A condition characterized by an abnormal increase of BILIRUBIN in the blood, which may result in JAUNDICE. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of HEME, is normally excreted in the BILE or further catabolized before excretion in the urine.
Accumulation of BILIRUBIN, a breakdown product of HEME PROTEINS, in the BLOOD during the first weeks of life. This may lead to NEONATAL JAUNDICE. The excess bilirubin may exist in the unconjugated (indirect) or the conjugated (direct) form. The condition may be self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) or pathological with toxic levels of bilirubin.
A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)
A benign familial disorder, transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by low-grade chronic hyperbilirubinemia with considerable daily fluctuations of the bilirubin level.
Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths.
Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.
Repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. Used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria.
Mutant strain of Rattus norvegicus which is used as a disease model of kernicterus.
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.
A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.
A familial form of congenital hyperbilirubinemia transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. It is characterized by icterus and brain damage caused by a glucuronyl transferase deficiency in the liver and faulty bilirubin conjugation.
A benign, autosomally recessive inherited hyperbilirubinemia characterized by the presence of a dark pigment in the centrilobular region of the liver cells. There is a functional defect in biliary excretion of bilirubin, cholephilic dyes, and porphyrins. Affected persons may be asymptomatic or have vague constitutional or gastrointestinal symptoms. The liver may be slightly enlarged, and oral and intravenous cholangiography fails to visualize the biliary tract.
An infant during the first month after birth.
CHILDBIRTH at the end of a normal duration of PREGNANCY, between 37 to 40 weeks of gestation or about 280 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period.
The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.
An organic anion transporter found in human liver. It is capable of transporting a variety organic anions and mediates sodium-independent uptake of bile in the liver.
An antigenic mismatch between donor and recipient blood. Antibodies present in the recipient's serum may be directed against antigens in the donor product. Such a mismatch may result in a transfusion reaction in which, for example, donor blood is hemolyzed. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984).
A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of ERYTHROBLASTS in the circulation of the FETUS or NEWBORNS. It is a disorder due to BLOOD GROUP INCOMPATIBILITY, such as the maternal alloimmunization by fetal antigen RH FACTORS leading to HEMOLYSIS of ERYTHROCYTES, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), general edema (HYDROPS FETALIS), and SEVERE JAUNDICE IN NEWBORN.
Porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. The metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. They possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds.
Graphical representation of a statistical model containing scales for calculating the prognostic weight of a value for each individual variable. Nomograms are instruments that can be used to predict outcomes using specific clinical parameters. They use ALGORITHMS that incorporate several variables to calculate the predicted probability that a patient will achieve a particular clinical endpoint.
The degree of antigenic similarity between tissues of the mother and those of the FETUS. Maternal-fetal histocompatibility can determine the acceptance and health of the fetus.
A mixed function oxidase enzyme which during hemoglobin catabolism catalyzes the degradation of heme to ferrous iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin in the presence of molecular oxygen and reduced NADPH. The enzyme is induced by metals, particularly cobalt. EC 1.14.99.3.
Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.
A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.
The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
A human infant born before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Compounds with a six membered aromatic ring containing NITROGEN. The saturated version is PIPERIDINES.
A test to detect non-agglutinating ANTIBODIES against ERYTHROCYTES by use of anti-antibodies (the Coombs' reagent.) The direct test is applied to freshly drawn blood to detect antibody bound to circulating red cells. The indirect test is applied to serum to detect the presence of antibodies that can bind to red blood cells.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
The use of ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation in the treatment of disease, usually of the skin. This is the part of the sun's spectrum that causes sunburn and tanning. Ultraviolet A, used in PUVA, is closer to visible light and less damaging than Ultraviolet B, which is ionizing.
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).
Proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics and their metabolites from the body.
Imino acids are organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom in their structure, classified as derivatives of amino acids, where the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group is bonded to a nitrogen atom instead of a hydrogen atom, forming a characteristic imino functional group.
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).
'Infant, Premature, Diseases' refers to health conditions or abnormalities that specifically affect babies born before 37 weeks of gestation, often resulting from their immature organ systems and increased vulnerability due to preterm birth.
Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions.
A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)
A legal requirement that designated types of information acquired by professionals or institutions in the course of their work be reported to appropriate authorities.
Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.
Minute intercellular channels that occur between liver cells and carry bile towards interlobar bile ducts. Also called bile capillaries.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the pentose phosphate pathway, catalyzing the oxidation of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone while reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage and maintaining redox balance.
Subsequent admissions of a patient to a hospital or other health care institution for treatment.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Diversion of blood flow through a circuit located outside the body but continuous with the bodily circulation.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.

Efficacy of oral phenobarbitone in term "at risk" neonates in decreasing neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: a randomized double-blinded, placebo controlled trial. (1/108)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of oral phenobarbitone in "at risk " term neonates (with high cord bilirubin) in decreasing hyperbilirubinemia. DESIGN: Double blind, placebo-control, randomized trial. SETTING: Tertiary level neonatal unit. OUTCOME: Primary-hyperbilirubinemia defined as total serum bilirubin (TSB) greater than 13 mg/dL. Secondary-TSB at 72 +/- 12 hr, need for phototherapy or exchange transfusion and side effects of phenobarbitone therapy. METHODS: All consecutively born term healthy neonates with cord bilirubin > or = 2.5 mg/dL were randomly assigned to receive either phenobarbitone (n = 37) or placebo (n = 38) after obtaining informed consent. Phenobarbitone was administered orally (5 mg/kg/day) for 3 days starting within 12 hours of birth. The neonates were followed up till seven days of life. TSB was estimated in neonates who developed jaundice with clinically assessed level of 8-10 mg/dL and at 72 +/-12 hours of age in 55 neonates. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics were similar in two groups. There was no significant reduction in incidence of hyperbilirubinemia in phenobarbitone group compared to in placebo group (6/37 (16.2%) versus 13/38 (34.3%); RR 0.47, 95% confidence interval: 0.20-1.11; risk difference: -18.1%, 95% confidence interval: -39.5 to 3.3%). However TSB at 72 +/-12 hours in phenobarbitone group (mean +/- S.D: 10.0 +/- 3.7 mg/dL) was significantly lesser than in placebo group (mean +/- S.D: 12.3 +/- 3.3 mg/dL) (difference of means: -2.3 mg/dL, 95% confidence interval: -3.9 to -0.7 mg/dl, P = 0.018). No significant difference with respect to need for treatment was observed in two groups. No significant adverse effects of phenobarbitone were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic phenobarbitone is not helpful in reducing the incidence of hyper-bilirubinemia in "at risk" term neonates.  (+info)

Significant correlations between the flow volume of patent ductus venosus and early neonatal liver function: possible involvement of patent ductus venosus in postnatal liver function. (2/108)

BACKGROUND: The biochemical features of portosystemic venous shunt with high flow volume are hypergalactosaemia, hyperammonaemia, prolonged blood coagulation time, and raised serum bile acid concentration. The ductus venosus remains open with shunt flow in most neonates for a certain period after birth. However, the effects of blood flow through the ductus venosus on neonatal liver function remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effect of patency of the ductus venosus on liver function in early neonates. METHODS: Subjects were divided into three groups by gestational age (group I, 29-32 weeks; group II, 33-36 weeks; group III, 37-41 weeks). The shunt flow volume through the ductus venosus was examined serially using ultrasonography, and correlations between flow volume and liver function in the respective groups were calculated during the first week after birth. RESULTS: Group I had a higher flow volume and later functional closure than the other two groups. Plasma ammonia and serum total bile acid concentrations correlated with flow volume in groups I and II, and blood galactose and galactose 1-phosphate concentrations correlated significantly with flow volume in group III. Percentage hepaplastin also correlated significantly with flow volume in all groups, but plasma vitamin K concentration did not in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Patent ductus venosus has a considerable effect on crucial liver functions such as ammonia detoxification, blood coagulation, and regulation of serum total bile acid concentration in early neonates.  (+info)

Toward understanding kernicterus: a challenge to improve the management of jaundiced newborns. (3/108)

PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of total serum bilirubin concentration (TSB) and free (unbound) bilirubin concentration (Bf) as predictors of risk for bilirubin toxicity and kernicterus and to examine consistency between these findings and proposed mechanisms of bilirubin transport and brain uptake. METHODS: A review of literature was undertaken to define basic principles of bilirubin transport and brain uptake leading to neurotoxicity. We then reviewed experimental and clinical evidence that relate TSB or Bf to risk for bilirubin toxicity and kernicterus. RESULTS: There are insufficient published data to precisely define sensitivity and specificity of either TSB or Bf in determining risk for acute bilirubin neurotoxicity or chronic sequelae (kernicterus). However, available laboratory and clinical evidence indicate that Bf is better than TSB in discriminating risk for bilirubin toxicity in patients with severe hyperbilirubinemia. These findings are consistent with basic pharmacokinetic principles involved in bilirubin transport and tissue uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental and clinical data strongly suggest that measurement of Bf in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia will improve risk assessment for neurotoxicity, which emphasizes the need for additional clinical evaluation relating Bf and TSB to acute bilirubin toxicity and long-term outcome. We speculate that establishing risk thresholds for neurotoxicity by using newer methods for measuring Bf in minimally diluted serum samples will improve the sensitivity and specificity of serum indicators for treating hyperbilirubinemia, thus reducing unnecessary aggressive intervention and associated cost and morbidity.  (+info)

Management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: pediatricians' practices and educational needs. (4/108)

BACKGROUND: Early detection and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is important in the prevention of bilirubin-induced encephalopathy. In this study, we evaluated the New Jersey pediatricians' practices and beliefs regarding the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and their compliance with the recommendations made by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 1994. METHODS: A survey questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 800 pediatricians selected from a list of 1623 New Jersey Fellows of the AAP initially in October 2003 and then in February 2004 for the non-respondents. In addition to the physicians' demographic characteristics, the questionnaire addressed various aspects of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia management including the diagnosis, treatment, and follow up as well as the pediatricians' beliefs regarding the significance of risk factors in the development of severe hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS: The adjusted response rate of 49.1% (n = 356) was calculated from the 725 eligible respondents. Overall, the practicing pediatricians reported high utilization (77.9%) of the cephalocaudal progression of jaundice and low utilization (16.1%) of transcutaneous bilirubinometry for the quantification of the severity of jaundice. Most of the respondents (87.4%) identified jaundice as an indicator for serum bilirubin (TSB) testing prior to the neonate's discharge from hospital, whereas post-discharge, only 57.7% felt that a TSB was indicated (P < 0.01). If the neonate's age was under 72 hours, less than one-third of the respondents reported initiation of phototherapy at TSB levels lower than the treatment parameters recommended by the AAP in 1994, whereas if the infant was more than 72 hours old, almost 60% were initiating phototherapy at TSB lower than the 1994 AAP guidelines. Most respondents did not regard neonatal jaundice noted after discharge and gestational ages 37-38 weeks as being significant in the development of severe hyperbilirubinemia. However, the majority did recognize the importance of jaundice presenting within the first 24 hours and Rh/ABO incompatibility. CONCLUSION: The pediatricians' practices regarding the low utilization of laboratory diagnosis for the quantification of jaundice after discharge and underestimation of risk factors that contribute to the development of severe hyperbilirubinemia are associated with initiation of phototherapy at lower than AAP recommended treatment parameters and recognition of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia as an important public health concern.  (+info)

