Vocal Cord Paralysis
Laryngeal Diseases
Laryngitis
Lipoid Proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe
Laryngoscopy
Arytenoid Cartilage
Vocal Cords
Larynx
Voice Quality
Voice Disorders
Intubation, Intratracheal
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Thyroid Cartilage
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Ecchymosis
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Surgical treatment of an aneurysm of the aberrant right subclavian artery involving an aortic arch aneurysm and coronary artery disease. (1/77)
A 55-year-old man presented with clinical signs of an aortic arch aneurysm. Angiography, MRI and CT demonstrated an aortic arch aneurysm and an aneurysm of the aberrant right subclavian artery. Coronary angiography revealed 95% stenosis in the right coronary artery. Right common carotid artery-right subclavian artery bypass, arch graft replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting were performed successfully. The use of internal shunt tube, hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion were useful methods in prevention of cerebral ischemia during surgical reconstruction of the aortic arch. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of a successfully managed case with an aneurysm of an aberrant right subclavian artery involving an aortic arch aneurysm and coronary artery disease. (+info)Pharyngolaryngeal morbidity with the laryngeal mask airway in spontaneously breathing patients: does size matter? (2/77)
BACKGROUND: Currently, the manufacturer of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA; Laryngeal Mask Company, Ltd., Northfield End, Henley on Thames, Oxon, United Kingdom) recommends using as large a mask size as possible. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of pharyngolaryngeal morbidity after the use of a large (size 5 in males and size 4 in females) or small (size 4 in males and size 3 in females) LMA in spontaneously breathing patients. METHODS: A total of 258 male and female patients were randomly assigned to insertion of a large or small LMA while breathing spontaneously during general anesthesia. After insertion of the LMA, a "just-seal" cuff pressure was obtained, and intracuff pressure was measured at 10-min intervals until just before removal of the LMA. The 2- and 24-h incidence of postoperative sore throat, pain, hoarseness, dysphagia, and nausea and vomiting was assessed. Complications after LMA removal, including body movement, coughing, retching, regurgitation, vomiting, biting on the LMA, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, or the presence of blood on the LMA, were recorded. RESULTS: The use of a large LMA was associated with a higher incidence of sore throat in both sexes (20% vs. 7% in men, 21% vs. 5% in women; P < 0.05) and a higher incidence of hoarseness in male patients at 2 h postoperatively (21% vs. 9%, P < 0.05). There was a higher incidence of sore throat in male patients at 24 h postoperatively with the use of a large LMA (26% vs. 12%, P < 0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of complications of LMA removal orother pharyngolaryngeal morbidity, such as difficulty swallowing, drinking, and eating, or nausea and vomiting, between male or female groups at any time period with the use of a large LMA. CONCLUSIONS: Selection of a small laryngeal mask airway (size 4) in spontaneously breathing male patients may be more appropriate to limit the occurrence of sore throat on the first postoperative day. All patients had a fourfold increased risk of developing sore throat when a large LMA was used. (+info)Systematic review of clinical effectiveness of pressurised metered dose inhalers versus other hand held inhaler devices for delivering corticosteroids in asthma. (3/77)
OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical effectiveness of pressurised metered dose inhalers (with or without spacer) compared with other hand held inhaler devices for the delivery of corticosteroids in stable asthma. DESIGN: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Airways Group trials database (Medline, Embase, Cochrane controlled clinical trials register, and hand searching of 18 relevant journals), pharmaceutical companies, and bibliographies of included trials. TRIALS: All trials in children or adults with stable asthma that compared a pressurised metered dose inhaler with any other hand held inhaler device delivering the same inhaled corticosteroid. RESULTS: 24 randomised controlled trials were included. Significant differences were found for forced expiratory volume in one second, morning peak expiratory flow rate, and use of drugs for additional relief with dry powder inhalers. However, either these were within clinically equivalent limits or the differences were not apparent once baseline characteristics had been taken into account. No significant differences were found between pressurised metered dose inhalers and any other hand held inhaler device for the following outcomes: lung function, symptoms, bronchial hyper-reactivity, systemic bioavailability, and use of additional relief bronchodilators. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence was found that alternative inhaler devices (dry powder inhalers, breath actuated pressurised metered dose inhalers, or hydrofluoroalkane pressurised metered dose inhalers) are more effective than the pressurised metered dose inhalers for delivery of inhaled corticosteroids. Pressurised metered dose inhalers remain the most cost effective first line delivery devices. (+info)Collapse, hoarseness of the voice and swelling and bruising of the neck: an unusual presentation of thoracic aortic dissection. (4/77)
A 66 year old woman presented to the accident and emergency department with history of collapse, hoarseness of the voice, and swelling and bruising of the neck. The diagnosis was not initially obvious because of the absence of chest pain. The findings on the radiograph of the soft tissue of the neck and chest radiograph suggested the need for computed tomography of the neck and chest. This confirmed the cervical haematoma and typical signs of aortic dissection. This unusual presentation of thoracic aortic dissection is discussed below. (+info)A technique for the prevention of hoarseness during surgery for distal aortic arch aneurysm. (5/77)
