic cells, multiple ORFs may be present on a single strand of DNA, often organized into operons that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that not all ORFs necessarily represent functional proteins; some may be pseudogenes or result from errors in genome annotation. Therefore, additional experimental evidence is typically required to confirm the expression and functionality of a given ORF.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Hepatitis C antigens refer to the proteins present on the surface of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The most commonly studied and clinically relevant antigen is the core protein, which plays a crucial role in the viral replication process. Detection of HCV antigens in serum or plasma can indicate an ongoing infection, as they appear during the early stages of infection and usually persist until the development of a humoral immune response, which leads to the production of antibodies against these antigens.

The detection of HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) has been used as an alternative diagnostic marker for HCV infection, especially in resource-limited settings where nucleic acid testing (NAT), such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV RNA, might not be readily available. However, the sensitivity and specificity of HCVcAg detection are generally lower than those of NAT methods. Nonetheless, it remains a valuable tool in monitoring treatment response and disease progression in individuals with chronic hepatitis C infection.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Hepatovirus is a genus of viruses in the Picornaviridae family, and it's most notably represented by the Human Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). These viruses are non-enveloped, with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They primarily infect hepatocytes, causing liver inflammation and disease, such as hepatitis. Transmission of hepatoviruses typically occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. The virus causes an acute infection that does not usually become chronic, and recovery is usually complete within a few weeks. Immunity after infection is solid and lifelong.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a type I interferon, which is a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. IFN-α has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative effects.

IFN-α is produced naturally by various cell types, including leukocytes (white blood cells), fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, in response to viral or bacterial stimulation. It binds to specific receptors on the surface of nearby cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of genes involved in the antiviral response. This results in the production of proteins that inhibit viral replication and promote the presentation of viral antigens to the immune system, enhancing its ability to recognize and eliminate infected cells.

In addition to its role in the immune response, IFN-α has been used as a therapeutic agent for various medical conditions, including certain types of cancer, chronic hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis. However, its use is often limited by side effects such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Hepatitis A antigens refer to the proteins or molecules present on the surface of the Hepatitis A virus (HAV) that can stimulate an immune response in the body. There are two main types of HAV antigens:

1. Hepatitis A Virus Capsid Antigen (also known as HAV VP1): This is a structural protein that makes up the outer shell or capsid of the HAV particle. It contains several epitopes (regions that can be recognized by the immune system) that can induce the production of antibodies in infected individuals.
2. Hepatitis A Virus Non-structural Antigen (also known as HAV NS1): This is a non-structural protein produced during the replication of the HAV genome. It plays a crucial role in the replication and assembly of new HAV particles, but it is not present in the mature virion. However, its detection in serum or liver tissue can indicate an ongoing HAV infection.

The presence of antibodies against these antigens (anti-HAV antibodies) in a person's blood can be used to diagnose past or recent Hepatitis A infections and immunity acquired through vaccination.

Hepatitis Delta Antigens (HDAg) are proteins found on the surface of the Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV), a defective virus that requires the assistance of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) to replicate. There are two types of HDAg: small (S-HDAg) and large (L-HDAg). S-HDAg is a 195-amino acid protein that is essential for viral replication, while L-HDAg is a 214-amino acid protein that regulates the packaging of the viral genome into new virus particles. The presence of HDAg can be used to diagnose HDV infection and distinguish it from other forms of hepatitis.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver caused by excessive alcohol consumption. It is a type of hepatitis that specifically results from alcohol abuse, rather than from viral infections or other causes. The condition can vary in severity, and long-term heavy drinking increases the risk of developing alcoholic hepatitis.

The inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis can lead to symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and fever. In severe cases, it can cause liver failure, which may be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves alcohol abstinence, supportive care, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent further liver damage. In some cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Ribavirin is an antiviral medication used in the treatment of certain viral infections, including hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. It works by interfering with viral replication, preventing the virus from multiplying within infected cells. Ribavirin is often used in combination with other antiviral drugs for more effective treatment.

It's important to note that ribavirin can have serious side effects and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of viral infections and its use should be based on a confirmed diagnosis and appropriate medical evaluation.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is not a medical definition related to human health, but it is a species of hepatitis B virus that primarily infects various species of ducks and other Anseriformes (waterfowl). It is closely related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), but it is not known to infect humans or other mammals.

DHBV, like HBV, is a DNA virus that targets the liver and can cause both acute and chronic infections. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and primarily affects young ducklings. Infection with DHBV can lead to liver damage and death in infected birds.

Researchers study DHBV as a model system for understanding HBV infection and pathogenesis, due to their similarities in viral structure, replication strategy, and host-virus interactions. However, it is important to note that DHBV is not a human health concern and does not pose a risk of infection to humans or other mammals.

A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:

1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.

Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Virus shedding refers to the release of virus particles by an infected individual, who can then transmit the virus to others through various means such as respiratory droplets, fecal matter, or bodily fluids. This occurs when the virus replicates inside the host's cells and is released into the surrounding environment, where it can infect other individuals. The duration of virus shedding varies depending on the specific virus and the individual's immune response. It's important to note that some individuals may shed viruses even before they show symptoms, making infection control measures such as hand hygiene, mask-wearing, and social distancing crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults. It originates from the hepatocytes, which are the main functional cells of the liver. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and aflatoxin exposure.

The symptoms of HCC can vary but may include unexplained weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal pain or swelling, jaundice, and fatigue. The diagnosis of HCC typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, as well as blood tests to measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment options for Hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and liver function. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or liver transplantation.

Food safety is the scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. Food safety often involves keeping food at low temperatures to prevent bacterial growth and toxin production. It can also include practices such as washing hands and surfaces well and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods. Additionally, proper cooking and pasteurization can kill bacteria that may be present in food.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines food safety as "the assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared or eaten according to its intended use." Food safety is important for everyone, but particularly for vulnerable populations such as pregnant women, young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

In summary, food safety refers to the proper handling, preparation, and storage of food in order to prevent foodborne illness and ensure that it is safe for consumption.

Hepatitis B virus (Woodchuck) refers to the hepadnavirus that naturally infects North American woodchucks (Marmota monax). This virus is closely related to the human Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and it is used as a model for studying HBV infection and related liver diseases in woodchucks. The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer in its natural host. The virus-host interactions and the disease progression in woodchucks closely mimic those observed in humans with HBV infection. Therefore, studies of WHV infection in woodchucks have contributed significantly to our understanding of HBV biology, host immune responses, and the development of novel therapies for HBV infection in humans.

RNA virus infections refer to diseases or conditions caused by the invasion and replication of RNA (Ribonucleic acid) viruses in host cells. These viruses use RNA as their genetic material, which is different from DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) viruses. Upon entering a host cell, the RNA virus releases its genetic material, which then uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components and replicate. This process can lead to various outcomes, depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response:

1. Asymptomatic infection: Some RNA virus infections may not cause any noticeable symptoms and may only be discovered through diagnostic testing.
2. Acute infection: Many RNA viruses cause acute infections, characterized by the rapid onset of symptoms that typically last for a short period (days to weeks). Examples include the common cold (caused by rhinoviruses), influenza (caused by orthomyxoviruses), and some gastrointestinal infections (caused by noroviruses or rotaviruses).
3. Chronic infection: A few RNA viruses can establish chronic infections, where the virus persists in the host for an extended period, sometimes leading to long-term health complications. Examples include HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), HCV (Hepatitis C Virus), and HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1).
4. Latent infection: Some RNA viruses, like herpesviruses, can establish latency in the host, where they remain dormant for extended periods but can reactivate under certain conditions, causing recurrent symptoms or diseases.
5. Oncogenic potential: Certain RNA viruses have oncogenic properties and can contribute to the development of cancer. For example, retroviruses like HTLV-1 can cause leukemia and lymphoma by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA and altering gene expression.

Treatment for RNA virus infections varies depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Antiviral medications, immunotherapy, and supportive care are common treatment strategies. Vaccines are also available to prevent some RNA virus infections, such as measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, and hepatitis A and B.

'Sus scrofa' is the scientific name for the wild boar, a species of suid that is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that are used to assess the functioning and health of the liver. These tests measure the levels of various enzymes, proteins, and waste products that are produced or metabolized by the liver. Some common LFTs include:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): An enzyme found primarily in the liver, ALT is released into the bloodstream in response to liver cell damage. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver injury or disease.
2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): Another enzyme found in various tissues, including the liver, heart, and muscles. Like ALT, AST is released into the bloodstream following tissue damage. High AST levels can be a sign of liver damage or other medical conditions.
3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): An enzyme found in several organs, including the liver, bile ducts, and bones. Elevated ALP levels may indicate a blockage in the bile ducts, liver disease, or bone disorders.
4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT): An enzyme found mainly in the liver, pancreas, and biliary system. Increased GGT levels can suggest liver disease, alcohol consumption, or the use of certain medications.
5. Bilirubin: A yellowish pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile. High bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction, or certain types of anemia.
6. Albumin: A protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and transports various substances in the blood. Low albumin levels may suggest liver damage, malnutrition, or kidney disease.
7. Total protein: A measure of all proteins present in the blood, including albumin and other types of proteins produced by the liver. Decreased total protein levels can indicate liver dysfunction or other medical conditions.

These tests are often ordered together as part of a routine health checkup or when evaluating symptoms related to liver function or disease. The results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings, medical history, and other diagnostic tests.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Hepatocytes are the predominant type of cells in the liver, accounting for about 80% of its cytoplasmic mass. They play a key role in protein synthesis, protein storage, transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances, initiation of formation and secretion of bile, and enzyme production. Hepatocytes are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Virology is the study of viruses, their classification, and their effects on living organisms. It involves the examination of viral genetic material, viral replication, how viruses cause disease, and the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines to treat or prevent virus infections. Virologists study various types of viruses that can infect animals, plants, and microorganisms, as well as understand their evolution and transmission patterns.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

Viral load refers to the amount or quantity of virus (like HIV, Hepatitis C, SARS-CoV-2) present in an individual's blood or bodily fluids. It is often expressed as the number of virus copies per milliliter of blood or fluid. Monitoring viral load is important in managing and treating certain viral infections, as a higher viral load may indicate increased infectivity, disease progression, or response to treatment.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Coinfection is a term used in medicine to describe a situation where a person is infected with more than one pathogen (infectious agent) at the same time. This can occur when a person is infected with two or more viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. Coinfections can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, as the symptoms of each infection can overlap and interact with each other.

Coinfections are common in certain populations, such as people who are immunocompromised, have chronic illnesses, or live in areas with high levels of infectious agents. For example, a person with HIV/AIDS may be more susceptible to coinfections with tuberculosis, hepatitis, or pneumocystis pneumonia. Similarly, a person who has recently undergone an organ transplant may be at risk for coinfections with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or other opportunistic pathogens.

