Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.
The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.
A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.
An operation for the continuous emptying of ascitic fluid into the venous system. Fluid removal is based on intraperitoneal and intrathoracic superior vena cava pressure differentials and is performed via a pressure-sensitive one-way valve connected to a tube traversing the subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall to the neck where it enters the internal jugular vein and terminates in the superior vena cava. It is used in the treatment of intractable ascites.
Water-soluble proteins found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. They coagulate upon heating.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
A type of surgical portasystemic shunt to reduce portal hypertension with associated complications of esophageal varices and ascites. It is performed percutaneously through the jugular vein and involves the creation of an intrahepatic shunt between the hepatic vein and portal vein. The channel is maintained by a metallic stent. The procedure can be performed in patients who have failed sclerotherapy and is an additional option to the surgical techniques of portocaval, mesocaval, and splenorenal shunts. It takes one to three hours to perform. (JAMA 1995;273(23):1824-30)
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.
Pathological processes of the LIVER.
A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.

Review article: pharmacological treatment of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhotic patients. (1/89)

Renal failure is common in patients who are dying from end-stage cirrhosis, developing in 40-80% of all patients. Where there is no anatomical or pathological cause for the renal failure, it is termed the hepatorenal syndrome. When the hepatorenal syndrome develops, it will only recover when there is some degree of improvement in liver function. Thus for most patients this will occur only after liver transplantation, although the transplantation mortality is increased in this group. Hepatorenal syndrome is a common complication of alcoholic hepatitis, and this group is unusual in that with time and abstinence, significant recovery of liver function may occur. There is therefore a need for supportive therapy to allow time for some recovery of liver function in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and hepatorenal syndrome. Similarly, patients may need support whilst waiting for liver transplantation. This article reviews the pathophysiology and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome.  (+info)

Improvement of hepatorenal syndrome with extracorporeal albumin dialysis MARS: results of a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. (2/89)

In hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), renal insufficiency is often progressive, and the prognosis is extremely poor under standard medical therapy. The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) is a modified dialysis method using an albumin-containing dialysate that is recirculated and perfused online through charcoal and anion-exchanger columns. MARS enables the selective removal of albumin-bound substances. A prospective controlled trial was performed to determine the effect of MARS treatment on 30-day survival in patients with type I HRS at high risk (bilirubin level, > or =15 mg/dL) compared with standard treatment. Thirteen patients with cirrhosis with type I HRS were included from 1997 to 1999. All were Child's class C, with Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores of 12.4 +/- 1. 0, United Network for Organ Sharing status 2A, and total bilirubin values of 25.7 +/- 14.0 mg/dL. Eight patients were treated with the MARS method in addition to hemodiafiltration (HDF) and standard medical therapy, and 5 patients were in the control group (HDF and standard medical treatment alone). None of these patients underwent liver transplantation or received a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or vasopressin analogues during the observation period. In the MARS group, 5.2 +/- 3.6 treatments (range, 1 to 10 treatments) were performed for 6 to 8 hours daily per patient. A significant decrease in bilirubin and creatinine levels (P <.01) and increase in serum sodium level and prothrombin activity (P <.01) were observed in the MARS group. Mortality rates were 100% in the control group at day 7 and 62.5% in the MARS group at day 7 and 75% at day 30, respectively (P <.01). We conclude that the removal of albumin-bound substances with the MARS method can contribute to the treatment of type I HRS.  (+info)

Long term outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in non-transplant cirrhotics with hepatorenal syndrome: a phase II study. (3/89)

BACKGROUND: Recent small studies on hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) indicate some clinical benefit after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPS) but sufficient long term data are lacking. AIM: We studied prospectively feasibility, safety, and long term survival after TIPS in 41 non-transplantable cirrhotics with HRS (phase II study). PATIENTS AND METHODS: HRS was diagnosed using current criteria (severe (type I) HRS, n=21; moderate (type II) HRS, n=20). Thirty one patients (14 type I, 17 type II) received TIPS (8-10 mm) while advanced liver failure excluded shunting in 10. During follow up (median 24 months) we analysed renal function and survival (Kaplan-Meier). RESULTS: TIPS markedly reduced the portal pressure gradient (21 (5) to 13 (4) mm Hg (mean (SD)); p<0.001) with one procedure related death (3.2%). Renal function deteriorated without TIPS but improved (p<0.001) within two weeks after TIPS (creatinine clearance 18 (15) to 48 (42) ml/min; sodium excretion 9 (16) to 77 (78) mmol/24 hours) and stabilised thereafter. Following TIPS, three, six, 12, and 18 month survival rates were 81%, 71%, 48%, and 35%, respectively. As only 10% of non-shunted patients survived three months, total survival rates were 63%, 56%, 39%, and 29%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed bilirubin (p<0.001) and HRS type (p<0.05) as independent survival predictors after TIPS. CONCLUSIONS: TIPS provides long term renal function and probably survival benefits in the majority of non-transplantable cirrhotics with HRS. These data warrant controlled trials evaluating TIPS in the management of HRS.  (+info)

Alcoholic hepatitis-the case for intensive management. (4/89)

Alcoholic hepatitis is a common condition with a high mortality. Although treatment options for established alcoholic hepatitis are limited, many of the complications of this condition are preventable. This case report and discussion illustrate the important role of early diagnosis and intervention in this patient group. Important management points are stressed to aid physicians who may encounter this condition rarely.  (+info)

Microcomputed tomography of kidneys following chronic bile duct ligation. (5/89)

