HIV Enteropathy
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma
Celiac Disease
Encyclopedias as Topic
Glutens
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Special histologic stains are rarely beneficial for the evaluation of HIV-related gastrointestinal infections. (1/14)
During a 28-month period, endoscopic mucosal biopsy specimens from all HIV-infected patients were submitted for routine histologic evaluation. Immunoperoxidase staining for cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus antigens (esophagus), mycobacterial and fungal staining, and Gram staining of mucosal biopsy specimens were done. Special fungal and acid-fast stains were selectively performed in patients with absolute CD4 cell counts of less than 200 cells per microliter (200 x 10(6)/L) and/or with diarrhea and or wasting syndrome. Treatment was based on the endoscopic and histologic findings, and long-term follow-up was performed. The 121 symptomatic HIV-infected patients underwent 221 upper and/or lower endoscopies with 285 biopsy sites. The sensitivity and specificity of H&E staining for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus were 97% and 100%, respectively. The results of fungal and mycobacterial stains neither altered therapy nor identified previously undiagnosed infections in any patient. Long-term follow-up revealed no patient in whom an infection was missed on routine H&E, which affected outcome. Routine H&E staining is accurate for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients. Special histologic stains for fungal, mycobacterial, and viral infections did not increase the diagnostic yield or alter medical therapy but doubled the costs. (+info)Monocyte/macrophage traffic in HIV and SIV encephalitis. (2/14)
This short review focuses on the role of central nervous system (CNS) perivascular macrophages as targets of productive infection of the CNS. Data discussed include the importance of these cells as early targets of infection and their productive infection with AIDS. Many of the immune molecules on perivascular macrophages are also found on subsets of blood monocyte/macrophages, some of which are expanded during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These observations paired with the known bone marrow (BM) origin of perivascular macrophages and the BM as a site of HIV infection underscore the importance of the study of monocyte populations in the BM and blood, which are activated and infected as a source of virus that enters the CNS. Data presented and discussed herein suggest a role of HIV-infected BM-derived monocytes as "Trojan horse" cells that traffic to the CNS to become perivascular macrophages. The study of such cells including their timing of infection, activation, and traffic and the role of HIV-specific immune responses controlling their accumulation in the CNS warrant study with regard to CNS neuropathogenesis. (+info)HIV infection and the gastrointestinal immune system. (3/14)
(+info)Small intestine CD4+ cell reduction and enteropathy in simian/human immunodeficiency virus KS661-infected rhesus macaques in the presence of low viral load. (4/14)
(+info)Gastric and intestinal barrier impairment in tropical enteropathy and HIV: limited impact of micronutrient supplementation during a randomised controlled trial. (5/14)
(+info)Inflammation and epithelial cell injury in AIDS enteropathy: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress. (6/14)
(+info)Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in patients with HIV/AIDS by using a simplified iron hematoxylin technique. (7/14)
(+info)Enteropathies in the developing world: neglected effects on global health. (8/14)
(+info)HIV enteropathy is a term used to describe intestinal damage and dysfunction that can occur in people with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It is thought to be caused by the direct effects of the virus on the cells lining the intestine, as well as by the immune response to the virus.
The main features of HIV enteropathy include increased permeability of the intestinal lining (which can lead to the leakage of bacteria and other particles into the bloodstream), inflammation, and malabsorption of nutrients. This can result in a range of symptoms, such as chronic diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and malnutrition.
It's important to note that HIV enteropathy is not the same as opportunistic infections (OIs) of the gastrointestinal tract, which can also occur in people with HIV/AIDS. OIs are caused by other infectious agents (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) that take advantage of the weakened immune system in advanced HIV disease.
The diagnosis of HIV enteropathy is often one of exclusion, meaning that other potential causes of gastrointestinal symptoms must be ruled out first. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying opportunistic infections or other conditions, as well as providing supportive care to manage symptoms and optimize nutritional status. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is also a critical component of treatment, as it can help to restore immune function and reduce intestinal damage caused by the virus.