Coinfections can also occur in people who are otherwise healthy but are exposed to multiple infectious agents at once, such as through travel to areas with high levels of infectious diseases or through close contact with animals that carry infectious agents. For example, a person who travels to a tropical area may be at risk for coinfections with malaria and dengue fever, while a person who works on a farm may be at risk for coinfections with influenza and Q fever.

Effective treatment of coinfections requires accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for each pathogen involved. In some cases, treating one infection may help to resolve the other, but in other cases, both infections may need to be treated simultaneously to achieve a cure. Preventing coinfections is an important part of infectious disease control, and can be achieved through measures such as vaccination, use of personal protective equipment, and avoidance of high-risk behaviors.

"Pan troglodytes" is the scientific name for a species of great apes known as the Common Chimpanzee. They are native to tropical rainforests in Western and Central Africa. Common Chimpanzees are our closest living relatives, sharing about 98.6% of our DNA. They are highly intelligent and social animals, capable of using tools, exhibiting complex behaviors, and displaying a range of emotions.

Here is a medical definition for 'Pan troglodytes':

The scientific name for the Common Chimpanzee species (genus Pan), a highly intelligent and social great ape native to tropical rainforests in Western and Central Africa. They are our closest living relatives, sharing approximately 98.6% of our DNA. Known for their complex behaviors, tool use, and emotional expression, Common Chimpanzees have been extensively studied in the fields of anthropology, psychology, and primatology to better understand human evolution and behavior.

Lamivudine is an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment and management of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection and HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) infection. It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), which means it works by blocking the action of the reverse transcriptase enzyme that the viruses need to multiply. By doing this, Lamivudine helps to reduce the amount of the virus in the body, which in turn helps to slow down or prevent the damage that the virus can cause to the immune system and improve the patient's quality of life.

The medical definition of Lamivudine is: "A synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against both HIV-1 and HBV. It is used in the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS, as well as chronic hepatitis B."

An abattoir is a facility where animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. It is also known as a slaughterhouse. The term "abattoir" comes from the French word "abattre," which means "to take down" or "slaughter." In an abattoir, animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens are killed and then butchered into smaller pieces of meat that can be sold to consumers.

Abattoirs must follow strict regulations to ensure the humane treatment of animals and the safety of the meat products they produce. These regulations cover various aspects of the slaughtering and processing process, including animal handling, stunning, bleeding, evisceration, and inspection. The goal of these regulations is to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure that the meat is safe for human consumption.

It's important to note that while abattoirs play an essential role in providing a reliable source of protein for humans, they can also be controversial due to concerns about animal welfare and the environmental impact of large-scale animal agriculture.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are a family of synthetic, water-soluble polymers with a wide range of molecular weights. They are commonly used in the medical field as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations due to their ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. PEGs can also be used as laxatives to treat constipation or as bowel cleansing agents prior to colonoscopy examinations. Additionally, some PEG-conjugated drugs have been developed for use in targeted cancer therapies.

In a medical context, PEGs are often referred to by their average molecular weight, such as PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 1500, and so on. Higher molecular weight PEGs tend to be more viscous and have longer-lasting effects in the body.

It's worth noting that while PEGs are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, some people may experience allergic reactions or hypersensitivity to these compounds. Prolonged exposure to high molecular weight PEGs has also been linked to potential adverse effects, such as decreased fertility and developmental toxicity in animal studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety of PEGs in humans.

Viral core proteins are the structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or protein shell, enclosing and protecting the viral genome. These proteins play a crucial role in the assembly of the virion, assist in the infection process by helping to deliver the viral genome into the host cell, and may also have functions in regulating viral replication. The specific composition and structure of viral core proteins vary among different types of viruses.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "France" is not a medical term or concept. France is the largest country in Western Europe and the third-largest in Europe after Russia and Ukraine. It has been a major player in world affairs for centuries, with a significant cultural and artistic influence. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you.

Chronic Hepatitis D is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). It is often considered a serious form of hepatitis because it can lead to more severe liver disease than hepatitis B alone. HDV is a defective virus that requires the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to replicate and cause infection. Therefore, chronic hepatitis D only occurs in individuals who have an underlying chronic hepatitis B infection.

Chronic hepatitis D is characterized by persistent inflammation and damage to the liver, which can lead to scarring (fibrosis), cirrhosis, liver failure, and increased risk of liver cancer over time. Symptoms may include fatigue, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, and jaundice. However, some people with chronic hepatitis D may not have any symptoms until the disease has progressed to a more advanced stage.

Chronic hepatitis D is diagnosed through blood tests that detect HDV antibodies and antigens, as well as liver function tests and imaging studies to assess liver damage. Treatment typically involves antiviral therapy to suppress the replication of both HBV and HDV, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary for individuals with advanced liver disease due to chronic hepatitis D.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

Viremia is a medical term that refers to the presence of viruses in the bloodstream. It occurs when a virus successfully infects a host and replicates within the body's cells, releasing new viral particles into the blood. This condition can lead to various clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus involved and the immune response of the infected individual. Some viral infections result in asymptomatic viremia, while others can cause severe illness or even life-threatening conditions. The detection of viremia is crucial for diagnosing certain viral infections and monitoring disease progression or treatment effectiveness.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Namibia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in southern Africa, bordered by Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, South Africa to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Virginia" is not a medical term or condition. It is a geographical location, specifically the name of a state in the United States. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

"Marmota" is a genus of large ground squirrels that are native to North America and Eurasia. These animals, also known as woodchucks or whistle pigs, are well-known for their ability to hibernate during the winter months. They typically live in burrows that they dig themselves, and their diet consists mainly of grasses, leaves, and shrubs. Marmotas are social creatures and often live in colonies with a dominant male and several females. While "Marmota" is a valid term in medical literature, it is more commonly found in the fields of biology and zoology rather than medicine.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

I am not aware of any medical definition for the term "Egypt." Egypt is a country located in the northeastern corner of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is home to various ancient artifacts and monuments, including the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx.

If you have any specific medical or health-related questions related to Egypt, such as information about diseases prevalent in the country or healthcare practices there, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.

The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Japan" is not a medical term. Japan is the name of a country, officially known as Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku in Japanese, and is located in East Asia. It is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean with a population of about 126 million people.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Aspartate aminotransferases (ASTs) are a group of enzymes found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, liver, and muscles. They play a crucial role in the metabolic process of transferring amino groups between different molecules.

In medical terms, AST is often used as a blood test to measure the level of this enzyme in the serum. Elevated levels of AST can indicate damage or injury to tissues that contain this enzyme, such as the liver or heart. For example, liver disease, including hepatitis and cirrhosis, can cause elevated AST levels due to damage to liver cells. Similarly, heart attacks can also result in increased AST levels due to damage to heart muscle tissue.

It is important to note that an AST test alone cannot diagnose a specific medical condition, but it can provide valuable information when used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluation.

Acute liver failure is a sudden and severe loss of liver function that occurs within a few days or weeks. It can be caused by various factors such as drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, or metabolic disorders. In acute liver failure, the liver cannot perform its vital functions, including protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The symptoms of acute liver failure include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), coagulopathy (bleeding disorders), hepatic encephalopathy (neurological symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and coma), and elevated levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Acute liver failure is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospitalization and treatment, which may include medications, supportive care, and liver transplantation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pakistan" is a country in South Asia and not a medical term or condition. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

A virion is the complete, infectious form of a virus outside its host cell. It consists of the viral genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid, which is often surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope. The envelope may contain viral proteins and glycoproteins that aid in attachment to and entry into host cells during infection. The term "virion" emphasizes the infectious nature of the virus particle, as opposed to non-infectious components like individual capsid proteins or naked viral genome.

Liver failure is a serious condition in which the liver is no longer able to perform its normal functions, such as removing toxins and waste products from the blood, producing bile to help digest food, and regulating blood clotting. This can lead to a buildup of toxins in the body, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and an increased risk of bleeding. Liver failure can be acute (sudden) or chronic (developing over time). Acute liver failure is often caused by medication toxicity, viral hepatitis, or other sudden illnesses. Chronic liver failure is most commonly caused by long-term damage from conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

It's important to note that Liver Failure is a life threatening condition and need immediate medical attention.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Serum, in the context of clinical and medical laboratory science, refers to the fluid that is obtained after blood coagulation. It is the yellowish, straw-colored liquid fraction of whole blood that remains after the clotting factors have been removed. Serum contains various proteins, electrolytes, hormones, antibodies, antigens, and other substances, which can be analyzed to help diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions. It is commonly used for various clinical tests such as chemistry panels, immunological assays, drug screening, and infectious disease testing.

A carrier state is a condition in which a person carries and may be able to transmit a genetic disorder or infectious disease, but does not show any symptoms of the disease themselves. This occurs when an individual has a recessive allele for a genetic disorder or is infected with a pathogen, but does not have the necessary combination of genes or other factors required to develop the full-blown disease.

For example, in the case of cystic fibrosis, which is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, a person who carries one normal allele and one mutated allele for the disease is considered a carrier. They do not have symptoms of cystic fibrosis themselves, but they can pass the mutated allele on to their offspring, who may then develop the disease if they inherit the mutation from both parents.

Similarly, in the case of infectious diseases, a person who is infected with a pathogen but does not show any symptoms may still be able to transmit the infection to others. This is known as being an asymptomatic carrier or a healthy carrier. For example, some people who are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may not develop any symptoms of liver disease, but they can still transmit the virus to others through contact with their blood or other bodily fluids.

It's important to note that in some cases, carriers of certain genetic disorders or infectious diseases may have mild or atypical symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis of the disease. In these cases, they may be considered to have a "reduced penetrance" or "incomplete expression" of the disorder or infection.

Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found in various tissues in the body, including the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of creatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to phosphocreatine and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This reaction helps regenerate ATP, which is the primary source of energy for cellular functions.

There are three main isoforms of CK in the human body: CK-MM, CK-MB, and CK-BB. The CK-MM form is primarily found in skeletal muscles and constitutes approximately 95% to 99% of the total CK activity in healthy individuals. It is a dimer composed of two muscle-specific subunits (M-CK).

Elevated levels of CK-MM in the blood can indicate damage or injury to skeletal muscles. This can occur due to various reasons, such as muscle trauma, strenuous exercise, muscle diseases, and certain medications. Measuring CK-MM levels is essential in diagnosing and monitoring conditions associated with muscle damage or disease.

Sequence homology is a term used in molecular biology to describe the similarity between the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of two or more genes or proteins. It is a measure of the degree to which the sequences are related, indicating a common evolutionary origin.

In other words, sequence homology implies that the compared sequences have a significant number of identical or similar residues in the same order, suggesting that they share a common ancestor and have diverged over time through processes such as mutation, insertion, deletion, or rearrangement. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more closely related the sequences are likely to be.

