Hypothalamic Neoplasms
Saline Solution, Hypertonic
Fluid Therapy
Diabetes Insipidus
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
Water-Electrolyte Balance
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin
Osmolar Concentration
Sodium
Increased insensible water loss in newborn infants nursed under radiant heaters. (1/165)
Urine osmolality was studied in 38 babies nursed in conventional incubators or cots and 18 nursed under an overhead radiant heat shield. Among 50 babies receiving a similar fluid intake in the first 48 hours of life mean urinary osmolality was significantly higher in the radiant heater group. In babies weighing less than 1500 g a trend towards higher urinary osmolalities was recorded in those nursed under radiant heaters even though they had received amost double the fluid intake of the incubator group. Severe hypernatraemia occurred in four of the five babies weighing less than 1000 g who were nursed under radiant heaters but in none of the seven babies of similar birth weight nursed in incubators. These findings are consistent with previous observations of an increase in insensible water loss in babies nursed under radiant heaters and emphasise the importance of providing enough extra water for these infants and the need for close monitoring of their fluid balance. The latter may be done at the bedside by measuring urinary specific gravity with a hand refractometer. (+info)Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. (2/165)
We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake. Sequential analysis of plasma aldosterone at each A II infusion rate resulted in an acute dose-related increase in plasma aldosterone which was markedly attenuated after the first 24 hours of infusion, the final level being directly related to the dose of A II and inversely related to sodium intake. A II infused at 5,15, and 23 ng/kg per min was associated with an initial increase (2nd to 8th hour) in plasma aldosterone to 2,6, and 9 times control values, respectively, in dogs receiving 40 mEq Na+/day. But, after the 1st day, aldosterone averaged only 1, 1.7, and 3 times control values for the next 2 weeks at the same rates of A II infusion. Dogs receiving 120 mEq Na+/day during A II infusion exhibited only a transient increase in plasma aldosterone during the 1st day. Sustained hypertension developed over a period of a week at all doses of A II at normal and high sodium intake, but did not occur at any dose of A II in sodium-depleted dogs. Increasing sodium intake from 40 to 120 mEq/day resulted in higher levels of hypertension, 125% compared to 140% of ocntrol values for dogs infused with A II, 5.0 ng/kg per min. We conclude that primary angiotensin-induced hypertension need not be associated with increased levels of plasma aldosterone, which appears to remain elevated only with amounts of A II greater than those required to sustain a significant degree of hypertension. (+info)Hypercalcemia accompanied by hypothalamic hypopituitarism, central diabetes inspidus and hyperthyroidism. (3/165)
We present here a case of prominent hypercalcemia accompanied by hypothalamic tumor and Graves' disease. A 24-year-old man with hypothalamic tumor showed hypopituitarism, central diabetes inspidus (DI) and hyperthyroidism. Nausea, loss of thirst and appetite, and general fatigue were found with the unveiling of hypercalcemia and hypernatremia. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1alpha-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were suppressed with a normal range of PTH-related protein values. One-desamino-(8-D-arginine)-vasopressin (DDAVP) and half-saline administration normalized hypernatremia, while hypercalcemia was still sustained. Administration of cortisone acetate and thiamazole reduced the elevated serum Ca level. In the present case, concurrent hyperthyroidism was assumed to accelerate skeletal mobilization of calcium into the circulation. Hypocortisolism and central DI was also considered to contribute, to some extent, to the hypercalcemia through renal handling of Ca. (+info)Neonatal hypernatremic dehydration associated with breast-feeding malnutrition: a retrospective survey. (4/165)
BACKGROUND: Hypernatremic dehydration in neonates is a potentially devastating condition. Recent reports have identified breast-feeding malnutrition as a key factor in its pathophysiology. METHODS: Using a theoretical framework for breast-feeding kinetics, a retrospective chart review of all neonates less than 28 days of age who were seen at either British Columbia's Children's Hospital or the Vancouver Breastfeeding Centre between 1991-1994 was conducted to identify and classify possible causes of breast-feeding malnutrition among neonates who developed hypernatremic dehydration. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases hypernatremic dehydration were identified. Infant weight loss ranged from 8% to 30% of birth weight, and serum sodium levels ranged from 146 mmol/L to 207 mmol/L. In each case, maternal or infant factors (e.g., poor breast-feeding technique, lactation failure following postpartum hemorrhage and infant suckling disorders associated with cleft palate or ankyloglossia) that could interfere with either lactation or breast-feeding dynamics and account for insufficient breast milk intake were identified. INTERPRETATION: Prenatal and in-hospital screening for maternal and infant risk factors for breast-feeding malnutrition combined with early postpartum follow-up to detect excessive infant weight loss are important for the prevention of neonatal hypernatremic dehydration. (+info)Hyponatremia and hypernatremia in the elderly. (5/165)