BACKGROUND: In hepatic cirrhosis, renal sodium and water retention can occur prior to decreases in renal blood flow (RBF). This may be explained in part by redistribution of the intrarenal microcirculation toward the juxtamedullary nephrons. To appreciate this three-dimensional spatial redistribution better, we examined the intrarenal microcirculatory changes using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) in rats subjected to chronic bile duct ligation (CBDL). METHODS: Six kidneys from control rats and eight kidneys from rats that had undergone CBDL for 21 days were perfusion fixed in situ at physiological pressure, perfused with silicon-based Microfil containing lead chromate, embedded in plastic, and scanned by micro-CT. The microvasculature in the reconstructed three-dimensional renal images was studied using computerized image-analysis techniques. To determine the physiological condition of the rats, parallel experiments were conducted on six control and six CBDL rats to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), RBF, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine flow (UF) rate, and sodium excretion by conventional methods. RESULTS: The percentage of vasculature in the renal cortex from CBDL rats was significantly decreased (10.8 +/- 0.4% vs. 16.8 +/- 2.7% control values). However, the vascular volume fractions of the medullary tissues were not significantly altered. There were no significant differences in the number of glomeruli between groups (36,430 +/- 1908 CBDLs, 36,609 +/- 3167 controls). The CBDL rats had a similar GFR than the controls but a reduced MAP, RBF, UF, and sodium excretion. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that after CBDL, there is a selective decrease in cortical vascular filling, which may contribute to the salt and water retention that accompanies cirrhosis.  (+info)

Pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. (6/89)

Disturbance of the circulatory system frequently occurs in patients with cirrhosis. Cardiac index and plasma volume increase whereas mean arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance decrease. Marked disturbance in vasoconstrictor and natriuretic systems also exist with activation mediators such as plasma renin, plasma noradrenaline, antidiuretic hormone and endothelin. Renal factors contribute to the pathogenesis of ascites formation although the exact mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. Several theories exist in relation to pathogenesis although none to date fully explain all of the findings observed in clinical practice. In this review, we examine the mechanisms that contribute to the development of ascites in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.  (+info)

Leptospirosis in the causation of hepato-renal syndrome in and around Pune. (7/89)

Fifty cases of hepato-renal dysfunction of unknown etiology were studied over a two-year period. Urine samples were examined microscopically and cultured for Leptospira. Serum samples were examined for antibodies against Leptospira by the Macroscopic slide agglutination test (MSAT). Seventeen out of fifty patients (34%) showed evidence of Leptospiral infection by at least two diagnostic techniques used. 15/17 i.e. 88.2% were positive by dark ground microscopy, 7/17 were diagnosed by culture technique and 16/17 i.e. 94% were confirmed by serology. There was a good correlation between Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and MSAT. Thus Leptospires seem to play a major role in the causation of hepato-renal dysfunction in and around Pune, Maharashtra.  (+info)

Current management and novel therapeutic strategies for refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. (8/89)

The circulatory disturbances seen in advanced cirrhosis lead to the development of ascites, which can become refractory to diet and medical therapy. These abnormalities may progress and cause a functional renal failure known as the hepatorenal syndrome. Management of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome is a therapeutic challenge, and if appropriate, liver transplantation remains the best treatment. New therapeutic options have recently appeared, including the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and selective splanchnic vasoconstrictor agents, which may improve renal function and act as a bridge to transplantation.  (+info)

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a serious complication that primarily affects people with advanced liver disease, particularly those with cirrhosis. It's characterized by functional renal failure in the absence of structural kidney damage. This means that the kidneys stop working properly, but if they were to be removed and examined, there would be no obvious physical reason for their failure.

The medical definition of hepatorenal syndrome includes specific diagnostic criteria:

1. Presence of liver cirrhosis or fulminant hepatic failure.
2. Evidence of impaired liver function, such as ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen) and elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood.
3. Functional renal failure, defined as a serum creatinine level greater than 1.5 mg/dL or a doubling of the baseline creatinine to a level above 1.5 mg/dL in patients with previously normal renal function.
4. Absence of structural kidney damage, confirmed by a normal urinalysis (no protein or red blood cells in the urine), a high urine sodium concentration (greater than 10 mEq/L), and a low fractional excretion of sodium (less than 1%).
5. No alternative explanation for renal failure, such as sepsis, hypovolemia, or use of nephrotoxic medications.

Hepatorenal syndrome is further divided into two types:

- Type 1 HRS: This form is characterized by a rapid and severe decline in kidney function, with a doubling of the serum creatinine to a level greater than 2.5 mg/dL within two weeks. Type 1 HRS has a poor prognosis, with a median survival time of about two weeks if left untreated.
- Type 2 HRS: This form is characterized by a more gradual and modest decline in kidney function, with a serum creatinine level persistently above 1.5 mg/dL. Type 2 HRS has a better prognosis than type 1, but it still significantly worsens the overall survival of patients with liver cirrhosis.

Hepatorenal syndrome is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis and other forms of advanced liver disease. It requires prompt recognition and treatment to improve outcomes and prevent further deterioration of kidney function.

Lypressin is a synthetic analogue of a natural hormone called vasopressin, which is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. The primary function of vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is to regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys.

Lypressin has similar physiological effects to vasopressin and is used in medical treatments for conditions related to the regulation of water balance, such as diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and the production of large amounts of dilute urine due to a deficiency in vasopressin or an impaired response to it.

In summary, Lypressin is a synthetic form of vasopressin, a hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys. It is used as a therapeutic agent for treating diabetes insipidus and related conditions.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure in which a thin needle or catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall to remove excess fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is also known as abdominal tap or paracentesis aspiration. The fluid removed, called ascites, can be analyzed for infection, malignant cells, or other signs of disease. Paracentesis may be performed to relieve symptoms caused by the buildup of excess fluid in the abdomen, such as pain, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite. It is commonly used to diagnose and manage conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney failure.

Ascites is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the organs within it. This buildup of fluid can cause the belly to swell and become distended. Ascites can be caused by various medical conditions, including liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney disease. The accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity can lead to complications such as infection, reduced mobility, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for ascites depends on the underlying cause and may include diuretics, paracentesis (a procedure to remove excess fluid from the abdomen), or treatment of the underlying medical condition.

