HTLV-II (Human T-lymphotropic virus type II) infections are chronic viral infections primarily involving the CD4+ T lymphocytes, which can lead to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and other inflammatory diseases, but with a lower prevalence and geographical distribution compared to HTLV-I.
Antibodies reactive with the HTLV-II ANTIGENS.
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 that can transform normal T-lymphocytes and can replicate in both T- and B-cell lines. The virus is related to but distinct from HTLV-1.
HTLV-I (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) infection is a retroviral infection that primarily targets CD4+ T-cells, potentially leading to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/myelopathy (TSP/HAM), as well as other inflammatory diseases.
Antibodies reactive with the HTLV-I ANTIGENS.
'Blood donors' are individuals who voluntarily and safely donate a specific amount of their own blood, which can be further separated into components, to be used for transfusion purposes or for manufacturing medical products, without receiving remuneration that is intended to reward them financially.
Infections caused by the HTLV or BLV deltaretroviruses. They include human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED).
A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.
Antibodies reactive with various types of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma antigens or bovine leukemia virus antigens.
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), T-cell lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL), and is involved in mycosis fungoides, SEZARY SYNDROME and tropical spastic paraparesis (PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC).
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3 that is genetically similar to STLV-3.
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2, closely related to the human HTLV-1 virus. The clinical, hematological, and histopathological characteristics of the disease in STLV-infected monkeys are very similar to those of human adult T-cell leukemia. Subgroups include the African green monkey subtype (STLV-I-AGM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 95% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1, and the Asian rhesus macaque subtype (STLV-I-MM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 90% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for at least three proteins which regulate the expression of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The proteins are p21(x), p27(rex), and p40(tax). The tax (trans-activator x) and rex (regulator x) genes are part of pX but are in overlapping reading frames. X was the original designation for the sequences or region (at that time of unknown function) in the long open reading frame (lor) which is now called pX.
A species of DELTARETROVIRUS that includes the strains SIMIAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 3.
Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the LTR.
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

Prevalence of antibody to human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 among aboriginal groups inhabiting northern Argentina and the Amazon region of Peru. (1/175)

We carried out a seroepidemiologic survey to define the prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) infections among aboriginal populations from isolated regions of northern Argentina and the Amazon region of Peru. Antibodies against HTLV were measured with agglutination tests and confirmed with by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting. Five (6.94%) of 72 samples from the Tobas Indians in Argentina were positive by the IFA; two samples were typed as HTLV-1 (2.78%), two as HTLV-2 (2.78%), and one (1.39%) could not be typed because it had similar antibody titers against both viruses. No positive samples were found among 84 Andinos Punenos and 47 Matacos Wichis Indians. Seroprevalences of 2.50% (1 of 40) and 1.43% (1 of 70) for HTLV-1 were observed among Wayku and San Francisco communities in the Amazon region of Peru, and seroprevalences of 4.54% (1 of 22) and 2.38% (1 of 42) for HTLV-2 were observed among Boca Colorada and Galilea communities. No serologic evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was found among the Indians tested. These results indicated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in the indigenous populations of Argentina and Peru. Moreover, the lack of HIV infection indicates that the virus has probably not yet been introduced into these populations.  (+info)

Genomic evolution, patterns of global dissemination, and interspecies transmission of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses. (2/175)

Using both env and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences, with maximal representation of genetic diversity within primate strains, we revise and expand the unique evolutionary history of human and simian T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic viruses (HTLV/STLV). Based on the robust application of three different phylogenetic algorithms of minimum evolution-neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood, we address overall levels of genetic diversity, specific rates of mutation within and between different regions of the viral genome, relatedness among viral strains from geographically diverse regions, and estimation of the pattern of divergence of the virus into extant lineages. Despite broad genomic similarities, type I and type II viruses do not share concordant evolutionary histories. HTLV-I/STLV-I are united through distinct phylogeographic patterns, infection of 20 primate species, multiple episodes of interspecies transmission, and exhibition of a range in levels of genetic divergence. In contrast, type II viruses are isolated from only two species (Homo sapiens and Pan paniscus) and are paradoxically endemic to both Amerindian tribes of the New World and human Pygmy villagers in Africa. Furthermore, HTLV-II is spreading rapidly through new host populations of intravenous drug users. Despite such clearly disparate host populations, the resultant HTLV-II/STLV-II phylogeny exhibits little phylogeographic concordance and indicates low levels of transcontinental genetic differentiation. Together, these patterns generate a model of HTLV/STLV emergence marked by an ancient ancestry, differential rates of divergence, and continued global expansion.  (+info)

HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot reactivity in a cohort of patients with neurological disease. (3/175)

The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is associated with a chronic, progressive neurological disease known as HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Screening for HTLV-I involves the detection of virus-specific serum antibodies by EIA and confirmation by Western blot. HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot patterns have been described worldwide. However, the significance of this blot pattern is unclear. We identified 8 patients with neurological disease and an HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot pattern, none of whom demonstrated increased spontaneous proliferation and HTLV-I-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. However, HTLV-I tax sequence was amplified from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 4 of them. These data suggest that patients with chronic progressive neurological disease and HTLV-I/II Western blot seroindeterminate reactivity may harbor either defective HTLV-I, novel retrovirus with partial homology to HTLV-I, or HTLV-I in low copy number.  (+info)

Risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type II infection among the Guaymi Indians of Panama. (4/175)

