Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.
A uterine tumor derived from persistent gestational TROPHOBLASTS, most likely after a molar pregnancy (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE). Invasive hyadatiform mole develops in about 15% of patients after evacuation of a complete mole and less frequently after other types of gestation. It may perforate the MYOMETRIUM and erode uterine vessels causing hemorrhage.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
Trophoblastic growth, which may be gestational or nongestational in origin. Trophoblastic neoplasia resulting from pregnancy is often described as gestational trophoblastic disease to distinguish it from germ cell tumors which frequently show trophoblastic elements, and from the trophoblastic differentiation which sometimes occurs in a wide variety of epithelial cancers. Gestational trophoblastic growth has several forms, including HYDATIDIFORM MOLE and CHORIOCARCINOMA. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1691)
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).
A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and NEOPLASMS. The neoplastic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Any of numerous burrowing mammals found in temperate regions and having minute eyes often covered with skin.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The retention in the UTERUS of a dead FETUS two months or more after its DEATH.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.
The threadlike, vascular projections of the chorion. Chorionic villi may be free or embedded within the DECIDUA forming the site for exchange of substances between fetal and maternal blood (PLACENTA).
A potent inhibitor of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES in G1 PHASE and S PHASE. In humans, aberrant expression of p57 is associated with various NEOPLASMS as well as with BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME.
A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
Glycoproteins with the electrophoretic mobility of BETA-GLOBULINS, secreted by the placental TROPHOBLASTS into the maternal bloodstream during PREGNANCY. They can be detected 18 days after OVULATION and reach 200 mg/ml at the end of pregnancy. They are associated with fetal well-being.
The beta subunit of human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Its structure is similar to the beta subunit of LUTEINIZING HORMONE, except for the additional 30 amino acids at the carboxy end with the associated carbohydrate residues. HCG-beta is used as a diagnostic marker for early detection of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS); ECTOPIC PREGNANCY; HYDATIDIFORM MOLE; CHORIOCARCINOMA; or DOWN SYNDROME.
The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.
Cells lining the outside of the BLASTOCYST. After binding to the ENDOMETRIUM, trophoblasts develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblasts, which form the early fetal-maternal interface (PLACENTA).
The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Pregnancy outcome of patients conceiving within one year after chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumor: a clinical report of 22 cases. (1/24)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of pregnancy for patients who conceive within one year after successful chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT). METHODS: We followed up and analysed retrospectively 22 patients who conceived within one year after receiving chemotherapy for GTT from 1966 through 1996. RESULTS: Of 22 patients, 9 had term delivery, 1 had premature birth, 6 requested induced abortion, and 6 experienced therapeutic abortion because of repeated hydatidiform mole (1 patient), intrauterine death (1), inevitable abortion (1), or threatened abortion (3). The fetal wastage rate was 27.3% (6/22). The incidence of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), including hydatidiform mole, was 9.1% (2/22). The incidence of GTT was 4.5%. The average interval between completion of chemotherapy and pregnancy was 9.78 months in the group of term pregnancy and 6.50 months in the group of fetal wastage (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients conceiving within one year after successful chemotherapy for GTT are at higher risk for recurrence of GTD and fetal wastage. Therefore, patients with preserved fertility should practice contraception for at least one year after chemotherapy to get better pregnancy outcome.  (+info)

A perplexing case of gastrointestinal haemorrhage. (2/24)

Choriocarcinoma is a gestational trophoblastic tumour with a high metastatic potential but presentation with gastrointestinal haemorrhage due to jejunal mucosal metastasis is very rare. A 25-year-old Nepali woman presented with severe anaemia and massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage after normal pregnancy following evacuation of a hydatiform mole. During laparotomy, the patient was found to have extensive jejunal mucosal metastases.  (+info)

Treatment of malignant trophoblastic tumors. An analysis of 209 cases. (3/24)

From 1948 to 1985, a total of 630 cases of choriocarcinoma and invasive mole were treated in our hospital. The methods of treatment varied in different periods of time. In the third period (1972-1985), 5 Fu and/or KSM were the main therapeutic agents used in the treatment of 110 cases of choriocarcinoma and 99 cases of invasive mole. Metastases were observed in more than 90% of cases of choriocarcinoma and nearly 1/4 belonged to stage IV. The mortality of choriocarcinoma decreased from 84.3% to 32.7% after treatment and that of invasive mole from 32.4% to 8.1%. 43 of 80 patients treated with chemotherapy alone conceived after recovery, resulting in a total of 50 pregnancies including 31 term deliveries by 28 women. All the children are normal and healthy, the eldest being 11 years old now.  (+info)

Serum SP1, hPL and beta-hCG levels in trophoblastic diseases. (4/24)

Serum SP1 (pregnancy specific beta 1 glycoprotein), hPL (human placental lactogen) and beta-hCG (beta-human chorionic gonadotropin) in patients with choriocarcinoma, invasive mole, and hydati-diform mole were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and compared with those in normal males, non-pregnant women and normal pregnant women in order to evaluate the clinical significance of SP1, hPL and beta-hCG determinations. Serum SP1 levels at the time of admission were highest in hydatidiform mole (5.1 +/- 0.6 micrograms/L) and lowest in choriocarcinoma (0.5 +/- 0.3 micrograms/L). Serum hPL levels were 68.2 +/- 9.7 ng/L in hydatidiform mole and 26.4 +/- 8.3 ng/L in choriocarcinoma. Serum SP1 and hPL levels in trophoblastic diseases were lower than in normal pregnancies (SP1 11.5 +/- 5.1 micrograms/L, hPL 216.8 +/- 48.1 ng/L). SP1/beta-hCG ratios were less than 1.5 in 4/43 (9.3%) cases of hydatidiform mole and 17/19 (89.5%) cases of invasive mole and choriocarcinoma. The beta-hCG/hPL ratios were below 15 in 35/43 (81.4%) cases of hydatidiform mole and 4/19 (21.1%) malignant trophoblastic diseases. The prognosis after operation and chemotherapy was favourable if patient's SP1 and beta-hCG levels gradually decreased.  (+info)

Hydatidiform mole metastasizing to the lung. (5/24)

Pulmonary lesions developed in three patients with an invasive hydatidiform mole. At open thoracotomy the modules were found to contain molar tissue. Therapy with twice-weekly methotrexate induced complete clinical and biologic remission of the disease in all three patients.  (+info)

Detection of pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein in formalin-fixed tissues. (6/24)

Using an enzyme-bridge immunoperoxidase method, pregnancy specific beta1-glycoprotein (PSbetaG) has been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the trophoblast in several formalin-fixed tissues, namely, implantation sites of ovum, normal placentae, hydatidiform moles, invasive moles, and choriocarcinomata of uterus and testis. It is suggested that this technique may prove helpful in the detection of choriocarcinomatous elements in malignant tumours.  (+info)

Nephrotic syndrome associated with invasive mole: a case report. (7/24)

 (+info)

Trichosanthin in the treatment of hydatidiform mole. Clinical analysis of 52 cases. (8/24)

During 1972-1986, 44 of 52 patients (84.6%) with hydatidiform mole were treated successfully with trichosanthin. Of these, 38 (73.1%) had complete spontaneous evacuation and 6 (11.5%) incomplete evacuation. The average time for evacuation of hydatidiform mole was 4.5 +/- 1.64 days. The amount of bleeding was less than 100 ml in 33 patients (75%), while that in 2 of the patients with incomplete evacuation was more than 300 ml. Malignant changes occurred in two of the 44 patients (4.5%). The malignant rate was similar to that (4-12.5, P greater than 0.05) of prophylactic chemotherapy. We consider that thrichosanthin is a better approach to the treatment of hydatidiform mole.  (+info)

A hydatidiform mole, also known as a molar pregnancy, is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which is a group of rare disorders that involve abnormal growth of the placental tissue.