Management of abnormalities in water homeostasis is frequently challenging. Because age-related changes and chronic diseases are often associated with impairment of water metabolism in elderly patients, it is absolutely essential for clinicians to be aware of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia and hypernatremia in the elderly. The sensation of thirst, renal function, concentrating abilities and hormonal modulators of salt and water balance are often impaired in the elderly, which makes such patients highly susceptible to morbid and iatrogenic events involving salt and water. Clinicians should use a systematic approach in evaluating water and sodium problems, utilizing a comprehensive history and physical examination, and a few directed laboratory tests to make the clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, clinicians should have a clear appreciation of the roles that iatrogenic interventions and lapses in nutrition and nursing care frequently play in upsetting the homeostatic balance in elderly patients, particularly those who are in longterm institutional and inpatient settings. (+info)Isosorbide in treatment of infantile hydrocephalus. (6/165)
This paper reports the experiences of the second clinical trial in the use of isosorbide in the treatment of 34 selected cases of infantile hydrocephalus of all types. Subject to careful biochemical monitoring of serum electrolyte, urea, and acid-base balance, treatment with 2 g/kg body weight 6-hourly is safe. Side effects are immediately eliminated by interrupting therapy. With lower dosage, prolonged maintenance therapy was possible, for as long as 11 months, without side effects and with need for much less frequent biochemical monitoring. Isosorbide effectively prevented the need for shunt therapy in 10 of 34 patients, including 3 infants with uncomplicated congenital hydrocephalus of moderate degree and infants whose hydrocephalus was associated with spina bifida and whose cerebral mantle was between 20 to 25 mm. In posthaemorrhagic and postmeningitic hydrocephalus valuable time was gained before shunt therapy until the infant and his CSF were fit for operation. (+info)Successful treatment in the patient with serum sodium level greater than 200 mEq/L. (7/165)
Hypernatremia developing in nonhospitalized adults is predominantly a disease of the elderly and mentally handicapped patients, possibly revealing inadequate nursing care of these patients. It has long been claimed that the duration of hypernatremia and its rate of correction are correlated with improvement in patients' neurologic status. Since there are only a handful of cases with serum sodium levels greater than 200 mEq/L until recently, it is not clear at what rate plasma sodium concentration can be safely normalized in severe hypernatremic patients. We report a case of severe hypernatremia with survival. This patient underwent rapid correction of serum sodium concentration during the management of this metabolic derangement using isotonic solution. (+info)Hypokalaemia and paralysis. (8/165)
It is not uncommon for patients to present to the emergency room with severe weakness and a markedly low plasma potassium concentration. We attempted to identify useful clues to the diagnosis of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP), because its acute treatment aims are unique. We retrospectively reviewed charts over a 10-year period: HPP was the initial diagnosis in 97 patients. Mean patient age was 29+/-1.1 and the male:female ratio was 77:20. When the final diagnosis was HPP (n=73), the acid-base state was normal, the urine K(+) concentration was low, and the transtubular K(+) concentration gradient (TTKG) was <3. In patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) (n=39), hypokalaemia was very commonly accompanied by hypophosphataemia (1.9+/-0.1 mg/dl). A clinical diagnosis of sporadic periodic paralysis (SPP) was made if hyperthyroidism and a family history of HPP were both absent (n=29). One subgroup of patients with HPP had a severe degree of hypernatraemia (167+/-5.0 mmol/l, n=3). There were only two patients with familial periodic paralysis (FPP). In 24 patients, the initial diagnosis was HPP, but subsequent studies failed to confirm this diagnosis. Each of these patients had an acid-base disorder, a high rate of renal K(+) excretion in the presence of hypokalaemia, and a TTKG of close to 7. With respect to therapy, much less K(+) was given to patients with HPP, yet 1:3 subsequently had a plasma K(+) concentration that eventually exceeded 5.0 mmol/l. Using plasma acid-base status, phosphate and K(+) excretion parameters allows a presumptive diagnosis of HPP with more confidence in the emergency room. (+info)Hypernatremia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of sodium (na+) in the blood, specifically a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells. It's crucial for many body functions, including the maintenance of blood pressure, regulation of nerve and muscle function, and regulation of fluid balance.