To examine risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) infection, a case-control study was conducted among the Guaymi Indians of Panama. In females, HTLV-II seropositivity was associated with early sexual intercourse (15 years; odds ratio [OR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-6.14) and number of lifetime sex partners. One partner increased risk of seropositivity by 30% (OR, 1.30; CI, 1.05-1.64), and risk increased with number of partners. Similar risk was associated with number of long-term sexual relationships. Among males, intercourse with prostitutes was associated with HTLV-II seropositivity (OR, 1.68; CI, 1.04-2.72). These data support a role for sexual transmission in HTLV-II infection. Association of seropositivity with primary residence in a traditional village (OR, 3.75; CI, 1.02-15.38) and lack of formal education (0 vs. >6 years [OR, 3.89; CI, 1.67-9.82]) observed in males may reflect differences in sexual practices associated with acculturation.  (+info)

Different population dynamics of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II in intravenous drug users compared with endemically infected tribes. (5/175)

The phylogeny of human T cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) was investigated by using strains isolated from Amerindian and Pygmy tribes, in which the virus is maintained primarily through mother-to-child transmission via breast-feeding, and strains from intravenous drug users (IDUs), in which spread is mainly blood-borne via needle sharing. Molecular clock analysis showed that HTLV-II has two different evolutionary rates with the molecular clock for the virus in IDUs ticking 150-350 times faster than the one in endemically infected tribes: 2.7 x 10(-4) compared with 1.71/7.31 x 10(-7) nucleotide substitutions per site per year in the long terminal repeat region. This dramatic acceleration of the evolutionary rate seems to be related with the mode of transmission. Mathematical models showed the correlation of these two molecular clocks with an endemic spread of HTLV-II in infected tribes compared with the epidemic spread in IDUs. We also noted a sharp increase in the population size of the virus among IDUs during the last decades probably caused by the worldwide increase in intravenous drug use.  (+info)

Evidence among blood donors for a 30-year-old epidemic of human T lymphotropic virus type II infection in the United States. (6/175)

The demographic and geographic determinants of human T lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) are not well defined in the United States. Antibodies to HTLV-I and -II were measured in 1.7 million donors at five US blood centers during 1991-1995. Among those tested, 156 (9.1/10(5)) were HTLV-I seropositive and 384 (22.3/10(5)) were HTLV-II seropositive. In contrast to monotonously increasing age-specific HTLV-I seroprevalence, HTLV-II prevalence rose until age 40-49 years and declined thereafter, suggesting a birth cohort effect. HTLV-II infection was independently associated with an age of 40-49 years (odds ratio [OR], 12.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8-18.9), female sex (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.6-4.1), high school or lower education (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1), hepatitis C seropositivity (OR, 25.0; 95% CI, 17.5-35.8), and first-time blood donation (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.8-4.7). HTLV-II seroprevalence was highest at the two West Coast blood centers. These data are consistent with a 30-year-old epidemic of HTLV-II in the United States due to injection drug use and secondary sexual transmission and with an apparent West Coast focus.  (+info)

First seroepidemiological study and phylogenetic characterization of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II infection among Amerindians in French Guiana. (7/175)

We investigated the serological, epidemiological and molecular aspects of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (HTLV-I/II) infection in the Amerindian populations of French Guiana by testing 847 sera. No HTLV-II antibodies were detected, but five individuals (0.59%) were seropositive for HTLV-I. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of 522 bp of the env gene and the compete LTR showed that all of the strains from French Guiana belonged to the cosmopolitan subtype A. The similarities were greater between Amerindian and Creole strains than between Amerindian and Noir-Marron strains or than between Creole and Noir-Marron strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed two clusters: one of strains from Amerindians and Creoles, which belong to the transcontinental subgroup, and the other of strains from Noirs-Marrons, belonging to the West African subgroup. Our results suggest that the Amerindian HTLV-I strains are of African origin.  (+info)

HTLV-II down-regulates HIV-1 replication in IL-2-stimulated primary PBMC of coinfected individuals through expression of MIP-1alpha. (8/175)

The influence of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II) in individuals also infected with HIV-1 is poorly understood. To evaluate the reciprocal influence of HTLV-II and HIV-1 infection, primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures from coinfected individuals were established in the presence of interleukin 2 (IL-2). In these cultures, the kinetics of HTLV-II replication always preceded those of HIV-1. Noteworthy, the kinetics of HIV-1 production were inversely correlated to the HTLV-II proviral load in vivo and its replication ex vivo. These observations suggested a potential interaction between the 2 retroviruses. In this regard, the levels of IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured in the same coinfected PBMC cultures. Endogenous IL-2 was not produced, whereas IL-6 and TNF-alpha were secreted at levels compatible with their known ability to up-regulate HIV-1 expression. The HIV-suppressive CC-chemokines RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and MIP-1beta were also determined in IL-2-stimulated PBMC cultures. Of interest, their kinetics and concentrations were inversely related to those of HIV-1 replication. Experiments were performed in which CD8(+) T cells or PBMCs from HTLV-II monoinfected individuals were cocultivated with CD4(+) T cells from HIV-1 monoinfected individuals separated by a semipermeable membrane in the presence or absence of antichemokine neutralizing antibodies. The results indicate that HTLV-II can interfere with the replicative potential of HIV-1 by up-regulating viral suppressive CC-chemokines and, in particular, MIP-1alpha. This study is the first report indicating that HTLV-II can influence HIV replication, at least in vitro, via up-regulation of HIV-suppressive chemokines. (Blood. 2000;95:2760-2769)  (+info)

HTLV-II (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 2) infection is a condition caused by the retrovirus HTLV- II. This virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells and can lead to the development of several diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a malignancy of CD4+ T cells, and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), a neurological disorder characterized by progressive weakness and stiffness in the lower extremities. However, the majority of people infected with HTLV-II remain asymptomatic throughout their lives. The virus is primarily transmitted through blood transfusions, sharing of needles, sexual contact, and from mother to child during breastfeeding.