In a hydatidiform mole, there is an abnormal fertilization event leading to the growth of a mass of grapelike cysts in the uterus instead of a normal pregnancy. The chromosomes from the sperm and egg do not combine properly, resulting in an extra set of chromosomes, which leads to the development of the mole.

Hydatidiform moles can be complete or partial:

* Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM): This type arises when an egg without a nucleus is fertilized by one or two sperm, leading to the growth of abnormal placental tissue with no embryo. The chromosomes come from the father only, and there are typically 46 chromosomes, all of paternal origin.
* Partial hydatidiform mole (PHM): This type occurs when an egg is fertilized by two sperm or a single sperm that duplicates itself, resulting in an abnormal placenta with some fetal tissue. The chromosomes are of both maternal and paternal origin, and the placental tissue has a mix of normal and abnormal cells.

Hydatidiform moles can cause vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine enlargement, and high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in the blood. They are usually detected during an ultrasound exam and require medical treatment to prevent complications such as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, a malignant form of GTD that can spread to other organs.

An invasive hydatidiform mole (IHM) is a rare and aggressive complication of a gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which itself originates from the abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells, the tissue that normally develops into the placenta during pregnancy. IHMs are characterized by the invasion of molar villi into the myometrium (the muscular layer of the uterus) and can potentially spread to other organs through the bloodstream, leading to distant metastases.

IHMs usually arise from a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), which is an abnormal conceptus with no embryonic or fetal development. CHMs are typically diploid and originate from the fertilization of an egg without genetic material (an empty egg or an egg with two sets of paternal chromosomes) by one or two sperm cells. This results in a conceptus with only paternal chromosomes, which leads to uncontrolled proliferation of trophoblastic tissue and the formation of grapelike vesicles filled with fluid (hydatidiform moles).

Invasive hydatidiform moles can cause various symptoms, such as vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or the presence of an enlarged uterus. They also pose a risk for developing choriocarcinoma, another type of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), which is a malignant tumor that can metastasize and spread to other organs. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and improve the prognosis for patients with IHMs. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the mole, followed by chemotherapy to eliminate any residual disease and reduce the risk of GTN development.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the uterus, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from different types of cells within the uterus, leading to various types of uterine neoplasms. The two main categories of uterine neoplasms are endometrial neoplasms and uterine sarcomas.

Endometrial neoplasms develop from the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus. Most endometrial neoplasms are classified as endometrioid adenocarcinomas, arising from glandular cells in the endometrium. Other types include serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma.

Uterine sarcomas, on the other hand, are less common and originate from the connective tissue (stroma) or muscle (myometrium) of the uterus. Uterine sarcomas can be further divided into several subtypes, such as leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma.

Uterine neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain, and difficulty urinating or having bowel movements. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and tissue biopsies to determine the type and extent of the neoplasm. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and patient's overall health but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Trophoblastic neoplasms are a group of rare tumors that originate from the trophoblast, which is the outer layer of cells that surrounds a developing embryo and helps to form the placenta during pregnancy. These tumors can be benign or malignant and are characterized by their ability to produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that is normally produced during pregnancy.

There are several types of trophoblastic neoplasms, including:

1. Hydatidiform mole: A benign growth that forms in the uterus when a fertilized egg implants but does not develop into a normal embryo. There are two types of hydatidiform moles: complete and partial. Complete moles have no fetal tissue, while partial moles have some fetal tissue.
2. Invasive mole: A malignant form of hydatidiform mole that invades the uterine wall and may spread to other parts of the body.
3. Choriocarcinoma: A rapidly growing and highly invasive malignant tumor that can arise from a hydatidiform mole, a normal pregnancy, or an ectopic pregnancy. It can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, and brain.
4. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT): A rare type of trophoblastic neoplasm that arises from the cells that attach the placenta to the uterine wall. It is usually slow-growing but can be aggressive in some cases.
5. Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT): Another rare type of trophoblastic neoplasm that arises from the cells that form the placental villi. It is typically low-grade and has a good prognosis, but it can recur in some cases.

The treatment for trophoblastic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular monitoring of hCG levels is also important to ensure that the tumor has been completely removed and to detect any recurrence early.

Choriocarcinoma is a rapidly growing and invasive type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which are abnormal growths that develop in the tissues that are supposed to become the placenta during pregnancy. It occurs when a malignant tumor develops from trophoblast cells, which are normally found in the developing embryo and help to form the placenta.

Choriocarcinoma can occur after any type of pregnancy, including normal pregnancies, molar pregnancies (a rare mass that forms inside the uterus after conception), or ectopic pregnancies (when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus). It is characterized by the presence of both trophoblastic and cancerous cells, which can produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone.

Choriocarcinoma can spread quickly to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, brain, or vagina, through the bloodstream. It is important to diagnose and treat choriocarcinoma early to prevent serious complications and improve the chances of a successful treatment outcome. Treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) is a group of rare pregnancy-related disorders that involve abnormal growth of cells inside a woman's uterus. These cells are part of the placenta, which provides nutrients to the developing fetus. GTD occurs when some of these cells grow in an uncontrolled way, forming tumors or tumor-like growths.

There are several types of GTD:

1. Hydatidiform Mole (HM): Also known as a molar pregnancy, this is the most common type of GTD. It occurs when an egg that has no genetic information is fertilized by a sperm and then divides into multiple copies. This results in a growth that resembles a cluster of grapes, rather than a developing fetus. There are two types of HMs: complete and partial. A complete HM forms when an empty egg is fertilized by two sperms, resulting in no fetal tissue. A partial HM forms when a normal egg is fertilized by two sperm or an abnormal egg with two sets of genetic material, resulting in some fetal tissue.

2. Invasive Mole: This type of GTD occurs when cells from a molar pregnancy invade the uterine wall and surrounding tissues. It can also spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain.

3. Choriocarcinoma: This is a rare form of GTD that develops from trophoblastic cells and forms a malignant tumor. It can grow rapidly and spread quickly to other organs.

4. Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor (PSTT): This is an even rarer type of GTD that forms in the tissue where the placenta attaches to the uterus. PSTTs are usually slow-growing but can sometimes spread to other parts of the body.

5. Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor (ETT): This is a very rare type of GTD that forms in the tissue where the placenta attaches to the uterus. ETTs are usually slow-growing and have a good prognosis.

It's important to note that most molar pregnancies do not develop into more serious forms of GTD, but regular follow-up care is necessary to monitor for any signs of progression. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of GTD and may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Neoplastic pregnancy complications refer to the abnormal growth of cells (neoplasia) that can occur during pregnancy. These growths can be benign or malignant and can arise from any type of tissue in the body. However, when they occur in pregnant women, they can pose unique challenges due to the potential effects on the developing fetus and the changes in the mother's body.