Hoarseness occurs frequently after surgery to repair distal aortic arch aneurysms when using only a median sternotomy approach. We describe a useful technique which protects the left recurrent laryngeal nerve during this procedure and reduces the incidence of postoperative hoarseness. (+info)Ocular and respiratory symptoms attributable to inactivated split influenza vaccine: evidence from a controlled trial involving adults. (6/77)
In 2000, an influenza vaccine was associated with unusual ocular and respiratory symptoms (known as "oculorespiratory syndrome" [ORS]) that possibly were due to numerous microaggregates of unsplit viruses present in the product. We assessed the potential for an improved vaccine formulation (for use in 2001-2002) to cause ORS and other symptoms in adults, using a double-blind, randomized, crossover study design. Symptoms were ascertained 24 h after 622 doses of vaccine and 626 doses of saline placebo were injected. The risk of ORS was 6.3% after vaccine injection and 3.4% after placebo injection, which yielded a significant vaccine-attributable risk of 2.9% (95% confidence interval, 0.6-5.2). ORS symptoms were mild. Significant differences in risk after injection of vaccine versus placebo existed for ocular soreness and/or itching (2.4%), coughing (1.6%), and hoarseness (1.2%). Vaccine-attributable general symptoms were infrequent. We conclude that certain mild oculorespiratory symptoms were triggered by an influenza vaccine that was otherwise minimally reactogenic and, hence, that such symptoms might be associated with influenza vaccines in general. (+info)Sore throat and hoarseness after total intravenous anaesthesia. (7/77)
BACKGROUND: Sore throat and hoarseness are common complications, but these have not been studied after total i.v. anaesthesia. METHODS: We prospectively studied 418 surgical patients, aged 15-92 yr, after total i.v. anaesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and ketamine to assess possible factors associated with sore throat and hoarseness. RESULT: We found sore throat in 50% and hoarseness in 55% of patients immediately after surgery. This decreased to 25% for sore throat and 24% for hoarseness on the day after surgery. Both sore throat and hoarseness were more common in females and when lidocaine spray had been used. Cricoid pressure during laryngoscopy was inversely associated with the risk of sore throat. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of these factors may reduce postoperative throat complications, and improve patient satisfaction. (+info)Stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent pleomorphic adenoma invading the skull base--case report--. (8/77)
A 38-year-old man presented with a recurrent pleomorphic adenoma in the parapharyngeal space invading the skull base 19 years after the first operation for a parotid gland tumor. Stereotactic radiotherapy was performed to control the tumor growth using a marginal dose of 8 Gy and maximum dose of 18 Gy with care taken to minimize the dose to nearby structures. The symptoms were reduced within a few months. Magnetic resonance imaging over 5 years showed that the tumor was controlled with no regrowth. Stereotactic radiotherapy is a therapeutic option for the treatment of pleomorphic adenomas. (+info)Hoarseness is a condition characterized by an abnormal change in the quality of voice, making it sound rough, breathy, strained, or weak. Medically, it's described as a disorder of phonation, which is the process of producing sound by vibrating the vocal cords in the larynx (voice box). Hoarseness can be caused by various factors, such as inflammation, irritation, or injury to the vocal cords, and may result in symptoms like altered voice pitch, volume, and clarity. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if hoarseness persists for more than two weeks, especially if it's accompanied by other concerning symptoms like difficulty swallowing or breathing.
Vocal cord paralysis is a medical condition characterized by the inability of one or both vocal cords to move or function properly due to nerve damage or disruption. The vocal cords are two bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound during speech, singing, and breathing. When the nerves that control the vocal cord movements are damaged or not functioning correctly, the vocal cords may become paralyzed or weakened, leading to voice changes, breathing difficulties, and other symptoms.
The causes of vocal cord paralysis can vary, including neurological disorders, trauma, tumors, surgery, or infections. The diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, including a laryngoscopy, to assess the movement and function of the vocal cords. Treatment options may include voice therapy, surgical procedures, or other interventions to improve voice quality and breathing functions.
Laryngeal diseases refer to conditions that affect the structure and function of the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx is a complex structure composed of cartilages, muscles, membranes, and mucous glands that play essential roles in breathing, swallowing, and vocalization.
Laryngeal diseases can be categorized into several types based on their causes and manifestations. Some common laryngeal diseases include:
1. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx that can cause hoarseness, throat pain, coughing, and difficulty swallowing. Acute laryngitis is often caused by viral infections or irritants, while chronic laryngitis may result from prolonged exposure to smoke, chemicals, or acid reflux.
2. Vocal cord lesions: Abnormal growths on the vocal cords, such as polyps, nodules, or cysts, that can affect voice quality and cause hoarseness, breathiness, or pain. These lesions are often caused by overuse, misuse, or trauma to the vocal cords.
3. Laryngeal cancer: Malignant tumors that develop in the larynx and can invade surrounding structures, such as the throat, neck, and chest. Laryngeal cancer is often associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
4. Laryngeal stenosis: Narrowing of the airway due to scarring or thickening of the tissues in the larynx. This condition can cause difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing, especially during physical activity or sleep.