Sequence homology is often used to identify similarities between genes or proteins from different species, which can provide valuable insights into their functions, structures, and evolutionary relationships. It is commonly assessed using various bioinformatics tools and algorithms, such as BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), Clustal Omega, and multiple sequence alignment (MSA) methods.

Poultry diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious disorders that affect domesticated birds, particularly those raised for meat, egg, or feather production. These diseases can be caused by various factors including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, and management practices.

Infectious poultry diseases are often highly contagious and can lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to decreased production, increased mortality, and reduced quality of products. Some examples of infectious poultry diseases include avian influenza, Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and coccidiosis.

Non-infectious poultry diseases can be caused by factors such as poor nutrition, environmental stressors, and management issues. Examples of non-infectious poultry diseases include ascites, fatty liver syndrome, sudden death syndrome, and various nutritional deficiencies.

Prevention and control of poultry diseases typically involve a combination of biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, good management practices, and monitoring for early detection and intervention. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of poultry diseases is crucial to implementing effective treatment and prevention strategies, and can help minimize the impact of disease outbreaks on both individual flocks and the broader poultry industry.

Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.

Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.

Flaviviridae is a family of viruses that includes many important human pathogens. According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), Flaviviridae is divided into four genera: Flavivirus, Hepacivirus, Pegivirus, and Pestivirus. These viruses are enveloped and have a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome.

1. Flavivirus genus includes several medically important viruses, such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. These viruses are primarily transmitted by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes or ticks) and can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic fever and neuroinvasive disease.
2. Hepacivirus genus contains hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major causative agent of viral hepatitis and liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is primarily transmitted through percutaneous exposure to infected blood or blood products, sexual contact, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth.
3. Pegivirus genus includes pegiviruses (formerly known as GB viruses) that are associated with persistent infection in humans and other animals. While pegiviruses can cause acute illness, they are mostly linked to asymptomatic or mild infections.
4. Pestivirus genus contains several animal pathogens, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and border disease virus (BDV). These viruses can cause significant economic losses in the livestock industry due to reproductive failure, growth retardation, and immunosuppression.

In summary, Flaviviridae is a family of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes several important human and animal pathogens. The family is divided into four genera: Flavivirus, Hepacivirus, Pegivirus, and Pestivirus.

Maternal death is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes."

This definition is used to monitor and compare maternal mortality rates across different populations and time periods. Maternal death can be further classified as direct or indirect, depending on whether it results from a complication of the pregnancy or delivery process itself (direct) or from a pre-existing medical condition that was worsened by the pregnancy (indirect).

Maternal mortality is an important indicator of the overall health and well-being of women and communities. Reducing maternal deaths is a key goal of global public health efforts, and progress towards this goal is monitored through indicators such as the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), which measures the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a given population.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sudan" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northeast Africa, known as the Sudan or Sudan proper, and the southern region that seceded to become South Sudan in 2011. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Herpestidae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic family that includes mongoose species. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!

Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E). Hepatitis A and hepatitis E behave similarly ... In the Mediterranean, hepatitis D is predominant among hepatitis B virus co-infected people. Similar to Hepatitis A, hepatitis ... and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D are ... Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. In ...
... is hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) due to excessive intake of alcohol. Patients typically have a ... Alcoholic hepatitis is distinct from cirrhosis caused by long-term alcohol consumption. Alcoholic hepatitis can occur in ... A liver biopsy is not required for the diagnosis, however it can help confirm alcoholic hepatitis as the cause of the hepatitis ... Alcoholic hepatitis occurs in approximately 1/3 of chronic alcohol drinkers. 10-20% of patients with alcoholic hepatitis ...
... is a type of viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). HDV is one of five known hepatitis viruses ... Vaccination against hepatitis B protects against hepatitis D viral infection as hepatitis D requires hepatitis B viral ... In combination with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D has the highest fatality rate of all the hepatitis infections, at 20%. A ... November 2009). "Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus genotypes in outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis (Labrea black fever ...
"Source details: Hepatitis Monthly". Scopus Preview. Elsevier. Retrieved 2019-12-05. "Hepatitis Monthly". 2018 Journal Citation ... Hepatitis Monthly is a monthly peer-reviewed open access medical journal published by Brieflands Publishing, formerly known as ... "Hepatitis Monthly". MIAR: Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals. University of Barcelona. Retrieved 2019-12-05. " ...
... it is also imperative to be able to exclude the possibility of acute viral hepatitis. Ischemic hepatitis is related to another ... can also cause ischemic hepatitis.[medical citation needed] People who develop ischemic hepatitis may have weakness, fatigue, ... Ischemic hepatitis, also known as shock liver, is a condition defined as an acute liver injury caused by insufficient blood ... Ischemic hepatitis can be caused by a number of reasons (that lead to low blood pressure) including: Abnormal heart rhythm ...
Non-A-E hepatitis, also known as hepatitis X, is an infectious disease of the liver referring to a case of viral hepatitis that ... The specific cause of non-A-E hepatitis is unknown. It is considered a rare disorder. "Non-A-E hepatitis". Genetic and Rare ... "Acute Non-A-E Hepatitis in the United States and the Role of Hepatitis G Virus Infection". N Engl J Med. 336 (11): 741-746. doi ... "TTV infection in patients with acute hepatitis of defined aetiology and in acute non-A-E hepatitis". Journal of Hepatology. 32 ...
The causes of neonatal hepatitis are many. Viruses that have been identified include cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, hepatitis ... Neonatal hepatitis refers to many forms of liver dysfunction that affects fetuses and neonates. It is most often caused by ... The infant with neonatal hepatitis usually has jaundice that appears at one to two months of age, is not gaining weight and ... Jaundice that is caused by neonatal hepatitis is not the same as physiologic neonatal jaundice. In contrast with physiologic ...
World Hepatitis Day, observed 28 July, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and hepatitis C and encourage prevention, ... Hepatitis B was originally known as "serum hepatitis". Acute infection with hepatitis B virus is associated with acute viral ... when combined with hepatitis B immunoglobulin and the hepatitis B vaccine, especially for pregnant women with high hepatitis B ... hepatitis B immunoglobulin alone, or the combination of vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin, all prevent hepatitis B ...
... is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV); it is a type of viral hepatitis ... Hepatitis E has mainly a fecal-oral transmission route that is similar to hepatitis A, although the viruses are unrelated. In ... Like hepatitis A, hepatitis E usually follows an acute and self-limiting course of illness (the condition is temporary and the ... In 2017, hepatitis E was estimated to affect more than 19 million people. Those most commonly at risk of HEV are men aged 15 to ...
... ". Discogs. Retrieved 2018-01-23. "NOFX - Hepatitis Bathtub - Discography - FatWreckWiki". www.fatwreckwiki. ... Hepatitis Bathtub is an EP by NOFX released on December 23, 2016 through Fat Wreck Chords. The EP was released as a four-song 7 ... The Hepatitis Bathtub and Other Stories was eventually released in April 2016. "Too Mixed Up" "Nothing But a Nightmare" ( ... It was also available as a deluxe package in limited edition color vinyl with a hardcover copy of NOFX's book The Hepatitis ...
World Hepatitis Day occurs each year on July 28 to bring awareness to viral hepatitis. Early symptoms of Hepatitis A infection ... Hepatitis A is an infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatovirus A (HAV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. Many cases ... It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention.[needs update ... 2019 United States hepatitis A outbreak Matheny, SC; Kingery, JE (1 December 2012). "Hepatitis A." Am Fam Physician. 86 (11): ...
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), or hepatitis delta virus; it belongs to the genus Deltavirus. HDV is ... Patients with hepatitis C are susceptible to severe hepatitis if they contract either hepatitis A or B, so all persons with ... Hepatitis E is caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV), from the family Hepeviridae. It produces symptoms similar to hepatitis A ... Hepatitis A and hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination. Effective treatments for hepatitis C are available but costly. In ...
... is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of ... It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. Diagnosis is by blood testing to look for either antibodies to ... There is no vaccine against hepatitis C. Prevention includes harm reduction efforts among people who inject drugs, testing ... viral hepatitis. During the initial infection period, people often have mild or no symptoms. Early symptoms can include fever, ...
Other causes of hepatitis: Viral hepatitis - it is necessary to distinguish autoimmune hepatitis from acute hepatitis caused by ... Autoimmune hepatitis, formerly known as lupoid hepatitis, plasma cell hepatitis, or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, is a ... doi:10.1002/hep.23584. PMID 20513004. S2CID 30356212. Than NN, Jeffery HC, Oo YH (2016). "Autoimmune Hepatitis: Progress from ... Autoimmune hepatitis was previously called "lupoid" hepatitis due to people having an associated autoimmune disease like system ...
Co-infection of hepatitis B and various other viruses can also occur. hepatitis C, hepatitis D (a satellite virus of hepatitis ... Hepatitis B virus causes the disease hepatitis B. Hepatitis is considered to be the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide ( ... "Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Coinfection". www.hepb.org. Retrieved 2 December 2022. Thio, Chloe L. (May ... Rates of hepatitis B infection are equal across male and females. Hepatitis B virus is more prominently found in US citizens of ...
"Turkey Viral Hepatitis - WikiVet English". Retrieved 10 July 2011. v t e (Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2011 ... The aetiological agent of turkey viral hepatitis is a virus from the Picornaviridae family. The disease is restricted to ...
... is May 19 in the United States. "Hepatitis Awareness Month and Hepatitis Testing Day - Division of Viral ... v t e (Health awareness days, Hepatitis, May observances, Observances in the United States, All stub articles, Health stubs). ... Hepatitis - CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 24 May 2017. ...
The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, abbreviated ... doi:10.1002/hep.20819. PMID 16149085. S2CID 21393716. Yu ML, Chuang WL (2009). "Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Asia: when ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hepatitis C virus. Wikispecies has information related to Hepatitis C virus. Academic ... Unlike hepatitis A and B, there is currently no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C infection. The study of HCV has been hampered by ...
The Hepatitis B Foundation (HBF) is an American nonprofit organization dedicated to finding a cure for hepatitis B and ... To meet the unmet needs of those living with chronic hepatitis B, they created the Hepatitis B Foundation with the help of the ... The Hepatitis B Foundation is a nonprofit organization that provides resources and information about hepatitis B, engages in ... "Hepatitis B group launches campaign". The Intelligencer. February 14, 2011. The Hepatitis B Foundation which is headquartered ...
... (WHV) is a species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus. It was first discovered in 1977 in a captive ... Tennant, W. C. (1999). "The Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus Infection". Handbook of animal models of infection: ... Tyler, Gail V.; Summers, Jesse W.; Synder, Robert L. (1981). "Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus in Natural Woodchuck Populations". ... this has led to the use of WHV in woodchucks as a model for human Hepatitis B virus infections. ...
... is a rare medical condition characterised by granulomas in the liver, recurrent fever, ... The condition is not a true hepatitis, and some experts believe it is a variant of sarcoidosis. Herrine, Steven K. (November ...
Hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and the combination of hepatitis B vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin ... is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Pediarix is a vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, ... Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either ... "FAQs about Hepatitis B Vaccine (Hep B) and Multiple Sclerosis". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 9 ...
... (ICH) is an acute liver infection in dogs caused by Canine mastadenovirus A, formerly called Canine ... Diagnosis is made by recognizing the combination of symptoms and abnormal blood tests that occur in infectious canine hepatitis ... ISBN 978-0-7216-6795-9. "Infectious Canine Hepatitis: Introduction". The Merck Veterinary Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-28. ... infectious canine hepatitis virus, and distemper virus experimental challenges". Vet Ther. 5 (3): 173-86. PMID 15578450. Canine ...
"World Hepatitis Day 2016" (PDF). World Hepatitis Alliance. 2016. "World Hepatitis Summit". World Hepatitis Summit. 2017. "World ... all of whom must be chronic viral hepatitis patients: someone who has or has had chronic hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis C ... the first World Hepatitis Summit was convened by the WHO and World Hepatitis Alliance with the aim of uniting World Hepatitis ... NOhep was created by the World Hepatitis Alliance with the aim of becoming a global movement to eliminate viral hepatitis. WHA ...
Duck hepatitis is an acute and fatal disease in ducklings caused by the Avihepatovirus DHV-1 and DHV-3. It causes opisthotonus ... and hepatitis. DHV-1 is found worldwide. It causes disease in young ducklings, usually ...
Hepatitis A and B vaccine is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine is a vaccine ... Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least ... It is a freeze-dried live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis A virus H2 strain is produced in human diploid cells. A ... A few formulations combine hepatitis A with either hepatitis B or typhoid vaccine. Soreness or redness where the shot is given ...
... is a disease of large animals, especially sheep, caused by Clostridium novyi infection. The ... Stampfi, Henry (March 2014). "Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Retrieved ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to infectious necrotic hepatitis. (Articles with short description, Short description ...
IFN-free Regimens HCV Comorbidities Clinical Challenges in Hepatitis C Hepatitis B Hepatitis D and E Hepatocellular carcinoma ... Frankfurt, Germany.: Journal of Viral Hepatitis: Vol 19, No s3". Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 19. 2012. doi:10.1111/jvh.2012.19. ... "Abstracts for the Viral Hepatitis Congress 2013, 26-28 September 2013, Frankfurt, Germany: Journal of Viral Hepatitis: Vol 20, ... No s3". Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 20. 2013. doi:10.1111/jvh.2013.20.issue-s3. v t e (Academic conferences, Viral hepatitis, ...
A hepatitis C vaccine, a vaccine capable of protecting against the hepatitis C virus (HCV), is not yet available. Although ... "The hepatitis C virus". WHO. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013. Torresi J (7 November 2017 ... "Hepatitis C Questions and Answers for the Public". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 September 2019. Retrieved 20 ... Strickland GT, El-Kamary SS, Klenerman P, Nicosia A (June 2008). "Hepatitis C vaccine: supply and demand". The Lancet. ...
Hepatitis. 2019: Invest in eliminating hepatitis. 2020: Hepatitis Free Future 2021: Hepatitis can't wait 2022: Bringing ... World Health Organization World Hepatitis Day, World Hepatitis Alliance World Hepatitis Day, Hepatitis Types, Causes and ... World Hepatitis Alliance, World Hepatitis Day Wrap-Up Report 2012. "World Hepatitis Day 2015 to focus on prevention". World ... 2014: Hepatitis: Think Again 2015: Prevention of viral Hepatitis. Act now. 2016: Know Hepatitis-Act now. 2017: Eliminate ...
2020 Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Report , CDC. *Trends and Characteristics in Maternal Hepatitis C Virus Infection Rates ... QuickStats: Prevalence of Past or Present Infection with Hepatitis B Virus Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years, by Race and Hispanic ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Viral Hepatitis. *National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Viral ... QuickStats: Percentage of Adults Aged ≥18 Years with Current Hepatitis C Virus Infection, by Health Insurance Coverage - ...
... hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. There are five main hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D or E). Learn about the different ... Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D spread through contact with the blood of someone who has the disease. Hepatitis B and ... How is viral hepatitis spread?. Hepatitis A and hepatitis E usually spread through contact with food or water that was ... What causes hepatitis?. There are different types of hepatitis, with different causes:. *Viral hepatitis is the most common ...
... hepatitis C symptoms and hepatitis C treatment. Read about hepatitis C transmission, hepatitis C tests, hepatitis C vaccine, ... Hepatitis C : Review clinical reference information, guidelines, and medical news on hepatitis C-- ... No Need to Restrict Hep C DAA Therapy Based on Alcohol Use ... Pediatric Hepatitis C * Perioperative Management of the Patient ...
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis. ... High doses of alpha-interferon are required in chronic hepatitis due to coinfection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C ... Transmission of hepatitis C in an isolated area in Japan: community-acquired infection. The South Kiso Hepatitis Study Group. ... Hepatitis C guidance: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating adults infected with hepatitis C virus. ...
Hepatitis E is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), a spherical, nonenveloped, single-stranded, single-serotype, RNA virus ... Due to the lack of systematic surveillance for hepatitis E, the incidence and characteristics of hepatitis E cases in the ... Acute hepatitis E is diagnosed by detecting HEV IgM in serum. Detecting HEV RNA in serum or stool specimens further confirms ... Treatment for acute hepatitis E is supportive care. Oral ribavirin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic ...