HTLV-II antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of Human T-lymphotropic Virus type II (HTLV-II) in the body. HTLV-II is a retrovirus that can cause chronic infection and is associated with certain diseases, such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The detection of HTLV-II antibodies in the blood indicates exposure to the virus, but not all infected individuals will develop symptoms or disease.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 (HTLV-2) is a retrovirus that primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. It is a deltaretrovirus closely related to HTLV-1, but with distinct biological properties and geographic distribution.

HTLV-2 infection is usually asymptomatic, although some individuals may develop neurological or skin disorders. However, the association between HTLV-2 and these diseases is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and sharing of needles among injecting drug users. It is endemic in certain populations, particularly indigenous communities in the Americas, such as the Guaraní and Kayapó in Brazil, and the Navajo and Pima in the United States. Prevalence rates can reach up to 30% in some of these populations.

There is currently no vaccine or specific treatment for HTLV-2 infection, and prevention efforts focus on reducing transmission risks through education and harm reduction strategies.

HTLV-I (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) infection is a viral infection that attacks the CD4+ T-cells (a type of white blood cell) and can lead to the development of various diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, or contaminated blood products. After infection, the virus becomes integrated into the host's DNA and can remain dormant for years, even decades, before leading to the development of disease. Most people infected with HTLV-I do not develop any symptoms, but a small percentage will go on to develop serious complications.

HTLV-I antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) antigens. These antibodies indicate a past or present infection with HTLV-I, which is a retrovirus that can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/myelopathy. Detection of HTLV-I antibodies in the blood is typically done through serological tests such as ELISA and Western blot.

A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:

1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.

Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that can cause chronic infections in humans and animals. The two main deltaretroviruses that infect humans are the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 2 (HTLV-2).

HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and contaminated blood products. It can cause several diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and a neurological disorder called HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP).

HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through intravenous drug use and sexual contact. While it has been associated with some diseases, such as neurological disorders and rare cases of leukemia, the link between HTLV-2 and disease is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1.

Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies to the viruses or through genetic testing to detect the virus itself. There is currently no cure for deltaretrovirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) may help manage the infection and reduce the risk of transmission.

It's important to note that deltaretrovirus infections are relatively rare, and most people who are infected do not develop symptoms or disease. However, if you believe you may have been exposed to these viruses, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. These viruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections and can lead to the development of various diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

The genome of deltaretroviruses contains two copies of single-stranded RNA, which are reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA during the replication process. The viral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome, leading to a lifelong infection.

Deltaretroviruses primarily infect CD4+ T cells and other immune cells, and transmission typically occurs through bodily fluids such as breast milk, blood, and sexual contact. Prevention measures include avoiding high-risk behaviors, screening blood products, and implementing strict infection control practices in healthcare settings.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Antibodies against deltaretroviruses are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these viruses.

Antibodies are formed when the immune system recognizes a foreign substance, such as a virus, as harmful. The immune system then produces specific proteins called antibodies to bind to and help neutralize or remove the foreign substance from the body. Detection of deltaretrovirus antibodies in an individual's blood can indicate a current or past infection with one of these viruses.

It is important to note that the presence of deltaretrovirus antibodies does not necessarily mean that the person has symptoms or will develop disease related to the virus. Some people with deltaretrovirus antibodies may never develop symptoms, while others may develop serious illnesses such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1) or neurological disorders (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis).

If you suspect that you may have been exposed to a deltaretrovirus, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex retrovirus that infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The virus is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, or contaminated blood products. After infection, the virus integrates into the host's genome and can remain latent for years or even decades before leading to disease. HTLV-1 is endemic in certain regions of the world, including Japan, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and parts of Africa.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be no established medical definition for "Human T-lymphotropic virus 3" (HTLV-3). So far, only three types of Human T-lymphotropic viruses have been officially recognized and classified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). These are HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-3/HTLV-4 provisional. The proposed HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 were identified in a few cameroonian hunters and not widely found in humans yet. Therefore, it's crucial to rely on validated and widely accepted sources when researching medical definitions and information.

Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1 (STLV-1) is a retrovirus that primarily infects Asian monkeys and apes. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and there is evidence to suggest that STLV-1 may have been transmitted to humans through close contact with infected non-human primates, resulting in the emergence of HTLV-1.

Like HTLV-1, STLV-1 primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and can cause a persistent infection. However, unlike HTLV-1, which is associated with several diseases including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM), STLV-1 has not been definitively linked to any specific human diseases.

STLV-1 infection is typically asymptomatic in both monkeys and humans, but it can cause a range of clinical manifestations in some individuals, including lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, and neurological symptoms. The virus is primarily transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, breast milk, and semen.

Research on STLV-1 is important for understanding the evolution and epidemiology of retroviruses, as well as for developing strategies to prevent transmission and manage related diseases in both humans and non-human primates.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "pX" is not a standard term in genetics or genomic medicine. It may be a typo or a specific shorthand used in certain contexts. If you could provide more context or clarify what "pX" is intended to represent, I would be happy to help further.