Hypernatremia typically results from a deficit of total body water relative to solute, which can be caused by decreased water intake, increased water loss, or a combination of both. Common causes include dehydration due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, kidney diseases, and the use of certain medications such as diuretics.
Symptoms of hypernatremia can range from mild to severe and may include thirst, muscle weakness, lethargy, irritability, confusion, seizures, and in extreme cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and gradually rehydrating the individual with intravenous fluids to restore normal sodium levels.
Hypothalamic neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain that is located at the base of the brain and forms part of the limbic system. The hypothalamus plays a critical role in regulating many bodily functions, including hormone release, temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotional behavior.
Hypothalamic neoplasms can be benign or malignant and can arise from various cell types within the hypothalamus, such as neurons, glial cells, or supportive tissue. These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include endocrine disorders (such as diabetes insipidus or precocious puberty), visual disturbances, headaches, behavioral changes, and cognitive impairment.
The diagnosis of hypothalamic neoplasms typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and sometimes biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or progression of the tumor.
Thirst, also known as dry mouth or polydipsia, is a physiological need or desire to drink fluids to maintain fluid balance and hydration in the body. It is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus in response to changes in osmolality and volume of bodily fluids, particularly blood. Thirst can be triggered by various factors such as dehydration, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, certain medications, and medical conditions affecting the kidneys, adrenal glands, or other organs. It is a vital homeostatic mechanism to ensure adequate hydration and proper functioning of various bodily systems.
Dehydration is a condition that occurs when your body loses more fluids than it takes in. It's normal to lose water throughout the day through activities like breathing, sweating, and urinating; however, if you don't replenish this lost fluid, your body can become dehydrated.
Mild to moderate dehydration can cause symptoms such as:
- Dry mouth
- Fatigue or weakness
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Headache
- Dark colored urine
- Muscle cramps
Severe dehydration can lead to more serious health problems, including heat injury, urinary and kidney problems, seizures, and even hypovolemic shock, a life-threatening condition that occurs when your blood volume is too low.
Dehydration can be caused by various factors such as illness (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting), excessive sweating, high fever, burns, alcohol consumption, and certain medications. It's essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, especially during hot weather, exercise, or when you're ill.
Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by abnormally low sodium levels in the blood, specifically levels less than 135 mEq/L. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance in and around your cells and plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function. Hyponatremia can occur due to various reasons, including certain medical conditions, medications, or excessive water intake leading to dilution of sodium in the body. Symptoms may range from mild, such as nausea, confusion, and headache, to severe, like seizures, coma, or even death in extreme cases. It's essential to seek medical attention if you suspect hyponatremia, as prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital for a favorable outcome.
Water-electrolyte imbalance refers to a disturbance in the balance of water and electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate) in the body. This imbalance can occur when there is an excess or deficiency of water or electrolytes in the body, leading to altered concentrations in the blood and other bodily fluids.
Such imbalances can result from various medical conditions, including kidney disease, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, severe dehydration, burns, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and certain medications. Symptoms of water-electrolyte imbalance may include weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, seizures, confusion, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and correcting the electrolyte and fluid levels through appropriate medical interventions.
A hypertonic saline solution is a type of medical fluid that contains a higher concentration of salt (sodium chloride) than is found in the average person's blood. This solution is used to treat various medical conditions, such as dehydration, brain swelling, and increased intracranial pressure.
The osmolarity of a hypertonic saline solution typically ranges from 1500 to 23,400 mOsm/L, with the most commonly used solutions having an osmolarity of around 3000 mOsm/L. The high sodium concentration in these solutions creates an osmotic gradient that draws water out of cells and into the bloodstream, helping to reduce swelling and increase fluid volume in the body.