Alcoholic hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the liver caused by excessive alcohol consumption. It is a type of hepatitis that specifically results from alcohol abuse, rather than from viral infections or other causes. The condition can vary in severity, and long-term heavy drinking increases the risk of developing alcoholic hepatitis.

The inflammation in alcoholic hepatitis can lead to symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and fever. In severe cases, it can cause liver failure, which may be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves alcohol abstinence, supportive care, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent further liver damage. In some cases, hospitalization and more intensive treatments may be necessary.

Felypressin is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, which is a natural hormone produced by the pituitary gland in humans and other mammals. The chemical name for Felypressin is O-ethyl-L-tryptophan,8-D-arginine vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in some dental and medical procedures to reduce bleeding.

Vasopressin is a potent antidiuretic hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Felypressin, on the other hand, has minimal antidiuretic activity but is a powerful vasoconstrictor, which means it narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure.

Felypressin is often used in local anesthetic solutions for dental procedures to prolong the duration of anesthesia and reduce bleeding. It is usually administered in combination with other local anesthetics such as lidocaine or prilocaine. The use of Felypressin has been associated with some adverse effects, including nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions. Therefore, it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

A Peritoneovenous Shunt is a medical device used to treat severe ascites, a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the abdominal cavity. The shunt consists of a small tube or catheter that is surgically implanted into the abdominal cavity and connected to another tube that is inserted into a vein, usually in the chest or neck.

The shunt works by allowing the excess fluid in the abdomen to flow through the tube and into the bloodstream, where it can be eliminated from the body through the kidneys. This helps to alleviate the symptoms of ascites, such as abdominal pain and swelling, and can improve the patient's quality of life.

Peritoneovenous shunts are typically used in patients who have not responded to other treatments for ascites, such as diuretics or paracentesis (a procedure in which excess fluid is drained from the abdomen using a needle and syringe). While peritoneovenous shunts can be effective in managing ascites, they do carry some risks, including infection, bleeding, and blockage of the shunt. As with any surgical procedure, it's important for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks with their healthcare provider before deciding whether a peritoneovenous shunt is right for them.

Albumins are a type of protein found in various biological fluids, including blood plasma. The most well-known albumin is serum albumin, which is produced by the liver and is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Serum albumin plays several important roles in the body, such as maintaining oncotic pressure (which helps to regulate fluid balance in the body), transporting various substances (such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs), and acting as an antioxidant.

Albumins are soluble in water and have a molecular weight ranging from 65,000 to 69,000 daltons. They are composed of a single polypeptide chain that contains approximately 585 amino acid residues. The structure of albumin is characterized by a high proportion of alpha-helices and beta-sheets, which give it a stable, folded conformation.

In addition to their role in human physiology, albumins are also used as diagnostic markers in medicine. For example, low serum albumin levels may indicate liver disease, malnutrition, or inflammation, while high levels may be seen in dehydration or certain types of kidney disease. Albumins may also be used as a replacement therapy in patients with severe protein loss, such as those with nephrotic syndrome or burn injuries.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

A Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) is a medical procedure that creates an alternative pathway for blood flow from the portal vein to the hepatic vein within the liver. This shunt is composed of a stent, which is a small metal tube that is inserted into the liver using a long needle that is passed through a vein in the neck (jugular vein).

TIPS is typically used to treat complications of portal hypertension, such as variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic hydrothorax. By creating a shunt that bypasses the liver, TIPS reduces the pressure in the portal vein, which can help to alleviate these symptoms. However, because the shunt allows blood to bypass the liver, it can also impair liver function and lead to other complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy.

It is important to note that TIPS is a complex procedure that should only be performed by experienced interventional radiologists in a hospital setting with appropriate medical backup and monitoring capabilities.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Liver failure is a serious condition in which the liver is no longer able to perform its normal functions, such as removing toxins and waste products from the blood, producing bile to help digest food, and regulating blood clotting. This can lead to a buildup of toxins in the body, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and an increased risk of bleeding. Liver failure can be acute (sudden) or chronic (developing over time). Acute liver failure is often caused by medication toxicity, viral hepatitis, or other sudden illnesses. Chronic liver failure is most commonly caused by long-term damage from conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

It's important to note that Liver Failure is a life threatening condition and need immediate medical attention.

Vasoconstrictor agents are substances that cause the narrowing of blood vessels by constricting the smooth muscle in their walls. This leads to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow. They work by activating the sympathetic nervous system, which triggers the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and epinephrine that bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls, causing them to contract.

Vasoconstrictor agents are used medically for a variety of purposes, including:

* Treating hypotension (low blood pressure)
* Controlling bleeding during surgery or childbirth
* Relieving symptoms of nasal congestion in conditions such as the common cold or allergies

Examples of vasoconstrictor agents include phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and epinephrine. It's important to note that prolonged use or excessive doses of vasoconstrictor agents can lead to rebound congestion and other adverse effects, so they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, is a rapid loss of kidney function that occurs over a few hours or days. It is defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours or an increase in the creatinine level to more than 1.5 times baseline, which is known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days, or a urine volume of less than 0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.

AKI can be caused by a variety of conditions, including decreased blood flow to the kidneys, obstruction of the urinary tract, exposure to toxic substances, and certain medications. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the injury and providing supportive care, such as dialysis, to help maintain kidney function until the injury resolves.

Portal hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the intestines, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. Normal portal venous pressure is approximately 5-10 mmHg. Portal hypertension is defined as a portal venous pressure greater than 10 mmHg.

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to scarring and narrowing of the small blood vessels in the liver, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow. Other causes include blood clots in the portal vein, inflammation of the liver or bile ducts, and invasive tumors that block the flow of blood through the liver.

Portal hypertension can lead to a number of complications, including the development of abnormal blood vessels (varices) in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which are prone to bleeding. Ascites, or the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is another common complication of portal hypertension. Other potential complications include encephalopathy, which is a condition characterized by confusion, disorientation, and other neurological symptoms, and an increased risk of bacterial infections.