5. Reinke's edema: Swelling of the vocal cords caused by fluid accumulation in the mucous membrane that covers them. Reinke's edema is often associated with smoking and can cause hoarseness, low voice, and difficulty projecting the voice.
6. Laryngeal papillomatosis: A rare condition characterized by the growth of benign tumors (papillomas) in the larynx, usually caused by HPV infection. These tumors can recur and may require repeated surgeries to remove them.
7. Vocal cord paralysis: Inability of one or both vocal cords to move due to nerve damage or other medical conditions. This condition can cause hoarseness, breathiness, and difficulty speaking or swallowing.
These are some of the common laryngeal disorders that can affect a person's voice, breathing, and swallowing functions. Proper diagnosis and treatment by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist) are essential to manage these conditions effectively and prevent complications.
Laryngitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the larynx, or voice box. This inflammation can lead to hoarseness, throat pain, and difficulty speaking or swallowing. Laryngitis can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, vocal strain, or other factors such as exposure to irritants like smoke or chemicals. In some cases, laryngitis may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist for more than a few days or are accompanied by other concerning symptoms.
Lipoid proteinosis of Urbach and Wiethe is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein and lipid (fat) deposits in various tissues throughout the body, particularly in the skin, mucous membranes, and central nervous system. The condition is caused by mutations in the ECM1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein that is essential for the normal development and maintenance of several types of tissue.
The signs and symptoms of lipoid proteinosis can vary widely among affected individuals, but they typically include:
* Hoarseness or husky voice due to deposition of material in the vocal cords
* Skin abnormalities such as thickened skin, yellowish bumps (xanthomas), and scarring from minor injuries
* Eye problems such as corneal opacities, dry eyes, and increased sensitivity to light
* Central nervous system involvement, including seizures, behavioral abnormalities, and intellectual disability
The accumulation of abnormal protein and lipid deposits in the brain can also lead to an increased risk of developing amyloidosis, a condition in which abnormal proteins called amyloids build up in various organs and interfere with their normal function.
There is no cure for lipoid proteinosis, but treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and complications of the disease. This may include speech therapy for hoarseness, skin care to prevent scarring, and medications to control seizures or other neurological symptoms.
Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the larynx, which is the upper part of the windpipe (trachea), and the vocal cords using a specialized instrument called a laryngoscope. The laryngoscope is inserted through the mouth or nose to provide a clear view of the larynx and surrounding structures. This procedure can be performed for diagnostic purposes, such as identifying abnormalities like growths, inflammation, or injuries, or for therapeutic reasons, such as removing foreign objects or taking tissue samples for biopsy. There are different types of laryngoscopes and techniques used depending on the reason for the examination and the patient's specific needs.
The arytenoid cartilages are paired, irregularly shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located in the larynx (voice box) of mammals. They play a crucial role in the process of vocalization and breathing.
Each arytenoid cartilage has a body and two projections: the vocal process, which provides attachment for the vocal cord, and the muscular process, which serves as an attachment site for various intrinsic laryngeal muscles. The arytenoid cartilages are connected to the cricoid cartilage below by the synovial cricoarytenoid joints, allowing for their movement during respiration and phonation.
These cartilages help in adjusting the tension of the vocal cords and controlling the opening and closing of the rima glottidis (the space between the vocal cords), which is essential for breathing, swallowing, and producing sounds. Any abnormalities or injuries to the arytenoid cartilages may result in voice disturbances or respiratory difficulties.
Vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are specialized bands of muscle, membrane, and connective tissue located within the larynx (voice box). They are essential for speech, singing, and other sounds produced by the human voice. The vocal cords vibrate when air from the lungs is passed through them, creating sound waves that vary in pitch and volume based on the tension, length, and mass of the vocal cords. These sound waves are then further modified by the resonance chambers of the throat, nose, and mouth to produce speech and other vocalizations.
The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a complex structure in the neck that plays a crucial role in protection of the lower respiratory tract and in phonation. It is composed of cartilaginous, muscular, and soft tissue structures. The primary functions of the larynx include:
1. Airway protection: During swallowing, the larynx moves upward and forward to close the opening of the trachea (the glottis) and prevent food or liquids from entering the lungs. This action is known as the swallowing reflex.
2. Phonation: The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound that forms the basis of human speech and voice production.
3. Respiration: The larynx serves as a conduit for airflow between the upper and lower respiratory tracts during breathing.
The larynx is located at the level of the C3-C6 vertebrae in the neck, just above the trachea. It consists of several important structures:
1. Cartilages: The laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages, as well as the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. These form a framework for the larynx and provide attachment points for various muscles.
2. Vocal cords: The vocal cords are thin bands of mucous membrane that stretch across the glottis (the opening between the arytenoid cartilages). They vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound.
3. Muscles: There are several intrinsic and extrinsic muscles associated with the larynx. The intrinsic muscles control the tension and position of the vocal cords, while the extrinsic muscles adjust the position and movement of the larynx within the neck.