It is important to note that hypertonic saline solutions should be administered with caution, as they can cause serious side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, heart rhythm abnormalities, and kidney damage if not used properly. Healthcare professionals must carefully monitor patients receiving these solutions to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Fluid therapy, in a medical context, refers to the administration of fluids into a patient's circulatory system for various therapeutic purposes. This can be done intravenously (through a vein), intraosseously (through a bone), or subcutaneously (under the skin). The goal of fluid therapy is to correct or prevent imbalances in the body's fluids and electrolytes, maintain or restore blood volume, and support organ function.
The types of fluids used in fluid therapy can include crystalloids (which contain electrolytes and water) and colloids (which contain larger molecules like proteins). The choice of fluid depends on the patient's specific needs and condition. Fluid therapy is commonly used in the treatment of dehydration, shock, sepsis, trauma, surgery, and other medical conditions that can affect the body's fluid balance.
Proper administration of fluid therapy requires careful monitoring of the patient's vital signs, urine output, electrolyte levels, and overall clinical status to ensure that the therapy is effective and safe.
Diabetes Insipidus is a medical condition characterized by the excretion of large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria) and increased thirst (polydipsia). It is caused by a deficiency in the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH), which regulates the body's water balance.
In normal physiology, vasopressin is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to an increase in osmolality of the blood or a decrease in blood volume. This causes the kidneys to retain water and concentrate the urine. In Diabetes Insipidus, there is either a lack of vasopressin production (central diabetes insipidus) or a decreased response to vasopressin by the kidneys (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus).
Central Diabetes Insipidus can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, such as from tumors, trauma, or surgery. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus can be caused by genetic factors, kidney disease, or certain medications that interfere with the action of vasopressin on the kidneys.
Treatment for Diabetes Insipidus depends on the underlying cause. In central diabetes insipidus, desmopressin, a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, can be administered to replace the missing hormone. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, treatment may involve addressing the underlying kidney disease or adjusting medications that interfere with vasopressin action. It is important for individuals with Diabetes Insipidus to maintain adequate hydration and monitor their fluid intake and urine output.
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma (HHNC) is a serious complication of diabetes, specifically type 2, that occurs when blood glucose levels rise to extremely high levels, typically above 600 mg/dL. This condition is often accompanied by severe dehydration due to excessive urination and an inability to consume adequate fluids.
The term "hyperosmolar" refers to the high concentration of glucose in the blood, which increases the osmolality (or osmotic pressure) of the blood. This can lead to water moving out of cells and into the bloodstream to try to balance out the concentration, causing severe dehydration.
The term "nonketotic" means that there is no significant production of ketone bodies, which are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy in the absence of sufficient insulin. This differentiates HHNC from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), another serious complication of diabetes.
The "coma" part of the term refers to the fact that HHNC can cause altered mental status, ranging from confusion and disorientation to coma, due to the effects of dehydration and high blood glucose levels on the brain.
HHNC is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment in a hospital setting. Treatment typically involves administering fluids to rehydrate the body, insulin to lower blood glucose levels, and addressing any other underlying conditions or complications. If left untreated, HHNC can be life-threatening.
Water-electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for various bodily functions such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance, and pH regulation. The body maintains this balance through mechanisms that control water intake, excretion, and electrolyte concentration in various body fluids like blood and extracellular fluid. Disruptions in water-electrolyte balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, and imbalances in electrolytes can cause conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by the production of large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria) and increased thirst (polydipsia) due to deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, which is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus can occur when there is damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, leading to a decrease in ADH production or release. Causes of neurogenic diabetes insipidus include brain tumors, head trauma, surgery, meningitis, encephalitis, and autoimmune disorders.
In this condition, the kidneys are unable to reabsorb water from the urine due to the lack of ADH, resulting in the production of large volumes of dilute urine. This can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and other complications if not properly managed. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing ADH with a synthetic hormone called desmopressin, which can be administered as a nasal spray, oral tablet, or injection.
Desmopressin, also known as 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP), is a synthetic analogue of the natural hormone arginine vasopressin. It is commonly used in medical practice for the treatment of diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Desmopressin works by binding to V2 receptors in the kidney, which leads to increased water reabsorption and reduced urine production. It also has some effect on V1 receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. However, its primary use is for its antidiuretic effects.
In addition to its use in diabetes insipidus, desmopressin may also be used to treat bleeding disorders such as hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, as it can help to promote platelet aggregation and reduce bleeding times. It is available in various forms, including nasal sprays, injectable solutions, and oral tablets or dissolvable films.