Transcutaneous bilirubin levels in the first 96 hours in a normal newborn population of > or = 35 weeks' gestation. (5/108)

OBJECTIVE: To obtain transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurements, at 6-hour intervals, in the first 96 hours after birth in a normal newborn population (gestational age: > or =35 weeks). METHODS: We performed 9397 TcB measurements on 3984 healthy newborn infants (gestational age: > or =35 weeks) from 6 to 96 hours of age. All measurements were performed in the well-infant nursery with a Draeger Air-Shields transcutaneous jaundice meter (model JM-103), within 2 hours of the designated time. RESULTS: There was a distinct pattern to the velocity of the increase in TcB levels over different time periods. TcB levels increased in a linear manner most rapidly in the first 6 to 18 hours and then less rapidly from 18 to 42 hours, followed by a much slower increase until peak levels occurred. Decreasing gestational age was associated significantly with higher TcB levels. CONCLUSIONS: We provide data on neonatal bilirubinemia, based on TcB levels determined in a large, predominately white and breastfed, North American population. Infants who require closer evaluation and observation initially are those whose bilirubin levels are > or =95th percentile, ie, increasing more rapidly than 0.22 mg/dL per hour in the first 24 hours, 0.15 mg/dL per hour between 24 and 48 hours, and 0.06 mg/dL per hour after 48 hours. These data should be useful for detecting aberrant trends, identifying infants who need additional evaluation, and planning appropriate follow-up for jaundiced newborns.  (+info)

Bilirubin measurement for neonates: comparison of 9 frequently used methods. (6/108)

OBJECTIVE: High blood concentrations of bilirubin are toxic to the brain and may cause kernicterus. Therefore, determination of bilirubin levels is performed for many newborns, and several different methods are available. We compared 9 frequently used methods for bilirubin determination among newborns under routine conditions, to define their sequence of use. METHODS: In a prospective study, bilirubin concentrations were determined with 9 different methods, ie, 3 skin test devices, 3 nonchemical photometric devices (including 2 blood gas analyzers), and 3 laboratory analyzers. RESULTS: A total of 124 samples were obtained. All 3 laboratory methods showed very strong correlations with each other, and their means were used as comparison values. To these comparison values, the skin test devices had correlation coefficients between 0.961 and 0.966, and the nonchemical photometric devices between 0.980 and 0.994. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement with the comparison values for all nonchemical photometric devices. All skin test devices and 1 nonchemical photometric device underestimated bilirubin levels, particularly at high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: In the routine care of newborns, the first method for bilirubin testing should be a skin test. If the skin test result exceeds 200 micromol/L and other analytes are to be determined with a nonchemical photometric device, then bilirubin can be included in this analysis and the result trusted up to 250 micromol/L. If the skin test result exceeds 200 micromol/L and only bilirubin concentrations are needed, then a standard laboratory method is the first choice, to avoid repeated blood sampling. Bilirubin concentrations from nonchemical photometric devices that exceed 250 micromol/L should be confirmed with standard laboratory methods.  (+info)

The effect of instituting a prehospital-discharge newborn bilirubin screening program in an 18-hospital health system. (7/108)

OBJECTIVE: Kernicterus is a rare but devastating condition. The prevention of bilirubin-induced brain injury is based on the detection of infants at risk for developing severe hyperbilirubinemia. In an 18-hospital health system, Intermountain Health Care (IHC), we initiated a program of predischarge bilirubin screening of all neonates and coupled this with a results assessment using a percentile-based nomogram. Data during 2 periods of time, before versus after initiating the program, were compared to assess the effect of the program on significant hyperbilirubinemia and rehospitalization. METHODS: We conducted a historic cohort study involving all neonates delivered at > or =35 weeks' gestation, within IHC's 18-hospital system, during 2 periods of time: March 1, 2001, to December 31, 2002, versus January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2004. A bilirubin screening program, instituted in December 2002, called for a total serum bilirubin (TSB) or transcutaneous bilirubin measurement to be performed on every neonate either at the recognition of clinical jaundice or before discharge regardless of whether jaundice was observed. For nonjaundiced neonates, the nursery staff was encouraged to obtain the screening TSB at the same time they obtained the state-mandated newborn screen for inborn errors of metabolism. Bilirubin values were plotted on an hour-specific nomogram and the corresponding percentile was used to guide evaluation, therapy, and follow-up. This study compared TSB data and readmission data for a 2-year period before versus a 2-year period after implementing the program. RESULTS: The study involved 101272 neonates: 48789 in period 1 and 52483 in period 2. Before the program, 1 in every 77 neonates born at an IHC hospital had 1 or more serum bilirubin levels >20 mg/dL. After initiating the program, the incidence fell to 1 in 142 and the number of neonates with a level >25 mg/dL fell from 1 in 1522 before to 1 in 4037 after. The rate of hospital readmission with a primary diagnosis of jaundice fell from 0.55% in period 1 to 0.43% in period 2. CONCLUSIONS: Initiating a program of bilirubin screening in a multihospital health system, coupled with evaluating the results using a percentile-based nomogram, reduced the proportion of neonates with significant hyperbilirubinemia and reduced the rate of hospital readmissions with jaundice.  (+info)

The changing face of race: risk factors for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. (8/108)

OBJECTIVES: Race is a predictor of health outcomes and risk for some clinical conditions, for example, mother's race predicts risk for hyperbilirubinemia in newborns, with blacks at lowest risk. Little is known about the correlation of race as recorded in medical records with self-reported race. Also, use of maternal race to predict newborn risk for hyperbilirubinemia has not been tested for multiracial mothers and newborns. We sought to examine how maternal race documented in medical records correlates with self-reported race and to examine the correlation between mothers' and newborns' race in the context of risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, focusing on multiracial mothers and newborns. DESIGN: A cohort study with 3021 newborns at > or =35 weeks gestation discharged from normal nursery between January 2001 and October 2002 with a telephone survey of their mothers within 6 months of birth. SETTING: The study was conducted in the Neonatology Department of Henry Ford Hospital. PATIENTS: There were 1773 mothers (58%) with incorrect telephone numbers. Of 1248 mothers contacted, 866 (69%) completed the interview. OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured mother's race in hospital database and mother's reported race for herself, her newborn, and the father, allowing < or =5 responses for each. RESULTS: Of mothers documented in the medical record as white, 64% self-reported as white. Among mothers recorded as black, 70% self-reported as black. Mothers identified 93 newborns as > or =2 races with primary race matching both parents for 41%, father for 25%, mother for 23%, and neither parent for 11%. Of 70 newborns whose parents were not the same race, mothers identified 45 (64%) as > or =2 races. CONCLUSIONS: There is incomplete overlap between racial identification in medical records versus self-report. Given 1 choice, mothers of multiracial infants overselect black in their newborns' ancestry. Because black race is the lowest risk category for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, this may lead to underestimating their risk.  (+info)

Hyperbilirubinemia is a medical condition characterized by an excessively high level of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver and then excreted through the bile into the digestive system. However, if there is a problem with the liver's ability to process or excrete bilirubin, it can build up in the blood, leading to hyperbilirubinemia.

Hyperbilirubinemia can be classified as either unconjugated or conjugated, depending on whether the bilirubin is in its direct (conjugated) or indirect (unconjugated) form. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can occur due to increased production of bilirubin (such as in hemolytic anemia), decreased uptake of bilirubin by the liver, or impaired conjugation of bilirubin in the liver. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, on the other hand, is usually caused by a problem with the excretion of conjugated bilirubin into the bile, such as in cholestatic liver diseases like hepatitis or cirrhosis.

Symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, light-colored stools, itching, and fatigue. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may involve medications, dietary changes, or surgery.

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a condition characterized by an excessively high level of bilirubin in the blood of newborn infants. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through the bile into the digestive system. However, in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, the liver may be unable to process bilirubin quickly enough, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream. This can cause the skin and eyes of the newborn to appear yellow, a condition known as jaundice.

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is relatively common and usually resolves on its own within a few days or weeks. However, if bilirubin levels become too high, they can cause brain damage (kernicterus) in severe cases. Treatment may include phototherapy to help break down bilirubin, exchange transfusions, or other interventions to support liver function and reduce bilirubin levels.

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. It is a normal byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism and is usually conjugated (made water-soluble) in the liver before being excreted through the bile into the digestive system. Elevated levels of bilirubin can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Increased bilirubin levels may indicate liver disease or other medical conditions such as gallstones or hemolysis. It is also measured to assess liver function and to help diagnose various liver disorders.

Neonatal jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of a newborn baby's skin and eyes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells, which are then processed by the liver and excreted through the bile. In neonatal jaundice, the liver is not yet fully developed and cannot process bilirubin quickly enough, leading to its accumulation in the body.

Neonatal jaundice typically appears within the first 2-4 days of life and can range from mild to severe. Mild cases may resolve on their own without treatment, while more severe cases may require medical intervention such as phototherapy or a blood transfusion. Risk factors for neonatal jaundice include prematurity, bruising during birth, blood type incompatibility between mother and baby, and certain genetic disorders.

It is important to monitor newborns closely for signs of jaundice and seek medical attention if concerned, as untreated neonatal jaundice can lead to serious complications such as brain damage or hearing loss.

Kernicterus is a severe form of brain damage caused by high levels of bilirubin, a yellow pigment that forms when red blood cells break down. It's most commonly seen in newborns, particularly those with a condition called ABO or Rh incompatibility, where the baby's blood type is different from the mother's. This can lead to an increased breakdown of the baby's red blood cells and a buildup of bilirubin.

In kernicterus, the bilirubin reaches such high levels that it becomes toxic and can damage the brain, particularly areas like the basal ganglia and brainstem. This can result in symptoms such as severe jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and eyes), lethargy, high-pitched crying, poor feeding, and eventually seizures, hearing loss, and developmental delays.

Kernicterus is preventable with timely treatment, which may include phototherapy (using light to break down bilirubin) or exchange transfusion (replacing the baby's blood with fresh donor blood). If you suspect your newborn has jaundice or if their skin appears yellow, it's important to seek medical attention immediately.

Gilbert's disease, also known as Gilbert's syndrome, is a common and mild condition characterized by **intermittent** elevations in bilirubin levels in the bloodstream without any evidence of liver damage or disease. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that forms when hemoglobin breaks down. Normally, it gets processed in the liver and excreted through bile.

In Gilbert's disease, there is an impaired ability to conjugate bilirubin due to a deficiency or dysfunction of the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), which is responsible for the glucuronidation process. This results in mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, where bilirubin levels may rise and cause mild jaundice, particularly during times of fasting, illness, stress, or dehydration.

Gilbert's disease is typically an incidental finding, as it usually does not cause any significant symptoms or complications. It is often discovered during routine blood tests when bilirubin levels are found to be slightly elevated. The condition is usually harmless and does not require specific treatment, but avoiding triggers like fasting or dehydration may help minimize the occurrence of jaundice.