Protein-losing enteropathies (PLE) refer to a group of conditions characterized by excessive loss of proteins from the gastrointestinal tract into the intestinal lumen and ultimately into the stool. This results in hypoproteinemia, which is a decrease in the concentration of proteins in the bloodstream, particularly albumin.
The protein loss can occur due to various reasons such as increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa, lymphatic obstruction, or inflammatory processes affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes of PLE include conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal lymphangiectasia, celiac disease, Whipple's disease, and menetrier's disease.
Symptoms of PLE may include edema, ascites, weight loss, diarrhea, and fatigue. The diagnosis of PLE typically involves measuring the concentration of proteins in the stool, as well as other diagnostic tests to determine the underlying cause. Treatment of PLE depends on the underlying cause and may involve dietary modifications, medications, or surgical interventions.
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is a rare type of lymphoma that is associated with celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine triggered by gluten ingestion. EATL is a form of intestinal T-cell lymphoma and typically affects older adults, with a median age at diagnosis in the sixth to seventh decade of life.
EATL is characterized by the malignant transformation of T-cells, a type of white blood cell, that are present in the intestinal wall. The exact cause of EATL is not fully understood, but it is strongly associated with celiac disease and its complications, such as chronic inflammation and malabsorption.
Symptoms of EATL may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and intestinal obstruction or perforation. The diagnosis of EATL is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, endoscopy with biopsy, and laboratory tests.
Treatment for EATL usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery to remove the affected portion of the intestine. The prognosis for patients with EATL is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of less than 20%. However, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment may improve outcomes in some cases.
Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder in which the consumption of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, leads to damage in the small intestine. In people with celiac disease, their immune system reacts to gluten by attacking the lining of the small intestine, leading to inflammation and destruction of the villi - finger-like projections that help absorb nutrients from food.
This damage can result in various symptoms such as diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, anemia, and malnutrition. Over time, if left untreated, celiac disease can lead to serious health complications, including osteoporosis, infertility, neurological disorders, and even certain types of cancer.
The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet, which involves avoiding all foods, beverages, and products that contain gluten. With proper management, individuals with celiac disease can lead healthy lives and prevent further intestinal damage and related health complications.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
"Gluten" is not strictly defined as a medical term, but it refers to a group of proteins found in certain grains, including wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten gives these grains their elasticity and helps them maintain their shape, making it possible to bake breads and other baked goods.
From a medical perspective, gluten is significant because some people have adverse reactions to it. The two main conditions related to gluten are celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. In both cases, consuming gluten can lead to various symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress, fatigue, and skin rashes.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten causes damage to the small intestine lining, impairing nutrient absorption. On the other hand, non-celiac gluten sensitivity does not involve an immune response or intestinal damage but can still cause uncomfortable symptoms in some individuals.
It is essential to understand that a gluten-free diet should be medically recommended and supervised by healthcare professionals for those diagnosed with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, as it may lead to nutritional deficiencies if not properly managed.
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic, autoimmune blistering skin disorder that is characterized by the presence of symmetrical, pruritic (itchy), papulo-vesicular (papules and small fluid-filled blisters) eruptions on the extensor surfaces of the body, such as the elbows, knees, buttocks, and shoulders. It is often associated with gluten sensitivity or celiac disease, a condition that causes an abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
The exact cause of DH is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from the interaction between genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. The disorder is characterized by the presence of IgA antibodies in the skin, which trigger an immune response that leads to the formation of the characteristic rash.
DH is typically treated with a gluten-free diet, which can help to control the symptoms and prevent complications such as malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies. Medications such as dapsone may also be used to control the itching and blistering associated with the disorder. In some cases, topical corticosteroids or other anti-inflammatory medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms.
It is important to note that DH is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and monitoring. People with DH should work closely with their healthcare provider to develop an appropriate treatment plan and monitor their progress over time.
