HTLV-II Infections
Human T-lymphotropic virus 2
HTLV-I Infections
Blood Donors
Deltaretrovirus Infections
Deltaretrovirus
Deltaretrovirus Antibodies
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
Human T-lymphotropic virus 3
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1
Genes, pX
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3
Gene Products, tax
Retroviridae
Prevalence of antibody to human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 among aboriginal groups inhabiting northern Argentina and the Amazon region of Peru. (1/175)
We carried out a seroepidemiologic survey to define the prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infections among aboriginal populations from isolated regions of northern Argentina and the Amazon region of Peru. Antibodies against HTLV were measured with agglutination tests and confirmed with by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting. Five (6.94%) of 72 samples from the Tobas Indians in Argentina were positive by the IFA; two samples were typed as HTLV-1 (2.78%), two as HTLV-2 (2.78%), and one (1.39%) could not be typed because it had similar antibody titers against both viruses. No positive samples were found among 84 Andinos Punenos and 47 Matacos Wichis Indians. Seroprevalences of 2.50% (1 of 40) and 1.43% (1 of 70) for HTLV-1 were observed among Wayku and San Francisco communities in the Amazon region of Peru, and seroprevalences of 4.54% (1 of 22) and 2.38% (1 of 42) for HTLV-2 were observed among Boca Colorada and Galilea communities. No serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was found among the Indians tested. These results indicated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in the indigenous populations of Argentina and Peru. Moreover, the lack of HIV infection indicates that the virus has probably not yet been introduced into these populations. (+info)Genomic evolution, patterns of global dissemination, and interspecies transmission of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses. (2/175)
Using both env and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences, with maximal representation of genetic diversity within primate strains, we revise and expand the unique evolutionary history of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses (HTLV/STLV). Based on the robust application of three different phylogenetic algorithms of minimum evolution-neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood, we address overall levels of genetic diversity, specific rates of mutation within and between different regions of the viral genome, relatedness among viral strains from geographically diverse regions, and estimation of the pattern of divergence of the virus into extant lineages. Despite broad genomic similarities, type I and type II viruses do not share concordant evolutionary histories. HTLV-I/STLV-I are united through distinct phylogeographic patterns, infection of 20 primate species, multiple episodes of interspecies transmission, and exhibition of a range in levels of genetic divergence. In contrast, type II viruses are isolated from only two species (Homo sapiens and Pan paniscus) and are paradoxically endemic to both Amerindian tribes of the New World and human Pygmy villagers in Africa. Furthermore, HTLV-II is spreading rapidly through new host populations of intravenous drug users. Despite such clearly disparate host populations, the resultant HTLV-II/STLV-II phylogeny exhibits little phylogeographic concordance and indicates low levels of transcontinental genetic differentiation. Together, these patterns generate a model of HTLV/STLV emergence marked by an ancient ancestry, differential rates of divergence, and continued global expansion. (+info)HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot reactivity in a cohort of patients with neurological disease. (3/175)
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with a chronic, progressive neurological disease known as HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Screening for HTLV-I involves the detection of virus-specific serum antibodies by EIA and confirmation by Western blot. HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot patterns have been described worldwide. However, the significance of this blot pattern is unclear. We identified 8 patients with neurological disease and an HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot pattern, none of whom demonstrated increased spontaneous proliferation and HTLV-I-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. However, HTLV-I tax sequence was amplified from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 4 of them. These data suggest that patients with chronic progressive neurological disease and HTLV-I/II Western blot seroindeterminate reactivity may harbor either defective HTLV-I, novel retrovirus with partial homology to HTLV-I, or HTLV-I in low copy number. (+info)Risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type II infection among the Guaymi Indians of Panama. (4/175)
To examine risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) infection, a case-control study was conducted among the Guaymi Indians of Panama. In females, HTLV-II seropositivity was associated with early sexual intercourse (15 years; odds ratio [OR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-6.14) and number of lifetime sex partners. One partner increased risk of seropositivity by 30% (OR, 1.30; CI, 1.05-1.64), and risk increased with number of partners. Similar risk was associated with number of long-term sexual relationships. Among males, intercourse with prostitutes was associated with HTLV-II seropositivity (OR, 1.68; CI, 1.04-2.72). These data support a role for sexual transmission in HTLV-II infection. Association of seropositivity with primary residence in a traditional village (OR, 3.75; CI, 1.02-15.38) and lack of formal education (0 vs. >6 years [OR, 3.89; CI, 1.67-9.82]) observed in males may reflect differences in sexual practices associated with acculturation. (+info)Different population dynamics of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II in intravenous drug users compared with endemically infected tribes. (5/175)