Phototherapy is a medical treatment that involves the use of light to manage or improve certain conditions. It can be delivered in various forms, such as natural light exposure or artificial light sources, including lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), or fluorescent lamps. The wavelength and intensity of light are carefully controlled to achieve specific therapeutic effects.

Phototherapy is most commonly used for newborns with jaundice to help break down bilirubin in the skin, reducing its levels in the bloodstream. This type of phototherapy is called bilirubin lights or bili lights.

In dermatology, phototherapy can be applied to treat various skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and acne. Narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) therapy, PUVA (psoralen plus UVA), and blue or red light therapies are some examples of dermatological phototherapies.

Phototherapy can also be used to alleviate symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and other mood disorders by exposing patients to bright artificial light, which helps regulate their circadian rhythms and improve their mood. This form of phototherapy is called light therapy or bright light therapy.

It's essential to consult a healthcare professional before starting any phototherapy treatment, as inappropriate use can lead to adverse effects.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition characterized by an excess of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance produced by the liver when it breaks down old red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through the bile ducts and into the digestive system. However, if there is a problem with the liver or the bile ducts, bilirubin can build up in the blood, causing hyperbilirubinemia.

Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia refers to forms of the condition that are caused by genetic mutations. There are several types of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia, including:

1. Dubin-Johnson syndrome: This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and a dark brownish-black pigmentation of the liver. It is caused by mutations in the MRP2 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein that helps to remove bilirubin from the liver cells into the bile ducts.

2. Rotor syndrome: This is another rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. It is caused by mutations in the SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3 genes, which provide instructions for making proteins that help to transport bilirubin into the liver cells.

3. Crigler-Najjar syndrome: This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. It is caused by mutations in the UGT1A1 gene, which provides instructions for making an enzyme that helps to conjugate bilirubin in the liver.

4. Gilbert syndrome: This is a common autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. It is caused by mutations in the UGT1A1 gene, but to a lesser degree than Crigler-Najjar syndrome.

In general, hereditary hyperbilirubinemias are managed with close monitoring of bilirubin levels and may require treatment with phototherapy or exchange transfusion in severe cases. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

An exchange transfusion of whole blood is a medical procedure in which a patient's blood is gradually replaced with donor whole blood. This procedure is typically performed in newborns or infants who have severe jaundice caused by excessive levels of bilirubin, a yellowish pigment that forms when hemoglobin from red blood cells breaks down.

During an exchange transfusion, the baby's blood is removed through a vein or artery and replaced with donor whole blood through another vein or artery. The process is repeated several times until a significant portion of the baby's blood has been exchanged with donor blood. This helps to reduce the levels of bilirubin in the baby's blood, which can help prevent or treat brain damage caused by excessive bilirubin.

Exchange transfusions are typically performed in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and require close monitoring by a team of healthcare professionals. The procedure carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, and changes in blood pressure or heart rate. However, it can be a lifesaving treatment for newborns with severe jaundice who are at risk of developing serious complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rats, Gunn" is not a recognized medical term or phrase. It appears to be a nonsensical expression without specific meaning in the context of medicine or healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment produced when hemoglobin from red blood cells is broken down. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through bile into the digestive system. However, if there's an issue with bilirubin metabolism or elimination, it can accumulate in the body, leading to jaundice.

Jaundice can be a symptom of various underlying conditions, such as liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis), gallbladder issues (gallstones, tumors), or blood disorders (hemolysis). It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if jaundice is observed, as it may indicate a severe health problem requiring prompt medical attention.

Glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) is an enzyme belonging to the family of glycosyltransferases. It plays a crucial role in the process of biotransformation and detoxification of various endogenous and exogenous substances, including drugs, hormones, and environmental toxins, in the liver and other organs.

The enzyme functions by transferring a glucuronic acid moiety from a donor molecule, uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA), to an acceptor molecule, which can be a variety of hydrophobic compounds. This reaction results in the formation of a more water-soluble glucuronide conjugate, facilitating the excretion of the substrate through urine or bile.

There are multiple isoforms of glucuronosyltransferase, classified into two main families: UGT1 and UGT2. These isoforms exhibit different substrate specificities and tissue distributions, allowing for a wide range of compounds to be metabolized through the glucuronidation pathway.

In summary, Glucuronosyltransferase is an essential enzyme in the detoxification process, facilitating the elimination of various substances from the body by conjugating them with a glucuronic acid moiety.

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is a rare inherited genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced when hemoglobin breaks down. This condition is characterized by high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood, which can lead to jaundice, kernicterus, and neurological damage if left untreated.

There are two types of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome: Type I and Type II.

Type I is the more severe form, and it is caused by a mutation in the UGT1A1 gene, which encodes for an enzyme responsible for conjugating bilirubin. People with this type of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome have little to no functional enzyme activity, leading to very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. This form is usually diagnosed in infancy and requires regular phototherapy or a liver transplant to prevent neurological damage.

Type II is a milder form of the disorder, caused by a mutation that results in reduced enzyme activity but not complete loss of function. People with this type of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome usually have milder symptoms and may not require regular phototherapy or a liver transplant, although they may still be at risk for neurological damage if their bilirubin levels become too high.

Both types of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition.

Chronic Idiopathic Jaundice is not a widely accepted medical diagnosis and the term "idiopathic" is used to denote that the cause of the jaundice is unknown. However, it is generally used to describe a condition where a person has persistent jaundice without any identifiable underlying cause.

Jaundice itself refers to the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the body. Bilirubin is a yellowish substance that is produced when hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, breaks down. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted through the bile ducts into the digestive system.

In Chronic Idiopathic Jaundice, the bilirubin level remains elevated over an extended period of time without any apparent explanation. The condition may be asymptomatic or associated with symptoms such as fatigue, itching, and abdominal discomfort. It is important to note that while "idiopathic" implies an unknown cause, further investigation and monitoring are often necessary to rule out any underlying liver disease or other conditions that may contribute to the jaundice.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

A "term birth" is a medical term that refers to a delivery or pregnancy that has reached 37 weeks or more. It is the normal length of a full-term pregnancy and is considered a healthy and low-risk period for childbirth. Babies born at term have the best chance of being healthy and not experiencing any significant medical issues, compared to those born preterm (before 37 weeks) or postterm (after 42 weeks). The different types of term births are:

* Early Term: Between 37 weeks and 38 weeks, 6 days.
* Full Term: Between 39 weeks and 40 weeks, 6 days.
* Late Term: Between 41 weeks and 41 weeks, 6 days.
* Postterm: 42 weeks or later.

It is important to note that while a term birth is generally considered low-risk, there can still be variations in the health of babies born at different points within this range. For example, research has shown that babies born at 39 weeks have better outcomes than those born at 37 or 38 weeks. Therefore, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider for individualized guidance and recommendations regarding pregnancy and childbirth.

Neonatal screening is a medical procedure in which specific tests are performed on newborn babies within the first few days of life to detect certain congenital or inherited disorders that are not otherwise clinically apparent at birth. These conditions, if left untreated, can lead to serious health problems, developmental delays, or even death.

The primary goal of neonatal screening is to identify affected infants early so that appropriate treatment and management can be initiated as soon as possible, thereby improving their overall prognosis and quality of life. Commonly screened conditions include phenylketonuria (PKU), congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and hearing loss, among others.

Neonatal screening typically involves collecting a small blood sample from the infant's heel (heel stick) or through a dried blood spot card, which is then analyzed using various biochemical, enzymatic, or genetic tests. In some cases, additional tests such as hearing screenings and pulse oximetry for critical congenital heart disease may also be performed.

It's important to note that neonatal screening is not a diagnostic tool but rather an initial step in identifying infants who may be at risk of certain conditions. Positive screening results should always be confirmed with additional diagnostic tests before any treatment decisions are made.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the normal functioning of an enzyme called G6PD. This enzyme is found in red blood cells and plays a crucial role in protecting them from damage.

In people with G6PD deficiency, the enzyme's activity is reduced or absent, making their red blood cells more susceptible to damage and destruction, particularly when they are exposed to certain triggers such as certain medications, infections, or foods. This can lead to a condition called hemolysis, where the red blood cells break down prematurely, leading to anemia, jaundice, and in severe cases, kidney failure.

G6PD deficiency is typically inherited from one's parents in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning that males are more likely to be affected than females. While there is no cure for G6PD deficiency, avoiding triggers and managing symptoms can help prevent complications.

Organic anion transport polypeptide C (OATPc or OATPC) is not a widely recognized or established term in the medical field. It seems that this terminology might be referring to one or more members of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) family, specifically those localized to the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes.

OATPs are a group of membrane transporters primarily responsible for the uptake of various amphipathic organic molecules, including bile salts, steroid conjugates, thyroid hormones, and various drugs. They play a crucial role in the hepatic clearance and disposition of many endogenous and exogenous substances.

The term "OATPc" might be referring to OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) and/or OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3), which are the two major isoforms found in the human liver's canalicular membrane. However, it is essential to note that there isn't a universally accepted or standardized definition for "OATPc."

To obtain accurate and reliable information, consult scientific literature, textbooks, or databases specializing in medical definitions and terminology.

Blood group incompatibility refers to a situation where the blood type of a donor and a recipient are not compatible, leading to an immune response and destruction of the donated red blood cells. This is because the recipient's immune system recognizes the donor's red blood cells as foreign due to the presence of incompatible antigens on their surface.

The most common type of blood group incompatibility occurs between individuals with different ABO blood types, such as when a person with type O blood receives type A, B, or AB blood. This can lead to agglutination and hemolysis of the donated red blood cells, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as hemolytic transfusion reaction.

Another type of blood group incompatibility occurs between Rh-negative mothers and their Rh-positive fetuses. If a mother's immune system is exposed to her fetus's Rh-positive red blood cells during pregnancy or childbirth, she may develop antibodies against them. This can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn if the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus in the future.

To prevent these complications, it is essential to ensure that donated blood is compatible with the recipient's blood type before transfusion and that appropriate measures are taken during pregnancy and childbirth to prevent sensitization of Rh-negative mothers to Rh-positive red blood cells.

Erythroblastosis, fetal is a medical condition that occurs in the fetus or newborn when there is an incompatibility between the fetal and maternal blood types, specifically related to the Rh factor or ABO blood group system. This incompatibility leads to the destruction of the fetal red blood cells by the mother's immune system, resulting in the release of bilirubin, which can cause jaundice, anemia, and other complications.

In cases where the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive, the mother may develop antibodies against the Rh factor during pregnancy or after delivery, leading to hemolysis (breakdown) of the fetal red blood cells in subsequent pregnancies if preventive measures are not taken. This is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

Similarly, incompatibility between the ABO blood groups can also lead to HDN, although it is generally less severe than Rh incompatibility. In this case, the mother's immune system produces antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, leading to their destruction and subsequent complications.

Fetal erythroblastosis is a serious condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Treatment options include intrauterine transfusions, phototherapy, and exchange transfusions in severe cases. Preventive measures such as Rh immune globulin (RhIG) injections can help prevent the development of antibodies in Rh-negative mothers, reducing the risk of HDN in subsequent pregnancies.