In general, genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins or RNA molecules. These instructions are encoded in a genetic alphabet consisting of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). The sequence of these bases determines the genetic information within a gene, which can vary among individuals and contribute to differences in traits and disease susceptibility.

Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3 (PTLV-3) is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, it's possible that you are referring to Primate T-cell Leukemia Virus type 3 (PTLV-3), which is a retrovirus that primarily infects non-human primates. It is closely related to the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2). PTLV-3, like other T-cell leukemia viruses, has been associated with the development of certain types of cancer, particularly adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in its natural host species. However, there is no known human infection with PTLV-3 to date.

A gene product is the biochemical material, such as a protein or RNA, that is produced by the expression of a gene. Gene products are the result of the translation and transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA or RNA.

In the context of "tax," this term is not typically used in a medical definition of gene products. However, it may refer to the concept of taxing or regulating gene products in the context of genetic engineering or synthetic biology. This could involve imposing fees or restrictions on the production, use, or sale of certain gene products, particularly those that are genetically modified or engineered. The regulation of gene products is an important aspect of ensuring their safe and effective use in various applications, including medical treatments, agricultural production, and industrial processes.

Retroviridae infections refer to diseases caused by retroviruses, which are a type of virus that integrates its genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. This allows the virus to co-opt the cell's own machinery to produce new viral particles and infect other cells.

Some well-known retroviruses include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), which can cause certain types of cancer and neurological disorders.

Retroviral infections can have a range of clinical manifestations depending on the specific virus and the host's immune response. HIV infection, for example, is characterized by progressive immunodeficiency that makes the infected individual susceptible to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers. HTLV infection, on the other hand, can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma or tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurological disorder.

Prevention and treatment strategies for retroviral infections depend on the specific virus but may include antiretroviral therapy (ART), vaccination, and behavioral modifications to reduce transmission risk.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.

Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.

Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.