Enteropathy
Nkandu Luo
Tropical sprue
GPR15
Environmental enteropathy
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Gluten-free diet
List of MeSH codes (C06)
List of MeSH codes (C20)
Schistosomiasis
List of MeSH codes (C02)
Warthin-Starry stain
Gastric lymphoma
HLA-A1
List of skin conditions
IL2RA
Lymphoma
ITGAE
Peripheral neuropathy
White blood cell
Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues
Regulatory T cell
Undernutrition in children
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Porcine proliferative enteropathy2
- In pigs, porcine proliferative enteropathy is a diarrheal disease. (wikipedia.org)
- Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis) is the etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), which is reported in many swine breeding countries all over the world, and has caused enormous economic losses in intensive pig production systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Celiac disease3
- Celiac disease is also known by other names including celiac sprue , non-tropical sprue, and gluten enteropathy. (medicinenet.com)
- A differential diagnosis of infections {amoebiasis, giardiasis}, Celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, congenital immunodeficiencies, liver disease and protein losing enteropathy should be considered in this child. (pediatriconcall.com)
- Since diarrhea started at one month of age, celiac disease seems unlikely and since albumin: globulin ratio is maintained, protein losing enteropathy may be unlikely. (pediatriconcall.com)
Protein4
- Protein-losing enteropathy is an abnormal loss of protein from the digestive tract. (medlineplus.gov)
- There are many causes of protein-losing enteropathy. (medlineplus.gov)
- The health care provider will treat the condition that caused protein-losing enteropathy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Primary antibody deficiency syndromes include congenital and acquired antibody deficiencies but not those secondary to other diseases such as myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, or protein losing enteropathy. (bmj.com)
Lymphoma2
- Specific types of enteropathy include: Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma Environmental enteropathy, also known as tropical enteropathy An incompletely defined syndrome of inflammation related to the quality of the environment. (wikipedia.org)
- 17. HIV-related plasmablastic lymphoma causing extensive bone destruction in the mandible. (nih.gov)
AIDS18
- The number of women with HIV infection and AIDS has been increasing steadily worldwide. (nih.gov)
- According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 16 million women are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide, accounting for 46 percent of the 32.4 million adults living with HIV/AIDS. (nih.gov)
- As HIV/AIDS research becomes more focused, there is growing evidence that alcohol consumption may play an important role in sexual transmission, susceptibility to infection, and progression of HIV disease among women. (nih.gov)
- Special emphasis will be given to research which examines the effectiveness of interventions that extend beyond the level of the individual woman, with the aim of bringing all of the resources of a given community to bear on the twin epidemics of alcohol and other substance abuse and HIV/AIDS. (nih.gov)
- Such research will encompass secondary analysis of existing data sets from studies of HIV/AIDS among women. (nih.gov)
- The community-level focus of this RFA is, in turn, consistent with goals articulated by the international AIDS research community in its attempt to stem the spread of HIV/AIDS in resource poor areas of the world. (nih.gov)
- and those with prior research experience in the area of co- occurring HIV/AIDS and alcohol and other substance abuse. (nih.gov)
- HIV/AIDS is now the third leading cause of death among women ages 25 to 44 and the leading cause of death among African American women in this age group. (nih.gov)
- There is a strong association between the abuse of alcohol and other substances and the acquisition and progression of HIV/AIDS among women. (nih.gov)
- and those with p rior research experience in the area of co-occurring HIV/AIDS and alcohol and other substance abuse. (nih.gov)
- and they were free, effectively available to the majority of pulmonary TB is the commonest severe AIDS- the people who are infected with HIV. (who.int)
- [ 2 ] . Ulcers with similar clinical features but rarely resolving spontaneously with age may be associated with systemic conditions such as Behçet syndrome, auto-inflammatory syndromes, gastrointestinal disease, or immune defects such as HIV/AIDS . (medscape.com)
- MYTESI is an anti-diarrheal indicated for the symptomatic relief of non-infectious diarrhea in adult patients with HIV/AIDS on anti-retroviral therapy. (nih.gov)
- Known conditions like multiple myeloma (a type of blood cancer) and HIV/AIDs. (cura4u.com)