Metalloporphyrins are a type of porphyrin molecule that contain a metal ion at their center. Porphyrins are complex organic compounds containing four modified pyrrole rings connected to form a planar, aromatic ring known as a porphine. When a metal ion is incorporated into the center of the porphyrin ring, it forms a metalloporphyrin.

These molecules have great biological significance, as they are involved in various essential processes within living organisms. For instance, heme, a type of iron-containing porphyrin, plays a crucial role in oxygen transport and storage in the body by forming part of hemoglobin and myoglobin molecules. Chlorophyll, another metalloporphyrin with magnesium at its center, is essential for photosynthesis in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Metalloporphyrins have also found applications in several industrial and medical fields, including catalysis, sensors, and pharmaceuticals. Their unique structure and properties make them valuable tools for researchers and scientists to study and utilize in various ways.

A nomogram is a graphical representation of a mathematical formula or equation that allows the user to quickly solve a problem by simply drawing a line between different values on the chart. In the field of medicine, nomograms are often used as a tool for predicting patient outcomes, assessing risk, or making diagnostic decisions based on specific clinical data.

For example, a nomogram may be used to estimate the probability of survival in patients with a particular type of cancer, based on factors such as age, tumor size, and stage of disease. The user would locate the appropriate values for each factor on the nomogram, draw a line connecting them, and read off the estimated probability at the intersection point.

Nomograms can be a useful and intuitive way to communicate complex medical information and help clinicians make informed decisions in a timely manner. However, it is important to note that nomograms are only as accurate as the data they are based on, and should always be used in conjunction with clinical judgment and other relevant factors.

Histocompatibility, maternal-fetal, refers to the compatibility between the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and other antigenic proteins expressed on the fetal tissues and those present in the mother's immune system. The HLAs are a group of proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and play a crucial role in the recognition and presentation of foreign peptides to the immune cells.

During pregnancy, the fetal tissues express paternal HLA antigens that can be recognized as non-self by the mother's immune system. However, the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and decidua, has several mechanisms to prevent the activation of the maternal immune response against the fetus. These mechanisms include the expression of unique HLA molecules (HLA-G, -C, and -E) by the trophoblast cells, which have immunomodulatory functions, as well as the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the suppression of pro-inflammatory responses.

Despite these immune tolerance mechanisms, in some cases, the maternal immune system may still recognize the fetal tissues as foreign and mount an immune response, leading to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, or intrauterine growth restriction. The degree of histocompatibility between the mother and fetus can influence the risk of these complications, with a higher degree of mismatch increasing the risk.

In transplantation medicine, the concept of histocompatibility is critical in matching donors and recipients to minimize the risk of rejection. However, in pregnancy, the unique immune environment at the maternal-fetal interface allows for the coexistence of two genetically distinct individuals without the need for full histocompatibility.

Central hearing loss is a type of hearing disorder that occurs due to damage or dysfunction in the central auditory pathways of the brain, rather than in the ear itself. This condition can result from various causes, such as stroke, tumors, trauma, infection, or degenerative diseases affecting the brain.

In central hearing loss, the person may have difficulty understanding and processing speech, even when they can hear sounds at normal levels. They might experience problems with sound localization, discriminating between similar sounds, and comprehending complex auditory signals. This type of hearing loss is different from sensorineural or conductive hearing loss, which are related to issues in the outer, middle, or inner ear.

Protoporphyrins are organic compounds that are the immediate precursors to heme in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. They are composed of a porphyrin ring, which is a large, complex ring made up of four pyrrole rings joined together, with an acetate and a propionate side chain at each pyrrole. Protoporphyrins are commonly found in nature and are important components of many biological systems, including hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

There are several different types of protoporphyrins, including protoporphyrin IX, which is the most common form found in humans and other animals. Protoporphyrins can be measured in the blood or other tissues as a way to diagnose or monitor certain medical conditions, such as lead poisoning or porphyrias, which are rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme. Elevated levels of protoporphyrins in the blood or tissues can indicate the presence of these conditions and may require further evaluation and treatment.

Indinavir is an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment and management of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It belongs to a class of drugs known as protease inhibitors, which work by blocking the action of protease enzymes that are necessary for the HIV virus to replicate. By inhibiting this process, indinavir helps prevent the spread of HIV in the body and reduces the risk of developing AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

Indinavir is often prescribed as part of a combination therapy regimen with other antiretroviral drugs. It is available in capsule form and is typically taken several times a day, usually on an empty stomach. As with all medications, indinavir can have side effects, which may include nausea, diarrhea, headache, and changes in liver function. Regular monitoring of blood tests is necessary to ensure that the drug is working effectively and not causing any harmful side effects.

It's important to note that while antiretroviral therapy can help manage HIV infection and improve quality of life, it does not cure the disease. Therefore, it is essential for individuals with HIV to continue taking their medications as prescribed and to follow up regularly with their healthcare provider.

The ABO blood-group system is a classification system used in blood transfusion medicine to determine the compatibility of donated blood with a recipient's blood. It is based on the presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs), as well as the corresponding antibodies present in the plasma.

There are four main blood types in the ABO system:

1. Type A: These individuals have A antigens on their RBCs and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.
2. Type B: They have B antigens on their RBCs and anti-A antibodies in their plasma.
3. Type AB: They have both A and B antigens on their RBCs but no natural antibodies against either A or B antigens.
4. Type O: They do not have any A or B antigens on their RBCs, but they have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma.

Transfusing blood from a donor with incompatible ABO antigens can lead to an immune response, causing the destruction of donated RBCs and potentially life-threatening complications such as acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Therefore, it is crucial to match the ABO blood type between donors and recipients before performing a blood transfusion.

Hemolysis is the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid (plasma). This process can occur due to various reasons such as chemical agents, infections, autoimmune disorders, mechanical trauma, or genetic abnormalities. Hemolysis may lead to anemia and jaundice, among other complications. It is essential to monitor hemolysis levels in patients undergoing medical treatments that might cause this condition.

A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.

Porphyrins are complex organic compounds that contain four pyrrole rings joined together by methine bridges (=CH-). They play a crucial role in the biochemistry of many organisms, as they form the core structure of various heme proteins and other metalloproteins. Some examples of these proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and catalases, which are involved in essential processes such as oxygen transport, electron transfer, and oxidative metabolism.

In the human body, porphyrins are synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the heme biosynthesis pathway. Disruptions in this pathway can lead to an accumulation of porphyrins or their precursors, resulting in various medical conditions called porphyrias. These disorders can manifest as neurological symptoms, skin lesions, and gastrointestinal issues, depending on the specific type of porphyria and the site of enzyme deficiency.

It is important to note that while porphyrins are essential for life, their accumulation in excessive amounts or at inappropriate locations can result in pathological conditions. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of porphyrin metabolism is crucial for diagnosing and managing porphyrias and other related disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pyridines" is not a medical term. It is a chemical term that refers to a class of organic compounds with the chemical structure of a six-membered ring containing one nitrogen atom and five carbon atoms (heterocyclic aromatic compound).

In a biological or medical context, pyridine derivatives can be found in various natural and synthetic substances. For example, some medications contain pyridine rings as part of their chemical structure. However, "Pyridines" itself is not a medical term or condition.

The Coombs test is a laboratory procedure used to detect the presence of antibodies on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). It is named after the scientist, Robin Coombs, who developed the test. There are two types of Coombs tests: direct and indirect.

1. Direct Coombs Test (DCT): This test is used to detect the presence of antibodies directly attached to the surface of RBCs. It is often used to diagnose hemolytic anemia, a condition in which RBCs are destroyed prematurely, leading to anemia. A positive DCT indicates that the patient's RBCs have been coated with antibodies, which can occur due to various reasons such as autoimmune disorders, blood transfusion reactions, or drug-induced immune hemolysis.
2. Indirect Coombs Test (ICT): This test is used to detect the presence of antibodies in the patient's serum that can agglutinate (clump) foreign RBCs. It is commonly used before blood transfusions or during pregnancy to determine if the patient has antibodies against the RBCs of a potential donor or fetus, respectively. A positive ICT indicates that the patient's serum contains antibodies capable of binding to and agglutinating foreign RBCs.

In summary, the Coombs test is a crucial diagnostic tool in identifying various hemolytic disorders and ensuring safe blood transfusions by detecting the presence of harmful antibodies against RBCs.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Ultraviolet (UV) therapy, also known as phototherapy, is a medical treatment that uses ultraviolet light to treat various skin conditions. The UV light can be delivered through natural sunlight or artificial sources, such as specialized lamps or lasers.

In medical settings, controlled doses of UV light are used to target specific areas of the skin. The most common type of UV therapy is narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) phototherapy, which uses a specific wavelength of UVB light to treat conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and dermatitis.

The goal of UV therapy is to reduce inflammation, slow skin cell growth, and improve the overall appearance of the skin. It is important to note that while UV therapy can be effective in treating certain skin conditions, it also carries risks such as skin aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. Therefore, it should only be administered under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Cholestasis is a medical condition characterized by the interruption or reduction of bile flow from the liver to the small intestine. Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps in the breakdown and absorption of fats. When the flow of bile is blocked or reduced, it can lead to an accumulation of bile components, such as bilirubin, in the blood, which can cause jaundice, itching, and other symptoms.

Cholestasis can be caused by various factors, including liver diseases (such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer), gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, pregnancy, and genetic disorders. Depending on the underlying cause, cholestasis may be acute or chronic, and it can range from mild to severe in its symptoms and consequences. Treatment for cholestasis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the symptoms with supportive care.

Organic anion transporters (OATs) are membrane transport proteins that are responsible for the cellular uptake and excretion of various organic anions, such as drugs, toxins, and endogenous metabolites. They are found in various tissues, including the kidney, liver, and brain, where they play important roles in the elimination and detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.

In the kidney, OATs are located in the basolateral membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells and mediate the uptake of organic anions from the blood into the cells. From there, the anions can be further transported into the urine by other transporters located in the apical membrane. In the liver, OATs are expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes and facilitate the uptake of organic anions from the blood into the liver cells for metabolism and excretion.

There are several isoforms of OATs that have been identified, each with distinct substrate specificities and tissue distributions. Mutations in OAT genes can lead to various diseases, including renal tubular acidosis, hypercalciuria, and drug toxicity. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of OATs is important for developing strategies to improve drug delivery and reduce adverse drug reactions.

Imino acids are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom as part of an amide-like structure. They are structurally similar to amino acids, which contain a carboxyl group and an amino group, but instead of the amino group, imino acids have a structural unit known as an imine or Schiff base, which is a carbon-nitrogen double bond with a hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom.

One example of an imino acid is proline, which is a cyclic imino acid that plays important roles in protein structure and function. Proline is unique among the 20 standard amino acids because its side chain is linked to the nitrogen atom of the backbone, forming a ring-like structure. This structural feature gives proline unique properties, such as restricted rotation around the bond between the nitrogen and alpha carbon atoms, which can affect protein folding and stability.