4. Nerves: The larynx is innervated by both sensory and motor nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except for one muscle called the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Sensory innervation is provided by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
The larynx plays a crucial role in several essential functions, including breathing, speaking, and protecting the airway during swallowing. Dysfunction or damage to the larynx can result in various symptoms, such as hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, or stridor (a high-pitched sound heard during inspiration).
Voice quality, in the context of medicine and particularly in otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat medicine), refers to the characteristic sound of an individual's voice that can be influenced by various factors. These factors include the vocal fold vibration, respiratory support, articulation, and any underlying medical conditions.
A change in voice quality might indicate a problem with the vocal folds or surrounding structures, neurological issues affecting the nerves that control vocal fold movement, or other medical conditions. Examples of terms used to describe voice quality include breathy, hoarse, rough, strained, or tense. A detailed analysis of voice quality is often part of a speech-language pathologist's assessment and can help in diagnosing and managing various voice disorders.
Voice disorders are conditions that affect the quality, pitch, or volume of a person's voice. These disorders can result from damage to or abnormalities in the vocal cords, which are the small bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound.
There are several types of voice disorders, including:
1. Vocal cord dysfunction: This occurs when the vocal cords do not open and close properly, resulting in a weak or breathy voice.
2. Vocal cord nodules: These are small growths that form on the vocal cords as a result of excessive use or misuse of the voice, such as from shouting or singing too loudly.
3. Vocal cord polyps: These are similar to nodules but are usually larger and can cause more significant changes in the voice.
4. Laryngitis: This is an inflammation of the vocal cords that can result from a viral infection, overuse, or exposure to irritants such as smoke.
5. Muscle tension dysphonia: This occurs when the muscles around the larynx become tense and constricted, leading to voice changes.
6. Paradoxical vocal fold movement: This is a condition in which the vocal cords close when they should be open, causing breathing difficulties and a weak or breathy voice.
7. Spasmodic dysphonia: This is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary spasms of the vocal cords, resulting in voice breaks and difficulty speaking.
Voice disorders can cause significant impairment in communication, social interactions, and quality of life. Treatment may include voice therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the disorder.
Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.
Intubation, intratracheal is a medical procedure in which a flexible plastic or rubber tube called an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted through the mouth or nose, passing through the vocal cords and into the trachea (windpipe). This procedure is performed to establish and maintain a patent airway, allowing for the delivery of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide during mechanical ventilation in various clinical scenarios, such as:
1. Respiratory failure or arrest
2. Procedural sedation
3. Surgery under general anesthesia
4. Neuromuscular disorders
5. Ingestion of toxic substances
6. Head and neck trauma
7. Critical illness or injury affecting the airway
The process of intubation is typically performed by trained medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians, or critical care specialists, using direct laryngoscopy or video laryngoscopy to visualize the vocal cords and guide the ETT into the correct position. Once placed, the ETT is secured to prevent dislodgement, and the patient's respiratory status is continuously monitored to ensure proper ventilation and oxygenation.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle. This nerve plays a crucial role in controlling vocal fold movement and swallowing.
Injuries to this nerve can result in voice changes, hoarseness, or even complete loss of voice, depending on the severity and location of the injury. Additionally, it may also lead to breathing difficulties, coughing, and choking while swallowing due to impaired laryngeal function.
Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (particularly during thyroid or neck surgeries), tumors, infections, inflammation, or direct trauma to the neck region. In some cases, these injuries may be temporary and resolve on their own or through appropriate treatment; however, severe or prolonged injuries might require medical intervention, including possible surgical repair.
The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which is a mixed sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve. The RLN has important functions in providing motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all the muscles that are responsible for adduction (bringing together) of the vocal cords, including the vocalis muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and interarytenoid muscles. These muscles play a crucial role in voice production, coughing, and swallowing.
The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one. It loops around the subclavian artery in the chest before ascending to the larynx, while the left RLN hooks around the arch of the aorta. This anatomical course makes them vulnerable to injury during various surgical procedures, such as thyroidectomy and neck dissection, leading to potential voice impairment or vocal cord paralysis.
Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.
Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.
For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.
Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.
Thyroid cartilage is the largest and most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, forming the front and greater part of the larynx, also known as the "Adam's apple" in humans. It serves to protect the vocal cords and provides attachment for various muscles involved in voice production. The thyroid cartilage consists of two laminae that join in front at an angle, creating a noticeable prominence in the anterior neck. This structure is crucial in speech formation and swallowing functions.
Laryngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the larynx, also known as the voice box. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Laryngeal neoplasms can affect any part of the larynx, including the vocal cords, epiglottis, and the area around the vocal cords called the ventricle.
Benign laryngeal neoplasms may include papillomas, hemangiomas, or polyps. Malignant laryngeal neoplasms are typically squamous cell carcinomas, which account for more than 95% of all malignant laryngeal tumors. Other types of malignant laryngeal neoplasms include adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
Risk factors for developing laryngeal neoplasms include smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to industrial chemicals, and a history of acid reflux. Symptoms may include hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, sore throat, ear pain, or a lump in the neck. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.