- AIDS, HIV is a viral infection that destroys the white blood cells and weakens the immune system. (planetayurveda.net)
- A key example is seen with the depletion of T cells, mediated by infections such as from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the severe secondary immune deficiencies that develop, such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (bdbiosciences.com)
- HIV/AIDS treatment IRIS complicates recovery of immune status. (ouhsc.edu)
- Estimation of the prevalence of AIDS, opportunistic infections, and standard of care among patients with HIV/AIDS receiving care along the U.S.-Mexico border through the Special Projects of National Significance: a cross-sectional study. (ouhsc.edu)
Infections3
- However, the impact of HEV infections in communities heavily affected by HIV remains poorly studied. (nih.gov)
- Most cure-related research on HIV has been limited to subtype B virus, which constitutes the majority of infections in North America, South America, Australia, and Western Europe, with the highest prevalence in cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM). (nih.gov)
- Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (ouhsc.edu)
Gluten1
- Glomerular IgA deposition occurs in up to a third of patients with gluten enteropathy. (medscape.com)
Malabsorption1
- 2,5 In addition, they may have long term complications, such as enteropathy leading to malabsorption and anaemia. (bmj.com)
Gastrointestinal2
- Eosinophilic enteropathy A condition in which eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) encourages applications that primarily focuses on HIV-1 reservoirs in anatomical sites relevant to its mission, particularly the gastrointestinal mucosa, liver, kidney, male genital tract, and adipose tissue depots including those at ectopic sites. (nih.gov)
Chronic3
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enteropathy Characterized by chronic diarrhea more than one month in duration with no obvious infectious cause in an HIV-positive individual. (wikipedia.org)
- Family physicians who care for patients with HIV infection have a key role in identifying and managing many of these chronic complications. (nih.gov)
- A syndrome characterized by chronic, well-established DIARRHEA (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an HIV -positive individual. (bvsalud.org)
Complications2
Secondary1
- However, diarrhea secondary to ART and HIV enteropathy is common in HIV-infected persons. (nih.gov)
Inflammation1
- Although enteritis specifically refers to an inflammation of the intestine, and is thus a more specific term than "enteropathy", the two phrases are sometimes used interchangeably. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis2
- Farmer and his colleagues stress the importance of should include a CD4 count, as accurate diagnosis both prevention and treatment of HIV, in the light of and appropriate selection of patients for treatment is an unparallelled global catastrophe (1). (who.int)
- HIV enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (bvsalud.org)
Immune2
- Additionally, one study of replication-competent persistent reservoirs in subtype C infection in Uganda demonstrated a smaller overall reservoir size as compared to individuals with subtype B infection in the U.S. These few studies indicate more research is needed to understand how HIV reservoir dynamics and immune control vary in diverse populations. (nih.gov)
- A clinical study of a medication to treat the immune disorder common variable immune deficiency (CVID) enteropathy. (nih.gov)
Prevalence2
Disease3
- National Institute on Allergy and Infectious Disease-sponsored cohort studies in the U. S. have found that factors associated with an increased risk of heterosexual HIV transmission include alcohol use, history of childhood sexual abuse, current domestic abuse, and use of crack/cocaine. (nih.gov)
- Community-based treatment of advanced HIV or in collaboration with the North, including disease: introducing DOT-HAART. (who.int)
- Gene editing in HSC has advanced to clinical trials for several conditions (such as HIV, thalassemia) and is coming to the clinic for several more conditions, including some types of PI, sickle cell disease, and other illnesses. (primaryimmune.org)
Mucosa1
- Thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of HIV on the enteric mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
Intestinal1
- HEV data were correlated with HIV status and morphometric analysis of small intestinal biopsies. (nih.gov)
Environmental1
- We set out to examine age-related seroprevalence in a community where we have previously carried out studies on environmental enteropathy. (nih.gov)
Syndrome2
- Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its association with dolutegravir-based regimen among people with HIV in Zambia: can we predict MetS using cheaper and easily accessible biomarkers in resource-limited settings? (vumc.org)