Other imino acids may be formed through chemical reactions or enzymatic processes, and they can play important roles in various biological pathways, including the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other biomolecules. However, imino acids are not typically considered to be part of the standard set of 20 amino acids that make up proteins.

Hemolytic anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) faster than they can be produced. Red blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When they are destroyed, hemoglobin and other cellular components are released into the bloodstream, which can lead to complications such as kidney damage and gallstones.

Hemolytic anemia can be inherited or acquired. Inherited forms of the condition may result from genetic defects that affect the structure or function of red blood cells. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia can be caused by various factors, including infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, and certain medical conditions such as cancer or blood disorders.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and a rapid heartbeat. Treatment for hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, blood transfusions, or surgery.

A "premature infant" is a newborn delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. They are at greater risk for various health complications and medical conditions compared to full-term infants, due to their immature organ systems and lower birth weight. Some common diseases and health issues that premature infants may face include:

1. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): A lung disorder caused by the lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the lungs inflated. Premature infants, especially those born before 34 weeks, are at higher risk for RDS.
2. Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH): Bleeding in the brain's ventricles, which can lead to developmental delays or neurological issues. The risk of IVH is inversely proportional to gestational age, meaning that the earlier the infant is born, the higher the risk.
3. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): A gastrointestinal disease where the intestinal tissue becomes inflamed and can die. Premature infants are at greater risk for NEC due to their immature digestive systems.
4. Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by an accumulation of bilirubin, a waste product from broken-down red blood cells. Premature infants may have higher rates of jaundice due to their liver's immaturity.
5. Infections: Premature infants are more susceptible to infections because of their underdeveloped immune systems. Common sources of infection include the mother's genital tract, bloodstream, or hospital environment.
6. Anemia: A condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or insufficient hemoglobin. Premature infants may develop anemia due to frequent blood sampling, rapid growth, or inadequate erythropoietin production.
7. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): An eye disorder affecting premature infants, where abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the retina. Severe ROP can lead to vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly.
8. Developmental Delays: Premature infants are at risk for developmental delays due to their immature nervous systems and environmental factors such as sensory deprivation or separation from parents.
9. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects two major arteries in the fetal heart, fails to close after birth. Premature infants are at higher risk for PDA due to their immature cardiovascular systems.
10. Hypothermia: Premature infants have difficulty maintaining body temperature and are at risk for hypothermia, which can lead to increased metabolic demands, poor feeding, and infection.

Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis, is a medical procedure where the liquid portion of the blood (plasma) is separated from the blood cells. The plasma, which may contain harmful substances such as antibodies, clotting factors, or toxins, is then removed and replaced with fresh plasma or a plasma substitute. This process helps to remove the harmful substances from the blood and allows the body to replenish its own plasma with normal components. Plasma exchange is used in the treatment of various medical conditions including autoimmune diseases, poisonings, and certain types of kidney diseases.

Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin is not a medical condition, but rather a radiopharmaceutical used in diagnostic imaging. It is a radioactive tracer used in nuclear medicine scans, specifically for liver and biliary system imaging. The compound consists of the radioisotope Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) bonded to the pharmaceutical Disofenin.

The Tc-99m is a gamma emitter with a half-life of 6 hours, making it ideal for diagnostic imaging. When administered to the patient, the compound is taken up by the liver and excreted into the bile ducts and gallbladder, allowing medical professionals to visualize these structures using a gamma camera. This can help detect various conditions such as tumors, gallstones, or obstructions in the biliary system.

It's important to note that Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin is used diagnostically and not for therapeutic purposes. The radiation exposure from this compound is generally low and considered safe for diagnostic use. However, as with any medical procedure involving radiation, the benefits and risks should be carefully weighed and discussed with a healthcare professional.

Mandatory reporting is a legal requirement that healthcare professionals, as well as other designated individuals or organizations, must report suspected or confirmed cases of abuse, neglect, or exploitation of vulnerable populations to the appropriate authorities. These vulnerable populations often include children, elderly persons, and individuals with disabilities. The purpose of mandatory reporting is to ensure the protection and safety of these at-risk individuals and to facilitate interventions that can address and prevent further harm.

Healthcare professionals who are mandated reporters typically include doctors, nurses, mental health professionals, social workers, and teachers, among others. Mandatory reporting requirements vary by jurisdiction but generally involve immediate notification upon suspicion or knowledge of maltreatment. Failing to report as required can result in legal consequences for the mandated reporter, including potential penalties such as fines, license suspension, or even criminal charges.

The specifics of mandatory reporting laws and regulations differ between countries, states, and provinces; therefore, it is essential for healthcare professionals to be familiar with the requirements applicable to their particular practice settings.

Oligopeptides are defined in medicine and biochemistry as short chains of amino acids, typically containing fewer than 20 amino acid residues. These small peptides are important components in various biological processes, such as serving as signaling molecules, enzyme inhibitors, or structural elements in some proteins. They can be found naturally in foods and may also be synthesized for use in medical research and therapeutic applications.

Bile canaliculi are the smallest bile-transporting structures in the liver. They are formed by the close apposition of hepatocyte (liver cell) plasma membranes, and they are responsible for the majority of bile production. The bile canaliculi merge to form bile ductules, which then merge to form larger bile ducts that transport bile to the gallbladder and small intestine. Bile is a fluid that contains water, electrolytes, bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin, which are produced by the liver and play important roles in digestion and elimination of waste products.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), also known as Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in the glycolytic pathway. It catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG), while also converting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to its reduced form NADH. This reaction is essential for the production of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cellular respiration. GAPDH has been widely used as a housekeeping gene in molecular biology research due to its consistent expression across various tissues and cells, although recent studies have shown that its expression can vary under certain conditions.

Patient readmission refers to the event when a patient who was previously discharged from a hospital or healthcare facility returns for further treatment, often within a specified period. It is measured as a percentage of patients who are readmitted within a certain time frame, such as 30, 60, or 90 days after discharge. Readmissions may be planned or unplanned and can occur due to various reasons, including complications from the initial illness or treatment, inadequate post-discharge follow-up care, or the patient's inability to manage their health conditions effectively at home. High readmission rates are often considered an indicator of the quality of care provided during the initial hospitalization and may also signify potential issues with care coordination and transitions between healthcare settings.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) is a term used in medicine to describe the process of temporarily taking over the functions of the heart and lungs by using a machine. This allows the surgeon to perform certain types of surgery, such as open-heart surgery, on a still and bloodless operating field.

During ECC, the patient's blood is circulated outside the body through a pump and oxygenator. The pump helps to maintain blood flow and pressure, while the oxygenator adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide. This allows the surgeon to stop the heart and arrest its motion, making it easier to perform delicate procedures on the heart and surrounding structures.

Extracorporeal circulation is a complex and high-risk procedure that requires careful monitoring and management by a team of healthcare professionals. It carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and injury to blood vessels or organs. However, when performed correctly, it can be a life-saving measure for patients undergoing certain types of surgery.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Obstructive Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes), and mucous membranes due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the bloodstream. This occurs when there is an obstruction or blockage in the bile ducts that transport bile from the liver to the small intestine.

Bile, which contains bilirubin, aids in digestion and is usually released from the liver into the small intestine. When the flow of bile is obstructed, bilirubin builds up in the blood, causing jaundice. The obstruction can be caused by various factors, such as gallstones, tumors, or strictures in the bile ducts.

Obstructive jaundice may present with additional symptoms like dark urine, light-colored stools, itching, abdominal pain, and weight loss, depending on the cause and severity of the obstruction. It is essential to seek medical attention if jaundice is observed, as timely diagnosis and management can prevent potential complications, such as liver damage or infection.

"Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. August 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2017. "Jaundice in newborn ... Arias, IM; Gartner LM; Seifter S; Furman M (1964). "Prolonged neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with breast ... Prolonged neonatal jaundice is serious and should be followed up promptly. Severe neonatal jaundice may indicate the presence ... Stokowski LA (December 2006). "Fundamentals of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice". Adv Neonatal Care. 6 (6): 303-12. doi: ...
CETP Hyperbilirubinemia, familial transcient neonatal; 237900; UGT1A1 Hypercarotenemia and vitamin A deficiency, autosomal ... permanent neonatal; 606176; GCK Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal; 606176; INS Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal, with ... neonatal; 202370; PEX1 Adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal; 202370; PEX10 Adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal; 202370; PEX13 ... benign neonatal, type 2; 121201; KCNQ3 Epilepsy, benign, neonatal, type 1; 121200; KCNQ2 Epilepsy, female-restricted, with ...
"Hereditary Contribution to Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia". Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Elsevier: 933-942.e3. doi:10.1016/b978- ... Cochrane Neonatal Group) (July 2021). "Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm ... Hyperbilirubinemia, more precisely hyperbilirubinemia due to the unconjugated fraction, may cause bilirubin to accumulate in ... Cochrane Neonatal Group) (March 2023). "Intermittent phototherapy versus continuous phototherapy for neonatal jaundice". The ...
Murki S, Kumar P (June 2011). "Blood exchange transfusion for infants with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia". Seminars in ... Hyperbilirubinemia may be observed when hemolysis produces too much bilirubin through the excessive breakdown of red blood ... Hatzenbuehler L, Zaidi AK, Sundar S, Sultana S, Abbasi F, Rizvi A, Darmstadt GL (September 2010). "Validity of neonatal ... For infants with hemolytic jaundice, severe and prolonged cases of hyperbilirubinemia, or high serum bilirubin that does not ...
The syndrome cannot cause severe indirect hyperbilirubinemia in neonates by itself, but it may have a summative effect on ... Bancroft JD, Kreamer B, Gourley GR (1998). "Gilbert syndrome accelerates development of neonatal jaundice". Journal of ... J L Gollan; C Bateman; B H Billing (1976). "Effect of dietary composition on the unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia of Gilbert's ... This substance then accumulates in the body, causing mild hyperbilirubinemia. Gilbert syndrome is a phenotypic effect, mostly ...
The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. With the ... American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. (2004). "Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn ... Phenobarbital - Phenobarbital is sometimes given to the mother to help mature the fetal liver and reduce hyperbilirubinemia. ... Lalezari, P; Nussbaum, M; Gelman, S; Spaet, T. H. (1960). "Neonatal neutropenia due to maternal isoimmunization". Blood. 15 (2 ...
The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. With the ... American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. (2004). "Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn ... Phenobarbital - Phenobarbital is sometimes given to the mother to help mature the fetal liver and reduce hyperbilirubinemia. ... Lalezari, P; Nussbaum, M; Gelman, S; Spaet, T. H. (1960). "Neonatal neutropenia due to maternal isoimmunization". Blood. 15 (2 ...
A biliblanket is a portable phototherapy device used to treat neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia). BiliBlanket is a ... Cochrane Neonatal Group) (2001). "Fibreoptic phototherapy for neonatal jaundice". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. ... Stokowski LA (October 2011). "Fundamentals of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice". Advances in Neonatal Care. 11 (5 Suppl): S10 ... Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) is common in newborn babies and presents itself as yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of ...
The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. With the ... American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. (2004). "Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn ... Antenatal & neonatal screening (second edition). Chapter 12: Rhesus and other haemolytic diseases, by E.A. Letsky, I. Leck, J.M ... Phenobarbital - Phenobarbital is sometimes given to the mother to help mature the fetal liver and reduce hyperbilirubinemia. ...
It is one of several disorders classified as a transient familial neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The common cause is ... transient familial neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, breast feeding jaundice included v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Treatment is as per neonatal jaundice, and includes phototherapy and exchange transfusions. If left untreated, Lucey-Driscoll ...
In the vast majority of cases, kernicterus is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period. The ... a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia. Hyperbilirubinemia may cause bilirubin to accumulate in the grey matter of the central ... When hyperbilirubinemia increases past a mild level, it leads to jaundice, raising the risk of progressing to kernicterus. When ... In neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, light therapy may be effective in reducing the serum bilirubin level. More severe cases ...
Randomized Controlled Study Comparing Low-Cost LED and Conventional Phototherapy for Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. ...
In the U.S. where many neonatal infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the ... Bili lights may also be used to treat newborn jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia). Water can be carefully provided to prevent ... A 2003 study in the U.S. determined neonatal costs to be $224,400 for a newborn at 500-700 g versus $1,000 at over 3,000 g. The ... Other some neonatal specialists feel that starting to feed a preterm infant fortified milk earlier is beneficial to improve ...
While neonatal cholestasis refers to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants, there are many pathologic processes that ... Neonatal cholestasis can present in newborn infants within the first few months of life. The incidence of neonatal cholestasis ... While neonatal cholestasis can present from a number of pathologic causes, 35-40% of neonatal cholestasis cases are caused by ... Prognosis of neonatal cholestasis also varies based on the underlying pathologic process. Neonatal jaundice Pandita A, Gupta V ...
Chronic diarrhoea starting from early neonatal period. Failure to thrive is usually accompanying diarrhea. CCD causes ... Immediately after birth, it leads to dehydration, hypoelectrolytemia, hyperbilirubinemia, abdominal distention, and failure to ...
Elevated transaminases Hyperbilirubinemia Cholestasis Hepatitis The conditions listed below have been reported with no issues ... Neonatal lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in an infant born to a mother with anti-Ro/SSA and with or without anti- ... Infants with neonatal lupus are managed with supportive care. This means treating or monitoring the symptoms that can occur ... Neonatal lupus can present with several signs and symptoms. The most common manifestations involve the heart and skin. Problems ...
Beta J, Khan N, Khalil A, Fiolna M, Ramadan G, Akolekar R (September 2019). "Maternal and neonatal complications of fetal ... Hypoglycemia, as well as hyperbilirubinemia and polycythemia, occurs as a result of hyperinsulinemia in the fetus. High birth ... LGA babies are at higher risk of hypoglycemia in the neonatal period, independent of whether the mother has diabetes. ... Rozance PJ (February 2014). "Update on neonatal hypoglycemia". Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 21 (1): ...
However, in neonatal jaundice, the concentration of bilirubin overwhelms that of albumin and some of the bilirubin remains ... Jaundice is caused by hyperbilirubinemia, or abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is usually bound to ... In autopsies of children who suffered from neonatal jaundice, chronic changes of neuronal loss, gliosis and demyelination were ... Neonatal jaundice is the other chief complication that leads to the basal ganglia damage associated with this condition. ...
A red cell exchange transfusion is usually given to treat severe hyperbilirubinemia or anemia in babies with hemolytic disease ... Module 6 Neonatal and Paediatrics , National Blood Authority on neonatal and pediatric transfusion Transfusion handbook free ... It removes neonatal red cells coated with maternal antibody and reduces the level of bilirubin. A 'double volume exchange' (160 ... "Neonatal red blood cell transfusion". www.isbtweb.org. Retrieved 2018-05-18. "SHOT Annual Reports and Summaries - Serious ...
"Effect of induction of meconium evacuation using per rectal laxatives on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in term infants: a ... Lausten-Thomsen U, Bille DS, Nässlund I, Folskov L, Larsen T, Holm JC (June 2013). "Neonatal anthropometrics and correlation to ... March 2011). "Long-term impact of neonatal breastfeeding on childhood adiposity and fat distribution among children exposed to ... role of the late neonatal period". Journal of Perinatal Medicine. 34 (6): 490-6. doi:10.1515/JPM.2006.095. PMID 17140300. S2CID ...
Possible causes are perinatal hypoxic-ischaemia and neonatal shock in children born at term or near term. Hyperbilirubinaemia ...
... hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal MeSH C23.550.429.249.500 - jaundice, neonatal MeSH C23.550.429.500 - jaundice MeSH C23.550.429.500 ...
Brilliance Brilliance is a phototherapy device that treats neonatal jaundice, or hyperbilirubinemia, a medical condition that ... a phototherapy device for treating neonatal jaundice. Equalize health products have been sold in 70+ countries including India ...
The neurotoxicity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia manifests because the blood-brain barrier has yet to develop fully,[dubious - ... Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, where the newborn's liver is not able to properly process the bilirubin causing jaundice Unusually ... "Neonatal Jaundice". Slhd.nsw.gov.au. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2022. Novotný L, Vítek L (May 2003). "Inverse ... Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn can lead to accumulation of bilirubin in certain brain regions (particularly the ...
... neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, nursing staffing, and care of the patient in the second stage of labor. AWHONN works with members ... Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal ... Lund, CH; Osborne, JW; Kuller, J; Lane, AT; Lott, JW; Raines, DA (2001). "Neonatal skin care: clinical outcomes of the AWHONN/ ... These evidence-based guidelines cover topics like fetal heart rate monitoring, labor induction, neonatal skin care, care of the ...
... no antibiotics perinatally no unexplained hyperbilirubinemia that required treatment no antibiotics since discharge no ... Neonatal sepsis is a type of neonatal infection and specifically refers to the presence in a newborn baby of a bacterial blood ... Cochrane Neonatal Group) (May 2021). "Antibiotic regimens for late-onset neonatal sepsis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic ... Cochrane Neonatal Group) (May 2021). "Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic ...
... neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, hepatosplenomegaly, cataracts, seizures, mental retardation, and movement disorder. Inheritance of ...
... hyperbilirubinemia, and admission into the neonatal intensive care unit. The increased risk is correlated with the how well the ...
... hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal MeSH C18.452.429.124.500 - jaundice, neonatal MeSH C18.452.429.500 - kernicterus MeSH C18.452. ... hyperbilirubinemia, hereditary MeSH C18.452.648.437.281 - Crigler-Najjar syndrome MeSH C18.452.648.437.528 - gilbert disease ...
... it is known as hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn (neonatal jaundice) and requires light therapy to reduce the amount of ... Sana, Ullah; Khaista, Rahman; Mehdi, Hedayati (May 2016). "Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates: Types, Causes, Clinical Examinations ...
Lamps which emit a specific frequency of blue light are also used to treat neonatal jaundice with the treatment which was ... Pettersson, M.; Eriksson, M.; Albinsson, E.; Ohlin, A. (2021-05-01). "Home phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates ... Journal of Neonatal Nursing. 28 (5): 312-326. doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2021.08.010. ISSN 1355-1841. S2CID 238646014. ... "The efficacy of home phototherapy for physiological and non-physiological neonatal jaundice: A systematic review". ...
American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia (July 2004). "Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn ... Neonatal red cell transfusion Neonatal isoerythrolysis Nassar GN, Wehbe C (2022). "Erythroblastosis Fetalis". StatPearls. ... Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 88 (1): F6-10. doi:10.1136/fn.88.1.F6. PMC 1755998. PMID 12496219. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn~ ... Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 92 (2): F83-F88. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.076794. PMC 2675453. PMID 17337672. Shapiro SM (January 2005 ...
... Pediatr Res. 2022 ... Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and the ... there is a clear racial disparity in neonatal jaundice; although Black newborns have less neonatal jaundice, they are at ... Despite the less diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia in Black newborns, they are disproportionately at increased risk of developing ...
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck Manuals - ... It also can be classified by mechanism ( see Table: Causes of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Causes of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia ... Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Treatment of hyperbilirubinemia is directed at the underlying disorder. In addition, ... Sepsis Neonatal Sepsis Neonatal sepsis is invasive infection, usually bacterial, occurring during the neonatal period. Signs ...
Background: A recent study proposed a risk factor scoring system for prediction of hyperbilirubinaemia that assigned increased ...
Which patients are at high risk for severe hyperbilirubinemia or acute bilirubin encephalopathy? Which patients need ... What characteristics differentiate the different types of nonpathologic and pathologic hyperbilirubinemia? ... Evaluate and manage neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in the emergency department. * Appropriately disposition infants with neonatal ... Home , All Topics , Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management in the Emergency Department ...
Impact of switching total bilirubin assays on the classification of neonates at high risk for hyperbilirubinemia Journal ... controlled trial of compact fluorescent lamp versus standard phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. ... Isotonic versus hypotonic fluid supplementation in term neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia - a double‐blind, randomized, ...
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can result from increased production, impaired conjugation, or impaired hepatic uptake of ... Neonatal jaundice. Hyperbilirubinemia may reach or exceed 10 mg/dL in approximately 16% of newborns. In a study of genetic risk ... A common mutation in the UGT gene (Gly71Arg) leads to an increased incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia ( ... Obstetric obesity appears to correspond with both maternal and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, potentially via the inhibition of ...