The phylogeny of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) was investigated by using strains isolated from Amerindian and Pygmy tribes, in which the virus is maintained primarily through mother-to-child transmission via breast-feeding, and strains from intravenous drug users (IDUs), in which spread is mainly blood-borne via needle sharing. Molecular clock analysis showed that HTLV-II has two different evolutionary rates with the molecular clock for the virus in IDUs ticking 150-350 times faster than the one in endemically infected tribes: 2.7 x 10(-4) compared with 1.71/7.31 x 10(-7) nucleotide substitutions per site per year in the long terminal repeat region. This dramatic acceleration of the evolutionary rate seems to be related with the mode of transmission. Mathematical models showed the correlation of these two molecular clocks with an endemic spread of HTLV-II in infected tribes compared with the epidemic spread in IDUs. We also noted a sharp increase in the population size of the virus among IDUs during the last decades probably caused by the worldwide increase in intravenous drug use. (+info)Evidence among blood donors for a 30-year-old epidemic of human T lymphotropic virus type II infection in the United States. (6/175)
The demographic and geographic determinants of human T lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) are not well defined in the United States. Antibodies to HTLV-I and -II were measured in 1.7 million donors at five US blood centers during 1991-1995. Among those tested, 156 (9.1/10(5)) were HTLV-I seropositive and 384 (22.3/10(5)) were HTLV-II seropositive. In contrast to monotonously increasing age-specific HTLV-I seroprevalence, HTLV-II prevalence rose until age 40-49 years and declined thereafter, suggesting a birth cohort effect. HTLV-II infection was independently associated with an age of 40-49 years (odds ratio [OR], 12.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8-18.9), female sex (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.6-4.1), high school or lower education (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1), hepatitis C seropositivity (OR, 25.0; 95% CI, 17.5-35.8), and first-time blood donation (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.8-4.7). HTLV-II seroprevalence was highest at the two West Coast blood centers. These data are consistent with a 30-year-old epidemic of HTLV-II in the United States due to injection drug use and secondary sexual transmission and with an apparent West Coast focus. (+info)First seroepidemiological study and phylogenetic characterization of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II infection among Amerindians in French Guiana. (7/175)
We investigated the serological, epidemiological and molecular aspects of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (HTLV-I/II) infection in the Amerindian populations of French Guiana by testing 847 sera. No HTLV-II antibodies were detected, but five individuals (0.59%) were seropositive for HTLV-I. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of 522 bp of the env gene and the compete LTR showed that all of the strains from French Guiana belonged to the cosmopolitan subtype A. The similarities were greater between Amerindian and Creole strains than between Amerindian and Noir-Marron strains or than between Creole and Noir-Marron strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed two clusters: one of strains from Amerindians and Creoles, which belong to the transcontinental subgroup, and the other of strains from Noirs-Marrons, belonging to the West African subgroup. Our results suggest that the Amerindian HTLV-I strains are of African origin. (+info)HTLV-II down-regulates HIV-1 replication in IL-2-stimulated primary PBMC of coinfected individuals through expression of MIP-1alpha. (8/175)
The influence of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II) in individuals also infected with HIV-1 is poorly understood. To evaluate the reciprocal influence of HTLV-II and HIV-1 infection, primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from coinfected individuals were established in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL-2). In these cultures, the kinetics of HTLV-II replication always preceded those of HIV-1. Noteworthy, the kinetics of HIV-1 production were inversely correlated to the HTLV-II proviral load in vivo and its replication ex vivo. These observations suggested a potential interaction between the 2 retroviruses. In this regard, the levels of IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured in the same coinfected PBMC cultures. Endogenous IL-2 was not produced, whereas IL-6 and TNF-alpha were secreted at levels compatible with their known ability to up-regulate HIV-1 expression. The HIV-suppressive CC-chemokines RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and MIP-1beta were also determined in IL-2-stimulated PBMC cultures. Of interest, their kinetics and concentrations were inversely related to those of HIV-1 replication. Experiments were performed in which CD8(+) T cells or PBMCs from HTLV-II monoinfected individuals were cocultivated with CD4(+) T cells from HIV-1 monoinfected individuals separated by a semipermeable membrane in the presence or absence of antichemokine neutralizing antibodies. The results indicate that HTLV-II can interfere with the replicative potential of HIV-1 by up-regulating viral suppressive CC-chemokines and, in particular, MIP-1alpha. This study is the first report indicating that HTLV-II can influence HIV replication, at least in vitro, via up-regulation of HIV-suppressive chemokines. (Blood. 