Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)
A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.
A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.
A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
Layer of GRAY MATTER in the HYPOTHALAMUS that also forms part of the floor of the THIRD VENTRICLE and merges anteriorly into the infundibulum (see PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).
A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.
Anterior pituitary cells that produce PROLACTIN.
A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.
Absence of menstruation.
A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.
Labile proteins on or in prolactin-sensitive cells that bind prolactin initiating the cells' physiological response to that hormone. Mammary casein synthesis is one of the responses. The receptors are also found in placenta, liver, testes, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs and bind and respond to certain other hormones and their analogs and antagonists. This receptor is related to the growth hormone receptor.
Congenital or acquired cysts of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges which may remain stable in size or undergo progressive enlargement.
A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)
Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).
Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SLEEP DISORDERS; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the LIMBIC SYSTEM; and neuroendocrine disorders.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and NEOPLASMS. The neoplastic disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Disturbances of MILK secretion in either SEX, not necessarily related to PREGNANCY.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

The lipoprotein profile of women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. (1/216)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipoprotein profile in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and to establish whether effective dopamine agonist therapy might have a beneficial effect. Blood samples were collected from women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and from controls matched for age, body mass index and smoking. Follow-up blood samples were collected from women on dopamine agonist therapy as treatment for their hyperprolactinaemia. Plasma cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum oestradiol and prolactin were measured. No statistically significant differences were found in the lipoprotein profile of the patient (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. During treatment with the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine (n = 9), significant reduction in total cholesterol [4.87 (3.98-5.87) versus 5.60 (4.55-6.61) mmol/l, P = 0.024] and LDL cholesterol [3.22 (2.01-4.23) versus 3.72 (2.59-4.93) mmol/l, P = 0.033] was noted. We conclude that beneficial alterations in the lipoprotein profile may occur in response to effective dopamine agonist therapy, presumably as a consequence of return of ovarian function and alleviation of oestrogen deficiency. Women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea should be encouraged to take effective therapy to improve their lipoprotein profile and potentially reduce their cardiovascular risk.  (+info)

Secondary infertility as early symptom in a man with multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. (2/216)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia, pancreatic endocrine tumours and pituitary adenomas. Here, we report a patient with a history of insulinoma who developed secondary infertility as a further symptom of the disease. When he was first examined at the age of 36 years, he complained of weakness, reduced libido and impotence. Laboratory evaluation revealed non-obstructive azoospermia and hyperprolactinaemia. In contrast to sexual activity and serum prolactin, semen quality did not significantly respond to bromocriptine therapy. During follow-up, a growing pituitary adenoma caused acromegaly with elevated serum concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and prolactin. After microsurgery of the tumour at the age of 44 years, sperm concentration persistently increased up to 5.6 x 10(6)/ml. In accordance with the clinical diagnosis of MEN1, DNA sequencing revealed a mutation in exon 2 of the menin gene which results in a truncated, inactive protein product. In conclusion, MEN1 with pituitary lesions may cause severe hypogonadism and infertility. Both hyperprolactinaemia and overproduction of growth hormone and IGF-1 seem to be involved in testicular dysfunction in the present case. The possible role of menin in the testis, however, remains to be elucidated.  (+info)

Unilateral gestational macromastia--an unusual presentation of a rare disorder. (3/216)

Macromastia (mammary gigantism) is an uncommon clinical entity. Macromastia occurring during pregnancy (gestational macromastia) is rare. A case of unilateral gestational macromastia is reported which required reduction mammoplasty. We documented hyperprolactinaemia in the patient. This case report is particularly interesting because, to our knowledge, no such case has previously been reported.  (+info)

Chronic effect of antidopaminergic drugs or estrogen on male wistar rat lactotrophs and somatotrophs. (4/216)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of antidopaminergic agents on the somatotrophs in the presence of hyperprolactinemia. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: a control group and five groups chronically treated (60 days) with haloperidol, fluphenazine, sulpiride, metoclopramide or estrogen. Somatotrophs and lactotrophs were identified by immunohistochemistry and the data are reported as percent of total anterior pituitary cells counted. The drugs significantly increased the percentage of lactotrophs: control (mean +/- SD) 21.3 +/- 4.4, haloperidol 27.8 +/- 2.2, fluphenazine 34.5 +/- 3.6, sulpiride 32.7 +/- 3.5, metoclopramide 33.4 +/- 5.5 and estrogen 42.4 +/- 2.8. A significant reduction in somatotrophs was observed in animals treated with haloperidol (23.1 +/- 3.0), fluphenazine (22.1 +/- 1.1) and metoclopramide (24.2 +/- 3.0) compared to control (27.3 +/- 3.8), whereas no difference was observed in the groups treated with sulpiride (25.0 +/- 2.2) and estrogen (27.1 +/- 2.8). In the groups in which a reduction occurred, this may have simply been due to dilution, secondary to lactotroph hyperplasia. In view of the duplication of the percentage of prolactin-secreting cells, when estrogen was applied, the absence of a reduction in the percent of somatotrophs suggests a replication effect on this cell population. These data provide additional information about the direct or indirect effect of drugs which, in addition to interfering with the dopaminergic system, may act on other pituitary cells as well as on the lactotrophs.  (+info)

Three cases of macroprolactinaemia. (5/216)

A woman with hirsutism but otherwise symptom-free was found to have a raised serum prolactin and a pituitary microadenoma. The hyperprolactinaemia persisted despite bromocriptine therapy and subsequent pituitary surgery, which yielded a non-functioning adenoma. After a further 15 years with persistent hyperprolactinaemia but no symptoms, macroprolactinaemia was diagnosed. Such cases might account for part of the failure rate of pituitary microsurgery for prolactinoma. Testing for macroprolactinaemia is advisable in a woman with hyperprolactinaemia, especially if her ovulatory cycle is normal. Two other cases are reported in which macroprolactinaemia was associated with menstrual disturbances and other hormonal effects: in these, treatment with dopamine agonists suppressed the hyperprolactinaemia and restored normal menstrual cycles.  (+info)

Rat strain-specific actions of 17beta-estradiol in the mammary gland: correlation between estrogen-induced lobuloalveolar hyperplasia and susceptibility to estrogen-induced mammary cancers. (6/216)

