A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.
Tubes inserted to create communication between a cerebral ventricle and the internal jugular vein. Their emplacement permits draining of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus or other condition leading to fluid accumulation in the ventricles.
Surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of a plastic tube to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Manometric pressure of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.
Narrow channel in the MESENCEPHALON that connects the third and fourth CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. These conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.
Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle.
Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
PROCEDURES that use NEUROENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted NEURONAVIGATION system, provides guidance in NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The pressure due to the weight of fluid.
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.
An irregularly shaped cavity in the RHOMBENCEPHALON, located between the MEDULLA OBLONGATA; the PONS; and the isthmus in front, and the CEREBELLUM behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)
Standardized clinical interview used to assess current psychopathology by scaling patient responses to the questions.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
Congenital, or rarely acquired, herniation of meningeal and spinal cord tissue through a bony defect in the vertebral column. The majority of these defects occur in the lumbosacral region. Clinical features include PARAPLEGIA, loss of sensation in the lower body, and incontinence. This condition may be associated with the ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp35-6)
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)
Techniques for measuring blood pressure.

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. (1/147)

A 79-year-old woman suffering from urinary incontinence and unsteady gait was diagnosed as having idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) with hyponatremia due to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The concentration of antidiuretic hormone was high while the plasma osmolality was low in the presence of concentrated urine during the episodes of hyponatremia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head showed enlargement of the third and lateral ventricles. After ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery, the symptoms of NPH and hyponatremia improved. It may be possibly explained that mechanical pressure on the hypothalamus from the third ventricle is responsible for hyponatremia.  (+info)

Specific patterns of cognitive impairment in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. (2/147)

OBJECTIVES: Eleven patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) were selected from an initial cohort of 43 patients. The patients with NPH fell into two distinctive subgroups: preshunt, group 1 (n=5) scored less than 24 on the mini mental state examination (MMSE) and were classified as demented and group 2 (n=6) scored 24 or above on the MMSE and were classified as non-demented. METHODS: All patients were neuropsychologically assessed on two occasions: preshunt and then again 6 months postshunt. Group 1 completed the mini mental state examination (MMSE) and the Kendrick object learning test (KOLT). In addition to the MMSE and KOLT, group 2 completed further tasks including verbal fluency and memory and attentional tasks from the CANTAB battery. Nine of the 11 patients also underwent postshunt MRI. RESULTS: Group 1, who, preshunt, performed in the dementing range on both the MMSE and KOLT, showed a significant postoperative recovery, with all patients now scoring within the normal non-demented range. Group 2, although showing no signs of dementia according to the MMSE and KOLT either preshunt or postshunt, did show a specific pattern of impairment on tests sensitive to frontostriatal dysfunction compared with healthy volunteers, and this pattern remained postoperatively. Importantly, this pattern is distinct from that exhibited by patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Eight of the nine patterns of structural damage corresponded well to cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are useful for three main reasons: (1) they detail the structural and functional profile of impairment seen in NPH, (2) they demonstrate the heterogeneity found in this population and show how severity of initial cognitive impairment can affect outcome postshunt, and (3) they may inform and provide a means of monitoring the cognitive outcome of new procedures in shunt surgery.  (+info)

Prediction of effectiveness of shunting in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus by cerebral blood flow measurement and computed tomography cisternography. (3/147)

Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and computed tomography (CT) cisternography were performed in 37 patients with a tentative diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) to predict their surgical outcome. The mean CBF of the whole brain was measured quantitatively by single photon emission computed tomography with technetium-99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime before surgery. The results of CT cisternography were classified into four patterns: type I, no ventricular stasis at 24 hours; type II, no ventricular stasis with delayed clearance of cerebral blush; type III, persistent ventricular stasis with prominent cerebral blush; type IV, persistent ventricular stasis with diminished cerebral blush and/or asymmetrical filling of the sylvian fissures. The mean CBF was significantly lower than that of age-matched controls (p < 0.005). Patients with a favorable outcome had a significantly higher mean CBF than patients with an unfavorable outcome (p < 0.005). Patients with the type I pattern did not respond to shunting. Some patients with type II and III patterns responded to shunting but improvement was unsatisfactory. Patients with type IV pattern responded well to shunting, and those with a mean CBF of 35 ml/100 g/min or over achieved a favorable outcome. The combination of CBF measurement and CT cisternography can improve the prediction of surgical outcome in patients with suspected NPH.  (+info)

MR imaging of the hippocampus in normal pressure hydrocephalus: correlations with cortical Alzheimer's disease confirmed by pathologic analysis. (4/147)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR studies have shown hippocampal atrophy to be a sensitive diagnostic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we measured the hippocampal volumes of patients with a clinical diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), a potentially reversible cause of dementia when shunted. Further, we examined the relationship between the hippocampal volumes and cortical AD pathologic findings, intracranial pressure, and clinical outcomes in cases of NPH. METHODS: We measured hippocampal volumes from 37 patients with a clinical diagnosis of NPH (27 control volunteers and 24 patients with AD). The patients with NPH underwent biopsy, and their clinical outcomes were followed for a year. RESULTS: Compared with those for control volunteers, the findings for patients with NPH included a minor left-side decrease in the hippocampal volumes (P < .05). Compared with those for patients with AD, the findings for patients with NPH included significantly larger hippocampi on both sides. Although not statistically significant, trends toward larger volumes were observed in patients with NPH who had elevated intracranial pressure, who benefited from shunting, and who did not display cortical AD pathologic findings. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of hippocampal volumes among patients with a clinical diagnosis of NPH have clear clinical implications, providing diagnostic discrimination from AD and possibly prediction of clinical outcome after shunting.  (+info)

Indications for shunting in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus presenting with dementia and brain atrophy (atypical idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus). (5/147)

The indications for shunt operation in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus accompanied by brain atrophy (atypical idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: AINPH) were investigated in 25 patients who satisfied the diagnostic criteria and underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting. All patients had no apparent history of intra- or extracranial disease; dementia and gait disturbance as the main complaints; moderate to severe cerebral atrophy and ventricular dilatation and at least periventricular low density around the anterior horn on computed tomography; normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and filling of ventricles or cortical surface space with contrast medium at 24 hours on cisternography. The 15 male and 10 female patients were aged 47-83 years (mean 60.4 years). VP shunting was effective in 12 improved patients and not effective in 13 unimproved patients according to NPH grading. Pathological pressure wave on epidural pressure monitoring was observed in eight of 12 improved patients, but none of 13 unimproved patients. CSF outflow resistance was 35.33 +/- 11.16 mmHg/ml/min in improved patients and 9.12 +/- 3.51 mmHg/ml/min in unimproved patients. Preoperative serum alpha-1-antichymotrypsin value (alpha-1-ACT) was 42.02 +/- 8.64 mg/dl in improved patients and 61.72 +/- 11.03 mg/dl in unimproved patients. Alpha-1-ACT over 55 mg/dl occurred only in unimproved patients. Cerebral arteriovenous difference of oxygen content value (c-AVDO2) before and after surgery was 6.34 +/- 0.9 ml% and 5.91 +/- 0.78 ml% in improved patients and 4.75 +/- 1.85 ml% and 4.81 +/- 1.73 ml% in unimproved patients, respectively. The two cases with preoperative c-AVDO2 value over 8.5 ml% were both unimproved. Mean cerebral blood flow value before and after surgery was 23.51 +/- 4.20 ml/100 g/min and 45.22 +/- 8.11 ml/100 g/min in improved patients and 21.77 +/- 5.12 ml/100 g/min and 24.82 +/- 4.97 ml/100 g/min in unimproved patients, respectively. Cerebral atrophy in improved patients is caused by a cerebral circulation disturbance defined as a cerebral blood flow of penumbra or more due to cerebral arteriosclerosis, etc. A flow-chart of indications of shunt surgery for AINPH was prepared based on the results of the present study.  (+info)

Alzheimer's disease comorbidity in normal pressure hydrocephalus: prevalence and shunt response. (6/147)