Osmolar concentration is a measure of the total number of solute particles (such as ions or molecules) dissolved in a solution per liter of solvent (usually water), which affects the osmotic pressure. It is expressed in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L). Osmolarity and osmolality are related concepts, with osmolarity referring to the number of osmoles per unit volume of solution, typically measured in liters, while osmolality refers to the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent. In clinical contexts, osmolar concentration is often used to describe the solute concentration of bodily fluids such as blood or urine.
Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:
* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.
Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.
The term "drinking" is commonly used to refer to the consumption of beverages, but in a medical context, it usually refers to the consumption of alcoholic drinks. According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, "drinking" is defined as:
1. The act or habit of swallowing liquid (such as water, juice, or alcohol)
2. The ingestion of alcoholic beverages
It's important to note that while moderate drinking may not pose significant health risks for some individuals, excessive or binge drinking can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and increased risk of injury or violence.
Hypernatremia
Health effects of salt
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate
Dehydration
Tea and toast syndrome
Minimum alveolar concentration
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Adipsia
Salt poisoning
Primary aldosteronism
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome
Equilibrium chemistry
Diabetes insipidus
Side effects of penicillin
Heart rate
Peritonitis
Hypotonic hyponatremia
Hemodialysis
Chlorine
Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy
Vomiting
Pseudohyperaldosteronism
Salicylate poisoning
Phosphate nephropathy
Water intoxication
Sodium
Drinking
ROHHAD
Intravenous sugar solution
Hypernatremia - Wikipedia
Pediatric Hypernatremia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Hypernatremia in Emergency Medicine Follow-up: Further Inpatient Care, Transfer, Deterrence/Prevention
hypernatremia | WorldTruth.Tv
Case Report: A Severe Hypernatremia with Multiple Organ Failure, about a Clinical Observation
Hypernatremia (definition)
"Acute Hypernatrem ia Increases Functional Connectivity Between the SFO" by N T. Romberger, J M. Stock et al.
Hypernatremia and moderate-to-severe hyponatremia are independent predictors of mortality in septic patients at emergency...
Hypernatremia | Diagnosaurus
Pediatric Hypernatremia Differential Diagnoses
Hypernatremia - Doctor Guidelines
hypernatremia | Taber's Medical Dictionary
Hypernatremia and low eGFR at hospitalization in COVID-19 patients: a deadly combination
Neonatal Hypernatremia - Pediatrics - MSD Manual Professional Edition
Hypernatremia And Free Water Deficit | RK.MD
Hypernatremia Correction Rate: Sodium Tracker ~ iMedical Apps
Hyponatremia vs Hypernatremia: Understanding the Differences and Nursing Interventions
Excess Sodium in the Blood in Dogs | PetMD
Prolonged hypernatremia triggered by hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state with coma: A case report.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: MedlinePlus
"Prolonged hypernatremia associated with azotemia and hyponatriuria." by D J Leehey, J T Daugirdas et al.
Diabetes Insipidus Diagnosis - DiabetesInsipidus.org
ACE - Certified™: March 2019 - Ironman: Race-day and Post-race Advice for Your Clients [Part 2 of 2]
Excess weight loss and hypernatremia in exclusively breastfed infants | Journal of Pediatric and Neonatal Individualized...
Severe hypernatremia during postoperative care in patients with craniopharyngioma in: Endocrine Connections Volume 12 Issue 12 ...