Postnatal hyperbilirubinemia. Hyperbilirubinemia occurs in approximately 25% of infants of diabetic mothers, a rate ... 47] Neonatal hypoglycemia is less frequent when tight glycemic control is maintained during pregnancy [48] and in labor. ... Neonatal Hypocalcemia. Up to 50% of infants of diabetic mothers have low levels of serum calcium (, 7 mg/100 mL). These changes ... Neonatal complications in infants born to diabetic mothers. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006 Mar. 16(3):212-5. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
Use of prophylactic phototherapy for RhD neonatal disease in a referral service  Rodrigues, Joyce Marques da Silva Robalinho ...
VK Bhutani, Predictive Ability of a Predischarge Hour-specific Serum Bilirubin for Subsequent Significant Hyperbilirubinemia in ... AAP Guideline: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation ...
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... It also can be classified by mechanism ( see Table: Causes of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Causes of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia ... Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Treatment of hyperbilirubinemia is directed at the underlying disorder. In addition, ... Sepsis Neonatal Sepsis Neonatal sepsis is invasive infection, usually bacterial, occurring during the neonatal period. Signs ...
Gregor Nosan: Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia - any news in treatment?. Jernej Brecelj, Manca Velkavrh: Prolonged jaundice - when ... Gregor Nosan: Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia - any news in treatment?. Jernej Brecelj, Manca Velkavrh: Prolonged jaundice - when ... Neonatal Haematology and Hyperbilirubinaemia. International Online Symposium, 2nd and 3rd October 2020. ... Neonatal thrombocytopenia. Jana Lozar Krivec: Foetal and neonatal haematopoiesis and interpreting complete blood counts after ...
If your institution subscribes to this resource, and you dont have an Access Profile, please contact your librarys reference desk for information on how to gain access to this resource from off-campus.. Learn More ...
Double versus single intensive phototherapy with LEDs in treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia *M L Donneborg ... Cooling in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: practices and opinions on minimum standards in the state of California *C ... Management of neonatal spontaneous intestinal perforation by peritoneal needle aspiration *M Gébus ... Pregnancy-induced hypertension and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis *A Razak ...
"Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. August 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2017. "Jaundice in newborn ... Arias, IM; Gartner LM; Seifter S; Furman M (1964). "Prolonged neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia associated with breast ... Prolonged neonatal jaundice is serious and should be followed up promptly. Severe neonatal jaundice may indicate the presence ... Stokowski LA (December 2006). "Fundamentals of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice". Adv Neonatal Care. 6 (6): 303-12. doi: ...
... in predicting the risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Variables that were found to be associated with neonatal ... Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most common causes for readmission of the newborns6. The need for early detection of ... Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia occurs in 5-10% of healthy term neonates. Up to 4% of term neonates who were readmitted to the ... Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is potentially correctable and kernicterus is preventable.. In this study Cord Serum Albumin level ...
Jaundice of the newborn; Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia; Bili lights - jaundice; Infant - yellow skin; Newborn - yellow skin ... Neonatal jaundice and liver diseases. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC, eds. Fanaroff and Martins Neonatal-Perinatal ...
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Cloherty JP, Eichenwald EC, Stark AR. Manual of Neonatal Care. 5th Edition. Philadelphia: ... Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Taeusch HW, Ballard RA, eds. Averys Diseases of The Newborn. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier ... Neonatal jaundice and liver disease. Fanaroff AA, Martin RJ. Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the fetus and Infant. 7th ... Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine-Diseases of the Fetus and Infant. 8th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2006. Vol 2: 1287-1356. ...
Dysark, K. C. (2021). Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/metabolic,-electrolyte ... Elevated bilirubin or hyperbilirubinemia is when the levels of bilirubin in the blood are higher than usual. Bilirubin is a ... and-toxic-disorders-in-neonates/neonatal-hyperbilirubinemia. *Gallstones. (2020). https://familydoctor.org/condition/gallstones ... Singh, A., et al. (2021). Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549796/. ...
Homozygous P364L variant can be associated with severe neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in Chinese infants, but ... Two Chinese breastfed female infants presented prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia at the age of 1 month. Total ... have been reported in patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Few reports are available about the p.Pro364Leu mutation ( ... An exhaustive etiological work-up to detect possible causes of hyperbilirubinemia (notably hemolytic ones) was negative. The ...
... there is no screening for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Furthermore, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia may not be recognized as a ... Universal screening for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia risk assessment is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to ... Adopting household neonatal hyperbilirubinemia screening in the postnatal period by CHWs using a transcutaneous bilimeter is an ... Formative findings identified misconceptions regarding neonatal hyperbilirubinemia causes and health risks among caregivers in ...
Prognostic value of peripheral blood eosinophil count on first day of infancy in the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia ... Jaundice, Bilirubin, Eosinophil, Neonatal period, Umbilical cord Abstract. Background: Neonatal jaundice is one of the most ... Dennery, Phyllis A, Daniel S.S, David K.S. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. N Eng J Med. 2001;344:581-90. ... Merenstein G, Gardner S. Handbook of neonatal intensive care. Neonatal Network.7 th; 2007: 136. ...
Accessing to basic neonatal care including SBR testing, LED phototherapy and G6PD screening can contribute to improve neonatal ... INH is an important cause of neonatal hospitalization on the Thai-Myanmar border. Risk factors for severity were similar to ... is a common neonatal disorder worldwide which can remain benign if prompt management is available. However there is a higher ... From: Indirect neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in hospitalized neonates on the Thai-Myanmar border: a review of neonatal medical ...
Epidemic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and use of a phenolic disinfectant detergent. Pediatrics 1978;61:165--70. ... Phenol and neonatal jaundice. Pediatrics 1979;64:324--5. *American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and ... Use hygienically clean textiles (i.e., laundered, but not sterilized) in neonatal intensive care units (292,372). Category IB ... When performing low- or intermediate-level disinfection of environmental surfaces in nurseries and neonatal units, avoid ...
... neonatal hypoglycemia; respiratory distress syndrome; and hyperbilirubinemia, particularly when maternal glucose levels are not ... maternal/neonatal follow-up; and (4) professional education.. Purpose of the Guidelines. The guidelines should be adapted to ... and hyperbilirubinemia (4).. Women with GDM are at increased risk for developing diabetes after parturition (5). In addition, ... increased incidence of fetal/neonatal mortality (particularly from women with previously unidentified adult-onset, Type II, ...
Risk factors for NH in the first week of life independent of gestational age were: neonatal G6PD deficiency, birth bruising, ... Population risks for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (NH) vary. Knowledge of local risks permits interventions that may reduce the ... Population risks for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia (NH) vary. Knowledge of local risks permits interventions that may reduce the ... Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in a Semi-Rural Area of the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Cohort ...
The Efficacy of Oral Probiotics on Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia This trial will be carried out in two stages in the sick baby ... This pregnancy complication is a major contributor to preterm births and results in neonatal morbidity and mortality. The ...
It is one of several disorders classified as a transient familial neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The common cause is ... transient familial neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, breast feeding jaundice included v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Treatment is as per neonatal jaundice, and includes phototherapy and exchange transfusions. If left untreated, Lucey-Driscoll ...
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia 13. Infections in the Neonate. 14. The heart. 15. The Kidney. 16. Hematologic Problems. 17. ... Neonatal Brain Disorders. 18. Neonatal Imaging. 19.The Outcome of Neonatal Intensive Care. 20.Ethical Issues ... Co-Director of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Director of the Rainbow Center for Pediatric Ethics at University Hospitals ...
Follow-up of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in 5- to 10-year-old children: a Danish population-based study ... American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. . Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 ... Long-Awaited AAP Hyperbilirubinemia Guidelines Have Arrived Laura R. Kair, MD, MAS; Laura R. Kair, MD, MAS ... Since the 2004 guideline and 2009 clarification,6,12 the evidence base for hyperbilirubinemia has expanded,4,13-20 providing ...
Neonatal Dose: Unknown. Due to side effect of hyperbilirubinemia, should not be given to neonates until further information is ... Neonatal dose (infants aged Pediatric dose: 4 mg per kg of body weight twice daily. Adolescent/Adult dose: Body weight ,=50 kg ... Neonatal dose: Oral: 2 mg per kg of body weight every 6 hours. Intravenous: 1.5 mg per kg of body weight every 6 hours. ... Neonatal dose (infants aged Pediatric usual dose: In combination with other antiretrovirals: 90 mg per m2 of body surface area ...
  • although Black newborns have less neonatal jaundice, they are at increased risk of developing kernicterus. (nih.gov)
  • Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (elevated serum bilirubin concentration). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Neonatal Cholestasis Cholestasis is failure of bilirubin secretion, resulting in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Neonatal jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia (severe jaundice) can result in chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). (wikipedia.org)
  • Quick and accurate treatment of neonatal jaundice helps to reduce the risk of neonates developing kernicterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This causes an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia), leading to the symptoms of jaundice. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] If the neonatal jaundice is not resolved with simple phototherapy, other causes such as biliary atresia, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, bile duct paucity, Alagille syndrome, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and other pediatric liver diseases should be considered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prolonged neonatal jaundice is serious and should be followed up promptly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Severe neonatal jaundice may indicate the presence of other conditions contributing to the elevated bilirubin levels, of which there are a large variety of possibilities (see below). (wikipedia.org)
  • The concept of prediction of jaundice offers an attractive option to pick up babies at risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and early treatment of jaundice with phototherapy which is effective, simple and cheap. (nijp.org)
  • There is paucity of studies on cord blood albumin as a predictor of severity of neonatal jaundice. (nijp.org)
  • 3gm/dl is considered as a risk factor for neonatal jaundice. (nijp.org)
  • The present study was conducted to determine the value of cord blood albumin in predicting subsequent development of neonatal jaundice that requires interventions like phototherapy or exchange transfusion. (nijp.org)
  • Homozygous P364L variant can be associated with severe neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in Chinese infants, but jaundice can completely resolve in a few months, contrary to what happens in Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common problems in the neonatal period. (sci-rep.com)
  • It is thought that there was some relationship between hyperbilirubinemia and increasing of blood eosinophil count in newborns hospitalized by jaundice. (sci-rep.com)
  • Treatment is as per neonatal jaundice, and includes phototherapy and exchange transfusions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Effective phototherapy reduces neonatal jaundice and its complications. (scielo.org.za)
  • Neonatal jaundice (NNJ) occurs in the majority of healthy term and late-preterm newborns within the first week of life, owing to the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. (scielo.org.za)
  • When unmonitored or untreated, neonatal jaundice can lead to severe neurotoxicity, including kernicterus and other associated morbidities. (newswise.com)
  • We must also respond adequately to the concerns of parents regarding the evolution of neonatal jaundice, poor feeding, breastfeeding difficulties, or changes in behavior or activities of the newborn, and failure to treat appropriately severe hyperbilirubinemia without taking into consideration the child's age in hours after birth. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Risk factors for hyperbilirubinemia include family history of neonatal jaundice, exclusive breastfeeding, bruising, cephalohematoma, ethnicity (Asian or black), maternal age older than 25 years, male sex, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and gestational age less than 38 weeks. (aafp.org)
  • Currently, he is developing and evaluating a community health worker-led household phototherapy intervention to extend access to neonatal jaundice care for newborns in rural Bangladesh. (stanford.edu)
  • The main purpose of the study is to deliver community health worker based prevention, early screening and management of neonatal Jaundice using battery powered LED phototherapy device at the household level. (stanford.edu)
  • She was recently selected by the American Academy of Pediatrics VIP (Value in Inpatient Pediatrics) network to serve as an Expert Workgroup Member in its latest quality improvement collaborative, which aims to support the pediatric inpatient community with the implementation of the forthcoming clinical practice guideline on the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice). (massgeneral.org)
  • Neonatal jaundice (NJ) and sepsis are common causes of neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known about the long-term morbidity in this setting. (kemri-wellcome.org)
  • Randomized controlled trial of compact fluorescent lamp versus standard phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Aydın B, Beken S, Zenciroğlu A, Dilli D, Okumuş N. Blood Eosinophil Levels in Newborns with Severe Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia Treated with Phototherapy. (sci-rep.com)