The clinical impact of Alzheimer's disease pathology at biopsy was investigated in 56 cognitively impaired patients undergoing shunt surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Cognition was measured by means of the global deterioration scale (GDS), the mini mental status examination (MMSE) and a battery of six psychometric tests. Gait was assessed using objective measurements of velocity and the ambulatory index (AI). The prevalence of cases exhibiting neuritic plaques (positive biopsies) increased in parallel with dementia severity from 18% for patients with GDS 3 to 75% for patients with GDS scores > or =6. Patients with positive biopsies were more cognitively impaired (higher GDS and lower MMSE scores) as well as more gait impaired (higher AI scores and slower velocities) than patients with negative biopsies. After surgery, gait velocity and AI scores improved significantly and to a comparable degree for patients with and without positive biopsies. Similar proportions of positive and negative biopsy patients also had improved gait as assessed by means of subjective video tape comparisons. There were no significant differences between the biopsy groups in the magnitude of postoperative psychometric change or in the proportion of cases exhibiting improved urinary control. Alzheimer's disease pathology is a common source of comorbidity in older patients with idiopathic NPH where it contributes to the clinical impairment associated with this disorder. For patients accurately diagnosed with NPH, concomitant Alzheimer's disease pathology does not strongly influence the clinical response to shunt surgery.  (+info)

Transverse-section radionuclide scanning in cisternography. (7/147)

By applying the technique of transverse-section radionuclide scanning to cisternography, the structure and relationships of the basal cisterns and other subarachnoid spaces of the brain can be visualized more clearly and with more detail than is possible with routine imaging techniques. The ability of this method to separate overlapping areas of radioactivity ensures improved definition of space-occupying processes within the basal cisterns. In the evaluation by cisternography of patients with hydrocephalus and dementia, the transverse-section images clearly separated various normal and abnormal patterns, whereas the routine cisternogram images were equivocal.  (+info)

CSF sulfatide distinguishes between normal pressure hydrocephalus and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy. (8/147)

OBJECTIVES: To examine the CSF concentrations of molecules reflecting demyelination, neuronal and axonal degeneration, gliosis, monoaminergic neuronal function, and aminergic and peptidergic neurotransmission in a large series of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) or subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (SAE), to elucidate pathogenic, diagnostic, and prognostic features. METHODS: CSF concentrations of glycosphingolipid (sulfatide), proteins (neurofilament triplet protein (NFL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)), neuropeptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA)), and monoamines (homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG)) were analysed in 43 patients with NPH and 19 patients with SAE. The diagnoses of NPH and SAE were based on strict criteria and patients with NPH were subsequently operated on. Twelve clinical variables, psychometric tests measuring perceptual speed, accuracy, learning, and memory and a psychiatric evaluation were performed in all patients and before and after a shunt operation in patients with NPH. RESULTS: The CSF sulfatide concentration was markedly increased in patients with SAE (mean 766, range 300-3800 nmol/l) compared with patients with NPH (mean 206, range 50-400 nmol/l) (p<0.001). 5-HIAA, GABA, and VIP in CSF were higher in patients with SAE than in patients with NPH. The patients with NPH with cerebrovascular aetiology had higher sulfatide concentrations and a poorer outcome after shunt surgery than patients with NPH with other aetiologies. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of the white matter changes in NPH and SAE is different and ischaemic white matter changes can be a part of the NPH state. The markedly increased CSF sulfatide concentrations in patients with SAE indicate ongoing demyelination as an important pathophysiological feature of SAE. The CSF sulfatide concentration distinguished between patients with SAE and those with NPH with a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 94%, making it an important diagnostic marker.  (+info)

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a type of hydrocephalus that occurs in older adults and is characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles, leading to enlargement of the ventricles while maintaining normal or near-normal CSF pressure. This condition can cause a triad of symptoms including gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence.

The exact cause of NPH is not well understood, but it may be associated with conditions such as previous meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or head trauma. In some cases, the cause may be idiopathic, meaning there is no known underlying condition.

Diagnosis of NPH typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and sometimes lumbar puncture to measure CSF pressure and assess the patient's response to removal of CSF. Treatment usually involves surgical implantation of a shunt system that diverts excess CSF from the ventricles to another part of the body where it can be absorbed, such as the abdominal cavity. This procedure can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life for some patients with NPH.

Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure and potentially causing damage to the brain tissues. This excessive buildup of CSF can result from either overproduction or impaired absorption of the fluid, which typically causes the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain to expand and put pressure on surrounding brain structures.

The condition can be congenital, present at birth due to genetic factors or abnormalities during fetal development, or acquired later in life as a result of injuries, infections, tumors, or other disorders affecting the brain's ability to regulate CSF flow and absorption. Symptoms may vary depending on age, severity, and duration but often include headaches, vomiting, balance problems, vision issues, cognitive impairment, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for hydrocephalus typically involves surgically implanting a shunt system that diverts the excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed, such as the abdominal cavity. In some cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) might be an alternative treatment option, creating a new pathway for CSF flow within the brain. Regular follow-ups with neurosurgeons and other healthcare professionals are essential to monitor the condition and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts are medical devices used to divert the flow of excess CSF from the brain and spinal cord to another part of the body, usually the abdominal cavity. The shunt consists of a catheter, a valve, and a reservoir.

The catheter is inserted into one of the ventricles in the brain or the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord to drain the excess CSF. The valve regulates the flow of CSF to prevent over-drainage, which can cause complications such as low CSF pressure and brain sagging. The reservoir is a small chamber that allows for easy access to the shunt system for monitoring and adjusting the pressure settings.

CSF shunts are typically used to treat conditions associated with increased production or impaired absorption of CSF, such as hydrocephalus, communicating hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and pseudotumor cerebri. By reducing the buildup of CSF in the brain, shunts can help alleviate symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision problems, and cognitive impairment.

It is important to note that while CSF shunts are effective in managing these conditions, they also carry risks of complications such as infection, obstruction, malfunction, and over-drainage. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are necessary to ensure proper functioning and minimize the risk of complications.

A Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a long, flexible tube (shunt) into the cerebral ventricles of the brain to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The other end of the shunt is directed into the peritoneal cavity, where the CSF can be absorbed.

The VP shunt is typically used to treat hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain, which can cause increased intracranial pressure and damage to the brain. By diverting the excess CSF from the ventricles into the peritoneal cavity, the VP shunt helps to relieve the symptoms of hydrocephalus and prevent further neurological damage.

The shunt system consists of several components, including a ventricular catheter that is placed in the ventricle, a one-way valve that regulates the flow of CSF, and a distal catheter that is directed into the peritoneal cavity. The valve helps to prevent backflow of CSF into the brain and ensures that the fluid flows in only one direction, from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity.

VP shunts are generally safe and effective, but they can be associated with complications such as infection, obstruction, or malfunction of the shunt system. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is necessary to monitor the function of the shunt and ensure that any potential issues are addressed promptly.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure (CSFP) is the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. CSF acts as a cushion for the brain, allowing it to float within the skull and protecting it from trauma.

The normal range of CSFP is typically between 6 and 18 cm of water (cm H2O) when measured in the lateral decubitus position (lying on one's side). Elevated CSFP can be a sign of various medical conditions, such as hydrocephalus, meningitis, or brain tumors. Conversely, low CSFP may indicate dehydration or other underlying health issues.

It is important to monitor and maintain normal CSFP levels, as abnormal pressure can lead to serious neurological complications, including damage to the optic nerve, cognitive impairment, and even death in severe cases. Regular monitoring of CSFP may be necessary for individuals with conditions that affect CSF production or absorption.

The cerebral aqueduct, also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius, is a narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles (cavities) of the brain. It allows for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. The cerebral aqueduct is a critical component of the ventricular system of the brain, and any obstruction or abnormality in this region can result in an accumulation of CSF and increased pressure within the brain, which can lead to serious neurological symptoms and conditions such as hydrocephalus.

A spinal puncture, also known as a lumbar puncture or a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower back to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, by analyzing the CSF for cells, chemicals, bacteria, or viruses. Additionally, spinal punctures can be used to administer medications or anesthetics directly into the CSF space, such as in the case of epidural anesthesia during childbirth.