... Prevention. How great is the risk for hepatitis B?. You may be at risk for hepatitis B if you:. How is hepatitis B ... If you had hepatitis A, it is still possible to get hepatitis B. If you had hepatitis C, another form of hepatitis that can be ... Can hepatitis B be spread by food?. Unlike hepatitis A, another form of hepatitis, hepatitis B is not spread through food or ... Can hepatitis B be spread by food?. What is the hepatitis B carrier state?. What are the symptoms of hepatitis B?. How serious ...
LBXHA - Hepatitis A antibody. Variable Name: LBXHA SAS Label: Hepatitis A antibody. English Text: Hepatitis A antibody. Target ... New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis A ... Reported results for all assays meet the Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and ... Hepatitis A (HEPA_H) Data File: HEPA_H.xpt First Published: October 2015. Last Revised: NA ...
World Health Statistics data visualizations ...
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Hepatitis A and E. Viral hepatitis is a group of viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, the rarer type D, and E) that can cause both acute ... In rare cases, acute hepatitis E can lead to acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis) and death. Pregnant women with hepatitis ... Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A causes mild to severe illness in an estimated 1.4 million people per year, with a further 113 million ... The Hepatitis E virus has at least four different genotypes, of which two have been found only in humans. While hepatitis E ...
Acute hepatitis E - Nigeria - http://www.who.int/csr/don/12-july-2017-hepatitis-e-nigeria/en/ ...
Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E). Hepatitis A and hepatitis E behave similarly ... In the Mediterranean, hepatitis D is predominant among hepatitis B virus co-infected people. Similar to Hepatitis A, hepatitis ... and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D are ... Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. In ...
CDC works with partners to respond to viral hepatitis outbreaks, conducting serologic and molecular testing on clinical samples ... Hepatitis A Outbreaksplus icon *Outbreaks of hepatitis A across the United Statesplus icon *Frequently Asked Questions: ... Hawaii outbreak of hepatitis A - 2016. *Multistate outbreak of hepatitis A virus infections - 2013plus icon *Recall and Advice ... Interim outbreak-specific guidance on hepatitis A vaccine administration. *Outbreaks of hepatitis A are occurring across the ...
Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Epidemiologic and Economic Modeling Agreement (NEEMA) ... Cost Analysis of Single-Dose Hepatitis B Revaccination Among Infants Born to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-Positive Mothers and ... Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Testing Among 13-to 21-Year-Olds in a Large Sample of US Federally Qualified Health Centers. Jama. ... Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus: defining the cascade of care The Journal of pediatrics. 2018 Dec 1;203:34-40. ...
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a pregnant person poses a serious risk to their infant at birth. ... Perinatal hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a pregnant person poses a serious risk to their infant at birth. ... Pregnant persons should be tested for evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, specifically hepatitis B surface antigen ( ... Perinatal hepatitis B * …. This page is located more than 3 levels deep within a topic. Some page levels are currently hidden. ...
... and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis, a disease in which your immune system attacks the liver, causing inflammation and damage ... Autoimmune Hepatitis. View or Print All Sections Definition & Facts Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease in which your ... Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have no symptoms. Experts arent sure what causes autoimmune hepatitis. ... Doctors diagnose autoimmune hepatitis based on a combination of information from your medical history, a physical exam, blood ...
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads through blood or other body fluids, and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. The most ... Hepatitis C. What Is Hepatitis C?. Hepatitis C is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It can lead ... How Do Acute Hepatitis C and Chronic Hepatitis C Differ?. Doctors refer to hepatitis C infections as either acute or chronic:. ... What Problems Can Hepatitis C Cause?. Hepatitis C is the most serious type of hepatitis. Its now one of the most common ...
... diagnosis and treatment for patients with all phases of hepatitis B infection. ... The Hepatitis B Clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital offers comprehensive evaluation, ... Hepatitis B infection can exist in a variety of states, and some of them dont need treatment. However, anyone with hepatitis B ... Hepatitis B Clinic. The Hepatitis B Clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital offers comprehensive evaluation, diagnosis and ...
Posts about Hepatitis written by What Doctors Dont Tell You ... QUESTIONS FROM READERS:HIV AND HEPATITIS VACCINE. What Doctors ... A recent issue of GP (22 May) exhorted all doctors to go get their hep B shots. In a perfect example of the old adage that ... VACCINE LINKED TO MS:New study confirms worst suspicions over the hepatitis B jab. What Doctors Dont Tell You ... Besides the possibility of contracting AIDS or hepatitis, blood transfusion carries a host of other risks, perhaps even aiding ...
Find out about the different types of hepatitis. ... Hepatitis, an infectious liver disease, is more contagious than ... The three most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. (Hepatitis viruses D and E are rare in ... Hepatitis. What Is Hepatitis?. Hepatitis (pronounced: hep-uh-TIE-tiss) is an inflammation of the liver. The liver, in the right ... Read more about hepatitis B.. What Is Hepatitis C?. The hepatitis C virus spreads from person to person through blood or other ...
Mystery Hepatitis in Children Still Spreading Across the World, No Cause Identified. ... Spike in Adult Hepatitis Cases Linked to Surge in Homelessness, Opioid Crisis. ... Is SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Related to the Hepatitis in Children Outbreak? Heres What We Know. ... Hundreds More Cases of Severe Hepatitis of Unknown Origin Reported in Children. ...
Infectious agents that cause hepatitis include viruses and parasites. Noninfectious causes include certain drugs and toxic ... In some instances hepatitis results from an autoimmune reaction. ... Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver that results from a ... hepatitis C hepatitis B granulomatous hepatitis hepatocellular hepatitis canalicular hepatitis ...(Show more) ... Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A, caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), is the most common worldwide. The onset of hepatitis A usually ...
Learn more about the costs of hepatitis C treatment here. ... Hepatitis C is a viral infection with different treatment ... What is hepatitis C viral load?. Hepatitis C viral load refers to how much hepatitis C virus is present in a persons ... Several medications to treat hepatitis C have met FDA approval since then. Costs for hepatitis C treatment remain high, however ... Organizations that offer help to people with hepatitis C, including the American Liver Foundation, Hepatitis Foundation ...
Symptoms of hep E infection are pain in the right side if the abdomen, stool changes, jaundice, and brown or dark urine. Hep E ... The hepatitis E virus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route from eating contaminated foods or drinks. There is no vaccine or ... Hepatitis E is a viral infection caused by the hep E virus. ... cure for hep E infection in the U.S. ... Chronic hepatitis E is more common in most people with hepatitis C. However, hep E occurs less often than hep B, and very ...
... FAQs * WHAT IS HEPATITIS A?. Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. It can last a few ... Home » Health » Diseases & Conditions » Information On: » Hepatitis A Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver ... Hepatitis A 2017 Outbreak. LA County Health Alert: Increase in Hep A among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) (November 2, 2017). ... HOW IS HEPATITIS A TREATED?. Hepatitis A goes away on its own in most cases. You can help yourself get better faster by ...
Learn more about the link between hepatitis C and cirrhosis here. ... The liver is a powerful organ that the hepatitis C virus can ... Hepatitis C is a virus that people contract when they come into contact with the blood of someone who has hepatitis C. ... People with hepatitis C may have an increased risk for severe COVID-19 symptoms and liver damage. Learn more about hepatitis C ... Hepatitis C can cause cirrhosis, but cirrhosis cannot cause hepatitis C. This is because a person must have exposure to the ...
  • Hepatitis can be an acute (short-term) infection or a chronic (long-term) infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Current and future therapies for hepatitis C virus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Increases in acute hepatitis C virus infection related to a growing opioid epidemic and associated injection drug use, United States, 2004 to 2014. (medscape.com)
  • Among immunosuppressed people, particularly solid organ allograft recipients infected with HEV-3, hepatitis E can progress to chronic infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis B virus infection can lead to severe illness, liver damage, and in some cases, death. (cdc.gov)
  • Live in the same house with someone who has lifelong hepatitis B virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis B virus is found in the blood and body fluids of persons with hepatitis B. Contact with even small amounts of infected blood can cause infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Because these serious problems may not develop until many years after a person becomes infected with hepatitis B virus, those who have a lifelong infection should be evaluated periodically by a medical care provider. (cdc.gov)
  • Recommendations have also been developed for the prevention and control of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. (cdc.gov)
  • NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses will be used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups, and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral hepatitis is a group of viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, the rarer type D, and E) that can cause both acute and chronic infection and inflammation of the liver. (who.int)
  • A vaccine to prevent hepatitis E virus infection has been developed and is licensed in China, but is not yet available elsewhere. (who.int)
  • The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by constitutional symptoms that are typically self-limiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2-20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15-20% of cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toy M, Hutton D, Harris AM, Nelson N, Salomon JA, So S. Cost-Effectiveness of 1-Time Universal Screening for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Adults in the United States .Clin Infect Dis. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a pregnant person poses a serious risk to their infant at birth. (mass.gov)
  • Pregnant persons should be tested for evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, specifically hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), during every pregnancy. (mass.gov)
  • All HBsAg positive pregnant persons should be further tested for HBV DNA levels to guide the use of maternal antiviral therapy, and referred for care appropriately using the CDC's Screening and Referral Algorithm for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection among Pregnant Women (PDF) . (mass.gov)
  • For the latest recommendations for treatment of chronic HBV infection in pregnant persons, see pages 276-277 in the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Guidelines for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis . (mass.gov)
  • PVST consists of both HBsAg and anti-HBs, and it is imperative that both tests be run to be able to determine if the baby is protected against hepatitis B infection. (mass.gov)
  • Hepatitis C is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). (kidshealth.org)
  • Children who have hepatitis (heh-puh-TYE-tus) C most often got the infection as newborns from their mothers. (kidshealth.org)
  • Hepatitis C can be a "silent but deadly" infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • What Happens After a Hepatitis C Infection? (kidshealth.org)
  • Individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection are at risk for cirrhosis and liver cancer, even in the absence of cirrhosis. (massgeneral.org)
  • At the Massachusetts General Hospital Hepatitis B Clinic, we offers comprehensive evaluation, diagnosis and treatment plans for patients with all phases of hepatitis B infection . (massgeneral.org)
  • A liver biopsy, which may be recommended for people with long-term hepatitis B infection, particularly if the virus is very active. (massgeneral.org)
  • Hepatitis B infection can exist in a variety of states, and some of them don't need treatment. (massgeneral.org)
  • However, anyone with hepatitis B infection should be monitored regularly for the development of active hepatitis, which should be treated. (massgeneral.org)
  • Treatment of active hepatitis B infection can include either an oral antiviral pill or an injected medication called interferon. (massgeneral.org)
  • The Mass General Liver Center is participating in a nationwide study to help identify how the immune system affects the phases of hepatitis B infection, with the hopes of identifying how the disease progresses, identifying individuals who need treatment and developing better therapy to treat hepatitis B. (massgeneral.org)
  • If your patient has evidence of hepatitis B infection, our Hepatitis B Clinic can help risk stratify your patient and establish a plan for ongoing disease monitoring or treatment with the most up-to-date antiviral therapy. (massgeneral.org)
  • We are also eager to assist in the care of patients with hepatitis B infection or exposure who are pregnant or due to undergo immunosuppressive therapy or chemotherapy, to help determine the need for antiviral treatment or prophylaxis. (massgeneral.org)
  • To refer a patient with suspected or established hepatitis B infection or exposure, please contact the Hepatitis B Clinic at 617-726-3524. (massgeneral.org)
  • The hepatitis A vaccine has made the infection less common in the United States and other developed countries. (kidshealth.org)
  • Hepatitis B is a more serious infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • The hepatitis B vaccine is approved for people of all ages to prevent HBV infection. (kidshealth.org)
  • Hepatitis C is a condition that affects approximately 3.5 million Americans , with as many as half potentially unaware that they have the infection, according to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • What should I know about hepatitis E (hep E) viral infection? (medicinenet.com)
  • Hepatitis E is a viral infection , which is caused by the hepatitis E virus that usually comes from dirty water. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hepatitis E viral infection causes symptoms and signs, for example, soreness and swelling of the liver (hepatitis) and yellow eyes ( jaundice ). (medicinenet.com)
  • Hepatitis E viral infection symptoms and signs include yellow eyes and skin, nausea and vomiting , pain in the right side of the abdomen, dark or brown urine, and light-colored stool . (medicinenet.com)
  • What is hepatitis E (hep E) viral infection? (medicinenet.com)
  • About 3.3% of people with hep E infection die. (medicinenet.com)
  • Chronic hepatitis does not go away and is a long-lasting infection of the liver. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. (longbeach.gov)