HTLV-Ii): Molecular Properties and Clinical and Immunological Features of Infection". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency ... Murphy, Jane; Hall, William W.; Ratner, Lee; Sheehy, Noreen (July 2016). "Novel interactions between the HTLV antisense ... Hall, William W. (April 1999). "Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type Ii ( ... Implications for the HTLV lifecycles". Virology. 494: 129-142. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.012. ISSN 0042-6822. PMC 4924524. ...
... htlv-i-associated MeSH C20.673.483.480 - htlv-ii infections MeSH C20.673.483.480.350 - leukemia, t-cell, htlv-ii-associated ... htlv-i infections MeSH C20.673.483.470.300 - leukemia-lymphoma, t-cell, acute, ... aids-related opportunistic infections MeSH C20.673.480.400 - hiv-associated lipodystrophy syndrome MeSH C20.673.480.480 - hiv ...
Other risks include mother's infection with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 (viruses that could cause T-cell leukemia in the baby), herpes ... For about 5-8% of women, milk coming in (i.e., lactogenesis II) may not occur at all, and only drops are produced. ... Bacterial infections associated with formula remained a problem more prevalent in the United States than in Europe, where milk ... Although C. sakazakii can cause illness in all age groups, infants are believed to be at greatest risk of infection. Between ...
... virus HTLV II infection, Helicobacter Pylori infections, prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis, a vaccine to prevent ... HPV/cervical cancer, urinary tract infections from escherichia coli, epidemiology of masculine aging, and a vaccine to prevent ...
Co-infection with DNA viruses such as HTLV-1, herpes simplex virus-2, varicella zoster virus and cytomegalovirus may enhance ... two copies of this gene provide strong protection against HIV infection, although the protection is not absolute. This allele ... Individuals with a broad expansion of the V-beta chain of the T cell receptor of CD8+ T cells during primo-infection appear to ... Following infection with HIV-1, the rate of clinical disease progression varies between individuals. Factors such as host ...
HTLV-1 is the more clinically significant of the two: at least 500,000 of the individuals infected with HTLV-1 eventually ... In a HTLV-1 infection, it is the first protein to be expressed, and in turn is responsible for the expression of the provirus ... Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (2005). "Les nouveaux rétrovirus humains HTLV-3 et HTLV-4" [New human retroviruses: HTLV-3 and HTLV-4] ( ... Two HTLVs are well established. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are both involved in actively spreading epidemics, affecting 15-20 million ...
Infection with HTLV-2 is lifelong, but 95% of affected people have no signs or symptoms of the condition. Although, HTLV-2- ... HTLV-II entry in target cells is mediated by the glucose transporter GLUT1. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 share broad similarities in their ... Due to there being no cure for HTLV II the prevention is focused on early detection and preventing the spread of HTLV-2 to ... "Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)". Medscape. Retrieved 22 February 2019. "HTLV Type I and Type II". NORD (National ...
... htlv-ii infections MeSH C02.782.815.200.480.350 - leukemia, t-cell, htlv-ii-associated MeSH C02.782.815.616 - lentivirus ... htlv-i infections MeSH C02.782.815.200.470.300 - leukemia-lymphoma, t-cell, acute, htlv-i-associated MeSH C02.782.815.200. ... cardiovirus infections MeSH C02.782.687.207 - common cold MeSH C02.782.687.359 - enterovirus infections MeSH C02.782.687.359. ... avulavirus infections MeSH C02.782.580.600.080.600 - newcastle disease MeSH C02.782.580.600.400 - henipavirus infections MeSH ...
HTLV-I/II, West Nile virus (WNV), syphilis, Chagas disease, Zika virus, and transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. Human ... 39 (2): 103-8. PMC 4680662. PMID 17672193. Beckmann S, Lynn P, Miller S, Harris R, DiMarco RF, Ross JE (May 2013). "Evaluation ... 8 (Suppl 2): S53-S56. doi:10.1186/cc2409. PMC 3226144. PMID 15196326. Beckmann SR, Carlile D, Bissinger RC, Burrell M, Winkler ... 39 (2): 105-8. PMC 4680662. PMID 17672193. Beckmann SR, Carlile D, Bissinger RC, Burrell M, Winkler T, Shely WW (June 2007). " ...
... cytomegalovirus infections (in immunocompromised recipients), HTLV, and Babesia. Transfusion inefficacy or insufficient ... II, III, and IV. Dr. William Lorenzo Moss's (1876-1957) Moss-blood typing technique of 1910 was widely used until World War II ... This can result in a life-threatening infection known as transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. The risk of severe ... In the immediate spin method, two drops of patient serum are tested against a drop of 3-5% suspension of donor cells in a test ...
... human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II), syphilis, lyme disease, and tuberculosis can cause myelitis but it can ... although some infections (for example, Staphylococcus aureus infection) can occasionally cause both at once. The similarity of ... It is believed that the immune system response could be to viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection; however, it is not ... In general, there are two groups of fungi that may infect the CNS and cause myelitis - primary and secondary pathogens. Primary ...
Two RNA genomes are encapsidated in each HIV-1 particle (see Structure and genome of HIV). Upon infection and replication ... HTLV-III). HIV-1 is more virulent and more infective than HIV-2, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. ... When simultaneous infection occurs, the genome of progeny virions may be composed of RNA strands from two different strains. ... HIV-2's closest relative is SIVsm, a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabees. Since HIV-1 is derived from SIVcpz, and HIV-2 from ...
Infectious diseases, e.g. measles, diarrhoea, rotavirus, respiratory infections, malaria, HIV, HTLV, and Tuberculosis. ... One of the most important findings was that a new measles vaccine used in low-income countries was associated with a two-fold ...
There is some evidence of a relationship with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) with the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma subtype ... No definitive link between any viral infection or environmental factor has been definitely shown with other CTCL subtypes. ... Of all cancers involving lymphocytes, 2% of cases are cutaneous T cell lymphomas. CTCL is more common in men and in African- ... 2-deoxychloroadenosine) Liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) Gemcitabine (Gemzar) Cyclophosphamide Bone marrow / stem cells Allogenic ...