The medical definition of a spinal puncture is: "A diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves introducing a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, typically at the lumbar level, to collect cerebrospinal fluid or administer medications."

The cerebral ventricles are a system of interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are located in the center of the brain and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection to the brain by cushioning it from impacts and helping to maintain its stability within the skull.

There are four ventricles in total: two lateral ventricles, one third ventricle, and one fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere, while the third ventricle is located between the thalami of the two hemispheres. The fourth ventricle is located at the base of the brain, above the spinal cord.

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through narrow passageways called the interventricular foramen. From there, it flows into the fourth ventricle through another narrow passageway called the cerebral aqueduct. CSF then leaves the fourth ventricle and enters the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the size or shape of the cerebral ventricles can indicate underlying neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or atrophy (shrinkage) of brain tissue. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often used to assess the size and shape of the cerebral ventricles in clinical settings.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

A gait disorder is a disturbance in the ability to walk that can't be attributed to physical disabilities such as weakness or paralysis. Neurologic gait disorders are those specifically caused by underlying neurological conditions. These disorders can result from damage to the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves that disrupts communication between the muscles and the brain.

Neurologic gait disorders can present in various ways, including:

1. **Spastic Gait:** This is a stiff, foot-dragging walk caused by increased muscle tone (hypertonia) and stiffness (spasticity). It's often seen in conditions like cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis.

2. **Ataxic Gait:** This is a broad-based, unsteady, and irregular walk caused by damage to the cerebellum, which affects balance and coordination. Conditions such as cerebellar atrophy or stroke can cause this type of gait disorder.

3. **Parkinsonian Gait:** This is a shuffling walk with small steps, flexed knees, and difficulty turning. It's often seen in Parkinson's disease.

4. **Neuropathic Gait:** This is a high-stepping walk caused by foot drop (difficulty lifting the front part of the foot), which results from damage to the peripheral nerves. Conditions such as diabetic neuropathy or Guillain-Barre syndrome can cause this type of gait disorder.

5. **Choreic Gait:** This is an irregular, dance-like walk caused by involuntary movements (chorea) seen in conditions like Huntington's disease.

6. **Mixed Gait:** Sometimes, a person may exhibit elements of more than one type of gait disorder.

The specific type of gait disorder can provide important clues about the underlying neurological condition and help guide diagnosis and treatment.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It's the measurement of the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and brain tissue within the confined space of the skull.

Normal ICP ranges from 5 to 15 mmHg in adults when lying down. Intracranial pressure may increase due to various reasons such as bleeding in the brain, swelling of the brain, increased production or decreased absorption of CSF, and brain tumors. Elevated ICP is a serious medical emergency that can lead to brain damage or even death if not promptly treated. Symptoms of high ICP may include severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and visual changes.

Pneumoencephalography is a diagnostic procedure that is rarely used today, due to the development of less invasive techniques. It involves the introduction of air or another gas into the ventricular system or subarachnoid space of the brain, followed by X-ray imaging to visualize the structures and any abnormalities within the intracranial cavity.

The primary purpose of this procedure was to diagnose conditions affecting the brain's ventricles, such as hydrocephalus, tumors, or inflammation. The introduction of air into the cranium allowed for better visualization of these structures and any potential abnormalities. However, due to its invasive nature, risks associated with the procedure, and the availability of non-invasive imaging techniques like CT and MRI scans, pneumoencephalography has fallen out of favor in modern medicine.

A ventriculostomy is a medical procedure in which an opening is made into one of the cerebral ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces within the brain, to relieve pressure or to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing. This is typically performed using a catheter known as an external ventricular drain (EVD). The EVD is inserted through a burr hole in the skull and into the ventricle, allowing CSF to drain out and be measured or tested. Ventriculostomy may be necessary in the management of various conditions that can cause increased intracranial pressure, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries.

Cerebral ventriculography is a medical imaging technique that involves the injection of a contrast material into the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain. The purpose of this procedure is to produce detailed images of the ventricular system and the surrounding structures in order to diagnose and evaluate various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles), tumors, or other abnormalities that may be causing obstruction or compression of the ventricular system.

The procedure typically involves inserting a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into the lateral ventricle of the brain through a small hole drilled in the skull. The contrast material is then injected through the catheter and X-ray images are taken as the contrast material flows through the ventricular system. These images can help to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be present.

Cerebral ventriculography has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provide similar information without the need for invasive procedures. However, cerebral ventriculography may still be used in certain cases where these other methods are not sufficient to make a definitive diagnosis.

The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, which are two of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the third one being the dura mater). This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and cushioning to the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space also contains blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients. It's important to note that subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of stroke, can occur when there is bleeding into this space.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

The third ventricle is a narrow, fluid-filled cavity in the brain that is located between the thalamus and hypothalamus. It is one of the four ventricles in the ventricular system of the brain, which produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spinal cord.

The third ventricle is shaped like a slit and communicates with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen (also known as the foramen of Monro), and with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius).

The third ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces CSF. The fluid flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle, then through the cerebral aqueduct and into the fourth ventricle, where it can circulate around the brainstem and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the third ventricle, such as enlargement or obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct, can lead to hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an accumulation of CSF in the brain.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

Neuroendoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique that involves the use of an endoscope to access and treat various conditions within the brain and spinal column. An endoscope is a long, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip, which allows surgeons to view and operate on internal structures through small incisions or natural openings in the body.

In neuroendoscopy, the surgeon uses the endoscope to navigate through the brain's ventricular system (fluid-filled spaces) or other narrow spaces within the skull or spine to diagnose and treat conditions such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, arachnoid cysts, and intraventricular hemorrhage.

The benefits of neuroendoscopy include reduced trauma to surrounding tissues, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery times, and improved outcomes compared to traditional open surgical approaches. However, neuroendoscopic procedures require specialized training and expertise due to the complexity of the anatomy involved.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Dementia is a broad term that describes a decline in cognitive functioning, including memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment, severe enough to interfere with daily life. It is not a specific disease but rather a group of symptoms that may be caused by various underlying diseases or conditions. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Other causes include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's disease.

The symptoms of dementia can vary widely depending on the cause and the specific areas of the brain that are affected. However, common early signs of dementia may include:

* Memory loss that affects daily life
* Difficulty with familiar tasks
* Problems with language or communication
* Difficulty with visual and spatial abilities
* Misplacing things and unable to retrace steps
* Decreased or poor judgment
* Withdrawal from work or social activities
* Changes in mood or behavior

Dementia is a progressive condition, meaning that symptoms will gradually worsen over time. While there is currently no cure for dementia, early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life for those affected.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure within the eye, specifically within the anterior chamber, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber, is constantly produced and drained, maintaining a balance that determines the IOP. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mmHg, with average values around 15-16 mmHg. Elevated IOP is a key risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively. Regular monitoring of IOP is essential in diagnosing and managing glaucoma and other ocular health issues.

A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.

During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:

1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.

The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.

Urinary incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss or leakage of urine that is sufficient to be a social or hygienic problem. It can occur due to various reasons such as weak pelvic muscles, damage to nerves that control the bladder, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease.

There are different types of urinary incontinence, including stress incontinence (leakage of urine during physical activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercising), urge incontinence (a sudden and strong need to urinate that results in leakage), overflow incontinence (constant dribbling of urine due to a bladder that doesn't empty completely), functional incontinence (inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or mental impairments), and mixed incontinence (a combination of any two or more types of incontinence).

Urinary incontinence can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing embarrassment, social isolation, and depression. However, it is a treatable condition, and various treatment options are available, including bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, medications, medical devices, and surgery.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity. In medical terms, hydrostatic pressure is often discussed in relation to body fluids and tissues. For example, the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) is the force that drives the fluid out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues. This helps to maintain the balance of fluids in the body. Additionally, abnormal increases in hydrostatic pressure can contribute to the development of edema (swelling) in the tissues.

Atrophy is a medical term that refers to the decrease in size and wasting of an organ or tissue due to the disappearance of cells, shrinkage of cells, or decreased number of cells. This process can be caused by various factors such as disuse, aging, degeneration, injury, or disease.