Some common neoplastic pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD): This is a group of rare tumors that occur in the uterus during pregnancy. GTD can range from benign conditions like hydatidiform mole to malignant forms like choriocarcinoma.
2. Breast cancer: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is a type of breast cancer that occurs during pregnancy or within one year after delivery. It can be aggressive and challenging to diagnose due to the changes in the breast tissue during pregnancy.
3. Cervical cancer: Cervical cancer can occur during pregnancy, and its management depends on the stage of the disease and the gestational age. In some cases, treatment may need to be delayed until after delivery.
4. Lung cancer: Pregnancy does not increase the risk of lung cancer, but it can make diagnosis and treatment more challenging.
5. Melanoma: Melanoma is the most common malignant skin cancer during pregnancy. It can spread quickly and requires prompt treatment.

The management of neoplastic pregnancy complications depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, gestational age, and the patient's wishes. In some cases, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy may be necessary. However, these treatments can have potential risks to the developing fetus, so a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers is often involved in the care of pregnant women with neoplastic complications.

A mole (nevus) is a benign growth on the skin that is usually brown or black. Moles can appear anywhere on the body, alone or in groups. Most adults have between 10 and 40 moles. They typically appear during childhood and adolescence. Some moles may change over time, possibly becoming raised and/or changing color. It's important to keep an eye on moles and see a healthcare provider if any changes are noticed, as melanoma, a type of skin cancer, can develop from moles.

It is also worth noting that there are different types of moles including congenital nevi (moles present at birth), dysplastic nevi (atypical moles) and acquired nevi (moles that appear after birth). Dysplastic nevi are larger than average and irregular in shape, with color variations. They are more likely to develop into melanoma than regular moles.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

A "missed abortion" is a medical term used to describe a pregnancy in which the fetus has died or failed to develop, but the products of conception (i.e., the placenta and gestational sac) remain in the uterus. This condition is also sometimes referred to as a "silent miscarriage" or "delayed miscarriage." In a missed abortion, there may be no symptoms or only very mild ones, such as vaginal bleeding or the passing of tissue. The diagnosis is typically made through an ultrasound exam that shows an empty gestational sac or a non-viable fetus. Treatment options include waiting for the body to expel the products of conception naturally, taking medication to induce expulsion, or undergoing a surgical procedure to remove the products of conception.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus before the 20th week of gestation. It is a common complication of early pregnancy, with most miscarriages occurring during the first trimester. Spontaneous abortion can have various causes, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, hormonal imbalances, and structural issues of the uterus or cervix. In many cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.

The symptoms of spontaneous abortion can vary but often include vaginal bleeding, which may range from light spotting to heavy bleeding; abdominal pain or cramping; and the passing of tissue or clots from the vagina. While some miscarriages occur suddenly and are immediately noticeable, others may progress slowly over several days or even weeks.

In medical practice, healthcare providers often use specific terminology to describe different stages and types of spontaneous abortion. For example:

* Threatened abortion: Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed, and there is no evidence of fetal demise or passing of tissue.
* Inevitable abortion: Vaginal bleeding with an open cervix, indicating that a miscarriage is imminent or already in progress.
* Incomplete abortion: The expulsion of some but not all products of conception from the uterus, requiring medical intervention to remove any remaining tissue.
* Complete abortion: The successful passage of all products of conception from the uterus, often confirmed through an ultrasound or pelvic examination.
* Missed abortion: The death of a fetus in the uterus without any expulsion of the products of conception, which may be discovered during routine prenatal care.
* Septic abortion: A rare and life-threatening complication of spontaneous abortion characterized by infection of the products of conception and the surrounding tissues, requiring prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment.

Healthcare providers typically monitor patients who experience a spontaneous abortion to ensure that all products of conception have been expelled and that there are no complications, such as infection or excessive bleeding. In some cases, medication or surgical intervention may be necessary to remove any remaining tissue or address other issues related to the miscarriage. Counseling and support services are often available for individuals and couples who experience a spontaneous abortion, as they may face emotional challenges and concerns about future pregnancies.

Chorionic villi are finger-like projections of the chorion, which is the outermost extraembryonic membrane in a developing embryo. These structures are composed of both fetal and maternal tissues and play a crucial role in the early stages of pregnancy by providing a site for exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the developing fetus.

Chorionic villi contain fetal blood vessels that are surrounded by stromal cells, trophoblasts, and connective tissue. They are formed during the process of implantation, when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall. The chorionic villi continue to grow and multiply as the placenta develops, eventually forming a highly vascular and specialized organ that supports fetal growth and development throughout pregnancy.

One important function of chorionic villi is to serve as the site for the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone that can be detected in the mother's blood and urine during early pregnancy. This hormone plays a critical role in maintaining pregnancy by signaling the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone, which helps to prevent menstruation and support fetal growth.

Abnormalities in chorionic villi can lead to various pregnancy complications, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, or intrauterine growth restriction. For this reason, chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a diagnostic procedure that may be performed during early pregnancy to obtain fetal cells for genetic testing and diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities or other genetic disorders.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57, also known as CDKN1C or p57KIP2, is a protein that regulates the cell cycle and acts as a tumor suppressor. It inhibits the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are enzymes that play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle and transitioning from one phase to another.

The p57 protein is encoded by the CDKN1C gene, which is located on chromosome 11p15.5. This region is known as an imprinted gene cluster, meaning that only one copy of the gene is active, depending on whether it is inherited from the mother or father. In the case of p57, the paternal allele is usually silenced, and only the maternal allele is expressed.

Mutations in the CDKN1C gene can lead to several developmental disorders, including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a condition characterized by overgrowth, abdominal wall defects, and an increased risk of childhood tumors. Loss of function mutations in CDKN1C have also been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly Wilms' tumor, a type of kidney cancer that typically affects children.

In summary, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 is a protein that regulates the cell cycle and acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the activity of CDKs. Mutations in the CDKN1C gene can lead to developmental disorders and an increased risk of cancer.

Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is produced during pregnancy. It is produced by the placenta after implantation of the fertilized egg in the uterus. The main function of hCG is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum, which is a temporary endocrine structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation and produces progesterone during early pregnancy. Progesterone is essential for maintaining the lining of the uterus and supporting the pregnancy.

hCG can be detected in the blood or urine as early as 10 days after conception, and its levels continue to rise throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. In addition to its role in maintaining pregnancy, hCG is also used as a clinical marker for pregnancy and to monitor certain medical conditions such as gestational trophoblastic diseases.

Hydrops Fetalis is a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including the abdomen (ascites), around the heart (pericardial effusion), and/or within the lungs (pleural effusion). This accumulation can also affect the skin, causing it to become edematous. Hydrops Fetalis is often associated with various underlying causes, such as chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infections, genetic disorders, and structural defects that impair the fetus's ability to maintain fluid balance. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. The prognosis for Hydrops Fetalis is generally poor, with a high mortality rate, although early detection and appropriate management can improve outcomes in certain situations.

Pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoproteins (PSBGs), also known as SP1 or SP-1, are a group of proteins that are produced in large quantities by the placenta during pregnancy. They were first discovered in 1974 and are found in the serum of pregnant women. These proteins belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily and are involved in various physiological processes during pregnancy, such as implantation, placentation, and fetal development.

PSBGs have been identified as potential markers for early pregnancy diagnosis, as their levels start to rise shortly after conception and can be detected in the maternal bloodstream within days of implantation. They also play a role in the regulation of immune responses during pregnancy, helping to prevent the mother's immune system from attacking the developing fetus.

There are several isoforms of PSBGs, including PSBG1, PSBG2, and PSBG3, which differ in their molecular weight and other biochemical properties. The function of these different isoforms is not fully understood, but they may have distinct roles in the regulation of pregnancy-related processes.

It's worth noting that while PSBGs are produced during pregnancy, they can also be found in non-pregnant individuals, albeit at much lower levels. The exact role of PSBGs outside of pregnancy is not well understood and requires further research.

Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human (β-hCG) is a protein that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It is a component of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is a hormone that is composed of two subunits: alpha and beta. The β-hCG subunit is specific to hCG and is not found in other hormones, making it a useful marker for pregnancy and certain medical conditions.

During early pregnancy, the levels of β-hCG increase rapidly and can be detected in the blood and urine. This has led to the development of pregnancy tests that detect the presence of β-hCG to confirm pregnancy. In addition to its role in pregnancy, β-hCG is also used as a tumor marker for certain types of cancer, such as germ cell tumors and choriocarcinoma.

Elevated levels of β-hCG may indicate the presence of a molar pregnancy, a condition in which a fertilized egg implants in the uterus but does not develop properly. In some cases, a molar pregnancy can become cancerous and require treatment. Therefore, monitoring β-hCG levels during pregnancy is important for detecting any potential complications.

The first trimester of pregnancy is defined as the period of gestational development that extends from conception (fertilization of the egg by sperm) to the end of the 13th week. This critical phase marks significant transformations in both the mother's body and the growing embryo/fetus.

During the first trimester, the fertilized egg implants into the uterine lining (implantation), initiating a series of complex interactions leading to the formation of the placenta - an organ essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus while removing waste products. Simultaneously, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, giving rise to various organs and systems. By the end of the first trimester, most major structures are present, although they continue to mature and grow throughout pregnancy.

The mother may experience several physiological changes during this time, including:
- Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting)
- Fatigue
- Breast tenderness
- Frequent urination
- Food aversions or cravings
- Mood swings

Additionally, hormonal shifts can cause various symptoms and prepare the body for potential changes in lactation, posture, and pelvic alignment as pregnancy progresses. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this period to monitor both maternal and fetal wellbeing, identify any potential complications early on, and provide appropriate guidance and support throughout the pregnancy.

A "threatened abortion" is a medical term used to describe a situation in which there are symptoms that suggest an impending miscarriage, such as vaginal bleeding and/or cramping during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed and the fetal heartbeat is still present. This condition is estimated to occur in up to 20-30% of all pregnancies, and while it can be a source of anxiety for pregnant individuals, it does not necessarily mean that a miscarriage will definitely occur.

It's important to note that if you are experiencing any symptoms of a threatened abortion, you should contact your healthcare provider right away for evaluation and guidance on how to manage the situation. They may recommend bed rest, pelvic rest, or other treatments to help support the pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage.

Trophoblasts are specialized cells that make up the outer layer of a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells that forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development. In humans, this process occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization. The blastocyst consists of an inner cell mass (which will eventually become the embryo) and an outer layer of trophoblasts.

Trophoblasts play a crucial role in implantation, which is the process by which the blastocyst attaches to and invades the lining of the uterus. Once implanted, the trophoblasts differentiate into two main layers: the cytotrophoblasts (which are closer to the inner cell mass) and the syncytiotrophoblasts (which form a multinucleated layer that is in direct contact with the maternal tissues).

The cytotrophoblasts proliferate and fuse to form the syncytiotrophoblasts, which have several important functions. They secrete enzymes that help to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix of the uterine lining, allowing the blastocyst to implant more deeply. They also form a barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues, helping to protect the developing embryo from the mother's immune system.

Additionally, trophoblasts are responsible for the formation of the placenta, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and removes waste products. The syncytiotrophoblasts in particular play a key role in this process by secreting hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which helps to maintain pregnancy, and by forming blood vessels that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.

Abnormalities in trophoblast development or function can lead to a variety of pregnancy-related complications, including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and gestational trophoblastic diseases such as hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas.

Genomic imprinting is a epigenetic process that leads to the differential expression of genes depending on their parental origin. It involves the methylation of certain CpG sites in the DNA, which results in the silencing of one of the two copies of a gene, either the maternal or paternal allele. This means that only one copy of the gene is active and expressed, while the other is silent.

This phenomenon is critical for normal development and growth, and it plays a role in the regulation of genes involved in growth and behavior. Genomic imprinting is also associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which occur when there are errors in the imprinting process that lead to the absence or abnormal expression of certain genes.

It's important to note that genomic imprinting is a complex and highly regulated process that is not yet fully understood. Research in this area continues to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying gene regulation and their impact on human health and disease.