Treatment of portal hypertension depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Medications to reduce pressure in the portal vein, such as beta blockers or nitrates, may be used. Endoscopic procedures to band or inject varices can help prevent bleeding. In severe cases, surgery or liver transplantation may be necessary.

Liver diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the normal functioning of the liver. The liver is a vital organ responsible for various critical functions such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Liver diseases can be categorized into acute and chronic forms. Acute liver disease comes on rapidly and can be caused by factors like viral infections (hepatitis A, B, C, D, E), drug-induced liver injury, or exposure to toxic substances. Chronic liver disease develops slowly over time, often due to long-term exposure to harmful agents or inherent disorders of the liver.

Common examples of liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver tissue), fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases, genetic/hereditary liver disorders (like Wilson's disease and hemochromatosis), and liver cancers. Symptoms may vary widely depending on the type and stage of the disease but could include jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent progression and potential complications associated with liver diseases.

Tyrosinemia is a rare genetic disorder that affects the way the body metabolizes the amino acid tyrosine, which is found in many protein-containing foods. There are three types of tyrosinemia, but type I, also known as hepatorenal tyrosinemia or Hawkins' syndrome, is the most severe and common form.

Tyrosinemia type I is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase, which is necessary for the breakdown of tyrosine in the body. As a result, toxic intermediates accumulate and can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Symptoms of tyrosinemia type I may include failure to thrive, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, jaundice, and mental developmental delays.

If left untreated, tyrosinemia type I can lead to serious complications such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, kidney damage, and neurological problems. Treatment typically involves a low-tyrosine diet, medication to reduce tyrosine production, and sometimes liver transplantation. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes in individuals with tyrosinemia type I.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Acute liver failure is a sudden and severe loss of liver function that occurs within a few days or weeks. It can be caused by various factors such as drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis, or metabolic disorders. In acute liver failure, the liver cannot perform its vital functions, including protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The symptoms of acute liver failure include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), coagulopathy (bleeding disorders), hepatic encephalopathy (neurological symptoms such as confusion, disorientation, and coma), and elevated levels of liver enzymes in the blood. Acute liver failure is a medical emergency that requires immediate hospitalization and treatment, which may include medications, supportive care, and liver transplantation.