The genetically related ACI and Copenhagen (COP) rat strains display diametrically opposed susceptibilities to mammary cancer development when treated chronically with 17beta-estradiol (E2). Here, we compare the actions of E2 on cell proliferation and lobuloalveolar development in the mammary glands of female ACI and COP rats. After 12 wk of E2 treatment, the mammary glands of ACI rats exhibited a significantly greater proliferative response to E2, compared with COP rats, as evidenced by quantification of S phase fraction and development of lobuloalveolar hyperplasia. Focal regions of atypical epithelial hyperplasia were observed in ACI, but not COP, rats. These strain differences were not because of differences in circulating E2, progesterone or, prolactin. Two-thirds of the induced mammary cancers in ACI rats exhibited aneuploidy. The E2-induced mammary cancers regressed when hormone treatment was discontinued, indicating that they were estrogen-dependent. Progesterone receptor was expressed by the great majority of epithelial cells within the E2-induced atypical hyperplastic foci and the mammary carcinomas, suggesting a link between these lesions. These data demonstrate a correlation between E2 action in the induction of mammary cell proliferation and atypical epithelial hyperplasia and genetically conferred susceptibility to E2-induced mammary cancers.  (+info)

Hyperprolactinemia in optico-spinal multiple sclerosis. (7/216)

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical features of MS patients with hyperprolactinemia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The serum prolactin level was measured in 67 Japanese patients (19 men and 48 women) with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 16 patients (4 men and 12 women) with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) using a two-site immunoradiometric assay. RESULTS: In the MS patients, 32 were classified as having Asian type MS showing a selective involvement of the optic nerves and spinal cord, while the other 35 were classified as having Western type MS which displayed disseminated central nervous system involvement. In women, the serum prolactin level was found to be significantly higher only in Asian type MS (mean=23.1 ng/ml, n=25) than in HAM/TSP (mean=6.9 ng/ml, n=12) (p=0.0297), while it did not differ significantly in men among the three groups. Hyperprolactinemia was significantly associated with acute relapse involving the optic nerves. All MS patients with hyperprolactinemia (7 women with Asian type MS and 2 women with Western type MS) showed recurrent opticomyelitis either throughout or in the early course of the disease, and also had a higher age of onset, a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score, a greater visual impairment, and higher cell counts and protein contents in the cerebrospinal fluid than did the normoprolactinemic patients. CONCLUSION: Hyperprolactinemia may be one of the characteristic features of Asian patients with MS who preferentially show the optic nerve involvement.  (+info)

Prolactin serum level in patients with breast cancer. (8/216)

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that prolactin may serve as an indicator of disease progression in breast cancer. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of PRL as a serum tumor marker in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: PRL serum level was determined in 99 breast cancer patients and compared with CA 15-3 serum level. RESULTS: Elevated serum level of PRL (> 20 ng/ml) was found in 8 of 99 patients (8.1%). A stratified analysis of prolactin levels according to therapy revealed that PRL levels was increased in 8 of 55 untreated patients (14.5%), but not in patients who received hormonal or chemotherapy in the 3 months preceding the test (0/42 patients, P = 0.009). However, mean PRL level was similar in patients with no evidence of disease activity and in patients with active disease (10.2 vs. 8.2 ng/ml, NS). In comparison, CA 15-3 mean level was significantly lower in patients with no evidence of disease as compared to patients with active disease (18.2 vs. 144.7 units/ml, P < 0.001). PRL level was increased in 6 of 60 patients (10%) with no evidence of disease and in 2 of 39 (5.2%) with active disease (NS). In comparison, CA 15-3 level was increased in 3 of 60 patients (5%) with no evidence of disease and in 24 of 39 (61.5%) with active disease (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PRL levels are decreased following hormonal or chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer and there is no correlation between PRL serum level and the state of disease. Further studies are needed to clarify a possible clinical significance of hyperprolactinemia in a subset of patients with breast cancer.  (+info)

Hyperprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, this can lead to menstrual irregularities, milk production outside of pregnancy (galactorrhea), and infertility. In men, it can cause decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), and infertility. The condition can be caused by various factors, including pituitary tumors, certain medications, and hypothyroidism. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include medication to lower prolactin levels.

A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor that produces an excess amount of the hormone prolactin, leading to various symptoms. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is responsible for producing and releasing several hormones that regulate different bodily functions. Prolactin is one such hormone, primarily known for its role in stimulating milk production in women during lactation (breastfeeding).

Prolactinoma tumors can be classified into two types: microprolactinomas and macroprolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are smaller tumors, typically less than 10 millimeters in size, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors, generally greater than 10 millimeters in size.

The overproduction of prolactin caused by these tumors can lead to several clinical manifestations, including:

1. Galactorrhea: Unusual and often spontaneous milk production or leakage from the nipples, which can occur in both men and women who do not have a recent history of pregnancy or breastfeeding.
2. Menstrual irregularities: In women, high prolactin levels can interfere with the normal functioning of other hormones, leading to menstrual irregularities such as infrequent periods (oligomenorrhea) or absent periods (amenorrhea), and sometimes infertility.
3. Sexual dysfunction: In both men and women, high prolactin levels can cause decreased libido and sexual desire. Men may also experience erectile dysfunction and reduced sperm production.
4. Bone loss: Over time, high prolactin levels can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis due to the disruption of other hormones that regulate bone health.
5. Headaches and visual disturbances: As the tumor grows, it may put pressure on surrounding structures in the brain, leading to headaches and potential vision problems such as blurred vision or decreased peripheral vision.

Diagnosis typically involves measuring prolactin levels in the blood and performing imaging tests like an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to assess the size of the tumor. Treatment usually consists of medication to lower prolactin levels, such as dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine or cabergoline), which can also help shrink the tumor. In some cases, surgery may be necessary if medication is ineffective or if the tumor is large and causing severe symptoms.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Its primary function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth, a process known as lactation. However, prolactin also plays other roles in the body, including regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. In men, prolactin helps maintain the sexual glands and contributes to paternal behaviors.

Prolactin levels are usually low in both men and non-pregnant women but increase significantly during pregnancy and after childbirth. Various factors can affect prolactin levels, including stress, sleep, exercise, and certain medications. High prolactin levels can lead to medical conditions such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production not related to childbirth), infertility, and reduced sexual desire in both men and women.

Galactorrhea is an uncommon condition where someone (typically a woman, but it can also occur in men and children) experiences abnormal or spontaneous production and secretion of milk from their breasts, not associated with childbirth or nursing. This condition can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, medications, tumors affecting the pituitary gland, or other underlying medical conditions. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you experience galactorrhea to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Ergolines are a group of ergot alkaloids that have been widely used in the development of various pharmaceutical drugs. These compounds are known for their ability to bind to and stimulate specific receptors in the brain, particularly dopamine receptors. As a result, they have been explored for their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, migraine, and depression.