2000;95:2760-2769) (+info)HTLV-II (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 2) infection is a condition caused by the retrovirus HTLV- II. This virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells and can lead to the development of several diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a malignancy of CD4+ T cells, and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), a neurological disorder characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness in the lower extremities. However, the majority of people infected with HTLV-II remain asymptomatic throughout their lives. The virus is primarily transmitted through blood transfusions, sharing of needles, sexual contact, and from mother to child during breastfeeding.
HTLV-II antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of Human T-lymphotropic Virus type II (HTLV-II) in the body. HTLV-II is a retrovirus that can cause chronic infection and is associated with certain diseases, such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The detection of HTLV-II antibodies in the blood indicates exposure to the virus, but not all infected individuals will develop symptoms or disease.
Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) is a retrovirus that primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. It is a deltaretrovirus closely related to HTLV-1, but with distinct biological properties and geographic distribution.
HTLV-2 infection is usually asymptomatic, although some individuals may develop neurological or skin disorders. However, the association between HTLV-2 and these diseases is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).
HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and sharing of needles among injecting drug users. It is endemic in certain populations, particularly indigenous communities in the Americas, such as the Guaraní and Kayapó in Brazil, and the Navajo and Pima in the United States. Prevalence rates can reach up to 30% in some of these populations.
There is currently no vaccine or specific treatment for HTLV-2 infection, and prevention efforts focus on reducing transmission risks through education and harm reduction strategies.
HTLV-I (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) infection is a viral infection that attacks the CD4+ T-cells (a type of white blood cell) and can lead to the development of various diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, or contaminated blood products. After infection, the virus becomes integrated into the host's DNA and can remain dormant for years, even decades, before leading to the development of disease. Most people infected with HTLV-I do not develop any symptoms, but a small percentage will go on to develop serious complications.
HTLV-I antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) antigens. These antibodies indicate a past or present infection with HTLV-I, which is a retrovirus that can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/myelopathy. Detection of HTLV-I antibodies in the blood is typically done through serological tests such as ELISA and Western blot.
A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:
1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.
Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that can cause chronic infections in humans and animals. The two main deltaretroviruses that infect humans are the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 2 (HTLV-2).
HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and contaminated blood products. It can cause several diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and a neurological disorder called HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP).
HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through intravenous drug use and sexual contact. While it has been associated with some diseases, such as neurological disorders and rare cases of leukemia, the link between HTLV-2 and disease is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1.
Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies to the viruses or through genetic testing to detect the virus itself. There is currently no cure for deltaretrovirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) may help manage the infection and reduce the risk of transmission.
It's important to note that deltaretrovirus infections are relatively rare, and most people who are infected do not develop symptoms or disease. However, if you believe you may have been exposed to these viruses, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. These viruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections and can lead to the development of various diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).
The genome of deltaretroviruses contains two copies of single-stranded RNA, which are reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA during the replication process. The viral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome, leading to a lifelong infection.
Deltaretroviruses primarily infect CD4+ T cells and other immune cells, and transmission typically occurs through bodily fluids such as breast milk, blood, and sexual contact. Prevention measures include avoiding high-risk behaviors, screening blood products, and implementing strict infection control practices in healthcare settings.
Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Antibodies against deltaretroviruses are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these viruses.
Antibodies are formed when the immune system recognizes a foreign substance, such as a virus, as harmful. The immune system then produces specific proteins called antibodies to bind to and help neutralize or remove the foreign substance from the body. Detection of deltaretrovirus antibodies in an individual's blood can indicate a current or past infection with one of these viruses.
It is important to note that the presence of deltaretrovirus antibodies does not necessarily mean that the person has symptoms or will develop disease related to the virus. Some people with deltaretrovirus antibodies may never develop symptoms, while others may develop serious illnesses such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1) or neurological disorders (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis).
If you suspect that you may have been exposed to a deltaretrovirus, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus that infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, or contaminated blood products. After infection, the virus integrates into the host's genome and can remain latent for years or even decades before leading to disease. HTLV-1 is endemic in certain regions of the world, including Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and parts of Africa.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be no established medical definition for "Human T-lymphotropic virus 3" (HTLV-3). So far, only three types of Human T-lymphotropic viruses have been officially recognized and classified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). These are HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3/HTLV-4 provisional. The proposed HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 were identified in a few cameroonian hunters and not widely found in humans yet. Therefore, it's crucial to rely on validated and widely accepted sources when researching medical definitions and information.
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 (STLV-1) is a retrovirus that primarily infects Asian monkeys and apes. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and there is evidence to suggest that STLV-1 may have been transmitted to humans through close contact with infected non-human primates, resulting in the emergence of HTLV-1.
Like HTLV-1, STLV-1 primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause a persistent infection. However, unlike HTLV-1, which is associated with several diseases including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), STLV-1 has not been definitively linked to any specific human diseases.
STLV-1 infection is typically asymptomatic in both monkeys and humans, but it can cause a range of clinical manifestations in some individuals, including lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, and neurological symptoms. The virus is primarily transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, breast milk, and semen.
Research on STLV-1 is important for understanding the evolution and epidemiology of retroviruses, as well as for developing strategies to prevent transmission and manage related diseases in both humans and non-human primates.
I'm sorry for the confusion, but "pX" is not a standard term in genetics or genomic medicine. It may be a typo or a specific shorthand used in certain contexts. If you could provide more context or clarify what "pX" is intended to represent, I would be happy to help further.
In general, genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins or RNA molecules. These instructions are encoded in a genetic alphabet consisting of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The sequence of these bases determines the genetic information within a gene, which can vary among individuals and contribute to differences in traits and disease susceptibility.
Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3 (PTLV-3) is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, it's possible that you are referring to Primate T-cell Leukemia Virus type 3 (PTLV-3), which is a retrovirus that primarily infects non-human primates. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). PTLV-3, like other T-cell leukemia viruses, has been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, particularly adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in its natural host species. However, there is no known human infection with PTLV-3 to date.
A gene product is the biochemical material, such as a protein or RNA, that is produced by the expression of a gene. Gene products are the result of the translation and transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA or RNA.
In the context of "tax," this term is not typically used in a medical definition of gene products. However, it may refer to the concept of taxing or regulating gene products in the context of genetic engineering or synthetic biology. This could involve imposing fees or restrictions on the production, use, or sale of certain gene products, particularly those that are genetically modified or engineered. The regulation of gene products is an important aspect of ensuring their safe and effective use in various applications, including medical treatments, agricultural production, and industrial processes.
Retroviridae infections refer to diseases caused by retroviruses, which are a type of virus that integrates its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. This allows the virus to co-opt the cell's own machinery to produce new viral particles and infect other cells.
Some well-known retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), which can cause certain types of cancer and neurological disorders.
Retroviral infections can have a range of clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response. HIV infection, for example, is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency that makes the infected individual susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers. HTLV infection, on the other hand, can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurological disorder.
Prevention and treatment strategies for retroviral infections depend on the specific virus but may include antiretroviral therapy (ART), vaccination, and behavioral modifications to reduce transmission risk.
Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.
Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.
Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.