For example, if a muscle is immobilized for an extended period, it may undergo atrophy due to lack of use. Similarly, certain medical conditions like diabetes, cancer, and heart failure can lead to the wasting away of various tissues and organs in the body.

Atrophy can also occur as a result of natural aging processes, leading to decreased muscle mass and strength in older adults. In general, atrophy is characterized by a decrease in the volume or weight of an organ or tissue, which can have significant impacts on its function and overall health.

The fourth ventricle is a part of the cerebrospinal fluid-filled system in the brain, located in the posterior cranial fossa and continuous with the central canal of the medulla oblongata and the cerebral aqueduct. It is shaped like a cavity with a roof, floor, and lateral walls, and it communicates rostrally with the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct and caudally with the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka and Magendie). The fourth ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces cerebrospinal fluid. Its roof is formed by the cerebellar vermis and the superior medullary velum, while its floor is composed of the rhomboid fossa, which includes several important structures such as the vagal trigone, hypoglossal trigone, and striae medullares.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

The ependyma is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cells are specialized glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier, regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and provide support and protection for the nervous tissue.

Ependymal cells have a cuboidal or columnar shape and possess numerous cilia on their apical surface, which helps to circulate CSF within the ventricles. They also have tight junctions that help to form the blood-brain barrier and prevent the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the CSF.

In addition to their role in maintaining the integrity of the CNS, ependymal cells can also differentiate into other types of cells, such as neurons and glial cells, under certain conditions. This property has made them a topic of interest in regenerative medicine and the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. It's the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.

The early signs of the disease include forgetting recent events or conversations. As the disease progresses, a person with Alzheimer's disease will develop severe memory impairment and lose the ability to carry out everyday tasks.

Currently, there's no cure for Alzheimer's disease. However, treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life.

The Medical Definition of 'Mental Status Schedule' is:

A standardized interview and examination tool used by mental health professionals to assess an individual's cognitive, behavioral, and emotional status. The schedule typically covers areas such as orientation, attention, memory, language, visuospatial abilities, executive functions, and mood and affect. It is often used in research, clinical settings, and epidemiological studies to evaluate psychiatric and neurological conditions, as well as the effects of treatments or interventions. The specific version of the Mental Status Schedule may vary, but it generally includes a structured format with clear questions and response options to ensure standardization and reliability in the assessment process.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the brain tissue, and remove waste products. It includes the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, circle of Willis, and the intracranial arteries that branch off from them.

The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries merge to form the circle of Willis, a polygonal network of vessels located at the base of the brain. The anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, and communicating arteries are the major vessels that branch off from the circle of Willis and supply blood to different regions of the brain.

Interruptions or abnormalities in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to various neurological conditions such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia.

Meningomyelocele is a type of neural tube defect that affects the development of the spinal cord and the surrounding membranes known as meninges. In this condition, a portion of the spinal cord and meninges protrude through an opening in the spine, creating a sac-like structure on the back. This sac is usually covered by skin, but it may be open in some cases.

Meningomyelocele can result in various neurological deficits, including muscle weakness, paralysis, and loss of sensation below the level of the lesion. It can also cause bladder and bowel dysfunction, as well as problems with sexual function. The severity of these symptoms depends on the location and extent of the spinal cord defect.

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing meningomyelocele and preventing further complications. Treatment typically involves surgical closure of the opening in the spine to protect the spinal cord and prevent infection. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other supportive care measures may also be necessary to help individuals with meningomyelocele achieve their full potential for mobility and independence.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Spinal dysraphism is a broad term used to describe a group of congenital malformations of the spine and spinal cord. These defects occur during embryonic development when the neural tube, which eventually forms the brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly. This results in an incomplete development or formation of the spinal cord and/or vertebral column.

There are two main categories of spinal dysraphism: open (also called exposed or overt) and closed (also called hidden or occult). Open spinal dysraphisms, such as myelomeningocele and myelocele, involve exposure of the spinal cord and/or its coverings through an opening in the back. Closed spinal dysraphisms, such as lipomyelomeningocele, tethered cord syndrome, and diastematomyelia, are more subtle and may not be visibly apparent at birth.

Symptoms of spinal dysraphism can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the defect. They may include motor and sensory impairments, bowel and bladder dysfunction, orthopedic deformities, and increased risk for neurological complications such as hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain). Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to optimize outcomes and minimize potential complications.

Blood pressure determination is the medical procedure to measure and assess the force or pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries during a heartbeat cycle. It is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is expressed as two numbers: systolic pressure (the higher number, representing the pressure when the heart beats and pushes blood out into the arteries) and diastolic pressure (the lower number, representing the pressure when the heart rests between beats). A normal blood pressure reading is typically around 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as a consistently elevated blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is defined as a consistently low blood pressure below 90/60 mmHg. Blood pressure determination is an important vital sign and helps to evaluate overall cardiovascular health and identify potential health risks.

The Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus at Cleveland ... Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which ... Low pressure hydrocephalus Nakajima, Madoka; et al. (Feb 2021). "Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure ... "Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: a neurologist's perspective". YouTube. 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2022-08-10. Adams RD, Fisher CM, ...
"Normal_Pressure_Hydrocephalus_Hakim-Adams_Syndrome_Clinical_Symptoms_Diagnosis_and_Treatment". ResearchGate. "Normal pressure ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a particular form of chronic communicating hydrocephalus, characterized by enlarged ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus is estimated to affect about 5 per 100,000 people, with rates increasing with age. Description of ... The four types of hydrocephalus are communicating, noncommunicating, ex vacuo, and normal pressure. Diagnosis is typically made ...
... appears to be a more acute form of normal pressure hydrocephalus. If not diagnosed in a timely ... Low-pressure hydrocephalus (LPH) is a condition whereby ventricles are enlarged and the individual experiences severe dementia ... Owler, B.K.; Jacobson, E.E.; Johnston, I.H. (2001). "Low pressure hydrocephalus: Issues of diagnosis and treatment in five ... Lesniak, M.S.; Clatterbuck, R.E.; Rigamonti, D.; Williams, M.A. (2002). "Low pressure hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly: ...
"Neuroimaging in normal pressure hydrocephalus". Dementia & Neuropsychologia. 9 (4): 350-355. doi:10.1590/1980- ... Cerebral atrophy can be hard to distinguish from hydrocephalus because both cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus involve an ... In hydrocephalus, the increase in volume happens due to the CSF itself. Cerebral atrophy is not usually preventable. However, ... A child who was treated with ACTH originally showed atrophy, but four months after treatment the brain was seemingly normal ...
1 September 2005). "Outcome of Shunting in Idiopathic Normal-pressure Hydrocephalus and the Value of Outcome Assessment in ... 1 September 2005). "Diagnosing Idiopathic Normal-pressure Hydrocephalus". Neurosurgery. 57 (suppl_3): S2-4-S2-16. doi:10.1227/ ... She specializes in treating brain tumors, hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's disease, pediatric diseases, and congenital diseases ...
Zhang J, Williams MA, Rigamonti D (February 2008). "Heritable essential tremor-idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (ETINPH ...
Smaller clinical trials have also shown promising results in the treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). "Diamox ... Gilbert GJ (18 May 2022). "Acetazolamide in the treatment of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus". Neurology - via n.neurology.org. ... "MRI assessment of the effects of acetazolamide and external lumbar drainage in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus". ... an alternative to shunting in normal pressure hydrocephalus? Preliminary results]". Revue Neurologique. 146 (6-7): 437-439. ...
Dalvi A. "Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Causes, Symptoms, Treatment". eMedicineHealth. Emedicinehealth.com. Archived from the ... A shunt may be used to relieve symptoms caused by intracranial pressure, by reducing the build-up of fluid (hydrocephalus) ... Pressure areas where the brain tissue has been compressed by a tumor also appear hyperintense on T2-weighted scans and might ... Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) may be attributable to the direct mass effect of the tumor, increased blood volume, or ...
"Decreases in Ventricular Volume Correlate with Decreases in Ventricular Pressure in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ... Estimated incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus and shunt outcome in patients residing in assisted-living and extended- ... In 1957, he finally realized that these patients had what is now known as normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) after finding a ... Wallenstein, Matthew B. MD; McKhann, Guy M. II (July 2010). "Salomon Hakim and the Discovery of normal pressure hydrocephalus ...
"Salomón Hakim and the discovery of normal-pressure hydrocephalus". Neurosurgery. 67 (1): 155-159, discussion 159. doi:10.1227/ ...
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) Bruns ataxia Saint, Sanjay; Wiese, Jeff; Bent, Stephen (2006). Clinical clerkships: the ...
Hydrocephalus without obstruction associated with normal CSF pressure may also occur. Symptoms can include problems with gait ... When lying down, the CSF pressure as estimated by lumbar puncture is similar to the intracranial pressure. Hydrocephalus is an ... including idiopathic intracranial hypertension and normal pressure hydrocephalus. Lumbar puncture can also be performed to ... For example, when CSF pressure is higher, there is less of a pressure difference between the capillary blood in choroid ...
The most common indication for this procedure in adults is normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Neurosurgery of the spine ... Ventricular endoscopy is used in the treatment of intraventricular bleeds, hydrocephalus, colloid cyst and neurocysticercosis. ... hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headache. During the Roman Empire, doctors and surgeons performed neurosurgery on ... In pediatric practice this is often implemented in cases of congenital hydrocephalus. ...
"Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker and Brain Biopsy Findings in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e91974. ...
Merritt died in 1979 from complications of cerebrovascular disease and normal pressure hydrocephalus; ironically, the latter ... His early work on the normal properties of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was updated and published by one of his students, ... People with hydrocephalus, 20th-century American physicians, 20th-century American scientists, American scientists with ...
He was 86, and suffered from normal pressure hydrocephalus prior to his death. "On This Day in Louisiana Music History". ...
Conway died on May 14, 2019, at the age of 85 from complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus at a care facility in Los ... Conway was diagnosed with dementia due to normal pressure hydrocephalus. He had surgery to have a ventricular shunt placed. His ...
Pickard has also studied which parts of the brain are affected in normal pressure hydrocephalus and novel treatments for ... "Pattern of white matter regional cerebral blood flow and autoregulation in normal pressure hydrocephalus". Brain. 127 (Pt 5): ... "Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in ... "Hydrocephalus News Letter". 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2015. Grainger, Lisa (13 November 2010). "Britain's top doctors ...
"ShuntCheck Accuracy in Detecting Shunt Obstruction Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) Patients - Full Text View". ... an implantable intracranial pressure monitoring device and a non-invasive monitor of intracranial pressure, are in proof of ... Hydrocephalus is a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain, potentially leading to brain damage ... Howman-Giles, R., et al., A radionuclide method of evaluating shunt function and CSF circulation in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg ...
Conway died of normal pressure hydrocephalus at the age of 85 on May 14, 2019. Waller, Vincent (November 20, 2019). "Steve was ...
... needed was an inexpensive and practical valve that could control the direction of the flow and maintain normal cranial pressure ... His parents were told that he had developed "water on the brain" or hydrocephalus. As luck would have it Holter's son was being ... pressure sealing). After a medically suitable grade of Silastic (silicone rubber) was found, the device was patented, and John ... "Device for draining ventricular fluid in cases of hydrocephalus", published 1961-01-24, assigned to Holter Company (Articles ...
A CT scan or MRI scan is commonly performed to possibly find either normal pressure hydrocephalus, a potentially reversible ... Less common causes include normal pressure hydrocephalus, Parkinson's disease dementia, syphilis, HIV, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob ... Since dementia impairs normal communication due to changes in receptive and expressive language, as well as the ability to plan ... Often there are other conditions present such as high blood pressure, or diabetes, and there can sometimes be as many as four ...
Virhammar, J.; Cesarini, K. G.; Laurell, K. (2011-07-30). "The CSF tap test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: evaluation time, ... would be helpful in a patient with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). The test involves removing 30-50 ml of ... predictive values of resistance to CSF outflow and the CSF Tap Test in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus ...
... "normal pressure hydrocephalus". Adams also first described central pontine myelinolysis. Adams died in Boston of complications ... "Symptomatic Adult Hydrocephalus with Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure: A Treatable Syndrome", New England Journal of ...
Other causes of interstitial edema include but are not limited to communicating hydrocephalus, and normal pressure ... Blood pressure should be sufficient so as to sustain cerebral perfusion pressures greater than 60 mm Hg for optimal blood blow ... Increased pressures within the skull can cause a compensatory elevation of blood pressure to maintain cerebral blood flow, ... Vasopressors may be used to achieve adequate blood pressures with minimal risk of increasing intracranial pressures. However, ...
Her current research funding is for clinical trials in breast cancer metastasis and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. ... meningiomas and normal pressure hydrocephalus. She pioneered the use of minimally invasive endoscopic surgery for treatment of ... "Spreading the Word about NPH." National Hydrocephalus Foundation. Retrieved on July 2, 2009. "Prevenir Les Lesions de la ...
Neuroinflammation Normal pressure hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Vascular dementia ... called hydrocephalus or normal pressure hydrocephalus associated with conspicuous brain sulcus. Often, however, there is no ... Salomon, L. J.; Bernard, J. P.; Ville, Y. (July 2007). "Reference ranges for fetal ventricular width: a non-normal approach". ... However, in cases of mild isolated ventriculomegaly, there is around a 90% chance of a normal outcome. Increasingly, fetal ...
... complications from normal pressure hydrocephalus. Tommy Donbavand, 53, English children's author and actor (Scream Street), ...
... of TGF-betas and TGF-beta type II receptor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus". ... August 2004). "Expression profiling and differential screening between hepatoblastomas and the corresponding normal livers: ...
... normal pressure hydrocephalus and many others. In normal pressure hydrocephalus, for example, when the condition remains ... Astasia-abasia refers to the inability to either stand or walk in a normal manner. Astasia refers to the inability to stand ...
The Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus at Cleveland ... Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which ... Low pressure hydrocephalus Nakajima, Madoka; et al. (Feb 2021). "Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure ... "Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: a neurologists perspective". YouTube. 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2022-08-10. Adams RD, Fisher CM, ...
Hydrocephalus is a buildup of spinal fluid inside the fluid chambers of the brain. Hydrocephalus means water on the brain. ... Hydrocephalus is a buildup of spinal fluid inside the fluid chambers of the brain. Hydrocephalus means water on the brain. ... Hydrocephalus means "water on the brain.". Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a rise in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid ( ... Hydrocephalus - occult; Hydrocephalus - idiopathic; Hydrocephalus - adult; Hydrocephalus - communicating; Dementia - ...