However, ergolines can also have significant side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and changes in blood pressure. In addition, some ergot alkaloids have been associated with a rare but serious condition called ergotism, which is characterized by symptoms such as muscle spasms, vomiting, and gangrene. Therefore, the use of ergolines must be carefully monitored and managed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Some specific examples of drugs that contain ergolines include:

* Dihydroergotamine (DHE): used for the treatment of migraine headaches
* Pergolide: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
* Cabergoline: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and certain types of hormonal disorders

It is important to note that while ergolines have shown promise in some therapeutic areas, they are not without their risks. As with any medication, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using any drug containing ergolines to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for an individual's specific needs.

Bromocriptine is a dopamine receptor agonist drug, which means it works by binding to and activating dopamine receptors in the brain. It has several therapeutic uses, including:

* Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Bromocriptine can be used alone or in combination with levodopa to help manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control.
* Suppression of lactation: Bromocriptine can be used to suppress milk production in women who are not breastfeeding or who have stopped breastfeeding but still have high levels of prolactin, a hormone that stimulates milk production.
* Treatment of pituitary tumors: Bromocriptine can be used to shrink certain types of pituitary tumors, such as prolactinomas, which are tumors that secrete excessive amounts of prolactin.
* Management of acromegaly: Bromocriptine can be used to manage the symptoms of acromegaly, a rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal growth and enlargement of body tissues, by reducing the production of growth hormone.

Bromocriptine is available in immediate-release and long-acting formulations, and it is usually taken orally. Common side effects of bromocriptine include nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness, and drowsiness. Serious side effects are rare but can include hallucinations, confusion, and priapism (prolonged erection).

Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.

Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.

The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.

Sulpiride is an antipsychotic drug that belongs to the chemical class of benzamides. It primarily acts as a selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. Sulpiride is used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, psychosis, anxiety, and depression. In addition, it has been found to be effective in managing gastrointestinal disorders like gastroparesis due to its prokinetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract.

The medical definition of Sulpiride is as follows:

Sulpiride (INN, BAN), also known as Sultopride (USAN) or SP, is a selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, psychosis, anxiety, and depression. It has been found to be effective in managing gastrointestinal disorders like gastroparesis due to its prokinetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Sulpiride is available under various brand names worldwide, including Dogmatil, Sulpitac, and Espirid."

Please note that this definition includes information about the drug's therapeutic uses, which are essential aspects of understanding a medication in its entirety.

Metoclopramide is a medication that is primarily used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. It is classified as a dopamine antagonist and a prokinetic agent, which means it works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can slow down stomach and intestine function.

The medical definition of Metoclopramide is:
A synthetic congener of procainamide, used as an antiemetic and to increase gastrointestinal motility. It has a antidopaminergic action, binding to D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and stomach, and it may also block 5HT3 receptors at intrapyloric and central levels. Its actions on the gut smooth muscle are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary)

Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and gastroparesis, which is a condition that affects the normal movement of food through the digestive tract. It can also be used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Like any medication, Metoclopramide can have side effects, including drowsiness, restlessness, and muscle spasms. In some cases, it may cause more serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs. It is important to use Metoclopramide only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

The tuber cinereum is not a medical condition, but rather a region in the brain. It is a part of the hypothalamus, which is located at the base of the brain and plays a crucial role in regulating many bodily functions, including hormone release, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.

The tuber cinereum is a small, rounded area located just above the pituitary gland and below the optic chiasm (the point where the optic nerves cross). It contains several groups of nerve cells that are involved in regulating various physiological processes, such as releasing hormones into the bloodstream.

While the tuber cinereum is not typically associated with any specific medical conditions, it can be affected by certain disorders, such as hypothalamic hamartomas, which are benign tumors that arise from abnormal development of nerve cells in the region. These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, including seizures, hormonal imbalances, and behavioral changes.

The pituitary gland is a small, endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is often called the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger many body functions. The pituitary gland measures about 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in width, and it weighs approximately 0.5 grams.

The pituitary gland is divided into two main parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe is further divided into three zones: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Each part of the pituitary gland has distinct functions and produces different hormones.

The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones, including:

* Growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and development in children and helps maintain muscle mass and bone strength in adults.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and lactating women.

The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus:

* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production.
* Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.

Overall, the pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function.

Lactotrophs, also known as mammotrophs or prolactin cells, are a type of hormone-producing cell found in the anterior pituitary gland. They are responsible for producing and secreting the hormone prolactin, which plays a crucial role in lactation (milk production) in females after childbirth. Prolactin also has other functions in the body, such as regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. Lactotrophs can be stimulated by factors like estrogen, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and stress, leading to increased prolactin secretion.

Domperidone is a medication that belongs to the class of dopamine antagonists. It works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can cause nausea and vomiting. Domperidone is primarily used to treat symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastric motility disorders, including bloating, fullness, and regurgitation. It works by increasing the contractions of the stomach muscles, which helps to move food and digestive juices through the stomach more quickly.

Domperidone is available in various forms, such as tablets, suspension, and injection. The medication is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as dry mouth, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. In rare cases, domperidone may cause more serious side effects, including irregular heart rhythms, tremors, or muscle stiffness.

It is important to note that domperidone has a risk of causing cardiac arrhythmias, particularly at higher doses and in patients with pre-existing heart conditions. Therefore, it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence or cessation of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. It can be categorized as primary amenorrhea, when a woman who has not yet had her first period at the expected age (usually around 16 years old), or secondary amenorrhea, when a woman who has previously had regular periods stops getting them for six months or more.

There are various causes of amenorrhea, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, extreme weight loss or gain, eating disorders, intense exercise, stress, chronic illness, tumors, and certain medications or medical treatments. In some cases, amenorrhea may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Amenorrhea can have significant impacts on a woman's health and quality of life, including infertility, bone loss, and emotional distress. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience amenorrhea or missed periods to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Prolactin receptors are proteins found on the surface of various cells throughout the body that bind to the hormone prolactin. Once prolactin binds to its receptor, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate diverse physiological functions, including lactation, growth and development, metabolism, immune function, and behavior.

Prolactin receptors belong to the class I cytokine receptor family and are expressed in many tissues, including the mammary gland, pituitary gland, liver, kidney, adipose tissue, brain, and immune cells. In the mammary gland, prolactin signaling through its receptor is essential for milk production and breast development during pregnancy and lactation.

Abnormalities in prolactin receptor function have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, infertility, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, understanding the structure, regulation, and function of prolactin receptors is crucial for developing new therapies to treat these conditions.