The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome is based on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible to the condition. Two forms of ... Hepatorenal syndrome is a particular and common type of kidney failure that affects individuals with liver cirrhosis or, less ... The classification of hepatorenal syndrome identifies two categories of kidney failure, termed type 1 and type 2 HRS, which ... The risk of death in hepatorenal syndrome is very high; the mortality of individuals with type 1 HRS is over 50% over the short ...
Hepatorenal syndrome is a serious complication of end-stage cirrhosis when kidney damage is also involved. People with ascites ... Francoz C, Durand F, Kahn JA, Genyk YS, Nadim MK (May 2019). "Hepatorenal Syndrome". Clinical Journal of the American Society ... Piano S, Tonon M, Angeli P (February 2018). "Management of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome". Hepatology International. 12 ( ... Masoodi I, Farooq O, Singh R, Ahmad N, Bhat M, Wani A (January 2009). "Courveilhier baumgarten syndrome: a rare syndrome ...
Guevara M, Rodés J (2005). "Hepatorenal syndrome". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 37 (1): 22-6. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.06.007. ... TIPS has shown some promise for people with hepatorenal syndrome. It may also help with ascites. Severe procedural ...
Pierre Versin is one of the pioneers in the study of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with liver impairment. Great efforts have ... 15 mg/dl (255 μmol/L), not responding to standard medical care alter 3 days Renal dysfunction or hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatic ... Arroyo, V (May 2000). "New treatments for hepatorenal syndrome". Liver Transplantation. 6 (3): 287-9. doi:10.1053/lv.2000.7569 ... Cárdenas, A; Ginès, P (June 2006). "Therapy insight: Management of hepatorenal syndrome". Nature Clinical Practice ...
Explanation of Hepatorenal Syndrome on MedlinePlus Armstrong, Lawrence E.; Herrera Soto, Jorge A.; Hacker, Frank T. Jr.; Casa, ... hepatorenal syndrome, decreased blood flow to the kidney (especially as a result of heart failure), and an excess of ... antidiuretic hormone caused by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. A specific gravity greater than ...
It is also used with octreotide for hepatorenal syndrome; the proposed mechanism is constriction of splanchnic vessels and ...
Complications may include spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and thrombosis. Portal vein thrombosis and ... Serositis Nephrotic syndrome Hereditary angioedema Other rare causes[citation needed] Meigs syndrome Vasculitis Hypothyroidism ... as well as detecting Budd-Chiari syndrome (thrombosis of the hepatic vein) and portal vein thrombosis. The sonographer also can ... Budd-Chiari syndrome or veno-occlusive disease Constrictive pericarditis Kwashiorkor (childhood protein-energy malnutrition) ...
Her research work is in the areas of portal hypertension, development of ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and kidney injury in ... Most notably she has demonstrated the effectiveness of terlipressin and albumin in the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome ... "Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome". N Engl J Med. 384 (9): 818-828. doi:10.1056/ ...
Indications for use include norepinephrine-resistant septic shock and hepatorenal syndrome. In addition, it is used to treat ... Terlipressin is indicated to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome with rapid reduction in kidney ... "FDA approves treatment to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome". FDA. 14 September 2022. Archived from ... an effective and safe therapy of hepatorenal syndrome". J Hepatol. 33 (1): 43-8. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80158-0. PMID ...
His vacation there had been interrupted by upper gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatorenal syndrome; the ultimate cause of ...
September 2007). "Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in ...
In the acute setting, this may be a cause of hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome. Other causes of chronic liver ... Peutz-Jeghers syndrome can cause dark spots on the oral mucosa or on the lips or the skin around the mouth. Several GI diseases ... Gardner's syndrome can be associated with failure of tooth eruption, supernumerary teeth, and dentigerous cysts. ... In severe cases, pancreatitis may lead to rapid blood loss and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. When the pancreas is ...
"Magnetic resonance elastography in the detection of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis and ascites". European ...
... bleeding from esophageal varices and hepatorenal syndrome. TIPS-related encephalopathy occurs in about 30% of cases, with the ...
... may be used in conjunction with midodrine to partially reverse peripheral vasodilation in the hepatorenal syndrome. ... and albumin improves survival in patients with type 1 and type 2 hepatorenal syndrome". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. ... diarrhea and flushing episodes associated with carcinoid syndrome, and diarrhea in people with vasoactive intestinal peptide- ... with adrenergic or serotonergic agents have previously met with little or only brief success in treating this syndrome." In ...
... and hepatorenal syndrome, passing away at 31 months. Cortes Lacassie syndrome is a form of ectodermal dysplasia, postulated to ... Cortes Lacassie syndrome is considered a rare disease and has only been recorded in one case, leading to death at 31 months. ... Cortes Lacassie syndrome is a rare disease that is characterized by seizures, abnormalities in nails, hair and teeth, and ... "Cortes Lacassie syndrome - CheckOrphan". www.checkorphan.org. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 2017-04-24. (Articles with short ...
... hepatorenal syndrome, and liver cancer. Causes of hepatitis can be divided into the following major categories: infectious, ... and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguished by the pattern of liver enzyme ... and is instead strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia ...
Cautious attention is given to maintaining hemodynamic stability, although if hepatorenal syndrome has developed the prognosis ...
... typically caused by either hepatorenal syndrome or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In some cases, acute kidney failure may ...
... improves survival at 28 days by decreasing rates of infection and hepatorenal syndrome. Liver Transplantation: Early liver ... "Liver Disease in Heavy Drinkers With and Without Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome". Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research. 28 ...
... hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatopulmonary syndrome.[citation needed] In an Egyptian study, abnormally high levels of aflatoxin ... Davenport, M; Savage, M; Mowat, AP; Howard, ER (June 1993). "Biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome: an etiologic and ... Alagille syndrome, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Byler disease (progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis), Caroli ... "The biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome: A 28-year single-center retrospective study". The Journal of Pediatrics. 149 ...
... with some studies demonstrating a reduction in risk of hepatorenal syndrome.[citation needed] Pentoxifylline has been used to ...
... hepatorenal syndrome, hypopituitarism, malabsorption syndromes, and malnutrition. Acanthocytosis secondary to malnourishment, ... ISBN 978-0-07174889-6. Haldeman-Englert, C; Zieve, D. (August 4, 2011). "Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome". Pub Med Health. National ... They are seen on blood films in abetalipoproteinemia, liver disease, chorea acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, and several ... Alteration in membrane structural proteins are seen in neuroacanthocytosis and McLeod syndrome. In liver dysfunction, ...
In 1966 Wang was held in Shanghai First Detention Center, where he died in August 1971 due to hepatorenal syndrome, at the age ...
GSD type XI (GSD 11): Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (GLUT2 deficiency), hepatorenal glycogenosis with renal Fanconi syndrome, no ... Also, Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (gene SLC2A2) and Danon disease (gene LAMP2) were declassed as GSDs due to being defects of ...