NK cells can be important source of CC chemokines and may suppress HIV infection by inhibition replication of HIV-1 virus by ... June 1990). "Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q". Nucleic ... Genomic structure, HTLV-I/Tax responsiveness of 5' upstream sequences, and chromosomal localization". The Journal of Biological ... June 1990). "Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q". Nucleic ...
Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (July 2011). "HTLV-3/STLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses: discovery, epidemiology, serology and molecular aspects ... Infection is usually asymptomatic, but inflammation and cancer can develop over time. Four species are recognized by the ICTV ... Two of these were complete enough to show ORFs; the rest only showing long terminal repeats. Known exogenous deltaretroviruses ... The two complete endogenous ones were found in bats and dolphins; the others in Solenodon, mongoose, and fossa. These ...
... of HTLV-1 carriers would develop the uncommon adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma after a long latent period upon infection. HTLV-1 ... It is further divided into two subtypes, ALK positive (ALK+) and ALK negative (ALK-), based on whether they express anaplastic ... Mature T-cell lymphoma can be associated with exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or human T-cell leukaemia virus 1 (HTLV-1). ... Symptoms are divided into two groups, nodal and extranodal symptoms. Nodal symptoms are common, shown by the swelling of lymph ...
"Salmonella infection data for Nfkb1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: ... Pise-Masison CA, Brady JN (2006). "Setting the stage for transformation: HTLV-1 Tax inhibition of p53 function". Front. Biosci ... Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Curr. HIV Res. 3 (1): 87-94. doi: ... Zhao RY, Elder RT (2005). "Viral infections and cell cycle G2/M regulation". Cell Res. 15 (3): 143-9. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290279 ...
... and HTLV-1 since 1993.[citation needed] As with other blood transfusion services, the Red Cross has had to strike a balance ... although it has not been shown that any of these products caused infection in the recipients. The service has a policy of ... between protecting blood recipients against infection, and accepting enough donors to maintain an adequate supply of blood. ... "TGA response to proposal for changes to blood donor deferral guidelines" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2017. "Fact Finder: Our ...
Silicone breast implants A history of hepatitis, systemic disorders of any kind or chronic infections (e.g. HIV, HTLV, TB) ( ... Two concerns are often raised by potential donor milk recipients and health care providers regarding potential risks of using ... If she consumes alcohol, she must wait out an "exclusion period" of six hours for one drink or 12 hours for two drinks before ... Because there is some risk of passing infections and viruses to babies through breast milk, donors must undergo a medical ...
Serwadda, D. et al (1985) Slim disease: A new disease in Uganda and its associations with HTLV-III infection, The Lancet, Vol. ... Rates of HIV-1 transmission per Coital Act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. (co-author) published in the Journal ... As a medical researcher he has been involved in several scientific studies some of which are listed below; HIV-1 infection ... Wawer, Maria J. (2005). "Rates of HIV-1 Transmission per Coital Act, by Stage of HIV-1 Infection, in Rakai, Uganda". academic. ...
Examples include galactosemia, untreated HIV, untreated active tuberculosis, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 or II, uses illicit ... Mother on chemotherapy or recent/current use of radioactive agents Mother with human T-cell lymphotrophic viral infection, ... Most Important - Galactosemia An individual with T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 will have excessive amounts of T-cell ... leukemia and HTLV-1. This often happens through the spread of needles and can affect anyone at any age. If a mother contains ...
FcεR is a tetramer consist of one α, one β and two γ chains. It is monomeric and binds one IgE molecule. The α chain binds IgE ... Human T-lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-1) enter cells via glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1). Ebola virus and Marburg virus use ... Depletion of cholesterol in lipid rafts inhibits EV1 infection. There are also viruses that use the non-caveolar raft-mediated ... The cause of this immiscibility is uncertain, but the immiscibility is thought to minimize the free energy between the two ...
Ehrlich, Garth D.; Poiesz, Bernard J. (March 1, 1988). "Clinical and Molecular Parameters of HTLV-I Infection". Clinics in ... Ehrlich has authored two books entitled, PCR-Based Diagnostics in Infectious Disease, and Culture-Negative Orthopedic Biofilm ... "Biofilm-related infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 12 (4): 331-337. doi:10.1111/j. ... In addition, he evaluated the issues associated with the biofilm infections in the orthopedic field for which he developed and ...
AIDS-related encephalomyelitis, caused by opportunistic Human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. Chronic ... MD Subacute encephalomyelitis of AIDS and its relation to HTLV‐III infection Neurology April 1987 vol. 37 no. 4 562 doi:10.1212 ... possibly triggered by viral infection. Encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis. AntiMOG associated ... Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology Volume 2, Issue 3, pages 295-301, March 2015 doi:10.1002/acn3.164 Reindl M, Di ...
He has also discovered pathways responsible for activation of latent infection by the Human T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus Type ... Rabson is married to Barbara Barnett and they have a daughter and two grandchildren. Marshall, Eliot (2001-06-15). "Ruth ... 1 (HTLV-1). Rabson helped found the Transcriptional Regulation and Oncogenesis Program at Rutgers Cancer Institute of New ... His laboratory has studied the molecular pathogenesis of human retroviral infections leading to the discoveries of the roles of ...
Most viral infections of humans and other animals have incubation periods during which the infection causes no signs or ... The smallest-the ssDNA circoviruses, family Circoviridae-code for only two proteins and have a genome size of only two ... Bellon M, Nicot C (2007). "Telomerase: a crucial player in HTLV-I-induced human T-cell leukemia". Cancer Genomics & Proteomics ... The presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime ...
The similarities of the two types of virus infections: high level of virus replication during primary infection (0-180 days) ... June 1985). "Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques". Science. 228 (4704): 1201-1204. Bibcode: ... SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs) invariably results in persistent infection, but rarely acute disease. Pathogenic ... The later stages of SIV infection develop into sAIDS, much like how HIV infection develops into AIDS. The simian (monkey-hosted ...