Central nervous system (CNS) cysts are abnormal fluid-filled sacs that develop in the brain or spinal cord. These cysts can be congenital, meaning they are present at birth and develop as a result of abnormal embryonic development, or they can be acquired later in life due to injury, infection, or disease.

CNS cysts can vary in size and may cause symptoms depending on their location and the amount of pressure they place on surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue. Symptoms may include headaches, seizures, weakness, numbness, or difficulty with coordination and balance. In some cases, CNS cysts may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons.

There are several types of CNS cysts, including:

1. Arachnoid cysts: These are the most common type of CNS cyst and occur between the layers of the arachnoid membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.
2. Colloid cysts: These cysts typically develop at the junction of the third and fourth ventricles in the brain and can obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure.
3. Ependymal cysts: These cysts arise from the ependymal cells that line the ventricular system of the brain and can cause symptoms by compressing surrounding brain tissue.
4. Neuroglial cysts: These cysts are composed of glial cells, which support and protect nerve cells in the CNS.
5. Pineal cysts: These cysts develop in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located near the center of the brain.

Treatment for CNS cysts depends on their size, location, and symptoms. In some cases, observation and monitoring may be all that is necessary. However, if the cyst is causing significant symptoms or is at risk of rupturing or obstructing CSF flow, surgical intervention may be required to remove or reduce the size of the cyst.

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder). It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. Risperidone belongs to a class of drugs called benzisoxazole derivatives.

This medication can decrease aggression and schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusional thinking, and hostility. It may also help to improve your mood, thoughts, and behavior. Some forms of risperidone are also used for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior).

It's important to note that this is a general medical definition, and the use of risperidone should always be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have potential side effects and risks.

Dopamine agonists are a class of medications that mimic the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that regulates movement, emotion, motivation, and reinforcement of rewarding behaviors. These medications bind to dopamine receptors in the brain and activate them, leading to an increase in dopaminergic activity.

Dopamine agonists are used primarily to treat Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. By increasing dopaminergic activity in the brain, dopamine agonists can help alleviate some of these symptoms.

Examples of dopamine agonists include:

1. Pramipexole (Mirapex)
2. Ropinirole (Requip)
3. Rotigotine (Neupro)
4. Apomorphine (Apokyn)

Dopamine agonists may also be used off-label to treat other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome or certain types of dopamine-responsive dystonia. However, these medications can have significant side effects, including nausea, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, compulsive behaviors (such as gambling, shopping, or sexual addiction), and hallucinations. Therefore, they should be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.

Pituitary diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Pituitary tumors: These are abnormal growths in or around the pituitary gland that can affect its function. Pituitary tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size. Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, while others may not produce any hormones but can still cause problems by compressing nearby structures in the brain.
2. Pituitary gland dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the normal function of the pituitary gland without the presence of a tumor. Examples include hypopituitarism, which is a condition characterized by decreased production of one or more pituitary hormones, and Sheehan's syndrome, which occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to severe blood loss during childbirth.

Symptoms of pituitary diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the hormones that are affected. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that typically occurs in middle-aged adults. It results from the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone (GH) during adulthood. The excessive production of GH leads to abnormal growth of body tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.

The term "acromegaly" is derived from two Greek words: "akros," meaning extremities, and "megaly," meaning enlargement. In most cases, acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland, which results in overproduction of GH.

Common symptoms include enlarged hands and feet, coarse facial features, deepened voice, joint pain, and sweating. If left untreated, acromegaly can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and arthritis. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, or medication to control GH production.

Gonadotropins are hormones produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating reproduction and sexual development. There are two main types of gonadotropins:

1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): FSH is essential for the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries (in females) or sperm production in the testes (in males). In females, FSH stimulates the maturation of eggs within the follicles.
2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): LH triggers ovulation in females, causing the release of a mature egg from the dominant follicle. In males, LH stimulates the production and secretion of testosterone in the testes.

Together, FSH and LH work synergistically to regulate various aspects of reproductive function and sexual development. Their secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus, which releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the production and release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

Abnormal levels of gonadotropins can lead to various reproductive disorders, such as infertility or menstrual irregularities in females and issues related to sexual development or function in both sexes. In some cases, synthetic forms of gonadotropins may be used clinically to treat these conditions or for assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.

There are several different types of tic disorders, including:

1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.

Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.

Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).

First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.

Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.

Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Hypothalamic diseases refer to conditions that affect the hypothalamus, a small but crucial region of the brain responsible for regulating many vital functions in the body. The hypothalamus helps control:

1. Body temperature
2. Hunger and thirst
3. Sleep cycles
4. Emotions and behavior
5. Release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Hypothalamic diseases can be caused by genetic factors, infections, tumors, trauma, or other conditions that damage the hypothalamus. Some examples of hypothalamic diseases include:

1. Hypothalamic dysfunction syndrome: A condition characterized by various symptoms such as obesity, sleep disturbances, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic damage.
2. Kallmann syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hypothalamus and results in a lack of sexual maturation and a decreased sense of smell.
3. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder that causes obesity, developmental delays, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic dysfunction.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: Tumors that develop near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, often causing visual impairment, hormonal imbalances, and growth problems.
5. Infiltrative diseases: Conditions such as sarcoidosis or histiocytosis can infiltrate the hypothalamus, leading to various symptoms related to hormonal imbalances and neurological dysfunction.
6. Traumatic brain injury: Damage to the hypothalamus due to head trauma can result in various hormonal and neurological issues.
7. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections that affect the hypothalamus, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause damage and lead to hypothalamic dysfunction.

Treatment for hypothalamic diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, hormone replacement therapy, or other interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Neoplastic pregnancy complications refer to the abnormal growth of cells (neoplasia) that can occur during pregnancy. These growths can be benign or malignant and can arise from any type of tissue in the body. However, when they occur in pregnant women, they can pose unique challenges due to the potential effects on the developing fetus and the changes in the mother's body.

Some common neoplastic pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD): This is a group of rare tumors that occur in the uterus during pregnancy. GTD can range from benign conditions like hydatidiform mole to malignant forms like choriocarcinoma.
2. Breast cancer: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is a type of breast cancer that occurs during pregnancy or within one year after delivery. It can be aggressive and challenging to diagnose due to the changes in the breast tissue during pregnancy.
3. Cervical cancer: Cervical cancer can occur during pregnancy, and its management depends on the stage of the disease and the gestational age. In some cases, treatment may need to be delayed until after delivery.
4. Lung cancer: Pregnancy does not increase the risk of lung cancer, but it can make diagnosis and treatment more challenging.
5. Melanoma: Melanoma is the most common malignant skin cancer during pregnancy. It can spread quickly and requires prompt treatment.