... is a type of neoplasia that grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It is formed after ... Hydatidiform mole McDonald, TW.; Ruffolo, EH. (Feb 1983). "Modern management of gestational trophoblastic disease". Obstet ...
... complete hydatidiform mole, and partial hydatidiform mole. The four malignant tumours Invasive mole Choriocarcinoma Placental ... Hydatidiform mole also has successfully been treated with systemic (intravenous) methotrexate. The treatment for invasive mole ... A hydatidiform mole also known as a molar pregnancy, is the most common and is usually benign. Sometimes it may develop into an ... Complete hydatidiform moles have no fetal tissue and no maternal DNA, as a result of a maternal ovum with no functional DNA. ...
... hydatidiform moles may develop into invasive moles. This condition is named persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD). The moles ... incomplete moles can become invasive as well but are not associated with choriocarcinoma. Notably, complete hydatidiform moles ... a hydatidiform mole will almost always end as a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). Based on morphology, hydatidiform moles can ... partial moles and complete moles, where the term 'mole' simply denotes a clump of growing tissue or a 'growth'. A complete mole ...
The cure rates, even for metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma, is more than 90% when using chemotherapy for invasive mole and ... Choriocarcinoma of the placenta during pregnancy is preceded by: hydatidiform mole (50% of cases) spontaneous abortion (20% of ... High magnification Very high magnification Since gestational choriocarcinoma (which arises from a hydatidiform mole) contains ...
... hydatidiform mole MeSH C04.557.465.955.416.812.500 - hydatidiform mole, invasive MeSH C04.557.470.035 - adenoma MeSH C04.557. ... hydatidiform mole MeSH C04.850.908.416.750.500 - hydatidiform mole, invasive MeSH C04.925.313.165 - burkitt lymphoma MeSH ...
... hydatidiform mole MeSH C13.703.720.949.416.875.500 - hydatidiform mole, invasive MeSH C13.703.726.570 - fetal macrosomia MeSH ...
NOS Hydatid mole Complete hydatidiform mole M9100/1 Invasive hydatidiform mole Chorioadenoma /destruens Chorioadenoma Invasive ... mole, NOS Malignant hydatidiform mole M9100/3 Choriocarcinoma, NOS Chorionepithelioma Chorioepithelioma M9101/3 Choriocarcinoma ... trophoblastic M9103/0 Partial hydatidiform mole M9104/1 Placental site trophoblastic tumor M9105/3 Trophoblastic tumor, ... non-invasive (C25._) M8453/3 Intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma invasive (C25._) M8454/0 Cystic tumor of atrio- ...
... lesions include placental site nodule and hydatidiform moles while malignant lesions have four subtypes including invasive mole ... Epidemiological studies have reported that hydatidiform mole appears to be caused by abnormal gametogenesis and fertilization ... age of younger than 15 and older than 45 years of age and pregnancies at these ages are a risk factor for hydatidiform mole. ...
A hydatidiform mole is a red hemorrhagic mass with various sizes in the uterus. Often, diagnosis is presumptive. It is based on ... Many efforts have been made to try to understand the mechanism of how non-malignant mole could become invasive. It is suspected ... It has been showed that the risk of having GC after a complete hydatidiform mole is significantly higher than after a live ... One prevalent symptom is vaginal bleeding after a pregnancy, abortion, or hydatidiform mole. In the presence of choriocarcinoma ...
Examples include: Choriocarcinoma Hydatidiform mole In placental disease, there's abnormalities present within the spiral ... Placental Disease can be diagnosed through technologies such as, Prenatal ultrasound evaluation and invasive foetal testing. ...
Conversely, if there is too much invasion of uterine tissue by the trophoblast then a hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma may ... The invasive lineage creates cytotrophoblasts that are essential in the process of implantation and forming a fully functional ... Although these invasive interstitial cytotrophoblasts can no longer divide, they retain their ability to form syncytia. ... There are two lineages that cytotrophoblastic cells may differentiate through: fusion and invasive. The fusion lineage yields ...
Theca lutein xysts are also often notably seen in patients with choriocarcinoma or hydatidiform mole. Rarely these type of ... Laparoscopic surgery is minimally invasive procedure where only a small incision is made and a small camera is inserted at the ... This procedure is more invasive than a laparoscopic surgery and involves a larger incision. Theca lutein cysts have the ... In addition, pathologies such as infarctions and placental invasive disorders can be seen more clearly. MRI is especially ...
Obstetrics and gynaecology Howard Atwood Kelly Childbirth and obstetrics in antiquity Genital schistosomiasis Hydatidiform mole ... Nisenblat V, Bossuyt PM, Farquhar C, Johnson N, Hull ML (February 2016). "Imaging modalities for the non-invasive diagnosis of ... While performing these surgeries he invited eager physicians and students to watch invasive and painful procedures while the ...
ANTXR2 Hydatidiform mole; 231090; NALP7 Hydranencephaly with abnormal genitalia; 300215; ARX Hydrocephalus due to aqueductal ... invasive ductal; 114480; RAD54L Breast cancer, somatic; 114480; AKT1 Breast cancer, somatic; 114480; KRAS Breast cancer, ... GIF Invasive pneumococcal disease, recurrent isolated, 1; 610799; IRAK4 IRAK4 deficiency; 607676; IRAK4 Iridogoniodysgenesis, ...
Having a placenta that is enlarged by multiple gestation or hydatidiform mole also increases risk of eclampsia. In addition, ... Invasive hemodynamic monitoring may be elected in an eclamptic woman at risk for or with heart disease, kidney disease, ...
Gestational trophoblastic disease like hydatidiform moles ("molar pregnancy") or choriocarcinoma may produce high levels of ... Regular hCG is the main form of hCG associated with the majority of pregnancy and in non-invasive molar pregnancies. This is ... hydatidiform mole, and islet cell tumor. For this reason, a positive result in males can be a test for testicular cancer. The ... At the present time, 1 international unit is equal to approximately 2.35×10−12 moles, or about 6×10−8 grams. It is also ...
Invasive hydatidiform mole is a type of neoplasia that grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It is formed after ... Hydatidiform mole McDonald, TW.; Ruffolo, EH. (Feb 1983). "Modern management of gestational trophoblastic disease". Obstet ...
... to confirm the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. An experienced operator should perform transabdominal and transvaginal imaging ... GTN includes complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), partial hydatidiform mole (PHM), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-site ... Hydatidiform moles are the most common type of GTN. Internationally, the incidence of hydatidiform moles is 1-2:1000 ... encoded search term (Hydatidiform Mole Imaging) and Hydatidiform Mole Imaging What to Read Next on Medscape ...
... and is characterized by the occurrence of at least two abnormal pregnancies that result in the formation of hydatidiform moles ... Recurrent hydatidiform mole is a condition that affects women ... it is called an invasive mole. In rare cases, this malignant ... When a hydatidiform mole occurs once, it is known as sporadic hydatidiform mole; if it happens again, the condition is known as ... medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/recurrent-hydatidiform-mole/ Recurrent hydatidiform mole. ...
Invasive mole (IM) Choriocarcinoma (CC) Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) This article is available only as a PDF. ... Hydatidiform mole (HM). Invasive mole (IM). Choriocarcinoma (CC). Placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT) ... Gestational trophoblastic diseases are a heterogenous group of conditions ranging from the benign hydatidiform mole to the ... Benign moles are treated surgically with evacuation of the uterus or hysterectomy. In malignant gestational trophoblastic ...
locally invasive hydatidiform mole ** stage II to IV are called choriocarcinoma. Notably, compared to only a few decades ago ... On the other hand, if a mole comes back or it does not dissolve spontaneously, the doctor has to remove it with suction ... In many cases a hydatiform mole , another term for choriocarcinoma, may spontaneously dissolve on its own and be expelled. By ... curettage, where all of the hydatidiform tissue is removed from the uterine cavity. Of course, this is carefully monitored with ...
Chorioadenoma destruens is considered to be an invasive form of hydatidiform mole. Methotrexate is administered in these ... Since hydatidiform mole may precede choriocarcinoma, prophylactic chemotherapy with methotrexate has been recommended. ... Methotrexate is indicated in the treatment of gestational choriocarcinoma, chorioadenoma destruens and hydatidiform mole. ...
They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC ...
Benign GTD includes molar pregnancies, both partial hydatidiform moles (PHMs) and complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs). ... both partial hydatidiform moles (PHMs) and complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs). Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a ... malignant disorder that includes invasive moles, choriocarcinomas, placental site trophoblastic tumors, and epithelioid ... Hydatidiform Mole. Due to more frequent ultrasounds in the early stages of pregnancy and more accurate hCG testing methods, ...
... hydatidiform mole, invasive hydatidiform mole, and chorioepithelioma; 4) acute pelvic inflammatory disease; 5) Ovarian tumor: ...