Diabetes Insipidus Urine Osmolality - DiabetesInsipidus.org
Potassium Phosphate/Sodium Phosphate: Uses, Side Effects
Dehydration5
- Infants with hypernatremia and dehydration are often more dehydrated than is apparent by physical examination, because the increased osmolality helps maintain the extracellular fluid space (and hence circulating blood volume). (msdmanuals.com)
- Hypernatremia is a condition where the concentration of sodium in the blood is higher than normal (greater than 145 mEq/L). This can be caused by various factors such as excessive sodium intake, dehydration, or kidney disease. (rn101.net)
- In the early phase of hypernatremia, water is shifted from the intracellular fluid ( ICF ) to the ECF (cellular dehydration). (empendium.com)
- For this reason, in patients with chronic hypernatremia manifestations of central nervous system ( CNS ) dehydration may be absent. (empendium.com)
- These abnormalities could explain the impaired permeability barrier in NS, and account for hypernatremia and dehydration in infants with NS. (lu.se)
Hyponatremia and hypernatremia8
- Avner ED. Clinical disorders of water metabolism: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. (medscape.com)
- Hyponatremia and hypernatremia. (medscape.com)
- Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. (rk.md)
- Hyponatremia and hypernatremia are two conditions that result from imbalances in the levels of sodium in the blood. (rn101.net)
- 1. Can hyponatremia and hypernatremia occur simultaneously in a patient? (rn101.net)
- Yes, in some cases, patients may present with both hyponatremia and hypernatremia simultaneously. (rn101.net)
- 3. Can hyponatremia and hypernatremia be life-threatening? (rn101.net)
- Yes, both hyponatremia and hypernatremia can be life-threatening if left untreated or if severe complications develop. (rn101.net)
Mmol4
- Normal serum sodium levels are 135-145 mmol/L (135-145 mEq/L). Hypernatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 mmol/L. Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mmol/L. Hypernatremia is typically classified by a person's fluid status into low volume, normal volume, and high volume. (wikipedia.org)
- A hypernatremia to 176 mmol/l with high plasma osmolarity to 390 mosmol/kg of water. (scirp.org)
- 0.5 mmol/L/h in chronic hypernatremia. (empendium.com)
- Laboratory analysis found hypernatremia at 150 mmol/L (reference range, 135 to 145 nmol/L) and panhypopituitarism confirmed by hormonal investigations. (medscape.com)
Condition causing hyper1
- Signs and symptoms of the underlying condition causing hypernatremia are frequently seen. (empendium.com)
Chronic7
- Hypernatremia of more than 2 days' duration is considered chronic hypernatremia and is associated with an increased mortality rate. (medscape.com)
- Patients with chronic hypernatremia are especially prone to this complication. (medscape.com)
- Chronic hypernatremia, on the other hand, is less likely to cause dramatic symptoms because the body adapts to it. (doctorguidelines.com)
- Acute symptomatic hypernatremia should be corrected rapidly while chronic hypernatremia should be corrected more slowly. (imedical-apps.com)
- however, in more chronic hypernatremia, the goal is not to exceed 8-10 mEq/L in a 24 hour period. (rk.md)
- Patients with chronic hypernatremia are often asymptomatic. (empendium.com)
- A too rapid correction of chronic hypernatremia may result in cerebral edema, which is manifested by the onset of neurologic signs and symptoms in a previously asymptomatic patient. (empendium.com)
Lead to hypernatremia1
- Mineralcorticoid excess due to a disease state such as Conn's syndrome usually does not lead to hypernatremia unless free water intake is restricted. (wikipedia.org)
Cause of hypernatremia4
- This is the most common cause of hypernatremia. (wikipedia.org)
- The cause of hypernatremia is often easy to diagnose from the history and physical examination (e.g. an old immobilized and dehydrated patient with elevated sodium). (doctorguidelines.com)
- In every patient consider total body water status to establish the cause of hypernatremia. (empendium.com)
- 1. Try to control the cause of hypernatremia and correct serum [Na + ] by administering fluids without effective osmolytes. (empendium.com)
Renal7
- Diagnostics: malignant hypernatremia with a high plasma osmolarity associated with an acute anuric renal failure, hydro electrolytic disorders, an abnormal liver function, a fever of central origin and a stroke. (scirp.org)
- In a country with very limited resources, the severe hypernatremia prognosis associated with anuric acute renal failure may be favorable in the absence of renal replacement. (scirp.org)
- We report the case of a patient with extreme hypernatremia associated with acute anuric renal failure and multiple organ failure treated with hypo and isotonic solutions. (scirp.org)
- Extreme hypernatremia combined with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. (medscape.com)