The management of neoplastic pregnancy complications depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, gestational age, and the patient's wishes. In some cases, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy may be necessary. However, these treatments can have potential risks to the developing fetus, so a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers is often involved in the care of pregnant women with neoplastic complications.

Lactation disorders are conditions or problems that affect a woman's ability to breastfeed her baby. These disorders can make it difficult for the mother to produce enough milk, or cause pain and discomfort during breastfeeding. Some common lactation disorders include:

1. Insufficient Glandular Tissue (IGT): This condition occurs when a woman has limited breast tissue, which can make it difficult for her to produce enough milk to fully breastfeed her baby.
2. Engorgement: This happens when the breasts become overly full of milk, causing them to feel hard, swollen, and painful. Engorgement can make it difficult for the baby to latch on properly, which can lead to nipple damage and mastitis.
3. Mastitis: An infection of the breast tissue that can cause pain, redness, warmth, and flu-like symptoms. Mastitis often occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked, allowing bacteria to enter and infect the tissue.
4. Plugged Ducts: This condition occurs when a milk duct becomes clogged or blocked, causing milk to back up and leading to pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
5. Nipple Vasospasm: This is a painful spasm of the blood vessels in the nipples, which can cause burning, stinging, or throbbing sensations during or after breastfeeding.
6. Low Milk Supply: This condition occurs when a woman is unable to produce enough milk to meet her baby's needs. Low milk supply can have various causes, including hormonal imbalances, poor latch, and infrequent feedings.
7. Oversupply: This condition occurs when a woman produces too much milk, which can lead to engorgement, plugged ducts, and mastitis.