Ecchymosis is a medical term that refers to a discoloration of the skin caused by the leakage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the tissues beneath. It is typically caused by trauma or injury to the affected area, which results in the escape of blood from the damaged blood vessels. The escaped blood collects under the skin, causing a bruise or a purple, blue, or blackish patch on the skin's surface.
Ecchymosis can occur anywhere on the body and can vary in size and shape depending on the extent of the injury. While ecchymosis is generally harmless and resolves on its own within a few days to a week, it can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as a bleeding disorder or a blood vessel abnormality. In these cases, further evaluation and treatment may be necessary.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a condition in which the stomach contents, particularly acid, flow backward from the stomach into the larynx (voice box) and pharynx (throat). This is also known as extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD) or supraesophageal reflux disease (SERD). Unlike gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where acid reflux causes symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation, LPR may not cause classic reflux symptoms, but rather symptoms related to the upper aerodigestive tract. These can include hoarseness, throat clearing, cough, difficulty swallowing, and a sensation of a lump in the throat.
Laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and/or the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which are the primary nerves that supply the larynx, or voice box. These nerves play crucial roles in controlling the vocal cord movements and protecting the airway during swallowing.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor function to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. The RLN also carries sensory fibers from a small area of the mucous membrane below the vocal folds.
Injuries to these nerves can result in voice changes, breathing difficulties, and swallowing problems. Depending on the severity and location of the injury, patients may experience hoarseness, weak voice, breathy voice, coughing while swallowing, or even complete airway obstruction in severe cases. Laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (e.g., thyroid, esophageal, and cardiovascular surgeries), neck trauma, tumors, infections, or iatrogenic causes.
Dysphonia is a medical term that refers to difficulty or discomfort in producing sounds or speaking, often characterized by hoarseness, roughness, breathiness, strain, or weakness in the voice. It can be caused by various conditions such as vocal fold nodules, polyps, inflammation, neurological disorders, or injuries to the vocal cords. Dysphonia can affect people of all ages and may impact their ability to communicate effectively, causing social, professional, and emotional challenges. Treatment for dysphonia depends on the underlying cause and may include voice therapy, medication, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.
Cranial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma to one or more of the twelve cranial nerves (CN I through CN XII). These nerves originate from the brainstem and are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance) and controlling various motor functions (like eye movement, facial expressions, swallowing, and speaking).
Cranial nerve injuries can result from various causes, including head trauma, tumors, infections, or neurological conditions. The severity of the injury may range from mild dysfunction to complete loss of function, depending on the extent of damage to the nerve. Treatment options vary based on the type and location of the injury but often involve a combination of medical management, physical therapy, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation.
Diphtheria
Hoarse voice
Laryngology
Traumatic aortic rupture
Laryngitis
Vocal cord cyst
Intubation granuloma
Francis de Havilland Hall
Fiberglass
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Ripacandida
Blastomycosis
Ortner's syndrome
Human voice
Lung cancer
Vocal cord paresis
Youssef Rakha
Nandrolone decanoate
Amyloidosis
Arytenoid cartilage
Contact granuloma
Crohn's disease
Nicotiana tabacum
Anaphylaxis
Speech and language impairment
Vocal cord nodule
Management of drug-resistant epilepsy
Neuromuscular-blocking drug
History of leprosy
Zuni ethnobotany
Hoarseness : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
PET Case Cavalcade, Case XXVII: Hoarseness in an Older Woman
Dysphonia (Hoarseness): AAO-HNSF Releases Updated Clinical Guideline for Treatment | AAFP
Hoarseness of voice and accompanying symptoms among patients at a tertiary hospital, Tanzania | South Sudan Medical...