  • Patients who were exposed to Hepatitis C as part of these violations and never became acutely ill may be infected, unaware of it and spread the infection to others or be at risk for long term serious infection side effects, researchers say. (eurekalert.org)
  • Hepatitis B infection is transmitted through sexual contact, contact with contaminated blood (for example, through shared needles used for illicit, intravenous drugs), and from mother to child. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus ( HBV ). (medicinenet.com)
  • however, about 5% of people are not able to eliminate the hepatitis B virus and develop chronic infection. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hello, I was diagnosed with Hepatitis B infection (HbsAg positive), but after 3 months HBsAg turned Non-reactive and the viral DNA i. (medhelp.org)
  • Hepatitis E is an enterically transmitted infection that is typically self-limited. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis E results from HEV infection and is spread by fecally contaminated water within endemic areas. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis A is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver. (healthline.com)
  • Unlike hepatitis B and hepatitis C , HAV infection does not lead to chronic liver disease and often resolves on its own without causing long-term damage. (healthline.com)
  • In a minority of cases, HEV causes acute and chronic hepatitis, but infection is commonly asymptomatic or unrecognized. (nature.com)
  • Extra-hepatic manifestations of autochthonous hepatitis E infection. (nature.com)
  • Acute hepatitis E infection acquired in California. (nature.com)
  • Specifically, the study analyzed serum samples from 275 Iberian lynxes, and liver and feces samples from 176 others, to test the prevalence and seroprevalence of the Hepatitis E Virus, i.e. the presence of active virus and of antibodies once the infection has passed. (eurekalert.org)
  • The document added three groups at a higher risk for HBV infection: those incarcerated or formerly incarcerated, people with current or past hepatitis C virus infection, and people with current or past sexually transmitted infections and multiple sex partners. (medscape.com)
  • Along with vaccination strategies, universal screening of adults and appropriate testing of persons at increased risk for HBV infection will improve health outcomes, reduce the prevalence of HBV infection in the United States, and advance viral hepatitis elimination goals," the authors write. (medscape.com)
  • Explaining the study, lead author Professor Mala Maini (UCL Division of Infection & Immunity), said: "Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem and the most common cause of liver cancer in the world. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Commenting on the findings, first author Dr Nathalie Schmidt (UCL Division of Infection & Immunity), said: "We have found a highly effective novel target for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and liver cancer. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A hepatitis panel is a blood test used to find markers of hepatitis infection. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • A positive result may mean that you have hepatitis antibodies from a recent infection. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • For many, especially children, hepatitis B infection is asympomatic. (health.mil)
  • For some people, including most infected in infancy, hepatitis B can become a long-term, chronic infection. (health.mil)
  • In Western countries when we hear the word "hepatitis" we tend to think in terms of Hepatitis A, B, or C. However, there are several different strains of the disease, one of them being Hepatitis E. As with all other types of hepatitis, Hepatitis E is caused by infection with a specific virus, in this case Hepatitis E Virus (HEV). (womens-health.co.uk)
  • Hepatitis C is a viral infection of the liver. (healthline.com)
  • There is a very high rates of morbidity and mortality in Egypt due to hepatitis C chronic infection or its complications either cirrhosis or liver cancer. (bartleby.com)
  • Hepatitis A is a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis A virus. (cabrillo.edu)
  • Understanding your hepatitis B blood test results can be confusing, so you want to be sure about your diagnosis - are you infected with hepatitis B, have you recovered from a hepatitis B infection, or do you have a chronic hepatitis B infection? (hepb.org)
  • A "positive" or "reactive" HBsAg test result means that the person is infected with the hepatitis B virus, which can be an "acute" or a "chronic" infection. (hepb.org)
  • A "positive" or "reactive" HBsAb (or anti-HBs) test result indicates that a person has either successfully responded to the hepatitis B vaccine or has recovered from an acute hepatitis B infection. (hepb.org)
  • This result (along with a negative HbsAg result) means that you are immune to (protected from) a future hepatitis B infection. (hepb.org)
  • What you described are not symptoms of a hep c infection. (medhelp.org)
  • Having previously been infected with hepatitis C provides no immunity from future infection. (medhelp.org)
  • More frozen berry products have been recalled due to possible Hepatitis A contamination, with at least five people contracting the infection in the food scare. (theage.com.au)
  • The most common serious liver infection in the world is hepatitis B, with about three-hundred and fifty million people who are chronic carriers of the infection. (disabled-world.com)
  • When evaluating a patient with suspected hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, also consider the other viral hepatitides and etiologies that can lead to cirrhosis and liver failure, such as drug hepatotoxicity. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis. (medscape.com)
  • What are the symptoms of hepatitis? (medlineplus.gov)
  • The recovery phase is characterized by resolution of the clinical symptoms of hepatitis with persistent elevations in liver lab values and potentially a persistently enlarged liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • Your doctor may order a hepatitis panel if you have symptoms of hepatitis. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • It is important to be aware of the symptoms of hepatitis, so that you get help immediately. (vetinfo.com)
  • Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic type in which your body's immune system attacks your liver. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are vaccines to prevent hepatitis A and B. Autoimmune hepatitis cannot be prevented. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both drug-induced hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic cell death, is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Without treatment, autoimmune hepatitis may get worse and lead to complications, such as cirrhosis. (nih.gov)
  • Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have no symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • Experts aren't sure what causes autoimmune hepatitis. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors diagnose autoimmune hepatitis based on a combination of information from your medical history, a physical exam, blood tests, imaging tests, and liver biopsy. (nih.gov)
  • No single test can diagnose autoimmune hepatitis. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors treat autoimmune hepatitis with medicines that suppress your immune system, most often corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. (nih.gov)
  • If autoimmune hepatitis leads to liver failure or liver cancer, you may need a liver transplant. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors may recommend that people who take corticosteroids to treat autoimmune hepatitis also take dietary supplements of calcium and vitamin D to help prevent osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
  • If you have autoimmune hepatitis, you should eat a healthy, well-balanced diet. (nih.gov)
  • Signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis E include abdominal pain, anorexia, fever, jaundice, and lethargy, and are indistinguishable from other causes of viral hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some types of hepatitis cause only acute infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the United States today, an estimated one million persons have life long hepatitis B virus infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases: The initial prodromal phase (preceding symptoms) involves non-specific and flu-like symptoms common to many acute viral infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Testing and Vaccination of Adults Seeking Care for Sexually Transmitted Infections .Sex Transm Dis. (cdc.gov)
  • Hutton DW, Toy M, Salomon JA, Conners EE, Nelson NP, Harris AM, So S. Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Testing and Vaccination of Adults Seeking Care for Sexually Transmitted Infections. (cdc.gov)
  • The medical definition of hepatitis E is a kind of inflammation and swelling of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis E virus (hep E). There are about 20 million cases of hep E infections per year in the world. (medicinenet.com)
  • Most hep E infections happen in parts of the world that have poor sanitation or unsafe water supplies. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hepatitis is a condition characterized by liver inflammation, often resulting from viral infections, excessive alcohol consumption, or other factors. (healthline.com)
  • To reduce new hepatitis C infections, he said, states need to provide clean syringes for injection drug users who otherwise have no other contact with the health care system than emergency departments and jails. (startribune.com)
  • New research from Boston Medical Center shows that routine Hepatitis C (HCV) testing at federally qualified health centers improves diagnosis rates and health outcomes for people with HCV infections in the United States, and is cost-effective. (news-medical.net)
  • Contaminated water supplies are often the cause of Hepatitis E infections. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • Adenovirus infections might cause the acute hepatitis in children observed. (bmj.com)
  • Adenovirus infections do not normally cause hepatitis in healthy children suggesting that a completely new type of adenovirus might have been introduced into the human population. (bmj.com)
  • Approximately fifteen to twenty-five percent of persons with chronic hepatitis B infections die from liver disease. (disabled-world.com)
  • Universal Adult Hepatitis B Screening and Vaccination as the Path to Elimination. (cdc.gov)
  • Estimating vaccination threshold and impact in the 2017-2019 hepatitis A virus outbreak among persons experiencing homelessness or who use drugs in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Vaccination Strategies in High-impact Settings for Adults. (cdc.gov)
  • Pediatricians should ensure that babies born to HBV positive persons are followed closely and complete their hepatitis B vaccination series by 6 months of age on a 0-, 1-2-, and 6-month schedule. (mass.gov)
  • Once their vaccination series has been completed, babies should then have Post-Vaccination Serological Testing (PVST) done between 9-12 months of age, or 1-2 months after the last dose of hepatitis b vaccine, if the series was delayed. (mass.gov)
  • There are no specific drugs or treatments to treat and cure hepatitis E, moreover, the only country that has a hep E vaccination is China at this time. (medicinenet.com)
  • While the implementation of vaccination programs and improvements in sanitation have led to a global decrease in hepatitis A cases, it remains a highly contagious virus capable of surviving on surfaces for months . (healthline.com)
  • The New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) Hepatitis Services Locator is an interactive directory for finding free or low cost publicly-funded hepatitis services, including vaccination, testing, and treatment. (nj.gov)
  • Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. (medscape.com)
  • The vaccine scheduler table summarizes the current vaccination schedule for young children, adolescents, and adults for Hepatitis B. The data is updated regularly with the most recent official country reporting collected through the WHO/UNICEF joint reporting process. (who.int)
  • The spectrum of illness ranges from asymptomatic to severe disease resulting in fulminant hepatitis and death. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the disease is rarely fatal and patients that recover have a lifelong immunity, it can cause debilitating symptoms and in rarer cases deadly acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis). (who.int)
  • In rare cases, acute hepatitis E can lead to acute liver failure (fulminant hepatitis) and death. (who.int)
  • Complications of acute viral hepatitis include fulminant hepatitis, which is a very severe, rapidly developing form of the disease that results in severe liver failure, impaired kidney function, difficulty in the clotting of blood, and marked changes in neurological function. (britannica.com)
  • Rare complications of hepatitis E include severe ("fulminant") hepatitis, liver failure, and death. (medicinenet.com)
  • These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Fulminant Hepatitis. (fpnotebook.com)
  • There is a severe and life-threatening form of acute hepatitis referred to as, 'Fulminant,' hepatitis that a very small number of people develop. (disabled-world.com)
  • The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt. (medscape.com)
  • Kim A. Hepatitis C virus. (medscape.com)
  • Toich L. Will hepatitis C virus medication costs drop in the years ahead? (medscape.com)
  • Available at https://www.pharmacytimes.com/resource-centers/hepatitisc/will-hepatitis-c-virus-medicaton-costs-drop-in-the-years-ahead . (medscape.com)
  • Sterling RK, Bralow S. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus. (medscape.com)
  • Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S, Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Hepatitis C virus core protein modulates several signaling pathways involved in hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among monogamous heterosexual couples: the HCV partners study. (medscape.com)
  • Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis E is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), a spherical, nonenveloped, single-stranded, single-serotype, RNA virus belonging to the Hepeviridae family. (cdc.gov)
  • Have sex with a person infected with hepatitis B virus. (cdc.gov)
  • How is hepatitis B virus spread? (cdc.gov)
  • Some persons infected with hepatitis B virus never fully recover and carry the virus for the rest of their lives. (cdc.gov)
  • Pregnant women who are infected with hepatitis B virus frequently transmit the disease to their babies. (cdc.gov)
  • All pregnant women should be tested early in pregnancy to determine if they are infected with hepatitis B virus. (cdc.gov)
  • New immunization strategies have been developed to eliminate the spread of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Circulation of other genotypes of hepatitis A virus in the Eastern Mediterranean Region presently remain unknown. (who.int)
  • The Hepatitis E virus has at least four different genotypes, of which two have been found only in humans. (who.int)
  • Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus hepatovirus A, B, C, D, and E. Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and yellow fever virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • A variety of tools are available from the Immunization Action Coalition, including Guidance for Developing Admission Orders in Labor & Delivery and Newborn Units to Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Transmission and Labor & Delivery HBsAg Admission Checklist for Birthing Mother . (mass.gov)
  • Acute hepatitis C is a short-term illness that happens within 6 months of when a person is exposed to the virus. (kidshealth.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis C is when a person still has the virus in their body after 6 months. (kidshealth.org)