Prompt identification and management of lactation disorders are essential for ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Women who experience difficulty breastfeeding should consult their healthcare provider or a lactation consultant for guidance and support.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Hyperprolactinemia occurs more commonly in women. The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia ranges from 0.4% in an unselected normal ... Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases of the National Institutes of ... Symptoms of galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia include a high blood prolactin level, abnormal milk production in the breast, ... Hyperprolactinemia~treatment at eMedicine Rosenfeld, Jo Ann; Pena, Kristin S. (2001-05-01). "Evaluation and Treatment of ...
Nonpuerperal mastitis may induce transient hyperprolactinemia (neurogenic hyperprolactinemia) of about three weeks' duration; ... The most common causes of hyperprolactinemia are prolactinomas, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, and macroprolactinemia. ... conversely, hyperprolactinemia may contribute to nonpuerperal mastitis. Apart from diagnosing hyperprolactinemia and ... drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, hypothalamic disease, idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, macroprolactin, or prolactinoma. ...
Buvat, J (2003). "Hyperprolactinemia and sexual function in men: a short review". International Journal of Impotence Research. ... Graf, K. J., Schmidtgollwitzer, M., Koch, U. J., Lorenz, F., & Hammerstein, J. (1978, January). Hyperprolactinemia Induced by ... Naidoo, U.; Goff, D.C.; Klibanski, A. (2003). "Hyperprolactinemia and bone mineral density: the potential impact of ... Williams, Robert F.; Gianfortoni, Joseph G.; Hodgen, Gary D. (1985). "Hyperprolactinemia Induced by an Estrogen- Progesterone ...
It has been used to treat hyperprolactinemia (high prolactin levels). The use of ergoloid alkaloids for dementia has been ... Majumdar A, Mangal NS (July 2013). "Hyperprolactinemia". Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 6 (3): 168-175. doi:10.4103/ ... Bankowski BJ, Zacur HA (June 2003). "Dopamine agonist therapy for hyperprolactinemia". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 46 ( ...
In women, hyperprolactinemia is often associated with amenorrhea, a condition that resembles the physiological situation during ... Majumdar A, Mangal NS (July 2013). "Hyperprolactinemia". Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 6 (3): 168-75. doi:10.4103/ ...
Hormonal causes most frequently associated with galactorrhea are hyperprolactinemia and thyroid conditions with elevated levels ... Galactorrhea can also be caused by antipsychotics that cause hyperprolactinemia by blocking dopamine receptors responsible for ... "Galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 38 (12): 689-700. doi:10.1097/00006254-198312000- ...
... s are mainly used to treat Parkinson's disease but are also used to treat hyperprolactinemia and restless legs ... Dopamine agonists are primarily used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to a lesser extent, in hyperprolactinemia and ... That is why dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment in hyperprolactinemia. Ergoline-derived agents, bromocriptine and ... Mancini, Tatiana; Casanueva, Felipe F.; Giustina, Andrea (2008-03-01). "Hyperprolactinemia and Prolactinomas". Endocrinology ...
Symptoms of prolactinoma are due to abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood (hyperprolactinemia), or due to pressure ... This is discussed more under hyperprolactinaemia. The xenoestrogenic chemical Bisphenol-A has been shown to lead to ... Although estrogen/testosterone production may be restored after treatment for hyperprolactinemia, even a year or two without ... Bankowski BJ, Zacur HA (June 2003). "Dopamine agonist therapy for hyperprolactinemia". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 46 (2): 349-62. doi ...
Hyperprolactinemia is the most frequent abnormality of the anterior pituitary tumors, termed prolactinomas. Prolactinomas may ... General guidelines for diagnosing prolactin excess (hyperprolactinemia) define the upper threshold of normal prolactin at 25 µg ... Mancini T, Casanueva FF, Giustina A (March 2008). "Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics ... Breast-feeding Breastfeeding and fertility Epileptic seizure Hyperprolactinaemia Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis Male ...
These side effects seem to be due to hyperprolactinemia (elevated prolactin levels) induced by these drugs, an effect that ... Torre DL, Falorni A (2007). "Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia". Ther Clin Risk Manag. 3 (5): 929-51. PMC 2376090. ... Coker F, Taylor D (2010). "Antidepressant-induced hyperprolactinaemia: incidence, mechanisms and management". CNS Drugs. 24 (7 ... Madhusoodanan, Subramoniam; Parida, Suprit; Jimenez, Carolina (2010). "Hyperprolactinemia associated with psychotropics-a ...
Sobrinho LG (1998). "Emotional aspects of hyperprolactinemia". Journal of Psychiatric Practice. 9 (3): 181-94. doi:10.1097/ ...
Prolactin inhibitors are mainly used to treat hyperprolactinemia (high prolactin levels). Agonists of the dopamine D2 receptor ... Torre DL, Falorni A (October 2007). "Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia". Ther Clin Risk Manag. 3 (5): 929-51. PMC ... Coker F, Taylor D (July 2010). "Antidepressant-induced hyperprolactinaemia: incidence, mechanisms and management". CNS Drugs. ... Madhusoodanan S, Parida S, Jimenez C (2010). "Hyperprolactinemia associated with psychotropics--a review". Hum Psychopharmacol ...
Tewksbury, Ashley; Olander, Amy (2016-07-01). "Management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia". Mental Health Clinician ... Akathisia Anhedonia Anxiety Cognitive dysfunction Dementia worsening Diabetes Gynecomastia Hyperglycemia hyperprolactinemia ...
It was also investigated for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia (high prolactin levels). J. Elks (14 November 2014). The ... Bankowski BJ, Zacur HA (June 2003). "Dopamine agonist therapy for hyperprolactinemia". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 46 (2): 349-62. doi ...
Webster J (December 1999). "Dopamine agonist therapy in hyperprolactinemia". J Reprod Med. 44 (12 Suppl): 1105-10. PMID ... a monoaminergic medication of the ergoline group which is used as a prolactin inhibitor in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia ...
It may also cause hyperprolactinemia. Reserpine passes into breast milk and is harmful to breast-fed infants, and should ...
Peters F, Schuth W (March 1989). "Hyperprolactinemia and nonpuerperal mastitis (duct ectasia)". JAMA. 261 (11): 1618-20. doi: ...
"Hyperprolactinaemia With Antipsychotics". www.medsafe.govt.nz. Retrieved 10 October 2022. Joint Formulary Committee. "British ... Although these drugs can cause transient or sustained hyperprolactinaemia, the risk is much lower. Owing to its partial ... "Management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia". BJPsych Advances. 23 (4): 278-286. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.115.014928. ...
Hyperprolactinemia anovulation makes up 5 to 10 percent of women with anovulation. Hyperprolactinemia inhibits gonadotropin ... If symptoms of hyperprolactinemia are present, dopamine agonists, such as bromocriptine, are first line treatment which act by ... Hyperprolactinemia can be confirmed by several measurements of serum prolactin. Symptoms-based methods of fertility awareness ... For anovulatory women with hyperprolactinemia without symptoms, they can forgo treatment and continue with close follow up and ...
Further potential endocrinopathies include hypogonadism and hyperprolactinemia. Studies now suggest that the stage of ...
Some cases have been reported that were related to drug induced hyperprolactinemia. Exceptionally rarely it has been diagnosed ... Presently most evidence points towards an important role of elevated prolactin levels or overt hyperprolactinemia with ... In cases of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia (such as antipsychotics) prolactin-sparing medication can be tried. Methotrexate ... "Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis associated with risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia". Diagnostic Pathology. 7 (1): 2. doi: ...
Due to D2 receptor blockade, domperidone causes hyperprolactinemia. Hyperprolactinemia can suppress the secretion of ... Hofmeyr GJ, Van Iddekinge B, Van Der Walt LA (1985). "Effect of domperidone-induced hyperprolactinaemia on the menstrual cycle ... Bushe CJ, Bradley A, Pendlebury J (July 2010). "A review of hyperprolactinaemia and severe mental illness: are there ... 442-. ISBN 978-1-4511-5359-0. Holt RI, Peveler RC (February 2011). "Antipsychotics and hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, ...
This is most likely the result of hyperprolactinaemia. Decreased libido. This is most likely the result of hyperprolactinaemia ... Hyperprolactinemia elevated blood levels of the hormone, prolactin. Prolactin is one of the hormones that plays a key role in ... Long-term uncontrolled hyperprolactinaemia can lead to bone demineralisation (osteoporosis) and an increased risk of fractures ... Breast enlargement (in either sex). This is a complication of hyperprolactinaemia. Galactorrhoea (expulsion of milk from the ...