Invasive hydatidiform mole: immunohistochemical labelling of inhibin/activin subunits, Ki67, p53 and glycodelin A in a rare ... Partial hydatidiform mole: histologic parameters in correlation with DNA genotyping. Int J Gynecol Pathol 32: 307-315, 2013. ... Expression and clinical significance of CD146 and Ki67 in diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. China Med Pharm 2(17): 29-31, 2012. ... The expression and clinical Value of Ki-67 in different hydatidiform mole tissues. Hebei Med J 33(11): 1697-1698, 2011. ...
Invasive moles - A tumor or tumor-like process invading the myometrium, and characterized by trophoblastic and of It ... ... It commonly results from complete hydatidiform mole but may do so from partial hydatidiform mole. Invasive mole may metastasize ... INVASIVE MOLES \ɪnvˈe͡ɪsɪv mˈə͡ʊlz], \ɪnvˈe‍ɪsɪv mˈə‍ʊlz], \ɪ_n_v_ˈeɪ_s_ɪ_v m_ˈəʊ_l_z]\ ...
... to confirm the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. An experienced operator should perform transabdominal and transvaginal imaging ... 9] GTN includes complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), partial hydatidiform mole (PHM), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, and ... Partial hydatidiform mole. Sonograms of partial hydatidiform mole (PHM) may show cystic changes similar to those of CHM but in ... Hydatidiform moles should be regarded as premalignant lesions because 15-20% of complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) and 1% of ...
Invasive hydatidiform mole (morphologic abnormality). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Invasive hydatidiform mole ( ... Invasive hydatidiform mole Active Synonym false false 31698014 Malignant hydatidiform mole Active Synonym false false ... M]Invasive hydatidiform mole Active Synonym false false 1222183011 [M]Chorioadenoma Active Synonym false false ...
Hydatidiform Mole * Labial Cancer * Laparoscopic Oophorectomy * Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy * Leiomyoma * ... Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery * Ovarian Cancer * Ovarian Debulking Surgery * Ovarian Tumors * Pagets Disease of the ...
Research Interest: Placenta; preeclampsia; IUGR; hydatidiform and invasive moles; choriocarcinoma; endometrium; endometriosis; ... World Meeting on Minimally invasive surgery in gynecology Roma, 24-28 Giugno 2003. 35) L. Giambanco, D. Alaimo, V. Giambanco: ... Research Interest: Gynecologic Oncology; Surgery; Minimally invasive surgery; Gyncological pathology and surgical pathology.. ... Research Interest: General obstetrics, General Gynecology, Myoma Uteri, Minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, Polycystic ...
Invasive hydatidiform mole is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic diseases. Cornual invasive hydatidiform mole is ... Unlike common site of invasive hydatidiform mole, mono-chemotherapy may be insufficient for cornual invasive hydatidiform mole ... This patient was diagnosed with cornual invasive hydatidiform mole. Mono-chemotherapy was admitted firstly and with poor ... CONCLUSION: Cases with cornual invasive hydatidiform mole are extremely rare conditions. ...
Hydatidiform Moles (HM) Complete HM. Partial HM.. *Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) Invasive moles. Choriocarcinomas. ... A molar pregnancy - also known as hydatidiform mole - is a rare complication of pregnancy characterized by the abnormal growth ... Types of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease There are two main types of GTD: hydatidiform mole (HM), also called molar pregnancy ...
Your Answer: Second, untreated, non-invasive hydatidiform mole Correct Answer: Choriocarcinoma Explanation: Gestational ... Hydatidiform moles are the most common form of GTD and are found in about 1 in every 1000 births. They often present with signs ... If levels fail to drop, it may indicate an invasive mole or choriocarcinoma, which requires referral to a specialist center for ... A 26-year-old woman presents with significant vaginal bleeding and is diagnosed with a hydatidiform mole. The uterus is ...
... invasive mole). It may also become a malignant tumor called choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform mole is the most common type of ... How is hydatidiform mole formed?. A hydatidiform mole is growth of an abnormal fertilized egg or an overgrowth of tissue from ... Can a hydatidiform mole have a heartbeat?. If women have a hydatidiform mole, results are positive, but no fetal movement and ... Is a hydatidiform mole cancerous?. A hydatidiform mole contains many cysts (sacs of fluid). It is usually benign (not cancer) ...
The Immune Microenvironment of the Hydatidiform Mole and Invasive Mole Published On: 2023-05-25 Authors: Yiqun Yang, Jia Wei, ... Published On: 2018-04-12 Authors: Moles Athanasios, Fotopoulos Stavros, Cheirakis Emmanouil, Koronaios Vasilios, Kalousis ...
Introduction: gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders including hydatidiform mole (HM) ... and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) - malignant form that encompasses invasive mole, .... * h2,.h2 {font-size:22px;! ...
Relapse was defined as increasing and abnormal hCG test results with or without invasive lesions after remission. The final ... Special types of hydatidiform mole, including heterotopic hydatidiform mole and complete hydatidiform mole co-existing with a ... Hydatidiform moles can be subdivided into complete hydatidiform mole and partial hydatidiform mole based on their ... Flowchart of the outcomes of women with hydatidiform mole. CHM, complete hydatidiform mole; HM, hydatidiform mole; pGTN, post- ...
Hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, placental site trophoblastic tumor, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor are evacuated by ... of hydatidiform moles, more commonly after a complete than a partial mole. After a complete hydatidiform mole, about 15 to 20% ... Most (> 80%) hydatidiform moles are benign. In patients with a prior partial or complete mole, incidence of a second mole in ... Invasive mole occurs in 15% of cases, and metastatic disease occurs in 5%. After a partial mole, local invasion occurs in up to ...
... hydatidiform; hydatidiform mole; hydatidiform mole, invasive; hydatidocele; hydatidoma; hydatidosis; hydatidostomy; hydatid ... polyp; hydatid pregnancy; hydatid rash; hydatid resonance; hydatid sand; hydatid thrill; hydatiform mole; hydatiform mole: ...
Definition of Hydatidiform Mole. A hydatidiform mole is a relatively rare condition in which tissue around a fertilized egg ... Invasive or metastatic moles (cancer) may require chemotherapy and often respond well to methotrexate. The response to ... Causes of Hydatidiform Mole. The specific cause behind the occurrence of Hydatidiform mole still remains to be found out. ... Treatment of Hydatidiform Mole. Hydatidiform moles should be treated by evacuating the uterus by uterine suction or by surgical ...
A case of a hydatidiform molar pregnancy presenting with first trimester vaginal bleeding, diagnosed by ultrasonography ... sensitive for identifying partial hydatidiform moles, but highly sensitive (95%) in identifying complete hydatidiform moles.1 ... with an invasive component. Multiple small pulmonary nodules and intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy were evident on CT. The ... The presence or absence of a fetus distinguishes a complete mole from a partial mole. Complete moles are associated with an ...
Invasive mole, which is a type of molar pregnancy that has the potential to metastasize. They may grow into the muscle layer of ... Hydatidiform moles are divided into two subtypes:. Complete molar pregnancy: This occurs when the sperm fertilizes an egg that ... Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is usually identified as a hydatidiform mole (a molar pregnancy) or as gestational ...
Abortion/threatened abortion, ectopic pregnancy or hydatidiform mole, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), transplacental ... invasive interventions, cordocentesis, blunt abdominal trauma or fetal therapeutic intervention. ...
... in not cancerous hydatidiform mole, along with 50% in intrusive skin mole. Especially, invasive skin color mole experienced ... hydatidiform epidermis, as well as Tissue biopsy obtrusive skin mole. ... Integrin beta-1 expression has been similar in harmless hydatidiform epidermis and malignant epidermis (90% and 90%), but this ...
8- P57 Kip2 immunostaining, a diagnostic marker in differentiating completer hydatidiform mole from its mimics, Zanco Medical ... pression in invasive breast carcinoma, Zanco J. Med. Sci. vol.22,(1).2018 ...
  • GTN includes complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), partial hydatidiform mole (PHM), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). (medscape.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic diseases are a heterogenous group of conditions ranging from the benign hydatidiform mole to the malignant choriocarcinoma. (annals.edu.sg)
  • In many cases a hydatiform mole , another term for choriocarcinoma, may spontaneously dissolve on its own and be expelled. (nethealthbook.com)
  • These tumors include postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (gestational trophoblastic neoplasia that develops after a molar pregnancy), placental-site trophoblastic tumor, epithelioid trophoblastic tumor, choriocarcinoma, and invasive mole. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Repeat beta-hCG levels however revealed a continued rise after the procedure, and a computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis revealed progression of a gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (likely a choriocarcinoma) with an invasive component. (aliem.com)