  • Phototherapy is commonly used to treat hyperbilirubinemia. (aafp.org)
  • Hyperbilirubinemia is commonly treated with phototherapy, and severe hyperbilirubinemia may be treated with exchange blood transfusion. (aafp.org)
  • Phototherapy has long been standard treatment for hyperbilirubinemia of newborns, which can cause deafness and brain damage ( kernicterus ) when severe and untreated. (medscape.com)
  • The use of phototherapy has increased in recent years, perhaps because of better identification of infants with hyperbilirubinemia, fear of kernicterus, the general assumption that phototherapy is safe, and the use of light therapy units at home. (medscape.com)
  • We describe two neonates homozygous for the P364L variant who presented prolonged severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our neonates have very limited volume of blood available for the many tests and technologies required for current hyperbilirubinemia standard of care. (newswise.com)
  • It is one of several disorders classified as a transient familial neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 15-day-old male infant was referred to our hospital with a history of recurrent apnea, suspected sepsis, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and thrombocytopenia. (amrita.edu)
  • There, she developed policies for the 19 Steward Health Care birthing hospitals on topics such as early-onset sepsis, neonatal hypoglycemia, COVID-19-related newborn care and care of newborns who have been exposed to substance use. (massgeneral.org)
  • This study aimed to describe the neurological and developmental sequelae of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and neonatal sepsis (NS) in a district hospital in rural Kenya. (kemri-wellcome.org)
  • Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is common in individuals with hepatocellular injuries and biliary obstruction and is also common in persons with sepsis. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the less diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemia in Black newborns, they are disproportionately at increased risk of developing bilirubin neurotoxicity when compared to White newborns. (nih.gov)
  • So, we could say that newborns eosinophil count isn't a good criteria for predicating the appearance of neonate hyperbilirubinemia. (sci-rep.com)
  • Identifying newborns at-risk for hyperbilirubinemia using a single drop of blood on FINDER not only reduces the amount of pain a neonate must endure, but also reduces the time to provide physicians with important information that will direct care," says Dr. Michael Cotten, Director of Neonatology Clinical Research at Duke University School of Medicine. (newswise.com)
  • Therefore, the USPSTF could not determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening newborns for hyperbilirubinemia to prevent chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. (aafp.org)
  • Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is common in newborns and is likely related to a higher hematocrit (50%-60%) with increased cell turnover (the average lifespan of a red cell is about 85 days in the neonate) combined with decreased uridine diphosphoglucuronate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity. (medscape.com)
  • The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend screening infants for hyperbilirubinemia to prevent chronic bilirubin encephalopathy ( Table 1 ). (aafp.org)
  • Hyperbilirubinemia alone does not account for the neurologic condition of chronic bilirubin encephalopathy. (aafp.org)
  • Kernicterus is brain damage caused by unconjugated bilirubin deposition in basal ganglia and brain stem nuclei, caused by either acute or chronic hyperbilirubinemia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • There is currently a gap in point of care testing devices for G6PD, a deficiency that leads to hyperbilirubinemia and approximately 21% of kernicterus cases. (newswise.com)
  • Historically, the term kernicterus refers to an anatomic diagnosis made at autopsy based on a characteristic pattern of staining found in babies who had marked hyperbilirubinemia before they died. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • These practical guidelines can be tailored for effective use in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus throughout the world. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Some researchers believe the inclusion of the inherited forms of newborn hemolytic disease into the newborn metabolic screen may assist in identifying a newborn at risk for hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus, such as glucose- 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • hyperbilirubinemia can prevent extreme hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Prevention of hyperbilirubinemia is the best way to minimize the incidence of kernicterus. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Despite the lack of a clear-cut cause-and-effect relationship between kernicterus and the degree of hyperbilirubinemia, laboratory investigations have demonstrated that bilirubin is neurotoxic at a cellular level. (medscape.com)
  • The stabilization of a hydropic newborn requires a high level of intensive coordinated management by a neonatal team well prepared for the possibly affected infant. (medscape.com)
  • Universal screening for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia risk assessment is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to reduce related morbidity . (bvsalud.org)
  • So today, notwithstanding the efforts of some hospital systems and the American Academy of Pediatrics to standardize this aspect of newborn care, approaches to the surveillance and management of hyperbilirubinemia remain individualized, both throughout the United States and the world. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Over the past 2 decades, therapies have been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book Committee for the management of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) and congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. (lww.com)
  • Appropriately disposition infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia based on national guidelines. (ebmedicine.net)
  • We are also working on a pathway here at MGfC to ensure earlier identification and management of feeding issues in infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) and set them up for success upon discharge. (massgeneral.org)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of peripheral blood eosinophil count on first day of infancy in the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. (sci-rep.com)
  • Background:The incidence of neonatal macrosomia is on the increase in many parts of the world. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exchange transfusion is used to treat extreme hyperbilirubinemia. (aafp.org)
  • Low serum albumin level will decrease bilirubin clearance and thus will increase significant hyperbilirubinemia. (nijp.org)
  • Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus. (lww.com)
  • Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: To Treat or Not to Treat? (lww.com)
  • The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and the development of bilirubin neurotoxicity in the USA. (nih.gov)
  • Neurotoxicity is the major consequence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • We will search for answers on how to handle haemolytic disease of the newborn, neonatal anaemia, thrombocytopenia and other haematological diseases and how to solve the problems related to the metabolism and toxicity of bilirubin. (prvikoraki.si)
  • The possibility of neonatal chikungunya was considered due to classical hyperpigmentation, clinical presentation, and thrombocytopenia. (amrita.edu)
  • Risk factors for NH in the first week of life independent of gestational age were: neonatal G6PD deficiency, birth bruising, Sgaw Karen ethnicity, primigravidae, pre-eclampsia, and prolonged rupture of membranes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Please make sure that "Neonatal Haematology and Hyperbilirubinaemia 2020, Name and Surname of the participant" are clearly indicated as the purpose of remittance. (prvikoraki.si)
  • 2023) Canada Research Chair in Neonatal Respiratory Physiology - Tier 1. (usherbrooke.ca)
  • The study was conducted partly in the delivery room or Operation theatre of Obstetrics and Gynecology department and partly in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Pediatric departments of Hi-tech medical college and hospital, Bhubaneswar. (nijp.org)
  • Merenstein G, Gardner S. Handbook of neonatal intensive care. (sci-rep.com)
  • Analysis on the cause of eosinophilia in a neonatal intensive care unit. (sci-rep.com)
  • As medical director of Newborn Services at MGfC, Sarathy hopes to continue to grow the newborn hospitalist service and integrate clinical care for babies and their families across Labor and Delivery , the Newborn Nursery, the Special Care Nursery and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) . (massgeneral.org)
  • The survival of preterm infants improved greatly in recent decades, primarily due to Author Manuscript advances in clinical management including neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), paediatric ventilators, and use of surfactant and antenatal steroids. (cdc.gov)
  • But hyperbilirubinemia of any etiology is a concern once the level is high enough. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Several mutations of bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase gene (UGT1A1) have been reported in patients with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Journal Article] Association of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed infants with UGT1A1 or SLCOs polymorphisms. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia can result from increased production, impaired conjugation, or impaired hepatic uptake of bilirubin, a yellow bile pigment produced from hemoglobin during erythrocyte destruction. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of hyperbilirubinemia varies depending on the cause. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the inherited diseases associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, such as Gilbert syndrome , are estimated to affect 4%-13% of the US population, while Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is rare except in Iranian Jews, in whom the prevalence is about 1 in 1300. (medscape.com)
  • Breast milk bilirubin conjugation inhibitors in neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. (bmj.com)
  • Adopting household neonatal hyperbilirubinemia screening in the postnatal period by CHWs using a transcutaneous bilimeter is an acceptable approach by both CHWs and families and may increase rates of screening to prevent morbidity and mortality . (bvsalud.org)
  • Prenatal sensitization of caregivers and family members helped to create a supportive environment in the family and empowered mothers as primary caregivers.CONCLUSION: Adopting household neonatal hyperbilirubinemia screening in the postnatal period by CHWs using a transcutaneous bilimeter is an acceptable approach by both CHWs and families and may increase rates of screening to prevent morbidity and mortality. (stanford.edu)
  • Light exposure also is used as a treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. (healthdesign.org)
  • Of the 2 infections, neonatal HSV infection should be more amenable to treatment because it is usually acquired by intrapartum contact with infected maternal secretions. (lww.com)
  • Neonatal dose: Under evaluation in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trial Group protocol 332. (cdc.gov)
  • Using age in hours and a TSB level, the AAP recommends using the hour-specific nomogram (see Figure 3, page 5) to determine appropriate management and follow-up to reduce the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia. (ebmedicine.net)
  • In the formative phase, we conducted eight focus group discussions with parents and grandparents of infants and eight key informant interviews with public and private healthcare providers and managers to explore their current knowledge , perceptions , practices, and challenges regarding identification and management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia . (bvsalud.org)
  • Much of the traditional teaching regarding hyperbilirubinemia have been questioned as more is learned about bilirubin metabolism and neurologic injury. (medscape.com)
  • The panel includes tests for total serum bilirubin, albumin, direct bilirubin, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) on a single cartridge, making it the first comprehensive, rapid and near-patient testing solution for hyperbilirubinemia. (newswise.com)
  • The FINDER launch panel will address a critical need for G6PD testing and brings together the most common analytes used to assess hyperbilirubinemia. (newswise.com)
  • and hyperbilirubinemia, particularly when maternal glucose levels are not tightly controlled during pregnancy (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Risk of hyperbilirubinemia. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The presence of hyperbilirubinemia risk factors is used to help interpret the results of the hour-specific nomogram. (ebmedicine.net)
  • 4-5 In order to protect the newborn from the complication of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, it is important to know the early risk factors. (nijp.org)
  • It also should be clear that there are fundamental behaviors needed to avoid the risk of hyperbilirubinemia. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • There is adequate evidence that screening using risk factors and/or hour-specific bilirubin measurement can identify infants at risk of developing hyperbilirubinemia. (aafp.org)
  • and neonatal hyperbilirrubinemia are risk factors for asthma/wheeze in childhood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objectives: (1) To determine the critical value of cord serum albumin in predicting subsequent development of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and need of photo therapy or exchange transfusion. (nijp.org)
  • Unless treated vigorously, most patients with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1, a form of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, die in early infancy. (medscape.com)
  • Foram identificados como fatores de risco para asma e/ou sibilância na infância: história parental de asma, ganho de peso materno durante a gestação, infecções urogenitais, estresse psicológico, tabagismo, parto cesárea, prematuridade, peso ao nascer e hiperbilirrubinemia neonatal. (bvsalud.org)
  • I am also working with a group of newborn hospitalists on a workshop examining the ethics of universal toxicology testing," said Sarathy, who actively involved with the Perinatal-Neonatal Quality Improvement Network of Massachusetts and participates in perinatal substance use research and advocacy at MGfC. (massgeneral.org)
  • Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare recessively inherited metabolic disorder causing accumulation of branched chain amino acids leading to neonatal death, if untreated. (nature.com)
  • 2) To predict proportion of newborn requiring intervention for hyperbilirubinemia, depending upon cord serum albumin. (nijp.org)
  • Not all children with chronic bilirubin encepahalopathy have a history of hyperbilirubinemia. (aafp.org)
  • The mutation was at first identified in a heterozygous GS patient, but then it was associated both with "prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia" [ 3 ] and with CNS II (with the G71R variant or the promoter variant c.-40_-39insTA) [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rapid access to these measurements may allow clinicians to treat severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia faster and more effectively, thereby preventing irreversible neurological damage. (newswise.com)
  • Conclusion : La macrosomie est peu fréquente dans notre contexte hospitalier mais la morbi-mortalité maternelle et néonatale qui en découle n'est pas négligeable. (bvsalud.org)