Hoarseness: Diagnosis & Tests
Progressive Hoarseness and Laryngeal Obstruction in an Elderly Man | Fungal Infections | JN Learning | AMA Ed Hub
ACID REFLUX TREATMENT FOR HOARSENESS [REVIEW] - Flipbook by | FlipHTML5
Hoarseness | San Diego ENT
Hoarseness - Manchester ENT & Hearing
Hoarseness Treatment Surgeons Chicago IL
4 home remedies for hoarseness - HealthAndLife
Hoarseness
HOARSENESS OF VOICE Archives - Dr. Sharad ENT
Hoarseness - Office Instructions - Gary M Feinberg ENT Inc
Hoarseness - Hajela Hospital Research Centre - Hajela Hospital & Research Centre
Hoarseness |The Rontal Clinic | ENT Doctors | Farmington Hills, MI
Condition Autosomal Recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease With Hoarseness
Can Allergies Cause Sore Throat And Hoarseness - KnowYourAllergy.net
Boiron Roxalia Sore Throat and Hoarseness 60 tablets - YesWellness.com
Pay Attention to the Problem of Hoarseness - Prof. Dr. Fahrettin Yılmaz
Vocal Cord Nodules: Unveiling the Hidden Culprits of Hoarseness | NJ ENT
Voice Surgery for Hoarseness - Voice Surgery, Voice Surgery Thailand, Voice Surgery Bangkok
Diphtheria - Wikipedia
Glossary of communication disorders - Wikipedia
Symptoms of Anthrax | CDC
Peanut Allergy (for Teens) - Children's Health System - Alabama (iFrame)
Insulin Glargine (rDNA origin) Injection: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Throat contusion: What to know
Cough2
- They complain of throat clearing, cough, and vocal hoarseness. (medicaladvocacyplus.com)
- A 45 year-old driver presented with a two months history of hoarseness, fever, productive cough, anorexia and weight loss. (aku.edu)
Dysphonia8
- Clinical Practice Guideline: Hoarseness (Dysphonia) (Update). (medlineplus.gov)
- Children with hoarseness , also called dysphonia, have a raspy and deeper than usual voice (or cry). (healthychildren.org)
- Hoarseness or Dysphonia means a change in the sound of someone's voice. (entuk.org)
- A change in the voice is called hoarseness or dysphonia. (entconsultant.uk)
- Hoarseness falls under the medical category of dysphonia, which refers to voice impairment or any sort of difficulty speaking. (sacent.com)
- Dysphonia is the medical term for "hoarseness" that can further be termed a voice change that is characterized as raspy, coarse, and/or soft. (muschealth.org)
- Hoarseness can develop in individuals who have neurological disorders like Parkinson's, stroke or spasmodic dysphonia (a rare neurological disorder affecting only the voice and occasionally breathing). (co.ke)
- A rare disorder called spasmodic dysphonia can also create hoarseness or uneasy breathing. (sinusallergyla.com)
Laryngeal9
- I listen to these patients when they start talking about hoarseness or laryngeal symptoms. (medscape.com)
- In some cases of hoarseness, such as unexplained vocal cord paralysis, a CT scan of the laryngeal nerves (voice box) might be requested. (healthychildren.org)
- Laryngeal surgery may be an option if your child has large nodules and has completed at least 6 months of voice therapy with little to no improvement in hoarseness. (healthychildren.org)
- In Malaysia, laryngeal tuberculosis could be one of the cause of hoarseness and might be the only presentation of tuberculosis infection. (johorentspecialist.com)
- Laryngeal cancers that form on the vocal cords (glottis) often cause hoarseness or a change in the voice. (cancer.org)
- Hoarseness is a symptom of something gone amiss with this marvelous laryngeal system. (muschealth.org)
- Dangerous conditions, including laryngeal cancer, can cause hoarseness. (co.ke)
- Objective: To evaluate the presentation and management of laryngeal amyloidosis, a cause of hoarseness. (org.pk)
- A breathy-sounding hoarseness, meanwhile, may be a sign of vocal fold paralysis, which is an injury to one or both of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. (charlottesmartypants.com)
Laryngitis12
- Akst L. Hoarseness and laryngitis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Laryngitis is one of the most common causes of hoarseness. (nih.gov)
- The common cold can cause hoarseness due to laryngitis (swollen vocal cords). (healthychildren.org)
- Most laryngitis in children can cause vocal hoarseness symptoms for 1 to 2 weeks. (healthychildren.org)
- Common reasons for hoarseness include laryngitis, non-cancerous vocal cord lesions, pre-cancerous or cancerous lesions, neurological issues, smoking or reflux. (flustar.com)
- The commonest cause of hoarseness is acute laryngitis which is usually occur during upper respiratory tract infection. (johorentspecialist.com)
- Chronic hoarseness is generally caused by chronic laryngitis, which is an inflammation of the larynx that causes the vocal cords to vibrate abnormally. (muschealth.org)
- Acute laryngitis is the most prevalent cause of hoarseness, resulting in swelling of the vocal cords from voice strain, common colds or upper respiratory tract infections. (co.ke)
- Acute laryngitis -The most common cause of hoarseness is acute laryngitis. (sinusallergyla.com)
- From the Smarty Health Corner and CEENTA: what are laryngitis and hoarseness? (charlottesmartypants.com)
- When people talk about losing their voice, many use "laryngitis" interchangeably with "hoarseness. (charlottesmartypants.com)
- Laryngitis is the inflammation or swelling of vocal folds, and is the most common cause of hoarseness. (charlottesmartypants.com)
Develop hoarseness3
- Sometimes people whose jobs depend on their voices-such as teachers, singers, or public speakers-develop hoarseness that won't go away. (nih.gov)
- For many children who develop hoarseness, symptoms will clear up within a week. (healthychildren.org)
- Smokers who develop hoarseness should see an ENT specialist right away. (sinusallergyla.com)
Persistent hoarseness3