Patients with hyperprolactinemia are often treated with dopamine agonists to reduce the levels of prolactin and restore ... Secondary amenorrhea's most common and most easily diagnosable causes are pregnancy, thyroid disease, and hyperprolactinemia. A ... Examples of secondary amenorrhea include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, ... "Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Systematic Reviews. 1: 33. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-1-33 ...
Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis Hyperprolactinemia Jerome F. Strauss III; Robert L. Barbieri (28 August 2013). Yen & ...
Prolactin has antigonadotropic effects and hyperprolactinemia can cause hypogonadism. Opioids have antigonadotropic effects and ...
Association with hyperprolactinemia has been described and antidopaminergic actions are also suspected. Ganellin CR, Triggle DJ ... Pradalier A (December 1996). "Hyperprolactinaemia and depression induced by oxetorone". Cephalalgia. 16 (8): 560-1. doi:10.1046 ...
... of hyperprolactinaemia. Medical achievements at Hospital de Clínicas also include the first surgery ever filmed. It was ...
Prolactin modulator Hyperprolactinemia Hypoprolactinemia J. Larry Jameson (22 March 2013). Harrison's Endocrinology, 3E. McGraw ...
"Relapse of hyperprolactinemia following withdrawal of long-term cabergoline therapy". Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. ...
Hyperprolactinemia occurs more commonly in women. The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia ranges from 0.4% in an unselected normal ... Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases of the National Institutes of ... Symptoms of galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia include a high blood prolactin level, abnormal milk production in the breast, ... Hyperprolactinemia~treatment at eMedicine Rosenfeld, Jo Ann; Pena, Kristin S. (2001-05-01). "Evaluation and Treatment of ...
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated serum prolactin. Prolactin is a 198-amino acid protein (23-kd) produced in the ... Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia is possible though a diagnosis of exclusion.. Signs and symptoms of hyperprolactinemia. Women ... encoded search term (Hyperprolactinemia) and Hyperprolactinemia What to Read Next on Medscape ... When symptoms are present, medical therapy for hyperprolactinemia is the treatment of choice. Patients with hyperprolactinemia ...
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition that affects women due to imbalanced hormones (Prolactin). For the treatment it requires an ... Hyperprolactinemia is a condition that sometimes affects women because of imbalanced hormones. Prolactin is a hormone that is ... The condition that you are facing is called in medical circles as hyperprolactinemia. This is a condition where the hormone ... Symptoms And Natural Treatment For Hyperprolactinemia: I got my first period recently and now there is something that looks ...
These include evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of hyperprolactinemia, treating drug-induced hyperprolactinemia ... These include evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of hyperprolactinemia, treating drug-induced hyperprolactinemia ... Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 ... Objective: The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. ...
Hyperprolactinemia (HPrl) is considered as a rare endocrinopathy in childhood. In children and adolescent girls, there are ... Hyperprolactinemia (HPrl) is considered as a rare endocrinopathy in childhood. In children and adolescent girls, there are ... Clinical manifestations, evaluation and management of hyperprolactinemia in adolescent and young girls: a brief review Acta ...
Hyperprolactinemia, and Hypothalamic Hamartoma. Authors: Gazanfer Ekinci, Türker Kiliç, Feyyaz Baltacioğlu, İlhan Elmaci, ... 16-year-old girl with hyperprolactinemia. Axial CT scan of skull base shows defect in basisphenoid (arrow).. ... Because the pituitary gland did not have features suggestive of adenoma on MR imaging, we assumed that the hyperprolactinemia ... 16-year-old girl with hyperprolactinemia. Contrast-enhanced coronal T1-weighted spin-echo MR image (TR/TE, 440/11) shows ...
Hyperprolactinemia has been often observed in some non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erithematosus ... El Miedany YM, Ahmed I, Moustafa H, El Baddini M. Hyperprolactinemia in Sjogrens syndrome: a patient subset or a disease ... El Miedany YM, Ahmed I, Moustafa H, El Baddini M. Hyperprolactinemia in Sjogrens syndrome: a patient subset or a disease ... Table 1 . Thyroid function tests and autoantibody panel of the patients with hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) and control subjects ...
Hyperprolactinaemia is uncommon in patients with Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Author(s). ...
A Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Herbal Medicines in the Management of Human Drug-induced Hyperprolactinemia; Potential ... such as hyperprolactinemia, a major problem. In patients taking neuroleptic medications, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia should ... There are some other herbal medicines which are useful in treatment of hyperprolactinemia, such as Vitexagnus castus (Wuttke et ... Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 37: 67-99.. CrossRefDirect Link ...
Basal and TRH stimulated serum levels of TSH in patients with hyperprolactinaemia and in subjects on oestrogen treatment. *Mark ... Basal and TRH stimulated serum levels of TSH in patients with hyperprolactinaemia and in subjects on oestrogen treatment}}, url ...
Severe hyperprolactinaemia associated with domperidone with normal MRI pituitary. Kerrie Thackray & Felicity Kaplan ... with drug induced hyperprolactinaemia usually associated with only modest hyperprolactinaemia, although severe ... It is thought to cause only mild hyperprolactinaemia. Previous work by Bouwers et al demonstrated that a single dose of ... Esomeprazole has been suggested as a cause of hyperprolactinaemia in several case reports, potentially by inhibition of CYP3A4 ...
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated serum prolactin. Prolactin is a 198-amino acid protein (23-kd) produced in the ... encoded search term (Hyperprolactinemia) and Hyperprolactinemia What to Read Next on Medscape ... Hyperprolactinemia Differential Diagnoses. Updated: Jun 02, 2014 * Author: Donald Shenenberger, MD, FAAD, FAAFP; Chief Editor: ... Cancer risk in hyperprolactinemia patients: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Aug. 165(2):209-15. [QxMD ...
Hyperprolactinemia Hyperprolactinemia is a hormonal disorder characterized by elevated blood levels of prolactin that can be ... Less than 1% of people in the general population have hyperprolactinemia. Most people with hyperprolactinemia have prolactinoma ... Hyperprolactinemia causes problems with reproduction and a condition called galactorrhea. There is a possibility of growth stop ... Hyperprolactinemia treatment is condition-specific and depends on the underlying reason. Some patients with high prolactin ...
... , which refers to the increased production of prolactin by the anterior pituitary, occurs physiologically ... Patients with hyperprolactinemia due to a pituitary adenoma may also present with bitemporal hemianopsia and headache (see " ... Hyperprolactinemia. . J Hum Reprod Sci. 2013. ; 6. (3). : p.168-175. .doi:. 10.4103/0974-1208.121400. .. ,. Open in Read by ... Hyperprolactinemia in association with subclinical hypothyroidism. . Caspian J Intern Med. . 2011. ; 2. (2). : p.229-233. . ...
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Been told you have high prolactin? Or maybe you havent had it tested and want to know if it…. ...
Hyperprolactinemia. As with other drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors, ziprasidone elevates prolactin levels in humans ... Long-standing hyperprolactinemia when associated with hypogonadism may lead to decreased bone density. ...
Hyperprolactinemia. Hyperprolactinemia with a normal TSH level requires an MRI to determine the presence of a tumor, ... Symptomatic hyperprolactinemia from a pituitary disorder should first be treated by dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine ( ... Current treatment issues in female hyperprolactinaemia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006 Apr 1. 125(2):152-64. [QxMD ... The recurrence rate after surgery can be as high as 50%. Patients with hyperprolactinemia associated with medications (eg, ...
Sometimes, however, prolactin levels are high at other times; this condition is called hyperprolactinemia. Hyperprolactinemia ... Hyperprolactinemia is usually diagnosed based on the patients symptoms and history, as well as a physical exam. Blood tests ... Fortunately, hyperprolactinemia can often be treated with medication, surgery (in the case of a tumor), or other measures. ... Most cases of hyperprolactinemia are caused by increased prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, which also produces many ...