In particular, both human class I and class II MHC genes have a high density of HERV elements as compared to other multi-locus- ... These cytokines are first to respond to viral infection and are also important in immunosurveillance for malignant cells. ERVs ... HTLV-1); 2) RNA viruses - influenza A virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV- ... Cross-sectional dating has been used to suggest that two members of HERV-K (HML2), HERV-K106 and HERV-K116, were active in the ...
"The natural history of HTLV-III infection", from 1986, he described the natural history of HIV (first named HTLV-III) based on ... In two recent papers published in Science and Cell, Melbye together with Stanford professors Stephen Quake and Michael Snyder, ... In 1984, he showed that in Danish gay men, HIV infection occurred via sexual contact with gay men in the US and that the ... He and his colleges later showed that Kaposi's sarcoma, an AIDS-defining disease, was not associated with HIV infection. (This ...
Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections, Arthritis, and Asthma Associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II Infection Edward L. Murphy ... Respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections, Arthritis, and Asthma Associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II Infection. ... HTLV-I-infected (triangles) and HTLV-II-infected (squares) participants are compared to HLTV-seronegative participants ( ... Panels are as follows: A) pneumonia; B) acute bronchitis; C) bladder or kidney infection; and D) hypertension. The vertical ...
HTLV belongs to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. ... Respiratory and urinary tract infections, arthritis, and asthma associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. Emerg Infect Dis ... Seroprevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II among a cohort of HIV-infected women and women at risk for HIV infection. Womens ... In 2005, two novel viruses, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, were discovered. HTLV-3 was initially isolated from a 62-year-old male pygmy in ...
Infecções por HTLV-I/diagnóstico; Infecções por HTLV-I/epidemiologia; Infecções por HTLV-II/diagnóstico; Infecções por HTLV-II/ ... Infecções por HTLV-I; Infecções por HTLV-II; Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano; Adulto; Brasil/epidemiologia; Estudos ... Infecções por HTLV-I / Infecções por HTLV-II Tipo de estudo: Estudo diagnóstico / Estudo observacional / Estudo de prevalência ... Infecções por HTLV-I / Infecções por HTLV-II Tipo de estudo: Estudo diagnóstico / Estudo observacional / Estudo de prevalência ...
HTLV belongs to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. ... Respiratory and urinary tract infections, arthritis, and asthma associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection. Emerg Infect Dis ... Seroprevalence of HTLV-I and HTLV-II among a cohort of HIV-infected women and women at risk for HIV infection. Womens ... Molecular epidemiology of HTLV-II among United States blood donors and intravenous drug users: an age-cohort effect for HTLV-II ...
... of HTLV-I/II seropositivity in drug users in the United States is due to HTLV-II infection (54). HTLV-II also appears to be ... HTLV-I. HTLV-II. HTLV-I/II. HTLV Indeterminate. HTLV False Positive. Medical Follow-up. References. SUGGESTED CITATION:. POINT ... Infections with HTLV-I and HTLV-II are most easily detected serologically. The presence of antibodies to HTLV-I or HTLV-II ... HTLV-I. Prevalence. Transmission. Diseases. HTLV-II. Prevalence. Transmission. Diseases. SEROLOGIC TESTS FOR HTLV-I AND HTLV-II ...
This report describes an increase in people with HIV infection receiving PEPFAR-supported antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. ... This report describes an increase in people with HIV infection receiving PEPFAR-supported antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. ... Slim disease: a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet 1985;2:849-52. https://doi.org/ ... During 2004-2022, ART scale-up helped avert nearly 500,000 HIV infections, including more than 230,000 infections among HIV- ...
This report describes an increase in people with HIV infection receiving PEPFAR-supported antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. ... This report describes an increase in people with HIV infection receiving PEPFAR-supported antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. ... Slim disease: a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet 1985;2:849-52. https://doi.org/ ... During 2004-2022, ART scale-up helped avert nearly 500,000 HIV infections, including more than 230,000 infections among HIV- ...
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes chronic infection for which there is no cure or neutralising vaccine. HTLV-I ... A key issue in current HTLV-I research is to better understand the dynamic interaction between persistent infection by HTLV-I ... HTLV-I infection: a dynamic struggle between viral persistence and host immunity. ... SED-ML file of Lim2014 - HTLV-I infection A dynamic struggle between viral persistence and host immunity. 2.18 KB. Preview , ...
HTLV-Ii): Molecular Properties and Clinical and Immunological Features of Infection". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency ... Murphy, Jane; Hall, William W.; Ratner, Lee; Sheehy, Noreen (July 2016). "Novel interactions between the HTLV antisense ... Hall, William W. (April 1999). "Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type Ii ( ... Implications for the HTLV lifecycles". Virology. 494: 129-142. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.012. ISSN 0042-6822. PMC 4924524. ...
Viral infections: HIV, HBV, HCV, HTLV I/II, measles, rubella, VZV, meningitis/encephalitis ... Infection diagnostic. Only donors with blood samples available for a valid diagnostic will be considered. Please save a current ... Active systemic infections (bacterial: e.g. typhoid fever, borreliosis, lues, TBC; parasitic: e.g. malaria, toxoplasmosis) ...
Human T lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II): epidemiology, molecular propeties and clinical features of infection. J Acq Imm ... Four patients referred the use of intravenous drugs (two HTLV-I and two HTLV-II positives) and only three confirmed to have had ... time in Belém not only the occurrence of HTLV-II/HIV-1 coinfections but also a higher prevalence of HTLV-II in relation to HTLV ... Relative prevalence and risk factors of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection in US blood donors. Lancet 337: 1435-1439. ...
Infection of human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTL V-2) in individuals... ...