- As we age, the incidence of persistent hoarseness increases from around one percent of the population under 70 to 2.5 percent for those over 70. (muschealth.org)
- Change in voice quality and persistent hoarseness are often the first warning signs of vocal cord lesion. (pacific-ent.com)
- Phillips D. Guideline Updates Recommendations for Persistent Hoarseness. (medscape.com)
Chronic5
- Hoarseness may be short-term ( acute ) or long-term ( chronic ). (medlineplus.gov)
- How is prolonged or chronic hoarseness diagnosed? (healthychildren.org)
- Making certain lifestyle changes - eliminating spicy foods, alcohol and caffeine from the diet, giving up cigarettes, avoiding activities that cause vocal cord strain such as shouting, whispering, or using inappropriate pitch or volume - are all helpful ways to reduce or eliminate the symptoms associated with chronic hoarseness. (sacent.com)
- Either your primary care physician or an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist is the person to see to find out the cause of the persisting (chronic) hoarseness. (muschealth.org)
- They can't perform their job, sing or speak due to chronic hoarseness. (medicaladvocacyplus.com)
Tips for avoiding h1
- In voice therapy, you'll be given vocal exercises and tips for avoiding hoarseness by changing the ways in which you use your voice. (nih.gov)
Common cause of hoarseness2
- The most common cause of hoarseness is a cold or throat infection, which most often goes away on its own within 2 weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
- Vocal fold lesions such as nodules and cysts are the most common cause of hoarseness. (healthychildren.org)
Sore2
- Cigarette smoke can cause hoarseness without a sore throat. (hickeysolution.com)
- Symptoms of this disorder include hoarseness, swallowing problems, a foreign body sensation, frequent throat clearing and sore throat. (pacific-ent.com)
Larynx8
- Hoarseness is often a symptom of problems in the vocal folds of the larynx. (nih.gov)
- Hoarseness results from the vocal cords in the voice box (Larynx) not working properly. (entuk.org)
- Hoarseness is caused by overexertion, inflammation or infection of the vocal cords or vocal folds in the larynx. (hickeysolution.com)
- Hoarseness is an inflammation of the larynx that results in a change in the voice, making it sound breathy, raspy, scratchy or strained. (sacent.com)
- Hoarseness, an abnormal change in your voice, can be the result of a disorder in the vocal cords (sound producing parts) of the larynx (voice box). (co.ke)
- Larynx damage, allergies, and thyroid conditions all can lead to hoarseness. (co.ke)
- An ENT specialist needs to obtain your medical history and look at the voice box (larynx) with special equipment before they can determine what's causing your hoarseness and recommend treatment options. (sinusallergyla.com)
- Conclusion: Amyloidosis can involve the larynx presenting with hoarseness. (org.pk)
Problem with the vocal cords4
- Hoarseness is most often caused by a problem with the vocal cords. (medlineplus.gov)
- HealthDay News) -- Hoarseness tends to happen when there is a problem with the vocal cords, the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery says. (flustar.com)
- Hoarseness can usually be blamed on a problem with the vocal cords such as swelling, nodules or polyps. (entnwa.com)
- Hoarseness is the result of a problem with the vocal cords. (sacent.com)
Lead to hoarseness1
- So, yes, you may suffer from allergies during this time of the year, and it can lead to hoarseness, but before you spend too long waiting for it to improve and too much money, reach out to me and I will listen to your concerns and help you sort it all out. (medicaladvocacyplus.com)
Cases of hoarseness1
- Most cases of hoarseness are preventable. (entnwa.com)
Voice31
- A rare but serious cause of hoarseness that does not go away in a few weeks is cancer of the voice box. (medlineplus.gov)
- These patients come in and complain about hoarseness, voice changes, or a sensation here [in the throat], and they invariably are referred to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. (medscape.com)
- Cheering at sporting events, speaking loudly in noisy situations, talking for too long without resting your voice, singing loudly, or speaking with a voice that's too high or too low can cause temporary hoarseness. (nih.gov)
- Resting, reducing voice use, and drinking lots of water should help relieve hoarseness from misuse or overuse. (nih.gov)
- If you use your voice for a living and you regularly experience hoarseness, your doctor might suggest seeing a speech-language pathologist for voice therapy. (nih.gov)
- If hoarseness in your child's voice lasts more than a month, talk with their pediatrician. (healthychildren.org)
- Voice therapy, which is the most common treatment for prolonged hoarseness. (healthychildren.org)
- Talk with your child's pediatrician if you have concerns about their hoarseness of their voice, how they communicate or any other questions about their health. (healthychildren.org)
- People suffering from hoarseness can experience a strained, husky or breathy voice. (entuk.org)
- A key question here is whether the hoarseness is constant or getting worse or does it come and go with periods of "normal" voice in between. (entuk.org)
- What could be causing hoarseness in my voice? (breastcancer.org)
- Hoarseness is an abnormal vocal characteristic which is often described by the patient as a "coarse" or "gravely" or "rough" quality of the voice. (earnosethroat-associates.com)
- If an individual notices a change in the quality of his/her voice, then the symptom of hoarseness should prompt an individual to see an otolaryngologist for a complete examination. (earnosethroat-associates.com)
- Hoarseness is an abnormal change in the voice. (entnwa.com)