... insult such as paracetamol resulting in acute tubular necrosis or from hyperdynamic circulation leading to hepatorenal syndrome ... O'Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R (1993). "Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes". Lancet. 342 (8866): 273-5. doi: ... Reye syndrome is acute liver failure in a child with a viral infection (e.g. chickenpox); it appears that aspirin use may play ... of all ALF patients fulfil the criteria for systemic inflammatory syndrome irrespective of presence or absence of infection. ...
... leading to cardiorenal syndrome), hepatorenal syndrome in the context of liver cirrhosis, and local changes to the blood ... Other causes of intrinsic AKI are rhabdomyolysis and tumor lysis syndrome. Certain medication classes such as calcineurin ...
... including hepatic encephalopathy and the hepatorenal syndrome. Cirrhosis can also result from other causes than hazardous ...
... varices and rectal varices Synthetic dysfunction Hypoalbuminaemia Coagulopathy Hepatopulmonary syndrome Hepatorenal syndrome ... Excessive alcohol use Obesity Metabolic syndrome including raised blood lipids Health care professionals who are exposed to ...
A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E Hepatoblastoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatorenal syndrome Hepatorenal ... Mcdonald syndrome Hunter-Jurenka-Thompson syndrome Hunter-Macpherson syndrome Hunter-Mcalpine syndrome Hunter-Mcdonald syndrome ... child Heavy metal poisoning HEC syndrome Hecht-Scott syndrome Heckenlively syndrome Heide syndrome Heliophobia HELLP syndrome ... Houlston-Ironton-Temple syndrome Howard-Young syndrome Howel-Evans syndrome Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome Hoyeraal syndrome HSV ...
The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome is based on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible to the condition. Two forms of ... Hepatorenal syndrome is a particular and common type of kidney failure that affects individuals with liver cirrhosis or, less ... The classification of hepatorenal syndrome identifies two categories of kidney failure, termed type 1 and type 2 HRS, which ... The risk of death in hepatorenal syndrome is very high; the mortality of individuals with type 1 HRS is over 50% over the short ...
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the development of renal failure in patients with advanced chronic liver disease, occasionally ... encoded search term (Hepatorenal Syndrome) and Hepatorenal Syndrome What to Read Next on Medscape ... Management of Hepatorenal Syndrome-Acute Kidney Injury for the Liver Transplant Team 0.75 CME / ABIM MOC Credits ... Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the development of renal failure in patients with advanced chronic liver disease [1] and, ...
Previous studies using varying medication doses along with the old definition of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS type 1) rather ... Background & aims: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) can occur in patients with cirrhosis and ascites due to splanchnic vasodilation, ... Current Pharmacologic Therapies for Hepatorenal Syndrome-Acute Kidney Injury Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Sep;21(10S):S27- ... Previous studies using varying medication doses along with the "old" definition of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS type 1) rather ...
Keywords: COVID-19, Hepatorenal syndrome, Pathophysiology, Clinical assessment, Management, Prognosis Core Tip: There have been ... Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the occurrence of kidney dysfunction in patients with severe CLD/fulminant liver failure in the ... There are few reports noting the onset of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in the face of COVID-19 infection. Occurrence of HRS in ... Wu HHL, Athwal VS, Kalra PA, Chinnadurai R. COVID-19 and hepatorenal syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(39): 5666-5678 [ ...
Core tip: The available evidence for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-1) was evaluated. The role of ... Therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: A Delphi technique-based consensus ... Therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: A Delphi technique-based consensus. World J Hepatol ...
... and clinical outcomes for patients with hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI). ... Management of Hepatorenal Syndrome-Acute Kidney Injury for the Liver Transplant Team. *Authors: Paul Y. Kwo, MD, FACG, FAASLD, ... Management of Hepatorenal Syndrome-Acute Kidney Injury for the Liver Transplant Team. Authors: Paul Y. Kwo, MD, FACG, FAASLD, ...
Hepatorenal Syndrome Treatment Market size was valued at $11.01 Bn & is projected to reach $16.03 Bn by 2028, growing at a CAGR ... 6.2 Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome. 6.3 Type 2 Hepatorenal Syndrome. 7 GLOBAL HEPATORENAL SYNDROME TREATMENT MARKET, BY END-USER. ... Type 2 Hepatorenal Syndrome. Based on Type, The market is segmented into Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome and Type 2 Hepatorenal ... What segments are covered in the Hepatorenal Syndrome Treatment Market Report? The Global Hepatorenal Syndrome Treatment Market ...
Recovery from Hepatorenal Syndrome after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 289 (22). 1155 - ...
"Hepatorenal Syndrome" by people in this website by year, and whether "Hepatorenal Syndrome" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Hepatorenal Syndrome" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Hepatorenal Syndrome" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Hepatorenal Syndrome". ...
Introduction to Hepato Renal Syndrome Hepato Renal Syndrome (HRS) is a life-threatening condition that affects the liver and ... Introduction to Hepato Renal Syndrome. Hepato Renal Syndrome (HRS) is a life-threatening condition that affects the liver and ... Types of Hepato Renal Syndrome. Type 1 HRS: Rapidly progressive kidney failure with a median survival of less than 2 weeks.. ... Hepato Renal Syndrome is a serious condition characterized by kidney failure in patients with advanced liver disease.. Early ...
... and homeopathic treatment for hepatorenal syndrome provided by Dr. G. P. Singhs clinic. ... Homeopathy Medicine for Hepatorenal Syndrome By Dr G.P.Singh On Aug 26, 2022. 89 ... Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)People with advanced liver disease are more likely to develop HRS, a condition that can be fatal and ... Causes of Hepatorenal Syndrome. Although advanced liver disease patients can develop HRS, the exact reason why this happens and ...
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An interesting review of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) by Fagundes and Ginès was recently published in the American Journal of ... Test Your Knowledge: Hepatorenal Syndrome Anagrams. Posted on April 19, 2012 by AJKDblog in Anagram // 0 Comments ... An interesting review of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) by Fagundes and Ginès was recently published in the American Journal of ...
Cirrhosis causes Hepatorenal Syndrome. How? Cirrhosis causes severe liver scarring that makes it completely dysfunctional at ... What is Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)?. Hepatorenal Syndrome is a type of renal failure that occurs in people with advanced liver ... What causes Hepatorenal Syndrome?. Hepatorenal Syndrome is a complicated liver disease which is mainly caused by cirrhosis of ... Does Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) have any types? If yes, define them. Depending on the severity of the kidneys, HRS is of two ...
Terlivaz is the first and only FDA-approved product indicated to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome ( ... About Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS). Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) involving rapid reduction in kidney function1 is an acute and life ... Hepatorenal Syndrome. Available at: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hepatorenal-syndrome/. Accessed August 9, 2022.. 3 ... FDA Approves Terlivaz (terlipressin) for the Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS). CliniExpert • 2022/09/21. ...
Items in AHRO are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.. ...
Terlipressin plus albumin for the treatment of Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021 Mar 4;384(9): ... Terlipressin plus albumin for the treatment of Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 2021 ; Vol. ... BACKGROUND The vasoconstrictor terlipressin is used for type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-1) in many parts of the world and is ... Terlipressin plus albumin for the treatment of Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome. / CONFIRM Study Investigators. In: New England ...