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical symptom complex characterized by abnormal gait, urinary incontinence, and ... encoded search term (Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus) and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus What to Read Next on Medscape ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus may begin with a transient high-pressure hydrocephalus with subsequent ventricular enlargement. ... Symptomatic congenital hydrocephalus in the elderly simulating normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology. 1989 Dec. 39(12):1596- ...
Jang, H., Park, S.B., Kim, Y. et al. Prognostic value of amyloid PET scan in normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol 265, 63-73 ... Klinge P, Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Black PM (2005) Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus ... Prognostic value of amyloid PET scan in normal pressure hydrocephalus. *Hyemin Jang1,6, ... Silverberg GD, Mayo M, Saul T, Rubenstein E, McGuire D (2003) Alzheimers disease, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and senescent ...
Learn about normal pressure hydrocephalus and treatment options. ... Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is ...
Cauda equina neurinoma associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus--case report. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, ... Cauda EquinaHumansHydrocephalusHydrocephalus, Normal PressureMaleMiddle AgedNeurilemmomaPeripheral Nervous System Neoplasms ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus associated with cauda equina neurinoma.. *[Neurinoma of the cauda equina associated with normal ... Cauda equina neurinoma associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990;30(4):258-62. ...
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)- High Impact List of Articles PPts Journals 12243 ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)-. Share this page It is a clinical symptom complicated caused by the build-up of humour. ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)-. Expert PPTs. *Jun Qin. Innovation of Acoustic Research on Biomedical Applications. PPT ... Histology of Normal Human Skin. PPT Version , PDF Version. *Ali Shaeri. Ali-Shaeri--NIOEC-Iran-Evaluation-of-the-causes-of- ...
TM3-9 Neurosarcoidosis presenting with normal pressure hydrocephalus: case series. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & ...
Intracranial Pressure versus Phase-Contrast MR Imaging for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Message Subject (Your Name) has sent ... Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus may be a "two hit" disease: benign external hydrocephalus in infancy followed by deep ... Intracranial Pressure versus Phase-Contrast MR Imaging for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. W.G. Bradley ... Aqueductal stroke volume: comparisons with intracranial pressure scores in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J ...
Imaging of the Superior Thalamic Radiation and Cerebrospinal Fluid Distribution in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. * ...
Five-year outcome of normal pressure hydrocephalus with or without a shunt: predictive value of the clinical signs, ... Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure / diagnosis * Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure / pathology * Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure / ... 51 patients under 75 years of age with clinical symptoms and CT-based diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus were ... symptoms and signs and infusion test in the differential diagnosis and prediction of outcome in normal pressure hydrocephalus. ...
Introduction Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) has conventionally been treated by placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. ... Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Cortical Biopsy in Patients With Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. ...
Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: clinical comorbidity correlated with cerebral biopsy findings and outcome of ... Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: clinical comorbidity correlated with cerebral biopsy findings and outcome of ... Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: clinical comorbidity correlated with cerebral biopsy findings and outcome of ...
idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. MMSE. Mini-Mental State Examination. PD. Parkinson disease. PDD. Parkinson disease ... Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: S4-16; discussion ii-v ... Imaging normal pressure hydrocephalus: theories, techniques, and challenges. Nicole C. H. Keong, Alonso Pena, Stephen J. Price ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2008; 8: 371-76. ...
Sorry to hear about your dad, and although I dont have personal experience of normal pressure hydrocephalus Ive found a ... https://forum.alzheimers.org.uk/search/401923/?q=normal+pressure+hydrocephalus&o=relevance ...
... is excess cerebrospinal fluid buildup in the brain ventricles. It may develop from infection, ... Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is excess cerebrospinal fluid buildup in the brain ventricles. It ... This can lead to a normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). What causes normal pressure hydrocephalus?. The cause of excess fluid ... How is normal pressure hydrocephalus diagnosed?. Your medical team may need to do a number of tests to confirm NPH, such as: * ...
... such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, obstructive hydrocephalus, and congenital hydrocephalus, and their treatment. ... Watch this video showing walking difficulty with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.. How is normal pressure hydrocephalus diagnosed ... What are treatment options for normal pressure hydrocephalus?. The primary treatment for normal pressure hydrocephalus is ... the problem may be a disorder called normal pressure hydrocephalus. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is thought to be caused by an ...
Learn and reinforce your understanding of Normal pressure hydrocephalus. ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... In normal pressure hydrocephalus, hydrocephalus can be broken down into "hydro" which means water and "cephalus" which means ... its normal, which is why its termed as "normal pressure" hydrocephalus. ...
Learn the causes, types, symptoms, and treatment of hydrocephalus. ... Hydrocephalus is a rare, complex illness that is caused by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid in the braind. ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus *This usually occurs in older adults when the ventricles of the brain grow, but there is little ... Does Hydrocephalus Go Away?. Hydrocephalus is a condition of the brain where there is pressure-induced deterioration of brain ...
The pathological bases for the cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) have not been ... normal pressure hydrocephalus. , Adult. , Brain. , Cognitive Dysfunction. , Female. , Humans. , Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure ... OBJECTIVES: The pathological bases for the cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) have ...
CSF disorders including hydrocephalus, CSF leak and pseudotumor cerebri: diagnosis, treatment, patient education and more from ... Intracranial Pressure Monitoring *Helps detect changes in pressure over time and can be done in two ways: *Lumbar ​via a lumbar ... Hydrocephalus Studies. Browse hydrocephalus studies in the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research ... Pediatric Hydrocephalus Care Pediatric neurosurgeon Dody Robinson and neuroscientist Lauren Jantzie have been collaborating on ...
... (NPH) is a type of dementia caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles o... ... Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a type of dementia caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal ... While there is no known singular cause for normal pressure hydrocephalus, professionals have identified high risk factors for ...
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is build up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, with near normal cerebrospinal ... "NINDS Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 29 April 2011. ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain atrophy Preferable projection. Coronal plane at the level of the posterior commissure of ... "Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Information Page , National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. ...
Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Together they form a unique fingerprint. * Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Medicine & Life ... title = "Normal pressure hydrocephalus",. abstract = "PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since it was first described in 1965, normal pressure ... Normal pressure hydrocephalus. / Graff-Radford, Neill R.; Jones, David T. In: CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology, Vol. 25 ... Graff-Radford, N. R., & Jones, D. T. (2019). Normal pressure hydrocephalus. CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 25(1), ...
Explore top-tier care for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) at Long Island Neuroscience Specialists. Navigate your wellness ... NPH, or Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, might sound daunting at first. But remember, with the right knowledge and guidance from ... Now, heres the hopeful part! If you do have Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, there are ways to treat it. The most common one is ... With the right care, people with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus can do all their favorite things and enjoy time with family and ...
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Dong Kim presents a discussion about what normal pressure hydrocephalus and its surgical ... source ... Dong Kim presents a discussion about what normal pressure hydrocephalus and its surgical …. source ...
Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a condition caused by a buildup of fluid in the ventricles of ...
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  • Amyloid positron emission tomography ([18F] florbetaben (FBB) PET) can be used to determine concomitant Alzheimer's disease (AD) in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) patients. (springer.com)
  • Kazui H, Kanemoto H, Yoshiyama K, Kishima H, Suzuki Y, Sato S, Suehiro T, Azuma S, Yoshimine T, Tanaka T (2016) Association between high biomarker probability of Alzheimer's disease and improvement of clinical outcomes after shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. (springer.com)
  • Lim TS, Choi JY, Park SA, Youn YC, Lee HY, Kim BG, Joo IS, Huh K, Moon SY (2014) Evaluation of coexistence of Alzheimer's disease in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus using ELISA analyses for CSF biomarkers. (springer.com)
  • Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurological disorder that occurs in about 1% of individuals over age 60 and is characterized by enlarged cerebral ventricles, gait difficulty, incontinence, and cognitive decline. (umassmed.edu)
  • This schematic drawing illustrates various models of the pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). (capsulehealth.one)
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Background: Differential diagnosis between idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) associated with parkinsonism (iNPH-P) and Parkinson's disease (PD) may prove difficult when evaluating patients with early parkinsonism. (unict.it)
  • The early results we have seen in our pilot study of the eShunt system in treating patients with iNPH [idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus] have been positive, and we could not be more excited about the opportunity to have Generation 2 of the eShunt system evaluated in an expanded NPH pilot study in the USA," said Dan Levangie, Cerevasc president and CEO. (neuronewsinternational.com)
  • Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a syndrome of ventriculomegaly, gait impairment, cognitive decline and incontinence that occurs in an elderly population prone to many types of comorbidities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This article discusses comorbidities in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (INPH). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting is a highly effective treatment for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). (neurosurgery-blog.com)