  • We also participate in nationwide studies investigating the way the body's immune system fights the hepatitis B virus with the goal of improving the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. (massgeneral.org)
  • We regularly assess each patient's response to antiviral medication to ensure the hepatitis B virus does not become resistant to the medications. (massgeneral.org)
  • Most cases of hepatitis are caused by a virus . (kidshealth.org)
  • Hepatitis A is contagious, and usually spreads through food, drink, or objects contaminated by feces (poop) containing the hepatitis A virus. (kidshealth.org)
  • This virus can cause severe symptoms, but unlike some other hepatitis viruses, it rarely leads to long-lasting liver damage. (kidshealth.org)
  • People recover from hepatitis A have immunity to the virus and won't get it again. (kidshealth.org)
  • The hepatitis B virus spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids. (kidshealth.org)
  • The hepatitis C virus spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids, and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. (kidshealth.org)
  • The signs and symptoms of acute viral hepatitis result from damage to the liver and are similar regardless of the hepatitis virus responsible. (britannica.com)
  • The hepatitis E virus exists throughout the world. (medicinenet.com)
  • Even though hepatitis E virus is uncommon in the U.S., surveys have shown that up to 20% of Americans have antibodies to it and have probably been exposed. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hepatitis A usually spreads when a person unknowingly ingests the virus from objects, food, or drinks contaminated by small, undetected amounts of stool from an infected person. (longbeach.gov)
  • Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. (longbeach.gov)
  • Hepatitis C can cause cirrhosis, but cirrhosis cannot cause hepatitis C. This is because a person must have exposure to the virus to get hepatitis C. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hepatitis C is a virus that people contract when they come into contact with the blood of someone who has hepatitis C. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This is true in about 15 to 25 percent of people who contract the hepatitis C virus, according to the CDC. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cirrhosis due to the hepatitis C virus usually takes decades to develop. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hepatitis E is a virus that infects your liver . (webmd.com)
  • The hepatitis E virus spreads through poop . (webmd.com)
  • No vaccine can prevent the hepatitis E virus. (webmd.com)
  • Persons infected with hepatitis B can pass the virus to others through blood or body fluids. (medicinenet.com)
  • To avoid confusion , the term hepatitis B will be used to indicate liver disease and HBV will be used to designate the infecting virus. (medicinenet.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] It is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is spread by fecally contaminated water within endemic areas or through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked meat. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis E has many similarities with hepatitis A . Hepatitis E has been associated with chronic hepatitis in solid-organ transplant recipients, patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and in an individual on rituximab treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • The hepatitis E virus (HEV) genome contains three open reading frames (ORFs). (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis A is a highly contagious virus that targets the liver. (healthline.com)
  • One specific type of viral hepatitis is hepatitis A, which is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and primarily transmitted through contaminated food or water. (healthline.com)
  • It's caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which belongs to a family of viruses called picornaviruses. (healthline.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in more lost years of life and more illness than any infectious disease in Ontario. (cmaj.ca)
  • Hepatitis C virus affects 250 000 to 400 000 Canadians and may lead to progressive liver fibrosis. (cmaj.ca)
  • Hepatitis E is hyperendemic in many developing countries in Asia and Africa, and is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2, which are spread via the faecal-oral route by contaminated water. (nature.com)
  • Figure 2: Brachial plexograms of eight patients with hepatitis E virus-associated neuralgic amyotrophy. (nature.com)
  • Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: natural history, complications and seasonal variation, and hepatitis E virus IgG seroprevalence in blood donors, the elderly and patients with chronic liver disease. (nature.com)
  • The Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen in Europe that affects humans, doing damage to the liver and also to other organs, such as the kidney and the central nervous system. (eurekalert.org)
  • The results of the study confirmed that captive lynxes have a higher risk of exposure to Hepatitis E Virus than animals in the wild. (eurekalert.org)
  • While wild lynxes mainly consume wild rabbits, and previous studies carried out by this same group have shown that there is hardly any circulation of the Hepatitis E Virus in their populations, captive lynxes feed mainly on farm rabbits, and there are studies that have found virus circulation in these rabbits in Italy and France, although the presence of the virus in these animals in Spain has not yet been evaluated. (eurekalert.org)
  • Finally, the study has also discovered the presence of the genotype 3f of the hepatitis E virus in lynxes, which is the most frequent one in infected people in Spain. (eurekalert.org)
  • Adults should be tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) at least once in their lifetime, according to updated guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
  • Scientists have identified a new immunotherapy to combat the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the most common cause of liver cancer in the world. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Hepatitis A (formerly known as ''infectious hepatitis'') is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which is most commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route via contaminated food or drinking water. (news-medical.net)
  • Thermo Fisher Scientific, the world leader in serving science, today announced the availability of the Thermo Scientific MAS Omni Infectious Disease quality control sets for monitoring serological assays for analytes such as HIV 1&2, Hepatitis B & C virus, Syphilis and HTLV I/II. (news-medical.net)
  • This blood test also may be done if you were recently exposed to a hepatitis virus, even if you do not have symptoms. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Hepatitis B is transmitted when blood, semen, or another body fluid from a person infected with the virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. (health.mil)
  • Like Hepatitis A, this virus is commonly spread through "fecal-oral transmission," which occurs when a person eats or drinks something that has been contaminated with the feces of someone infected with HEV. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • If you've just been diagnosed with hepatitis C, you may wonder how you got it and worry about passing on the virus to a loved one. (webmd.com)
  • While the odds of passing on the hepatitis C virus are low, you should still tell anyone at risk that you have hepatitis C. You should tell sexual partners, spouses, and family members. (webmd.com)
  • According to the first, dogs could be the source of the hitherto unknown pathogen - a virus, most likely - responsible for the recent outbreak of "severe acute hepatitis" detected among pediatric patients from UK and other European (including Italy) and non-European (including USA) Countries. (bmj.com)
  • Viral Entry The envelope proteins of HCV form a heterodimer which helps binding the hepatitis C virus to the receptors present on the hepatocytes membrane. (bartleby.com)
  • This research paper is going to review today's silent killer, the Hepatitis C virus. (bartleby.com)
  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is from the virus family Flaviviridae with an RNA envelope serving as it's genetic material. (bartleby.com)
  • Hepatitis C is an enveloped virus, and the RNA also lacks a proofreading ability after replication, which results in mutations coding for many genotypes within the host. (bartleby.com)
  • There is a vaccine that can be administered to prevent catching the virus and hepatitis. (vetinfo.com)
  • Hepatitis in dogs can be prevented through the administration of the vaccine against the hepatitis virus. (vetinfo.com)
  • If you think you have been recently infected with hepatitis B, it can take up to 9 weeks before the virus will be detected in your blood. (hepb.org)
  • People become infected with hepatitis A by swallowing the virus. (nj.gov)
  • Hepatitis A is spread when traces of faecal matter containing the virus come in contact with hands, water or food and then enter a person's mouth. (theage.com.au)
  • The acute phase of hepatitis B is short-term and happens soon after a person has been exposed to the HBV virus. (disabled-world.com)
  • The HBV virus is one of the leading causes of infectious hepatitis. (disabled-world.com)
  • The average incubation period for hepatitis B is thirty to one-hundred and eighty days, although the HBV virus can be detected between thirty and sixty days after a person has become infected. (disabled-world.com)
  • Hepatitis B, Acute Acute hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis B virus and that lasts from a few weeks up to 6 months. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hepatitis A Acute hepatitis A is inflammation of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis A virus and that lasts less than 6 months. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, if people who have been vaccinated are exposed to the virus, a doctor measures their antibody levels against hepatitis B. If the antibody levels are low, they may need another injection of hepatitis B vaccine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • McMahon BJ, Holck P, Bulkow L, Snowball M. Serologic and clinical outcomes of 1536 Alaska Natives chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. (medscape.com)
  • Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensation in western European patients with cirrhosis type B. The EUROHEP Study Group on Hepatitis B Virus and Cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Associations between hepatitis B virus genotype and mutants and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Complete genomes, phylogenetic relatedness, and structural proteins of six strains of the hepatitis B virus, four of which represent two new genotypes. (medscape.com)
  • Chisari FV, Ferrari C. Hepatitis B virus immunopathology. (medscape.com)
  • In 2018, 12,474 hepatitis A cases were reported in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . (healthline.com)
  • After declining for two decades, new hepatitis C cases shot to an estimated 34,000 in 2015, nearly triple the number in 2010, according to a recent report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (startribune.com)
  • For more information, see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Hepatitis B vaccine information statement . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vials are stored under appropriate frozen (-30°C) conditions until they are shipped to Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention for testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Number of facilities that are allocated to viral hepatitis prevention, care and Yes able to offer serological able to offer nucleic acid treatment? (who.int)
  • As with Hepatitis A, prevention efforts focus on raising awareness and maintaining safe water, proper sanitation, and proper hygiene. (who.int)
  • 204 infants born in 2021 were case managed by the Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program (PHBPP). (mass.gov)
  • Unfortunately, there's no vaccine to protect against hepatitis C. Prevention means avoiding risky behaviors that can spread HCV, especially injecting drugs. (kidshealth.org)
  • The first-ever World Hepatitis Summit kicked off today in Glasgow, Scotland, where health officials are urging countries to develop national hepatitis treatment and prevention programs. (voanews.com)
  • World Hepatitis Day is observed each year on 28 July to raise awareness of viral hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver that causes severe liver disease and hepatocellular cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis can lead to complications such as cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, and liver cancer . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis may prevent these complications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gilead has countered that the cost of the drug is lower than the cost of complications associated with hepatitis C treatment, such as liver damage or liver failure. (genengnews.com)
  • It is caused by one of several viruses -- hepatitis viruses A , B , C , D, and E. In the United States, A, B, and C are the most common. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, NHANES provides the means to better define the epidemiology of other hepatitis viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • DVH laboratory branch participates in outbreak investigations related to hepatitis viruses by performing routine and state of the art serologic and molecular methodologies on clinical samples collected from affected patients. (cdc.gov)
  • The three most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A , hepatitis B , and hepatitis C . (Hepatitis viruses D and E are rare in the United States. (kidshealth.org)
  • Infectious agents that cause hepatitis include viruses and parasites. (britannica.com)
  • and a number of hepatitis viruses. (britannica.com)
  • The term viral hepatitis , however, usually is applied only to those cases of liver disease caused by the hepatitis viruses. (britannica.com)
  • There are five different hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D and E. All cause inflammation of the liver, but two strains, B and C, cause most deaths and are responsible for 80 percent of all liver cancer fatalities. (voanews.com)
  • Other tests look for antigens or the genetic material ( DNA or RNA ) of the viruses that cause hepatitis. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viruses: a global overview. (medscape.com)
  • If a person has a hepatitis C diagnosis, they may first ask what treatments their doctor recommends. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Diagnosis and treatment for hepatitis A. (canada.ca)
  • Several factors explain why the risk of depression goes up following a hepatitis C diagnosis. (healthline.com)
  • It's common for people who learn that they have hepatitis C to experience a range of emotions about the diagnosis. (healthline.com)
  • hepatitis B antigens (HBsAg) can be detected as well as antibodies (anti-HBs) that are developed against hepatitis B antigens. (medicinenet.com)
  • Pregnant people who have already received timely triple panel screening for hepatitis B and who have no new HBV exposures only need HBsAg screening, the guidelines state. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • A safe and effective vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A, which is a part of routine national children immunization programs in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Iraq. (who.int)
  • There is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C, but medical innovations in recent years mean that oral treatments can cure most people. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • How to prevent hepatitis A. (canada.ca)
  • The best way to prevent Hepatitis A is to get vaccinated. (cabrillo.edu)