  • Choriocarcinoma tends to be invasive and to metastasize early and widely through both the venous and lymphatic systems. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • The gestational type includes an ovarian metastasis from primary uterine choriocarcinoma which occurs in association with a normal pregnancy or spontaneous abortion, complete hydatidiform mole, or partial mole, and primary gestational ovarian choriocarcinoma which arises from ectopic pregnancy in the ovary. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • A hydatidiform mole carries with it a 1,000 - to 2,000 fold increased risk of choriocarcinoma, one of the most striking cancer risk factors identified in humans. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • Gestational choriocarcinoma follows normal pregnancy (25%), spontaneous abortion (25%), and hydatidiform mole (50%), but only about 3-5% of all molar pregnancies eventuate in choriocarcinoma. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
  • In patients following the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole, GTM, or choriocarcinoma, if there is complete resolution of measurable hCG, and then titers slowly rise and then plateau, this is indicative of quiescent gestational trophoblastic disease. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This is particularly relevant for the patient with a recent or remote history of hydatidiform mole or GTM. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hydatidiform mole is the most common type of gestational trophoblastic tumor. (studybuff.com)
  • Ultrasonography is the imaging investigation of choice (see the images below) to confirm the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole . (medscape.com)
  • MRI has no established role in the initial diagnosis of hydatidiform moles. (medscape.com)
  • CT presents a risk of ionizing radiation, and it has no role in the diagnosis of hydatidiform mole. (medscape.com)
  • During the patient's admission, the final pathology returned confirming the diagnosis of a complete hydatidiform mole. (aliem.com)
  • All lesions were removed and the final pathological diagnosis was metastatic invasive mole. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a 2016 publication in 'Prenatal Diagnosis', scientists at ARCEDI, among others, described an improved method of enriching fetal cells and used 1-2 fetal cells to perform chromosomal and subchromosomal testing without invasive sampling. (arcedi.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is a malignant disorder that includes invasive moles, choriocarcinomas, placental site trophoblastic tumors, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors. (arupconsult.com)
  • Hydatiform moles are benign placental tumors with malignant potential. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Invasive hydatidiform mole is a type of neoplasia that grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the tumor invades the surrounding tissue of the uterus, it is called an invasive mole. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Benign moles are treated surgically with evacuation of the uterus or hysterectomy. (annals.edu.sg)
  • Instead, a cluster of grape-like cysts (known as a hydatidiform mole) grows in the uterus. (studybuff.com)
  • A molar pregnancy (also called a hydatidiform mole or HM) is a tumor (growth) that develops in the uterus (womb) at the beginning of pregnancy. (studybuff.com)
  • A hydatidiform mole is a growing mass of tissue inside your womb (uterus) that will not develop into a baby. (studybuff.com)
  • Transabdominal ultrasound revealing a "snowstorm" or "cluster of grapes" appearance within an enlarged uterus with no definitive intrauterine pregnancy, concerning for complete hydatidiform mole. (aliem.com)
  • Innumerable anechoic regions of various sizes within the uterus in a complete hydatidiform mole (circled). (aliem.com)
  • Invasive hydatidiform mole is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • A form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia similar to a hydatidiform mole but with deep invasion into the myometrium and histologically characterized by hyperplasia of trophoblasts generalized cystic degeneration of chorionic villi and the presence of molar villi in the myometrium and/ or uterine blood vessels. (globalgenes.org)
  • Hydatidiform moles should be regarded as premalignant lesions because 15-20% of CHMs and 1% of PHMs undergo malignant transformation into invasive moles, choriocarcinomas , or, in rare cases, PSTTs. (medscape.com)
  • Benign GTD includes molar pregnancies, both partial hydatidiform moles (PHMs) and complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs). (arupconsult.com)
  • Previous studies have reported that malignant change occurs in approximately 15~20% of complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) and less than 1~5% of partial hydatidiform moles (PHMs) [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recurrent hydatidiform mole is a condition that affects women and is characterized by the occurrence of at least two abnormal pregnancies that result in the formation of hydatidiform moles. (medlineplus.gov)
  • if it happens again, the condition is known as recurrent hydatidiform mole. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One to six percent of previously affected women will have a recurrent hydatidiform mole. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in multiple genes have been found to cause recurrent hydatidiform mole. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A pregnancy that results from an abnormal oocyte cannot develop properly, resulting in recurrent hydatidiform mole. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A small number of cases of recurrent hydatidiform mole have been found to be caused by mutations in genes that play important roles in the production of oocytes and sperm cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The risk is increased significantly after two molar pregnancies, and familial recurrent hydatidiform mole syndrome (caused by NLRP7 or KHDC3L gene variants) should be suspected. (arupconsult.com)
  • Recurrent hydatidiform mole is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern , which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (studybuff.com)
  • A hydatidiform mole is a mass that forms early in pregnancy and is made up of cells from an abnormally developed embryo and placenta. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The first symptom of a hydatidiform mole is often vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In women with NLRP7 or KHDC3L gene mutations, a hydatidiform mole will develop in every pregnancy that occurs with her egg cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hydatidiform moles result in greatly increased production of hCG, and hCG testing should be performed when a molar pregnancy is suspected and may help differentiate between a PHM and a CHM. (arupconsult.com)
  • Types of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease There are two main types of GTD: hydatidiform mole (HM), also called molar pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • A molar pregnancy - also known as hydatidiform mole - is a rare complication of pregnancy characterized by the abnormal growth of trophoblasts, the cells that normally develop into the placenta. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Given the point-of-care ultrasound findings suggestive of a complete hydatidiform mole, OB GYN was consulted and a radiology-performed transvaginal ultrasound was obtained, confirming the suspicion of a molar pregnancy. (aliem.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is usually identified as a hydatidiform mole (a molar pregnancy) or as gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). (cancercenter.com)
  • Invasive mole , which is a type of molar pregnancy that has the potential to metastasize . (cancercenter.com)
  • Abortion/threatened abortion, ectopic pregnancy or hydatidiform mole, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), transplacental haemorrhage (TPH) resulting from ante-partum haemorrhage (APH), amniocentesis, chorionic biopsy, obstetric manipulative procedures e.g. external version, invasive interventions, cordocentesis, blunt abdominal trauma or fetal therapeutic intervention. (marchitalia.eu)
  • The prevention of uterine perforation should be emphasized during suction evacuation for mole pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This case awakes us that the prevention of uterine perforation should be emphasized during suction evacuation for mole pregnancy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs), or molar pregnancies, are more common in individuals younger than 21 years and older than 35 years. (arupconsult.com)
  • In a multicenter study, many proven cases of hydatidiform mole were not clinically or sonographically evident. (medscape.com)
  • Clinically, complete moles show a much higher incidence (18-29%) of developing into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, whereas persistent trophoblastic neoplasia occurs only in 1.0-5.6% of partial mole cases ( 3 , 4 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • No angiographic studies are clinically useful for assessing hydatidiform mole. (medscape.com)
  • Commonly, invasive mole is often clinically rather than histologically diagnosed based on persistent elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level after the evacuation of mole tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hydatidiform mole encompasses a heterogeneous group of lesions that feature an abnormal non-neoplastic proliferation of trophoblasts ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Rbfox2 is expressed in the progenitor epithelial cell cytotrophoblast, reduced in the terminally differentiated syncytiotrophoblast (formed by cell fusion) and conversely, highly expressed in the invasive trophoblasts, known to express mesenchymal cell markers. (ispr.org.il)
  • A hydatidiform mole is growth of an abnormal fertilized egg or an overgrowth of tissue from the placenta. (studybuff.com)
  • Complete moles are associated with an absence of a fetus, as illustrated in this case, while partial moles are associated with an abnormal fetus or fetal demise. (aliem.com)