  • A diagnosis of idiopathic normal- pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) was made. (bvsalud.org)
  • INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is a common cause of communicating hydrocephalus in adult age, presenting with classic Hakim-Adam's triad. (bvsalud.org)
  • iNPH is a syndrome characterized by the triad of gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline in the absence of elevated CSF pressure. (ajnr.org)
  • Therefore, we hypothesized that the microstructure of the CST in iNPH patients is altered by mechanical pressure resulting from ventricular enlargement. (ajnr.org)
  • In 2011, a task force was appointed by the International Society for Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders (ISHCSF) with the objective to compile an evidence-based expert analysis of what we know and what we need to know regarding comorbidities in INPH. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reported differences in outcomes among various INPH cohorts may be partly explained by variation in the rate and types of comorbidities at different hydrocephalus centers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The task forces have been charged with providing evidence-based expert analysis of what we know now, and what we need to know in the future, to improve the care of INPH patients and move the field of adult hydrocephalus research forward. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs in the ventricles, and with normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • NPH, a form of communicating hydrocephalus, may result from subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by an aneurysm rupture or a TBI, encephalopathy, or Alzheimer disease. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) has conventionally been treated by placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The primary treatment for normal pressure hydrocephalus is placement of a ventricular shunt. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Since 1965 many ventriculo-peritoneal shunt systems have been inserted worldwide to treat hydrocephalus. (altmetric.com)
  • Seventeen patients with NPH, selected by Intracranial-Pressure monitoring (ICPmo), underwent implantation of a shunt and after 6 months were clinically re-evaluated. (shu.ac.uk)
  • A 66-year-old Thai female was initially diagnosed with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and underwent programmable VP shunt placement. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, she still suffered from recurrent communicating hydrocephalus with in-place VP shunt, and later developed recurrent gait impairment, chronic abdominal pain and abdominal mass. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Radiological studies demonstrated recurrent hydrocephalus and a very large intraabdominal VP shunt pseudocyst. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Under-diagnosed cryptococcal meningitis following VP shunt insertion for treating the hydrocephalus can render a complicated VP shunt infection including infected VP shunt pseudocyst. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because shunt aspiration removes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the supratentorial compartment, increased intracranial pressure is not a contraindication. (medscape.com)
  • Effects of ventricular shunt treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus on psychological functions. (bvsalud.org)
  • In those who were operated with a hydrocephalus shunt postoperative development of stool incontinence was followed up. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our neuroradiologists at The Adult Hydrocephalus Program are knowledgeable in diagnosing all types of hydrocephalus, including normal pressure hydrocephalus and other causes of dementia that can present with similar symptoms. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Types of hydrocephalus include congenital, acquired, normal-pressure and ex-vacuo. (choc.org)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical symptom complex characterized by abnormal gait, urinary incontinence, and dementia. (medscape.com)
  • People with normal pressure hydrocephalus present with urinary incontinence , gait disturbances, and dementia . (osmosis.org)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a type of dementia caused by a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain. (dementia.org)
  • The term disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) has been used to describe prognostic MRI features in NPH, including a "tight high convexity" and enlargement of CSF spaces in the sylvian fissure. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Congenital hydrocephalus develops around the time of birth, but it can persist into adulthood. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • In some cases, however, congenital hydrocephalus may not be diagnosed until adulthood. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The Adult Hydrocephalus Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital is equipped to diagnose and treat all forms of congenital hydrocephalus. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Children may be born with congenital hydrocephalus or may develop it later in life. (medicinenet.com)
  • Routine ultrasonography is now used to diagnose congenital hydrocephalus before delivery. (medicinenet.com)
  • Some congenital hydrocephalus is not diagnosed until after birth using diagnostic procedures. (choc.org)
  • Obstructive hydrocephalus occurs when the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain is physically blocked. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Although it is usually diagnosed in childhood, obstructive hydrocephalus can occur in adults. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The Adult Hydrocephalus Program specializes in treating obstructive hydrocephalus, including endoscopic third ventriculostomy, ventricular shunts or surgical removal of the obstruction when appropriate. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Noncommunicating hydrocephalus (also known as obstructive hydrocephalus) arises when the flow of CSF is blocked along one or more channels connecting the ventricles. (medicinenet.com)
  • [ 8 ] In noncommunicating hydrocephalus (also called obstructive hydrocephalus), CSF accumulates in the ventricles because of CSF flow blockage. (medscape.com)
  • Frim DM, Vivas-Buitrago T, Rigamonti D, Lacy M. Surgical management of hydrocephalus in the adult. (medlineplus.gov)
  • NPH differs from other causes of adult hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)
  • Del Bigio MR, Cardoso ER, Halliday WC (1997) Neuropathological changes in chronic adult hydrocephalus: cortical biopsies and autopsy findings. (springer.com)
  • Brain MRI or CT scans are obtained on all patients as part of the evaluation for adult hydrocephalus. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • What are the different types of adult hydrocephalus? (brighamandwomens.org)
  • People who experience hydrocephalus since childhood find a comfortable transition from pediatric to adult care at our center. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A careful examination is performed by neurologists or neurosurgeons that are skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus and other disorders that can cause similar symptoms (such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease). (brighamandwomens.org)
  • The aim of our pilot study was to investigate, by a proteomic approach, the expressed differences in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein patterns in order to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). (shu.ac.uk)
  • T2-weighted MRI showing dilatation of ventricles out of proportion to sulcal atrophy in a patient with normal pressure hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)
  • Graff-Radford, NR & Jones, DT 2019, ' Normal pressure hydrocephalus ', CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology , vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 165-186. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conversely, in communicating hydrocephalus (also referred to as nonobstructive hydrocephalus), full communication between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space exists. (medscape.com)
  • 87 with disproportionate enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus). (bvsalud.org)
  • It is a type of hydrocephalus that is present at birth and may be treated in early infancy. (medicinenet.com)
  • What are the symptoms of hydrocephalus? (medicinenet.com)
  • Signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus differ depending on the age of onset. (medicinenet.com)
  • The following are the most common symptoms of hydrocephalus in babies. (choc.org)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a brain disorder caused by blockage of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. (baycare.org)
  • Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked after it leaves the ventricles. (medicinenet.com)
  • When there is an obstruction in the flow, a problem with reabsorption, or an overproduction of CSF, fluid accumulates and hydrocephalus develops. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hydrocephalus is a condition in which excessive fluid accumulates in and around the brain. (choc.org)
  • Because of this, patients do not exhibit the classic signs that accompany increased intracranial pressure such as headache, nausea, vomiting, or altered consciousness, although some studies have shown pressure elevations to occur intermittently. (wikipedia.org)
  • Savolainen S, Paljarvi L, Vapalahti M (1999) Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in patients investigated for presumed normal pressure hydrocephalus: a clinical and neuropathological study. (springer.com)
  • The article by Ringstad et al, 1 in this issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology suggests that invasive intracranial pressure monitoring is a better way to select patients for shunting for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) than phase-contrast MR imaging. (ajnr.org)
  • Between 1993-1995, 51 patients under 75 years of age with clinical symptoms and CT-based diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus were investigated prospectively in order to clarify the value of neuropsychological tests, clinical symptoms and signs and infusion test in the differential diagnosis and prediction of outcome in normal pressure hydrocephalus. (nih.gov)
  • Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Cortical Biopsy in Patients With Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus can also develop in patients with a history of brain tumor, cerebral hemorrhage, brain infection or head trauma. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Some patients can have normal pressure hydrocephalus as well as one of these other disorders at the same time. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Most (but not all) patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus have evidence of excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Although normal pressure hydrocephalus can be diagnosed with a large volume spinal tap, some patients require a more prolonged period of spinal drainage before improvement occurs. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • It is still unclear what causes CSF buildup in the brain, resulting in severe disabilities in patients with hydrocephalus. (medicinenet.com)
  • The experts at the Johns Hopkins Hydrocephalus and Cerebral Fluid Center evaluate and treat patients with all forms of disorders affecting cerebral fluid (also called cerebrospinal fluid, CSF or spinal fluid), including conditions related to the accumulation of CSF in the brain (hydrocephalus). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The Johns Hopkins Hydrocephalus and Cerebral Fluid Center continues a 100-year legacy of research and treatment for patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus and CSF disorders. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • We hope to eliminate misdiagnosis that commonly happens in patients with hydrocephalus, and to provide the best medical and surgical treatment so you can regain health and continue to lead a productive, meaningful life. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Cerevasc has announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an investigational device exemption (IDE) supplement to permit the expansion of a study of its eShunt system in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) to additional study participants and clinical sites. (neuronewsinternational.com)