- Hypernatremia with hypovolemia suggests extrarenal or renal fluid loss or insufficient water intake. (empendium.com)
- Hypernatremia with euvolemia occurs in the case of moderate extrarenal or renal fluid loss. (empendium.com)
- We observed how hypernatremia, hypocaliamia, newly diagnosed renal insufficiency and altered glycemic values were the main complications that arose during hospitalization, especially in patients staying in high-intensity units. (researchsquare.com)
Infants3
- In infants, hypernatremia usually results from diarrhea and sometimes from improperly prepared infant formula or inadequate mother-infant interaction during breastfeeding. (medscape.com)
- Hypernatremia in infants is largely due to inappropriately reconstituted infant bottle formula. (medscape.com)
- Fresh frozen plasma and human albumin contain sodium and can contribute to hypernatremia when given repeatedly to very premature infants. (msdmanuals.com)
Serum2
- Diagnosis of hypernatremia is suspected by symptoms and signs and is confirmed by measuring serum sodium concentration. (msdmanuals.com)
- Manifestations of hypernatremia depend on the rate of serum [Na + ] increase, severity of hypernatremia, and coexisting blood volume changes. (empendium.com)
Severe9
- Morbidity and mortality associated with hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. (medscape.com)
- Ates I, Ozkayar N, Toprak G, Yılmaz N, Dede F. Factors associated with mortality in patients presenting to the emergency department with severe hypernatremia. (medscape.com)
- Hypernatremia and moderate-to-severe hyponatremia are independent predictors of mortality in septic patients at emergency department presentation: A sub-group analysis of the need-speed trial. (medscape.com)
- Peker E, Kirimi E, Tuncer O, Ceylan A. Severe hypernatremia in newborns due to salting. (medscape.com)
- We aimed to describe and predict the risk of severe hypernatremia after surgical resection of craniopharyngioma and to identify the association of water intake, urine output, and sodium level change in the patients. (bioscientifica.com)
- The outcome was postoperative severe hypernatremia. (bioscientifica.com)
- Among 234 included patients, 125 developed severe hypernatremia after surgery. (bioscientifica.com)
- The overall incidence of severe hypernatremia after surgical resection of craniopharyngioma was significant, especially in patients with gross total resection, hypothalamus distortion, preoperative adrenal insufficiency, and preoperative severe hypernatremia. (bioscientifica.com)
- The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of donor hypernatremia with the duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, the incidence of severe primary graft dysfunction, and survival following lung transplantation. (rug.nl)
Hypotonic3
- In patients with prolonged hypernatremia, rapid rehydration with hypotonic fluids may cause cerebral edema, which can lead to coma, convulsions, and death. (medscape.com)
- Hypernatremia is most frequently caused by loss of water or hypotonic fluids, insufficient water intake (in such cases total body sodium content is unchanged or decreased), or less frequently by excessive sodium intake (in such cases total body sodium content is increased). (empendium.com)
- In patients with hypernatremia caused by hypotonic fluid loss or insufficient water intake, manifestations of hypovolemia may be present, urine volume is usually low, and urine is highly concentrated. (empendium.com)
Excessive2
- High volume hypernatremia can be due to hyperaldosteronism, excessive administration of intravenous normal saline or sodium bicarbonate, or rarely from eating too much salt. (wikipedia.org)
- Hypernatremia with hypervolemia suggests excessive sodium intake (as dietary sodium or as solutions used for treatment of hyponatremia or acidosis). (empendium.com)
DIAGNOSIS1
- Breastfeeding-associated hypernatremia: are we missing the diagnosis? (medscape.com)
Deficit2
- Hypernatremia represents a deficit of water in relation to the body's sodium stores, which can result from a net water loss or a hypertonic sodium gain. (medscape.com)
- The first step in treating hypernatremia is estimating the water deficit . (doctorguidelines.com)
Correction6
- Hypernatremia Correction Rate: Sodium Tracker" app is designed to help doctor or health professional in treating patient with hypernatremia. (imedical-apps.com)
- Hypernatremia Correction Rate: Sodium Tracker" app will help doctor to adjust the correction rate to avoid over or under correction of the sodium level. (imedical-apps.com)
- In "Hypernatremia Correction Rate: Sodium Tracker" app, the result of the calculation will be shown in the amount of selected fluids per hour. (imedical-apps.com)
- Following correction of HHS, he developed persistent hypernatremia accompanied by large volumes of urine with low osmolality and no response to desmopressin injections. (unm.edu)
- 2. Correction of hypernatremia should correspond to the rate at which hypernatremia developed. (empendium.com)