MSM and DU from Brazil have a much risk of acquiring HIV infection compared to the general population, among which HIV ... in order to decrease the vulnerability of those populations to HIV infection. ... Those studies consistently identified injection drug use and syringe/needle sharing as key predictors of HIV-infection, as well ... and co-infection with HTLV-I/II. J Clin Virol. 2001, 21: 143-51. 10.1016/S1386-6532(01)00158-5. ...
HTLV-I/II, HBV and HCV, as well as blood safety implications of new and emerging potential transfusion-transmissible infectious ... The epidemiology, pathogenesis and laboratory evaluation of transfusion-associated viral infections, including HIV-1/2, ... and possible prevention by pathogen inactivation of blood-borne infections, with a particular focus on new techniques for mass ... diseases (such as West Nile virus, Dengue and Zika viruses, chikungunya virus, T. cruzi, babesia and SARS-CoV-2) ...
HTLV-I/II, HBV and HCV, as well as blood safety implications of new and emerging potential transfusion-transmissible infectious ... The epidemiology, pathogenesis and laboratory evaluation of transfusion-associated viral infections, including HIV-1/2, ... and possible prevention by pathogen inactivation of blood-borne infections, with a particular focus on new techniques for mass ... diseases (such as West Nile virus, Dengue and Zika viruses, chikungunya virus, T. cruzi, babesia and SARS-CoV-2) ...
HIV infection. X. X. X. HTLV I or II infection. X. X. X. ... Atypical mycobacteria infection. X. Avian influenza A(H5N1). X ... Infection prevention and control and healthcare-associated infections Öppna undermeny för Infection prevention and control and ... Infection prevention and control and healthcare-associated infections Öppna undermeny för Infection prevention and control and ... Vibrio infection, excluding cholera. X. X. Viral haemorrhagic fevers, excluding dengue fever and nephropathia epidemica (see ...
... infection in patients with HTLV-1 infection in Peru - case series. Nakazaki J,1 Gotuzzo E,1 Mejia F,1,2 Montes M1 ... Kadri SM,1 Jenevieve Peecher,2 Williams L,2 Crandall R,2 Kausar Rehana,3 Hinton T,2 Rashid S,2 Kimberley M Mayes4 ... Dipankar Pal, MD1 Kundakarla Bhanu Prasad, DM2 Prasannakumar P, DM2 Abi Manesh S, DM2 Rajiv Karthik K, DM2 George M Varghese, ... Designing of pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitors and vaccines with targetable elements in SARS-CoV-2 S2 subunit. Attapon ...
HTLV-II Infections 28% * Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 19% * Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 95% ... 深入研究「Isolation and characterization of simian T-cell leukemia virus type II from New World monkeys」主題。共同形成了獨特的指紋。 ... Isolation and characterization of simian T-cell leukemia virus type II from New World monkeys. ...
Targeting the Human CD3γ Gene Promoter By HIV-1 and HTLV-1: Two Distinct Mechanisms Involving A Transcriptional Regulatory ... CD4+CD25high Regulatory T Cells in the Developing Human Immune System: Implications for Pediatric HIV Infection Authors: Jakob ... HTLV-2 Induces Resistance to CCR5-Dependent HIV-1 Infection Via Selective PBMC Expression of CCL3L1 Authors: E Pilotti, L ... HIV-1-Specific T Cell Function During Acute HIV-1 Infection Authors: Marcus Altfeld ...
A week or two after your baby arrives, your breasts should return to roughly the size they were during pregnancy. Theyll stay ... Mothers with HTLV Type 1 or 2 infection. ... *Illegal drug use in mothers. ... ... Every woman is different, but your breasts are likely to be around one to two bra cup sizes bigger than before pregnancy. Your ... Lie on your side, with a pillow or two to support your head. A pillow between your knees may help you feel comfortable. ...
Clonality of HTLV-2 in Natural Infection * Production, Fate and Pathogenicity of Plasma Microparticles in Murine Cerebral ... Článek Infection of Adult Thymus with Murine Retrovirus Induces Virus-Specific Central Tolerance That Prevents Functional ... Článek Two-Component System Cross-Regulation Integrates Response to Heme and Cell Envelope Stress ... Článek Clonality of HTLV-2 in Natural Infection Článek Production, Fate and Pathogenicity of Plasma Microparticles in Murine ...
Multiple retroviral infection by HTLV type 1, 2, 3 and simian foamy virus in a family of Pygmies from Cameroon.. Sara Calattini ... Hepatitis C virus infection in cameroon: A cohort-effect.. Eric Nerrienet , Régis Pouillot , Guillaume Lachenal , Richard ... Hepatitis B and C virus infections in the three Pygmy groups in Cameroon.. Yacouba Foupouapouognigni , Serge Alain Sadeuh Mba ... A cost-effective algorithm for the diagnosis of Hepatitis C virus infection and prediction of HCV viremia in Cameroon.. Richard ...
Presence of anti-HTLV 1&2 antibodies was associated with history of genital or anal lesions and injection drug use. None of ... Anti-HTLV 1&2 antibodies were found in 4.0% (95% CI: 2.3-6.8) of MSM. Factors independently associated with HBV infection ... Serum specimens obtained were tested for the presence of HBV, HCV, HDV and HTLV-1&2 infections. MSM 18 years and older were ... This study shows that HBV, HCV and HTLV 1&2 prevalence among MSM in Burkina is high and suggests that comprehensive STI ...
HTLV-I Infections HTLV-II Infections Human T-lymphotropic Date: 2017-05-05. Interventions: Diagnostic Test: MP Diagnostics HTLV ... Blot 2.4 HTLV I/II Confirmation and Differentiation Not yet recruiting. Study Name: Brentuximab Vedotin and Combination ...
HTLV-II) در این منطقه، اطلاعات کافی موجود نیست. این مطالعه‌ی مقطعی با هدف تعیین شیوع عفونت HTLV-II در جمعیت عمومی مشهد صورت ... از نظر آنتی‌بادی‌های ضد HTLV با روش ELISA مثبت بودند. در تمامی موارد مثبت، آزمایش Nested PCR برای پروویروس HTLV-II انجام شد که ... بررسی شد و سپس به منظور تأیید آلودگی با HTLV-II، ژن TAX و ناحیه‌ی Long terminal repeat (LTR) ویروس با استفاده از پرایمرهای ... یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان دهنده‌ی عدم وجود عفونت HTLV-II در جمعیت عمومی مشهد می‌باشد. با این وجود، پیشنهاد می‌گردد، شیوع این ...
Deregulated expression of CD40 ligand in HTLV-I infection: Distinct mechanisms of downregulation in HTLV-I-transformed cell ... Binding of c-Rel to STAT5 target sequences in HTLV-I-transformed T cells. Sun, S. C., Maggirwar, S. B., Harhaj, E. W. & Uhlik, ... Activation of I-κB kinase by the HTLV type 1 Tax protein: Mechanistic insights into the adaptor function of IKKγ. Sun, S. C., ... A Critical Role for IL-17RB Signaling in HTLV-1 Tax-Induced NF-κB Activation and T-Cell Transformation. Lavorgna, A., Matsuoka ...
by Scientific Group on Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) Infections and Associated Diseases. Meeting 1992: Kagoshima, ... Scientific Group on Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1 Infections and Associated Diseases, Kagoshima, Japan, 13-14 ... Cultural factors and the epidemiology of malaria and viral infections in women : a study in Madang, Papua New Guinea / Loretta ... Your search returned 2 results. Sort. Sort by:. Relevance. Popularity (most to least). Popularity (least to most). Author (A-Z) ...

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