- CD55 / DAF deficiency / CHAPLE syndrome is hyper activation of angiopathic thrombosis and severe losing enteropathy. (planetayurveda.net)
Allergy1
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) encourages applications in basic, preclinical, or clinical research studies using existing human samples to analyze and compare HIV human reservoir establishment, dynamics, persistence, and post-treatment control in diverse cohorts of people living with HIV. (nih.gov)
Coinfections1
- Recent reports indicate that HEV coinfections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may have a more protracted course. (nih.gov)
Reservoirs1
- This Notice of Special Interest (NOSI) is to highlight NIAID s interest in HIV cure-related research in diverse cohorts of people living with HIV to determine similarities and differences in the establishment and dynamics of persistent non-subtype B HIV reservoirs, as well as in post-treatment control of viremia. (nih.gov)
Intestine1
- Enteropathy refers to any pathology of the intestine. (wikipedia.org)
Antiretroviral therapy1
- Crofelemer is the first US FDA-approved drug for symptomatic relief in HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who have non-infectious diarrhea. (nih.gov)
Human1
- A clinical study to evaluate if a chemotherapy treatment regimen used to treat cancer is also effective in treating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (nih.gov)
Populations1
- We tested blood samples from HIV-uninfected and -infected populations of women and men enrolled in research studies in Malawi during 1989-2008 to determine the seroprevalence of HEV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). (cdc.gov)
Common1
- Cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions are common among persons with HIV infection. (nih.gov)
Adults1
- In adults, villous height and crypt depth measurements showed that HEV seropositivity was associated with worse enteropathy (P = .05 and P = .005, respectively). (nih.gov)
Article2
- This article provides a nice overview of HIV-associated wasting. (cancernetwork.com)
- This article provides a nice overview of HIV-associated wasting.The paper makes a number of strong points. (cancernetwork.com)
Diarrhea1
- Efficacy and safety of crofelemer for noninfectious diarrhea in HIV-seropositive individuals (ADVENT trial): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-stage study. (nih.gov)
Patients infected1
- Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV . (nih.gov)
Africa2
- With increasing knowledge of the dimensions of the HIV epidemic in parts of Asia and Africa has come heightened awareness of the critical importance of involving community members as equal partners in every aspect of the research process. (nih.gov)
- Almost 70% of all people living with HIV worldwide live in Sub-Saharan Africa and over 50% are cisgender women. (nih.gov)
20171
- Improving the Immunogenicity of Native-like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers by Hyperstabilization Cell Rep. 2017 Aug 22;20(8):1805-1817. (moleculardepot.com)
Placebo-controlled1
- A total of 696 HIV-positive patients in three placebo-controlled trials received MYTESI for a mean duration of 78 days. (nih.gov)
Persons1
- The availability of crofelemer will likely have a positive impact on the quality of life in HIV-infected persons and also increase compliance to ART. (nih.gov)
Hepatitis1
- No clear trends over time were observed in the seroprevalence of HEV, and HIV status was not associated with hepatitis seroprevalence. (cdc.gov)
Include1
- Relevant objectives identified in the plan include: - Characterize the relative importance of alcohol use in the acquisition and subsequent transmission of HIV in order to identify and apply appropriate alcohol use interventions as public health measures. (nih.gov)
Trials1
- HIV Clin Trials. (nih.gov)
Alcohol1
- The goal of this Program Announcement is to encourage multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and collaborative studies that focus on a range of epidemiologic and intervention issues within HIV and alcohol among women. (nih.gov)
Samples2
- Studies including samples from people living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are encouraged. (nih.gov)
- 3: Huybens N, Houeix J, Licois D, Mainil J, Marlier D. Pyrosequencing of epizootic rabbit enteropathy inocula and rabbit caecal samples Vet J. 2013 Apr;196(1):109-10. (moleculardepot.com)
Antibodies1
- HIV envelope trimer-elicited autologous neutralizing antibodies bind a region overlapping the N332 glycan supersite Sci Adv. 2020 Jun 5;6(23):eaba0512. (moleculardepot.com)
Studies2
- Studies designed to develop and utilize relevant, non-subtype B HIV model systems and assays will also be supported. (nih.gov)
- In these studies,weight loss occurred in HIV-infected patients despite caloricintakes above their calculated requirements. (cancernetwork.com)