  • At least three people in Victoria, and two in NSW, who have eaten the frozen berries have since been diagnosed with hepatitis A. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and fever as well as yellow skin and eyes, and anyone experiencing these symptoms is urged to see a doctor. (theage.com.au)
  • Yu MC, Yuan JM, Ross RK, Govindarajan S. Presence of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen is associated with an excess risk for hepatocellular carcinoma among non-Asians in Los Angeles County, California. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever, serositis (inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell), and suppression of bone marrow activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatitis (pronounced: hep-uh-TIE-tiss) is an inflammation of the liver. (kidshealth.org)
  • hepatitis , inflammation of the liver that results from a variety of causes, both infectious and noninfectious. (britannica.com)
  • Another complication is chronic hepatitis, which is characterized by liver cell death and inflammation over a period greater than six months. (britannica.com)
  • Hepatitis C is more common in adults than in children. (kidshealth.org)
  • Hepatitis C doesn't kill children or adults in the prime of life. (startribune.com)
  • Chronic hepatitis E is more common in most people with hepatitis C . However, hep E occurs less often than hep B , and very rarely, with hep E can become chronic in people whose immunity is suppressed by drugs given to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ. (medicinenet.com)
  • Perinatal HBV transmission can be prevented by identifying HBV positive pregnant persons and providing hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine to their infants within 12 hours of birth. (mass.gov)
  • He says the approach should be similar to that taken for HIV/AIDS, to which Hepatitis shows similar roots of transmission. (voanews.com)
  • Hepatitis C transmission in medical settings is highly preventable and there are clear guidelines and standards to keep patients safe," says Dr. Defendorf. (eurekalert.org)
  • The consumption of products derived from infected animals is considered the main route for the transmission of Hepatitis E in humans, and has also been suggested for other animal species, including felines. (eurekalert.org)
  • Since the nature of transmission is fecal-oral, Hepatitis E tends to be seen more commonly in areas where there are poor sanitary conditions or where personal hygiene is not prevalent. (womens-health.co.uk)
  • You can't give blood if you currently have symptoms or have ever tested positive for hepatitis C. But you can probably donate organs or tissue, since risk of transmission is low and hepatitis C is curable. (webmd.com)
  • There are different ways to prevent or lower your risk for hepatitis, depending on the type of hepatitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hepatitis C is the most serious type of hepatitis. (kidshealth.org)
  • People with hepatitis E should not (any type of hepatitis) drink alcohol . (medicinenet.com)
  • Who is at risk for hepatitis? (medlineplus.gov)
  • How great is the risk for hepatitis B? (cdc.gov)
  • If you engage in certain behaviors, your risk for hepatitis B may be much higher. (cdc.gov)
  • Because women of reproductive age are part of this group, experts worry that more newborns will be at risk for hepatitis C. (kidshealth.org)
  • Who's at Risk for Hepatitis C? (webmd.com)
  • Consumption of shellfish was implicated in an outbreak of hepatitis E on a cruise ship. (cdc.gov)
  • HCV guidance: Recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Updated: May 24, 2018. (medscape.com)
  • The incubation period (from the time of exposure to HBV to symptom development) is long for hepatitis B - the average time to onset of symptoms is about 90, days but may range from 60-150 days. (medicinenet.com)
  • A person can only contract hepatitis C through exposure to certain bodily fluids, such as blood, of a person who is living with the condition. (healthline.com)
  • Hepatitis C is spread only through exposure to an infected person's blood. (webmd.com)
  • Hepatitis has a broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe liver failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatitis in dogs can be acute or more severe. (vetinfo.com)
  • Acute hepatitis can be treated, while the severe form may be fatal. (vetinfo.com)
  • There is no treatment for hepatitis and if the dog has severe symptoms, he may die within 1 week. (vetinfo.com)
  • Why is hepatitis B so serious in pregnant women? (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis E can be very serious, especially for pregnant women. (medicinenet.com)
  • But hepatitis E can be dangerous for pregnant women or anyone with weak immune systems, including the elderly or people who are ill. (webmd.com)
  • If your chronic hepatitis leads to liver failure or liver cancer, you may need a liver transplant . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic viral hepatitis E can cause cirrhosis (liver scarring) over time that leads to liver failure. (medicinenet.com)
  • In 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug treatments called direct-acting antiviral medications that were available in oral form only to treat hepatitis C, according to the journal Open Forum Infectious Diseases . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Several medications to treat hepatitis C have met FDA approval since then. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There is no specific medication to treat hepatitis A and most people recover on their own. (nj.gov)
  • No specific treatment exists, although people who develop chronic hepatitis E benefit from antiviral treatment. (who.int)
  • Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Newer medications for hepatitis C, known as direct-acting antiviral drugs, have fewer common side effects than interferon. (healthline.com)
  • HALT-C (Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment against Cirrhosis) trial website. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B. Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hospitals with a hepatitis B birth dose administration rate of ≥90% over a 12-month period can apply to be on the Immunization Action Coalition's Birth Dose Honor Roll . (mass.gov)
  • Hepatitis E does not cause chronic hepatitis except in some people with weak immune systems, especially after organ transplantation. (medicinenet.com)
  • During hepatitis E outbreaks, clinical attack rates are highest among people aged 15-49 years. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the actual burden of hepatitis A in the Eastern Mediterranean Region remains unknown but outbreaks have repeatedly occurred in displaced population and refugee settings of countries affected by crisis or humanitarian emergencies. (who.int)
  • CDC and partners ensure rapid and coordinated surveillance, detection, and response to hepatitis outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Most outbreaks of hepatitis E occur in Southeast and East Asia. (medicinenet.com)
  • The new recommendations now contrast with the 2020 screening guidelines issued by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) that recommend risk-based screening for hepatitis B. (medscape.com)
  • 3.3 million cases are symptomatic hepatitis E, and ≈70,000 deaths occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver that can occur from hepatitis C and other conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Emerging treatments for hepatitis C may help to reduce the likelihood that hepatitis C-related liver cirrhosis will occur. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hepatitis C and depression are two separate health conditions that can occur at the same time. (healthline.com)
  • Babies born to HBV positive persons should receive HBIG and their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth. (mass.gov)
  • All newborns, regardless of the birth parent's HBV status, should receive their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours of birth. (mass.gov)
  • Over 99% of these infants received treatment (HBIG and first dose of hepatitis B vaccine) at birth, 95% completed the vaccine series by 12 months of age, and 84% completed the vaccine series and received PVST by December 31, 2021. (mass.gov)
  • The first dose of hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth, with the three-dose series completed between 6 and 18 months of age. (health.mil)
  • The best way to be protected from hepatitis B is to be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, which has been proven safe and effective. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis B is a serious public health problem that affects people of all ages in the United States and around the world. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fact that hepatitis C is a condition that affects millions of people should mean the drugs cost less. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The canine hepatitis is confused with the hepatitis B, which indeed affects humans. (vetinfo.com)
  • Viral hepatitis is a global public health problem that affects millions of people every year, causing disability and death. (bvsalud.org)
  • People who drink a lot over long periods of time are at risk for alcoholic hepatitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some people with hepatitis do not have symptoms and do not know they are infected. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who have alcoholic hepatitis need to stop drinking. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For most people, hepatitis E is a mild, self-limited disease. (cdc.gov)
  • An estimated 20 million people are infected with hepatitis E every year, leading to 3.3 million symptomatic cases. (who.int)
  • Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fever, when present, is most common in cases of hepatitis A and E. Late in this phase, people can experience liver-specific symptoms, including choluria (dark urine) and clay-colored stools. (wikipedia.org)
  • How Do People Get Hepatitis C? (kidshealth.org)
  • People with chronic hepatitis C might sometimes have vague general symptoms, like feeling very tired or depressed. (kidshealth.org)
  • Fortunately, medicines can now treat people with hepatitis C and cure them in most cases. (kidshealth.org)
  • Great progress has been made in treating and even curing hepatitis C. Oral medicines now can cure HCV for many people within 3 months. (kidshealth.org)
  • Health experts caution that people who had hepatitis C due to drug use should get counseling or further treatment to help them overcome their addiction. (kidshealth.org)
  • People also can get hepatitis C from unprotected sex with an infected partner. (kidshealth.org)
  • This article details information about hepatitis C medications, and how, under certain circumstances, people may be able to access help to pay for them. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Some insurance companies will pay for people whose hepatitis C has not responded to less-expensive treatments or for those who are already showing signs of liver damage . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Although rare, hepatitis A can cause death in some people. (longbeach.gov)
  • Again, according to the CDC, for every 100 people with hepatitis C, an estimated 10 to 20 will develop cirrhosis over the following 20 to 30 years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • People with hepatitis C and cirrhosis should talk to their doctor about strategies that can prevent further damage. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • We really need governments, civil society, private companies to make people aware,' said Dr. Stefan Wiktor, the team leader of the WHO's Global Hepatitis Program, who attended the conference. (voanews.com)
  • There are about 240 million people with chronic Hepatitis B and between 130 and 150 million for Hepatitis C. (voanews.com)
  • Most people with hepatitis E get better within a few months. (webmd.com)
  • The irony is that now that people are starting to worry about drug users because they're entering the mainstream population, it's going to help hepatitis get the attention it deserves. (startribune.com)
  • When that recommendation was published, the Task Force was aligned with several other organizations, including the CDC, in supporting screening for hepatitis B in high-risk populations - and importantly, we're all still aligned in making sure that people get the care that they need," said Michael Barry, MD , chair of the USPSTF, in an emailed statement to Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • Several studies have shown that people who are diagnosed with a hepatitis C have higher rates of depression compared to other groups. (healthline.com)
  • In one report , researchers noted that someone with hepatitis C may be 1.4 to 4 times more likely to experience depression, compared to people with hepatitis B or the general population. (healthline.com)
  • They also suggest that about one-third of people with hepatitis C also have depression. (healthline.com)
  • Keep in mind, newer medications for hepatitis C completely cure the condition in more than 90 percent of people . (healthline.com)
  • One out of every one hundred people in the general population has Hepatitis C, but the ratio is higher in prisons. (bartleby.com)
  • Those countries account for more than 100 million people living with hepatitis C, representing 54% of the world's total infected population. (genengnews.com)
  • As per the existing stats and medical care, how long Hep c people can live health life? (medhelp.org)
  • Anyone can get hepatitis A. Some people at high-risk include men who have sex with men, people who travel to countries where hepatitis A is common, and people who use street drugs (injected or non-injected). (nj.gov)
  • Hepatitis A is found in the stool of infected people. (nj.gov)
  • Hepatitis A is usually spread when people ingest something that has. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In 5 to 10% of people, hepatitis B becomes chronic and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all people up to age 59 who were not previously vaccinated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Usually it doesn't lead to long-term illness or liver damage like some other forms of hepatitis do. (webmd.com)
  • With a person dying every 30 seconds from a hepatitis related illness - even in the current COVID-19 crisis - we can't wait to act on viral hepatitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hepatitis C. However, the majority of these notification events were discovered only after patients became acutely ill rather than through proactive reporting of violations of health safety protocols, according to a review in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association . (eurekalert.org)
  • Not all patients with hepatitis B require treatment, which is generally used in more advanced diseases. (medicinenet.com)
  • In the meantime, we always encourage clinicians to use their judgment as they provide care for their patients - including those who may benefit from screening for hepatitis B - and to decide together with each patient which preventive services can best help them live a long and healthy life," Barry said. (medscape.com)
  • The combination is designed to interfere with HCV replication and be used as a treatment for hepatitis patients with genotypes 1a or 1b without PEG-interferon. (genengnews.com)
  • In doing so, countries can save lives and reduce the costs associated with long-term care for cirrhosis and liver cancer as a result of untreated hepatitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Travel internationally to areas with a high prevalence of hepatitis B. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease that is primarily spread through the blood of an infected person or, less commonly, through sexual contact. (eurekalert.org)
  • Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant interferon alfa. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatitis E. Lancet 379 , 2477-2488 (2012). (nature.com)
  • Molecular virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B. Lancet . (medscape.com)