  • Gestational trophoblastic disease includes a spectrum of proliferative disorders ranging from nonneoplastic hydatiform moles to malignant neoplastic disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was carried out at the Tu Du Hospital, where a total of 189 patients were diagnosed with invasive mole based on histologic examination by hysterectomy between 01/2016 to 12/2020. (bvsalud.org)
  • Internationally, the incidence of hydatidiform moles is 1-2:1000 pregnancies. (medscape.com)
  • Hydatidiform moles occur in 1 in 600 to 1,000 pregnancies in western countries. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The complete hydatidiform mole is a diploid androgenetic conceptus with indiscriminate hyperplasia of the villous trophoblast and generalized swelling of the hydatidiform villous without detectable fetal tissues. (iiarjournals.org)
  • It is usually benign (not cancer) but it may spread to nearby tissues (invasive mole). (studybuff.com)
  • The partial hydatidiform mole is characterized by a diandric triploid conceptus, accompanying focal trophoblastic hyperplasia and villous hydrops, and an ascertainable fetus. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The presence or absence of a fetus distinguishes a complete mole from a partial mole. (aliem.com)
  • Magnified transverse sonogram shows a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) at 7 weeks of menstrual age with a small anembryonic gestational sac. (medscape.com)
  • Sagittal endovaginal sonogram of a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) at 12 weeks of menstrual age demonstrates an enlarged endometrium containing an anembryonic gestational sac with adjacent hyperechoic material containing tiny anechoic spaces. (medscape.com)
  • Transverse endovaginal sonogram of a second-trimester complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) demonstrates a distended endometrial cavity containing innumerable, variably sized anechoic cysts with intervening hyperechoic material. (medscape.com)
  • Transverse endovaginal sonogram of a second-trimester complete hydatidiform mole (CHM). (medscape.com)
  • The major imaging feature distinguishing PHM from complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is the presence of fetal tissue on the left side of the image (mother's right side). (medscape.com)
  • Is Ki-67 of Diagnostic Value in Distinguishing Between Partial and Complete Hydatidiform Moles? (iiarjournals.org)
  • Background/Aim: To demonstrate the value of Ki-67 in distinguishing between partial and complete hydatidiform moles. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Conclusion: The Ki-67 expression was higher in complete than in partial hydatidiform moles. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Therefore, the possibility of progressing to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and the need for clinical processing and follow-up of the patient emphasizes the importance of differentiating between complete and partial hydatidiform moles. (iiarjournals.org)
  • Resulting from the earlier clinical evaluation and management of hydatidiform moles, the histopathological features which were regarded as diagnostic evidence of distinguishing complete moles from partial moles are more subtle and less readily identifiable ( 3 , 6 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • During routine clinical practice, misdiagnosis of complete and partial moles is not a new story ( 9 , 10 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • It commonly results from complete hydatidiform mole but may do so from partial hydatidiform mole . (dictionary.net)
  • Second-trimester complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) can be confused with retained products of conception. (medscape.com)
  • Hydatidiform Moles (HM) Complete HM. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Objective To assess the strategy and value of centralized surveillance of hydatidiform mole at a regional hospital in China and to investigate the necessity of prophylactic chemotherapy for high-risk complete hydatidiform mole. (bmj.com)
  • Women with complete hydatidiform mole were categorized into low-risk and high-risk groups according to the criteria from Song Hongzhao's trophoblastic neoplasia. (bmj.com)
  • Prophylactic chemotherapy is not recommended for women with high-risk complete hydatidiform mole with adequate surveillance. (bmj.com)
  • They are further classified as complete or partial moles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Complete moles are diploid. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This finding is more typically seen in a complete hydatidiform mole rather than in a partial mole. (aliem.com)
  • 1,2 For this reason, ultrasound is only 20% sensitive for identifying partial hydatidiform moles, but highly sensitive (95%) in identifying complete hydatidiform moles. (aliem.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry for Rbfox2 was performed on three trimesters of normal placenta sections, preeclampsia, complete hydatidiform mole and placenta accreta. (ispr.org.il)
  • Based on its proprietary technology ARCEDI has launched 'EVITA TEST COMPLETE', a fetal cell based Non-invasive Prenatal Test (cbNIPT), which gives the pregnant women in the gestational age of 10 to 14 weeks the opportunity of knowing the genetic status of the unborn child without the need of invasive tests. (arcedi.com)
  • EVITA TEST COMPLETE' based on simple blood sampling, holds the potential to replace the current invasive procedures, known to carry a slight risk of unintended abortions, and unnecessary stress and anxiety. (arcedi.com)
  • Indicative signs include persistent unexplained metrorrhagia or secondary increase stagnation or non-normalization at 6 months of total serum chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels after evacuation of a hydatidiform mole. (globalgenes.org)
  • Invasive mole arising form iatrogenic uterine perforation displays an unusual metastatic manner other than general invasive moles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we reported a case of invasive mole that derived from iatrogenic uterine perforation and showed a special metastatic manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • How does cell‐based non‐invasive prenatal test (NIPT) perform against chorionic villus sampling and cell‐free NIPT in detecting trisomies and copy number variations? (arcedi.com)
  • ARCEDI has developed a proprietary technology of isolating rare circulating fetal cells from maternal blood samples and using these cells for Non-invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT). (arcedi.com)
  • On the other hand, if a mole comes back or it does not dissolve spontaneously, the doctor has to remove it with suction curettage , where all of the hydatidiform tissue is removed from the uterine cavity. (nethealthbook.com)
  • Invasive mole is defined as the existence of edematous and/or degraded villus with trophoblastic proliferation in the myometrium or extra-uterine metastases which arises from myometrial invasion of hydatidiform mole via direct extension through tissue or venous channels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a relatively rare but invasive cancer that tends to metastasize to the vagina , liver, kidneys, lungs, and central nervous system. (osmosis.org)
  • Metastasis to the pelvic peritoneum or omentum, independent of uterine myometrial invasion and lung metastases, is extremely rare in invasive mole. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The classic sonographic "snowstorm" appearance of a hydatidiform mole has been used to describe a complex intrauterine mass containing small cystic regions. (aliem.com)
  • Partial moles are triploid, resulting from fertilization by two sperm or a diploid sperm. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Unlike common site of invasive hydatidiform mole, mono-chemotherapy may be insufficient for cornual invasive hydatidiform mole. (bvsalud.org)
  • OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the rate of salvage chemotherapy and review associated factors in invasive mole patients treated by primary or delayed hysterectomy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The sonographic appearance of a first-trimester hydatidiform mole can be indistinguishable from that of an anembryonic gestation, specifically blighted ovum. (medscape.com)
  • 1 The sonographic findings of a partial hydatidiform mole may not be as easily identified, and the only evident finding may be an empty gestational sac. (aliem.com)
  • Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) Invasive moles. (worldsrichpeople.com)
  • Conclusions A centralized hydatidiform mole surveillance program is feasible and effective and may improve the prognosis of patients with post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. (bmj.com)
  • Introduction: Identifying hydatidiform moles (HMs) is crucial due to the risk of gestationaltrophoblastic neoplasia. (arcedi.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Cases with cornual invasive hydatidiform mole are extremely rare conditions. (bvsalud.org)
  • Invasive mole arising from iatrogenic uterine perforation has not been reported yet. (biomedcentral.com)
  • c - e An iatrogenic uterine perforation (arrow) ( c ) and the lesions [right uterosacral ligament ( d ) and omentum ( e )] of mole under laparoscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, the recognition that the different subsidiary sets have different clinical management and prognosis has made the precise subdivision of hydatidiform moles essential. (iiarjournals.org)
  • A hydatidiform mole contains many cysts (sacs of fluid). (studybuff.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of hydatidiform mole? (studybuff.com)
  • Interestingly, Rbfox2 also regulates invasive EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition). (ispr.org.il)