  • In total, 86 deteriorations were attributed to nonsurgical causes, and the valve pressure was decreased in 79 patients, with only 16.5% presenting with a satisfactory improvement after lowering of valve pressure. (neurosurgery-blog.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a frequent disease in elderly patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • As the fluid builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase, compressing surrounding brain tissue and leading to neurological complications. (wikipedia.org)
  • What are possible complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus? (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Hydrocephalus is potentially fatal, but with proper treatment, the severity can be reduced and severe complications may be avoided. (medicinenet.com)
  • RESULTS: The summary of the proportions of the incidence rate of complications was less for Adjustable Differential Pressure Valves (ADPV) as compared to Fixed Differential Pressure Valves (FDVP) but the confidence intervals overlapped. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: intracranial hypertension is an event of great clinical impact, whose complications can be minimized and control through specific Nursing interventions that encompass control of neuro- physiological and hemodynamic parameters and prevention of increased intracranial pressure related with the performance of procedures by the Nursing staff. (bvsalud.org)
  • In select cases, hydrocephalus can be treated using a procedure called endoscopic third ventriculostomy. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • First described by Hakim in 1965, NPH describes hydrocephalus in the absence of papilledema and with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure on lumbar puncture . (medscape.com)
  • PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since it was first described in 1965, normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) has been a controversial subject. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, the clinical syndrome of normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was only recognized in 1965 by Colombian neurosurgeon Salomón Hakim and American neurologist, Raymond D. Adams . (capsulehealth.one)
  • This leads to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). (wikipedia.org)
  • The authors advocated placing an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor through a burr-hole into the brain parenchyma and measuring the mean amplitude of the ICP waves (MWA) for 8 hours while the patient is sleeping. (ajnr.org)
  • Because the ventricles expand slowly as they fill with excess fluid, intracranial pressure is often measured as "normal" during a spinal tap, hence the condition's name. (ochsner.org)
  • Proposed disturbances in the CSF dynamic system that contribute to ventricular enlargement and dysfunction of the brain parenchyma include impaired CSF outflow resistance and increased intracranial pressure pulsatility. (capsulehealth.one)
  • ICP = intracranial pressure. (capsulehealth.one)
  • PTH may present as normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) or as a syndrome of increased intracranial pressure. (medscape.com)
  • [ 9 ] In NPH, ventricles enlarge despite normal or even slightly reduced intracranial pressure, and they continue to press against brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)
  • Normal intracranial pressure (ICP) is approximately 8 mm Hg. (medscape.com)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical symptom complex caused by the build-up of cerebrospinal fluid. (medscape.com)
  • Normal and pathogenic variation of RFC1 repeat expansions: implications for clinical diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • This usually occurs in older adults when the ventricles of the brain grow, but there is little or no rise in pressure within the ventricles. (medicinenet.com)
  • The condition occurs with a normal or slightly elevated CSF pressure. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Hydrocephalus occurs in approximately one out of 500 births. (choc.org)
  • Acquired hydrocephalus occurs after the baby is born, usually as a result of injury or illness that affects the brain, such as other neurological conditions. (choc.org)
  • Enlarged ventricles put increased pressure on the adjacent cortical tissue and cause myriad effects in the patient, including distortion of the fibers in the corona radiata. (wikipedia.org)
  • M/C form of hydrocephalus in adults. (capsulehealth.one)
  • The most frequent indication in adults is normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), a condition that can be difficult to diagnose precisely. (altmetric.com)
  • The International Society for Hydrocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders (ISHCSF) has identified six fields of interest for investigation by individual task forces. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hydrocephalus is a buildup of spinal fluid inside the fluid chambers of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hydrocephalus means "water on the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a rise in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain that affects brain function. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This causes pressure on brain tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus is excess cerebrospinal fluid buildup in the brain ventricles. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • This extra fluid and pressure can lead to brain damage. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • The ventricles in your brain may then go back to their normal size. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus is thought to be caused by an accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Hydrocephalus , which is also termed as "water on the brain", is an excessive buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain. (osmosis.org)
  • Since hydrocephalus has no cure, brain surgery is currently the only viable therapy. (medicinenet.com)
  • Hydrocephalus is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain and builds up pressure in the skull, resulting in swelling of the brain. (medicinenet.com)
  • Irrespective of the cause, hydrocephalus can cause brain damage and prevent newborns from reaching crucial developmental milestones. (medicinenet.com)
  • Pediatric neurosurgeon Dody Robinson and neuroscientist Lauren Jantzie have been collaborating on research to better understand the disease processes that cause brain damage in infants and to identify targeted therapies that might prevent and reverse the hydrocephalus. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a gradual accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that causes the ventricles of the brain to enlarge. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed communicating hydrocephalus without leptomeningeal enhancement or abnormal enhancing lesion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is a frequent and serious complication that follows a traumatic brain injury (TBI). (medscape.com)
  • It can be caused by the overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the blockage of normal CSF flow, or insufficient absorption that results in excessive accumulation of CSF around the brain. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Because of differences in prognosis and treatment, PTH needs to be distinguished from cerebral atrophy (ie, hydrocephalus ex vacuo) and ventricular enlargement caused by a failure of brain development. (medscape.com)
  • This leads to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid and increased pressure in the head that can cause headaches, problems with vision, nausea and vomiting, loss of bladder control, imbalance, memory loss or other symptoms. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Even though the pressure on lumbar puncture is expected to be increased, in this case, it's normal, which is why it's termed as "normal pressure" hydrocephalus . (osmosis.org)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by ventricular enlargement, without an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure on lumbar puncture . (osmosis.org)
  • Ventricular dilation restores the CSF pressure to the normal level, hence the normal findings on lumbar puncture. (osmosis.org)
  • For example, lumbar puncture can be used to exclude conditions such as normal-pressure hydrocephalus or central nervous system infection (eg, neurosyphilis, neuroborreliosis, cryptococcosis). (medscape.com)
  • Previous neuropathologic studies in chronic hydrocephalus have suggested the presence of white matter damage, presumably from mechanical pressure due to ventricular enlargement and metabolic derangement. (ajnr.org)
  • Hydrocephalus is a rare, complex, and chronic illness that can arise for a variety of reasons or even be a result of another disorder. (medicinenet.com)
  • Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a chronic neurological disorder that affects an estimated 700,000 Americans. (ochsner.org)
  • In 1761 , Giambattista Morgagni described 3 autopsy cases of " chronic senile hydrocephalus " in subjects older than 60 years of age. (capsulehealth.one)
  • Chronic C. gattii meningitis should be aware in a patient presenting with normal pressure hydrocephalus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All these and present cases involved protein in the spinal fluid, which might have been the cause of the hydrocephalus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Importantly, the symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus can be relieved by a simple surgical procedure. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Surgical intervention with flow-regulated and differential pressure-regulated ventriculo-peritoneal shunts remains controversial. (altmetric.com)
  • In addition, several physicians in the Program are pediatric neurosurgeons who routinely treat children with hydrocephalus at our affiliated institution, Boston Children's Hospital. (brighamandwomens.org)
  • Our neurosurgeons have pioneered two unique procedures to ensure the most cutting-edge treatment possible for kids with hydrocephalus. (choc.org)
  • The Fetal Care Center of Southern California can confirm a hydrocephalus diagnosis and our team of pediatric specialists will start treatment planning for your baby. (choc.org)
  • [ 9 ] Portnoy proposed that PTH develops as a result of increased dural sinus pressure, causing decreased CSF outflow. (medscape.com)
  • However, too much CSF may result in a buildup of fluid that can cause the pressure inside of the head to increase. (choc.org)
  • Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and its absorption rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the pressure of the fluid is usually normal. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Normal-pressure hydrocephalus ( NPH ) is build up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles , with near normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure . (mdwiki.org)
  • Hydrocephalus is due to an imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and its absorption rate. (mdwiki.org)
  • They may ask about family history of hydrocephalus or other medical issues, as well as about developmental milestones in older babies, as hydrocephalus can be associated with developmental delay. (choc.org)
  • Impaired CSF absorption may cause communicating hydrocephalus. (medscape.com)
  • Structural correlates of cognitive impairment in normal pressure hydrocephalus. (cam.ac.uk)
  • OBJECTIVES: The pathological bases for the cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) have not been elucidated. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Transmission an incidence rate of 1.5 cases/1,000 live births and a of T. gondii can occur through food items and the en- burden of disease of 1.2 million disease-adjusted life vironment. (cdc.gov)
  • Although magnetic resonance imaging is more specific than CT scanning in NPH, a normal CT scan can exclude the diagnosis. (medscape.com)