Ocelot Bio is currently enrolling patients in a Phase 2 clinical trial of OCE-205 in hepatorenal syndrome with acute kidney ... "Receiving Orphan Drug Designation for OCE-205 underscores the urgent unmet medical need for patients with hepatorenal syndrome ... for its lead candidate OCE-205 for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. ...
Types of hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatorenal syndrome progression may be slow (type II) or rapid (type I). [36] Type I disease ... How is hepatorenal syndrome diagnosed in cirrhosis?. What are the treatment options for hepatorenal syndrome in patients with ... Hepatorenal syndrome - Kidney function usually recovers when patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome undergo liver ... Hepatorenal Syndrome. This syndrome represents a continuum of renal dysfunction that may be observed in patients with a ...
Types of hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatorenal syndrome progression may be slow (type II) or rapid (type I). [36] Type I disease ... How is hepatorenal syndrome diagnosed in cirrhosis?. What are the treatment options for hepatorenal syndrome in patients with ... Hepatorenal syndrome - Kidney function usually recovers when patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome undergo liver ... Hepatorenal Syndrome. This syndrome represents a continuum of renal dysfunction that may be observed in patients with a ...
Hepatorenal syndrome K91.82 Postprocedural hepatic failure K91.83 Postprocedural hepatorenal syndrome O90.4 Postpartum acute ...
Treatment for hepatorenal syndrome in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis answers are found in ... "Treatment for Hepatorenal Syndrome in People With Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis: a Network Meta‐analysis." Cochrane Abstracts, ... Treatment for hepatorenal syndrome in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis. In Cochrane Abstracts ... Treatment for hepatorenal syndrome in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Abstracts. ...
Return to Article Details Is Hepatorenal Syndrome a Diagnosis for the Emergency Physician ...
Learn more about hepatorenal syndrome in our HRS Resource Center.. Jaundice. Our red blood cells have a substance in them ... Hepatorenal Syndrome. The liver is the largest filter in the body but works closely with our kidneys to eliminate waste from ... Hepatorenal syndrome can also occur when someone has decompensated cirrhosis.. Varices. When blood cannot flow through the ... Hepatorenal Syndrome. Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP) Jaundice in NewbornsLiver Cysts ...
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES). PRES is a rare condition that affects the brain and can cause death. The ...
Background & Aims: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type 1 is a progressive functional renal failure in subjects with advanced liver ... N2 - Background & Aims: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type 1 is a progressive functional renal failure in subjects with advanced ... AB - Background & Aims: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type 1 is a progressive functional renal failure in subjects with advanced ... abstract = "Background & Aims: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) type 1 is a progressive functional renal failure in subjects with ...
The Hepatorenal Syndrome companies which have their Hepatorenal Syndrome drug candidates in the mid to advanced stage, i.e. ... Hepatorenal Syndrome Overview. Hepatorenal syndrome is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis with a critically poor ... Dive deep into rich insights for drugs for Hepatorenal Syndrome Pipeline, click here @ Hepatorenal Syndrome Unmet Needs and ... Key Takeaways from the Hepatorenal Syndrome Pipeline Report. *DelveInsights Hepatorenal Syndrome Pipeline analysis depicts a ...
Hepatorenal Syndrome. *Hernia. *Hernia Repair. *Heterotopic Liver Transplant. *Hiatal Hernia Repair. *Hickman Catheter ...
  • Hepatorenal syndrome (often abbreviated HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome is a particular and common type of kidney failure that affects individuals with liver cirrhosis or, less commonly, with fulminant liver failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • The classification of hepatorenal syndrome identifies two categories of kidney failure, termed type 1 and type 2 HRS, which both occur in individuals with either cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a type of renal failure that occurs in patients with advanced cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a devastating and relatively frequent consequence of hepatic cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome is a functional renal failure that occurs in patients with advanced cirrhosis and in the absence of parenchymal kidney disease. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome is a condition in which there is progressive kidney failure that occurs in a person with cirrhosis of the liver. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Wong F, Raina N, Richardson R. Molecular adsorbent recirculating system is ineffective in the management of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome in patients with cirrhosis with ascites who have failed vasoconstrictor treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. (medscape.com)
  • We review salient 2021 guidance recommendations to provide brief pearls for diagnosis and management of ascites and relevant conditions associated with decompensated cirrhosis, such as hyponatremia, hepatic hydrothorax, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome, and use of transjugular intrahepatic shunt. (ccjm.org)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS1) is a severe complication of liver cirrhosis with ascites. (medscape.com)
  • ACLF is a newly recognised syndrome that is observed in patients with chronic liver disease with or without cirrhosis that is associated with the potential for multiple organ failure and high short-term mortality within 4 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a particularly challenging complication of end-stage cirrhosis, and represents an archetype of multi-organ failure. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) contributes to 20%-30% of cases or renal dysfunction in patients who are hospitalised with cirrhosis. (medscape.com)
  • Background: Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and the hepatorenal syndrome is a serious complication. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Risk factors for hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in alcoholic liver cirrhosis are not entirely explored. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Diagnostical significance of dimethylarginine in the development of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis by: Ničković Vanja, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is prerenal failure specific to decompensated cirrhosis. (wustl.edu)
  • New onset or worsening encephalopathy, ascites or hepatorenal syndrome can occur in patients with Child-Pugh B or C cirrhosis. (nih.gov)
  • 14. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. (nih.gov)
  • HRS-1 is an acute and life-threatening syndrome involving acute kidney failure in people with cirrhosis. (mallinckrodt.com)
  • This propensity-matched analysis found that the proportion of patients with cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndrome was higher in the post-COVID-19 group compared with the pre-COVID-19 group. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Pericleous M, Sarnowski A, Moore A, Fijten R, Zaman M. The clinical management of abdominal ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: a review of current guidelines and recommendations. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion: Hepatorenal syndrome is a common complication of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. (eurekaselect.com)
  • In our study, high serum bilirubin, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium, and portal vein diameter are predictors of the development of hepatorenal syndrome in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. (eurekaselect.com)
  • 17. [Ascites, hepatorenal syndrome and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with portal hypertension]. (nih.gov)
  • In response to significant advances of antimicrobial resistance and studies comparing therapeutic options for ascites and hepatorenal syndrome, the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease published a new 2021 guidance 1 as a comprehensive guide for both outpatient and inpatient diagnostic evaluation and management of ascites, updated information regarding use of albumin, and specified definitions and management recommendations for hyponatremia. (ccjm.org)