- Donor hypernatremia was not associated with (graft) survival, or after correction for potential confounders. (rug.nl)
Cerebral3
- Acute hypernatremia often results in significant brain shrinkage, thus causing mechanical traction of cerebral vasculature. (medscape.com)
- 48h) hypernatremia should be corrected slowly ( maximum reduction of 10-12mEq/L/day ) to avoid cerebral edema. (doctorguidelines.com)
- Hypernatremia causes water to shift out of cells leading to cell shrinkage - the mechanism hypertonic saline can help with cerebral or gut edema. (rk.md)
Physiopathology1
- Visser L, Devuyst O. Physiopathology of hypernatremia following relief of urinary tract obstruction. (medscape.com)
Severity1
- Severity of community acquired hypernatremia is an independent predictor of mortality. (medscape.com)
Prognosis2
Hypertonic1
- Ingesting seawater also causes hypernatremia because seawater is hypertonic and free water is not available. (wikipedia.org)
Concentration2
- Hypernatremia, also spelled hypernatraemia, is a high concentration of sodium in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
- In physiologic conditions, kidneys respond to hypernatremia by achieving the maximum urine concentration (because of increased effective plasma osmolality). (empendium.com)
Intravenous1
- If the onset of hypernatremia was over a few hours, then it can be corrected relatively quickly using intravenous normal saline and 5% dextrose in water. (wikipedia.org)
Complications2
- are major complications of hypernatremia. (msdmanuals.com)
- Untreated or recurring episodes of hyponatremia or hypernatremia can lead to long-term complications, such as cognitive impairment, neurological damage, and organ dysfunction. (rn101.net)
Occur2
- Sustained hypernatremia can occur only when thirst or access to water is impaired. (medscape.com)
- If hypernatremia is corrected too rapidly, brain edema and associated neurologic sequelae can occur. (medscape.com)
Fluids1
- Selection of most used fluids in treating hypernatremia. (imedical-apps.com)
Hypovolemia2
- Common causes of hypernatremia include: In those with low volume or hypovolemia: Inadequate intake of free water associated with total body sodium depletion. (wikipedia.org)
- As will be described in the following sections, hyponatremia is primarily due to the intake of water that cannot be excreted, hypernatremia is primarily due to the loss of water that has not been replaced, hypovolemia represents the loss of sodium and water, and edema is primarily due to sodium and water retention. (david-cook.org)
Hyperglycemic1
- Prolonged hypernatremia triggered by hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state with coma: A case report. (unm.edu)
Patients5
- Patients with hypernatremia who are fluid overloaded may require hemodialysis. (medscape.com)
- Permanent neurologic sequelae have been reported in up to 30% of patients with acute hypernatremia. (medscape.com)
- 2. Are there any dietary restrictions for patients with hyponatremia or hypernatremia? (rn101.net)
- In general, patients with hyponatremia may be advised to limit fluid intake, while those with hypernatremia may require increased fluid consumption. (rn101.net)
- Il s'agit d'une étude transversale, monocentrique et descriptive, durant 12 mois, incluant les patients âgés d'au moins 18 ans admis en réanimation polyvalente pour un sepsis ou choc septique. (bvsalud.org)
Symptoms1
- Acute hypernatremia can manifest as a range of symptoms from malaise, weakness and irritability to altered mental status and coma (loss of brain water to the vascular compartment may cause demyelinating brain lesions or bleeding). (doctorguidelines.com)
Diabetes3
- Normal volume hypernatremia can be due to fever, extreme thirst, prolonged increased breath rate, diabetes insipidus, and from lithium among other causes. (wikipedia.org)
- Hypernatremia due to diabetes insipidus as a result of a brain disorder, may be treated with the medication desmopressin. (wikipedia.org)
- Other risk factors for hypernatremia include diabetes insipidus and the use of certain medications. (rn101.net)
Nausea1
- Early manifestations of developing hypernatremia include loss of appetite as well as nausea and vomiting. (empendium.com)
Algorithm1
- Hypernatremia algorithm (citation: Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. (rk.md)
Water4
- Net water loss accounts for most cases of hypernatremia. (medscape.com)
- Hypernatremia causes decreased cellular volume as a result of water efflux from the cells to maintain equal osmolality inside and outside the cell. (medscape.com)
- Does hypernatremia retain water? (david-cook.org)
- How do you calculate free water flushes for hypernatremia? (david-cook.org)
Kidney1
- BACKGROUND Donor hypernatremia has been associated with reduced graft and recipient survival after heart, liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation. (rug.nl)
20211
- 2021. https://nursing.unboundmedicine.com/nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/758916/all/hypernatremia. (unboundmedicine.com)