- Treatment depends on the cause of the hoarseness, but most cases are resolved by resting the voice, drinking plenty of fluids and using a vaporizer. (entnwa.com)
- You can prevent hoarseness by not smoking, avoiding alcohol and caffeine, staying hydrated, not using your voice too long or loudly, seeking professional voice training and avoiding speaking or singing when your voice is injured or hoarse. (entnwa.com)
- You should discuss your hoarseness with your ENT physician if it lasts longer than three weeks, there is no cold or flu present, you are coughing up blood, you have difficulty swallowing, it is painful to speak or swallow, you have a lump in your neck or have difficulty breathing during the voice change. (entnwa.com)
- Hoarseness is alteration of voice due to disorder over the vocal cords or voice box. (johorentspecialist.com)
- In vocal cord haemorrhage, patient might experience sudden hoarseness after strenuous voice usage. (johorentspecialist.com)
- Hoarseness is a frequently occurring disorder and is characterized by an occupied, rough or breathy voice with a deeper timbre. (hickeysolution.com)
- Mr. Dhanasekar would examine the voice box in clinic with a flexible fibre-optic camera [flexible laryngoscopy] through your nose and identify the cause for hoarseness and initiate appropriate treatment. (entconsultant.uk)
- If you have voice changes (like hoarseness) that do not improve within 2 weeks see your health care provider right away. (cancer.org)
- voice » How Common is Hoarseness? (fauquierent.net)
- A feeble voice and hoarseness are an indication that the extremely sensitive vocal cords are under attack. (heatlhypill.com)
- Everyone knows hoarseness and probably you have diagnosed it in your own voice, as well as others with whom you converse. (muschealth.org)
- Voice problems occur with a change in the voice, often described as hoarseness, roughness, or a raspy quality. (pacific-ent.com)
- Hoarseness can result when overusing your voice or speaking too loudly for a prolonged period. (co.ke)
- Generally, hoarseness can be addressed by simple voice rest or voice use modifications. (co.ke)
- Other -Other related factors such as allergies, thyroid problems, trauma to the voice box, and, occasionally, menstruation can contribute to hoarseness. (sinusallergyla.com)
- Sometimes, it helps to measure voice irregularities, how the voice sounds, airflow, and other characteristics to help decide how to treat your hoarseness. (sinusallergyla.com)
- While no single age group is prone to voice disorders, people who use their voices the most - parents, for example - can have more issues with hoarseness, Dr. Klotz said. (charlottesmartypants.com)
Mild hoarseness2
- As described above for intermittent mild hoarseness. (entuk.org)
- What can I do to prevent and treat mild hoarseness? (pacific-ent.com)
Lasts longer than three weeks1
- If hoarseness lasts longer than three weeks, is not accompanied by cold or flu symptoms, affects your ability to swallow or breathe or otherwise interferes with your livelihood, schedule an appointment with Sacramento Ear, Nose & Throat. (sacent.com)
Symptom2
- More recently I went to the ent with a symptom of hoarseness. (breastcancer.org)
- Hoarseness is a symptom of some underlying problem (see section below). (muschealth.org)
Diagnosis2
- Treatment options for prolonged hoarseness in children depend on the diagnosis from their doctor. (healthychildren.org)
- Overall, 10% saw a health care professional for their hoarseness and 40% were given a diagnosis. (fauquierent.net)
Allergies1
- My Allergies Are Causing My Hoarseness….Or Do They? (medicaladvocacyplus.com)
Difficulty1
- Hoarseness refers to difficulty making sounds when trying to speak. (medlineplus.gov)
Peripheral Neuropathy1
- A complex phenotype of peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, hoarseness, and hearing loss was diagnosed in a large autosomal dominant Korean family. (nih.gov)
Lesions1
- However, hoarseness can also be caused by benign lesions on the vocal folds, or possibly even cancer. (charlottesmartypants.com)
Vocal folds1
- According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, a child should be referred for a laryngoscopy (visualization of the vocal folds) if hoarseness lasts 4 weeks. (healthychildren.org)
GERD1
- Take medicines to reduce stomach acid if hoarseness is due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (medlineplus.gov)
Persists1
- If the hoarseness persists for more than two weeks without improvement, you or your child should see a doctor, Dr. Klotz said. (charlottesmartypants.com)
Acid1
- Is that what yours was doing, or was your acid reflex caused hoarseness more constant? (breastcancer.org)
Hearing Loss1
- The hearing loss and hoarseness followed the onset of distal muscle weakness. (nih.gov)
Thyroid2
- I had hoarseness which was caused by a thyroid nodule pressing against my vocal chords. (breastcancer.org)
- The hoarseness ended when the thyroid/nodule shifted after it was needle biopsied (before it ended up being surgically removed). (breastcancer.org)
Vibrate1
- The vocal cords do not vibrate normally and produce hoarseness. (muschealth.org)
Specialist1
- If your hoarseness lasts beyond typical cold symptoms, however, you should see an ENT specialist. (sinusallergyla.com)
Severe cases1
- Surgery is typically used in severe cases of prolonged hoarseness. (healthychildren.org)
Symptoms associated1
- If you or someone you love has hoarseness or any of the symptoms associated with this condition, contact our office for an appointment. (co.ke)
Patients2
- Because of the hoarseness, patients missed work about one week in the past year. (fauquierent.net)
- During this period 292 patients admitted with hoarseness at ENT Department HMC, Peshawar were managed. (org.pk)
Worse1
- Does hoarseness come and go or get worse over time? (medlineplus.gov)