  • We review the current standard of care and latest developments in the management of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Budd-Chiari Syndrome Budd-Chiari syndrome is obstruction of hepatic venous outflow that originates anywhere from the small hepatic veins inside the liver to the inferior vena cava and right atrium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients with hepatorenal syndrome had significantly lower sodium and albumin levels as well as higher creatinine, bilirubin, Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, portal vein diameter, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Low doses of terlipressin and albumin in the type I hepatorenal syndrome by: Davide Pulvirenti, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Despite intravenous fluid and albumin (1.5 g/kg) resuscitation, daptomycin, and piperacillin/azobactam, the patient experienced septic shock and hepatorenal syndrome, necessitating pressors. (cdc.gov)
  • Terlipressin plus Albumin for the Treatment of Type 1 Hepatorenal Syndrome. (criticalcarereviews.com)
  • In this review, we examine the clinical features and differential diagnoses of this group of syndromes, including autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), juvenile nephronophthisis (NPHP), Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS), Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), and Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD). (bmj.com)
  • This study aimed to detect the incidence and predictive factors of hepatorenal syndrome in these patients. (eurekaselect.com)
  • STAINES-UPON-THAMES, United Kingdom , April 22, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Mallinckrodt plc (NYSE: MNK), a global biopharmaceutical company, today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for review the company's New Drug Application (NDA) for terlipressin, an investigational agent being evaluated for the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1). (mallinckrodt.com)
  • Development of ascites is associated with a reduction of 5-year survival from 80% to 30%, 1 , 2 largely associated with complications that include infection and hepatorenal syndrome. (ccjm.org)
  • [ 2 ] Hepatorenal syndrome carries a high mortality rate, with 95% of untreated patients with type 1 HRS dying within the first 30 days after onset. (medscape.com)
  • The hemodynamic pattern of patients with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is characterized by increased cardiac output, low arterial pressure, and reduced systemic vascular resistance. (medscape.com)
  • The nervous system in patients with cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome appeared to be affected at various tissue levels. (nih.gov)
  • Patients were divided into 2 groups after one week of treatment during the follow-up period: Group I: patients without hepatorenal syndrome, and Group II: patients with hepatorenal syndrome. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Results: A total of 30 patients (24.8%) developed hepatorenal syndrome. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Previous studies suggested increased mortality in patients with hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS1) and advanced acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). (medscape.com)
  • Contrary to traditional dogma, we previously reported that in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS-1), addition of IV furosemide (FURO) to vasoconstrictor therapy with norepinephrine (NE) results in enhanced diuresis without worsening the course of AKI. (asn-online.org)
  • Alcoholic hepatitis, one of the most serious forms of alcohol-induced liver disease, is characterized by progressive necro-inflammation of the liver resulting in a high, short-term mortality rate: up to 40 percent of patients with severe AH die within 6 months after the onset of the clinical syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • Guillain Barre Syndrome is an autoimmune disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (anaesthesiologists.org)
  • Multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of hepatorenal syndrome development. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Multivariate analysis detected that serum bilirubin, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium, and portal vein diameter were significant predictors of hepatorenal syndrome. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Predictors of hepatorenal synd. (uitm.edu.my)
  • In the 1950s, the clinical description of HRS by Sherlock, Popper, and Vessin emphasized the functional nature of the syndrome, the coexistence of systemic circulatory abnormalities, and its dismal prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • Background The pathogenetic mechanism of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is paradoxical renal vasoconstriction consequent upon systemic and splanchnic arterial vasodilatation. (bmj.com)
  • There are few reports noting the onset of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in the face of COVID-19 infection. (wjgnet.com)
  • Cystic lesions also affect the kidneys and their severity determines the clinical presentation and long term prognosis for many HRFC syndromes. (bmj.com)
  • Aim: To assess the risk factors for hepatorenal syndrome in alcoholic li. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis (AAH) is a syndrome of progressive inflammatory liver injury associated with long-term heavy intake of ethanol. (medandlife.org)
  • Hepatorenal Disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The congenital hepatorenal fibrocystic syndromes are a group of severe, mostly autosomal recessive, monogenic disorders that are characterised by a common pathological appearance, with the presentation of multiple defects in the liver and kidney as the most predominant feature. (bmj.com)
  • The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome is based on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible to the condition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome: the role of vasopressors. (wustl.edu)
  • Unlike type II, in type I hepatorenal syndrome the kidney failure improves with treatment and stabilizes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two forms of hepatorenal syndrome have been defined: Type 1 HRS entails a rapidly progressive decline in kidney function, while type 2 HRS is associated with ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen) that does not improve with standard diuretic medications. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arroyo V, Terra C, Gines P. Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of type-1 and type-2 hepatorenal syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Wong F, Moore K, Dingemanse J, Jalan R. Lack of renal improvement with nonselective endothelin antagonism with tezosentan in type 2 hepatorenal syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Although a similar syndrome may occur in acute liver failure , HRS is usually described in the context of chronic liver disease. (medscape.com)
  • The hepatorenal fibrocystic (HRFC) syndromes are a heterogeneous group of severe monogenic conditions that may be detected before birth. (bmj.com)
  • The syndrome involves constriction of the blood vessels of the kidneys and dilation of blood vessels in the splanchnic circulation, which supplies the intestines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hepatorenal syndrome occurs when the kidneys stop working well in people with serious liver problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Jamil K, Huang X, Lovelace B, Pham AT, Lodaya K, Wan G. The burden of illness of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) in the United States: a retrospective analysis of electronic health records. (medscape.com)
  • Commonly, HRFC syndromes present in the neonatal and paediatric age, with consistent developmental abnormalities mostly involving the liver and kidney. (bmj.com)
  • We review recent molecular advances in the recessive HRFC syndromes and discuss this hypothesis. (bmj.com)
  • Zusman RM, Axelrod L, Tolkoff-Rubin N. The treatment of the hepatorenal syndrome with intra-renal administration of prostaglandin E1. (medscape.com)
  • HEPATORENAL SYNDROME: A REVIEW by: Diana DIACONESCU, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • The molecular basis of a number of rarer HRFC syndromes remains unknown, and it is hoped that these insights might provide a rationale for the selection of candidate genes in the future, on the basis of protein function. (bmj.com)
  • Previously, it has been suggested that ARPKD, JATD, and Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) may arise from defects in differentiation in a common developmental pathway. (bmj.com)