Hyperprolactinemia Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. Learn and reinforce your understanding of ... With hyperprolactinemia, hyper- means above, -prolactin refers to the hormone produced by the pituitary gland, and -emia refers ... Laboratory and clinical significance of macroprolactinemia in women with hyperprolactinemia Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics ... to the blood, so hyperprolactinemia means higher than normal prolactin levels in the blood. ...
Hyperprolactinemia is usually defined as fasting levels of above 20 ng/ml in men and above 25 ng/ml in women at least 2 hours ... Hyperprolactinaemia. By Dr. Ayu Hasida Hassan • Jun 10th 2021 •. Updated on: Oct 3rd 2021. ... If you have any of the the above symptoms and concern about hyperprolactinaemia, talk to a doctor and get your hormone level ... Hyperprolactinaemia is a hormonal disorder cause by excessive level of prolactin hormone in the body. ...
... -spinal cord lesions -optic neuritis -multiple sclerosis - ... Differential diagnosis of pathological causes of hyperprolactinemia -spinal cord lesions -optic neuritis -multiple sclerosis - ...
5.6 Hyperprolactinemia 5.7 Orthostatic Hypotension 5.8 Leukopenia, Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis 5.9 Potential for Cognitive ... Hyperprolactinemia Risperidone has been shown to elevate prolactin levels in children and adolescents as well as in adults [see ... 5.6 Hyperprolactinemia As with other drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors, risperidone elevates prolactin levels and the ... Long-standing hyperprolactinemia when associated with hypogonadism may lead to decreased bone density in both female and male ...
Hyperprolactinemia Counsel patients on signs and symptoms of hyperprolactinemia that may be associated with chronic use of ... 5.6 Hyperprolactinemia 5.7 Orthostatic Hypotension 5.8 Falls 5.9 Leukopenia, Neutropenia, and Agranulocytosis 5.10 Potential ... Hyperprolactinemia [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6)] • Orthostatic hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7)] • ... Hyperprolactinemia Risperidone tablets have been shown to elevate prolactin levels in children and adolescents as well as in ...
Within 60 antipsychotic-naïve ARMS and FEP, hyperprolactinaemia was found in 26.7%. Hyperprolactinaemia may be pre-existing in ... Hyperprolactinemia in early psychosis - not only due to antipsychotics. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological ... Hyperprolactinaemia is often found in patients with schizophrenia and usually considered a consequence of antipsychotics. ... Hyperprolactinaemia was found in 25.6% of ARMS and 46.2% of FEP. ... Hyperprolactinemia in early psychosis - not only due to ...
title = "Impact of hyperprolactinemia in a patient with polyautoimmunity",. abstract = "Hyperprolactinemia has been proposed as ... Impact of hyperprolactinemia in a patient with polyautoimmunity. Manuel Rojas, Yhojan Rodríguez, Carolina Ramírez-Santana, Juan ... Impact of hyperprolactinemia in a patient with polyautoimmunity. / Rojas, Manuel; Rodríguez, Yhojan; Ramírez-Santana, Carolina ... Impact of hyperprolactinemia in a patient with polyautoimmunity. En: Clinical Case Reports. 2019 ; Vol. 7, N.º 1. pp. 19-23. ...
Hyperprolactinaemia caused by antipsychotics (APs) is a serious and unwanted adverse effect in patients with schizophrenia.1 2 ... A review of the association between antipsychotic use and hyperprolactinaemia. J Psychopharmacol2008;22(2_suppl):46-55.doi: ... Background Hyperprolactinaemia is a common antipsychotic (AP)-induced adverse effect, particularly in female patients. ... A study of aripiprazole in treatment of hyperprolactinemia induced by sulpiride (in Chinese). Medical Information2011;24. ...
Levosulpiride and esomeprazole induced hyperprolactinemia case report of drug induced hyperprolactinemia. Natl J Integr Res Med ... Hyperprolactinemia and the dopamine receptor. US Endocr Dis 1, 2-5, 2006.. 10.17925/USE.2006.00.1.2b. Search in Google Scholar ... Hyperprolactinaemia induced by proton pump inhibitor. J Pak Med Assoc 60, 689-690, 2010.. Search in Google Scholar ... Hyperprolactinemia. J Hum Repr Sci 6, 168-175, 2013.. 10.4103/0974-1208.121400. 3853872. 24347930. Search in Google Scholar ...
Hyperprolactinemia was observed in 10 females (range:45-100 µg/L in six and ,200 µg/L in four females) and three males (range: ... Hyperprolactinemia due to dopamine deficiency is common in patients with PTPS deficiency. Serum prolactin is used as an index ... She was noted to have hyperprolactinemia therefore, the dose of L-Dopa was gradually increased to 13 mg/kg body weight daily. ... The degree of hyperprolactinemia generally correlates with prolactinoma size. Prolactin concentration is usually100 to 250 µg/L ...
  • Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is increased blood prolactin levels associated with galactorrhea (abnormal milk secretion). (wikipedia.org)
  • Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. (wikipedia.org)
  • The following are some of the possible medical causes of galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia that are listed by the Diseases Database: pregnancy, breastfeeding, sexual intercourse, shingles, prolactin secreting pituitary tumor, along with many others. (wikipedia.org)
  • Generally, hyperprolactinemia is discovered in the course of evaluating a patient's presenting complaint, for instance amenorrhea, galactorrhea, or erectile dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia causes problems with reproduction and a condition called galactorrhea. (healthypilipinas.ph)
  • Women with pathological hyperprolactinemia present with galactorrhea , loss of libido, infertility , menstrual dysfunction, and/or osteoporosis . (amboss.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea also may be caused by ingestion of certain medications, including phenothiazines and some other antipsychotics, certain antihypertensives (especially alpha- methyldopa and verapamil ), and opioids. (msdmanuals.com)
  • can cause hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea because increased levels of thyroid-releasing hormone increase secretion of prolactin as well as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (msdmanuals.com)
  • These include evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of hyperprolactinemia, treating drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, and managing prolactinomas in nonpregnant and pregnant subjects. (nih.gov)
  • PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Cochrane library database were searched for any relevant studies that investigated the effect of herbal medicines on drug induced hyperprolactinemia up to May 2010. (scialert.net)
  • The inclusion criteria were clinical trials studied efficacy of herbal medicines in drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. (scialert.net)
  • Among different compounds, four herbal supplements including Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (TJ-68), Peony-Glycyrrhiza Decoction (PGD), Zhuangyang capsule, Tongdatang serial recipe (TDT) were found clinically effective and safe in management of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. (scialert.net)
  • In patients taking neuroleptic medications, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia should be confirmed with temporary drug withdrawal or pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (scialert.net)
  • To best of present knowledge, there is no review on the use of herbal medicines in the management of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. (scialert.net)
  • Thus, in the present study, we systematically reviewed all existing data on the efficacy of herbal medicines in the management of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia in human. (scialert.net)
  • Hyperprolactinemia or other endocrine diseases. (who.int)
  • However, all cases of hyperprolactinemia are not necessarily because of a tumor of the pituitary gland. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Most cases of hyperprolactinemia are caused by increased prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, which also produces many other hormones that travel throughout the body. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrinological disorder that is caused by many physiological or pathological conditions ( Torre and Falorni, 2007 ). (scialert.net)
  • Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia is possible though a diagnosis of exclusion. (medscape.com)
  • The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with hyperprolactinemia and no symptoms (idiopathic or microprolactinoma) can be monitored without treatment. (wikipedia.org)
  • When symptoms are present, medical therapy for hyperprolactinemia is the treatment of choice. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms And Natural Treatment For Hyperprolactinemia: I got my first period recently and now there is something that looks like milk coming out of my breasts - very little. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • She had no new signs or symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia or hormone excess. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • What are the symptoms of hyperprolactinemia? (yalemedicine.org)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is usually diagnosed based on the patient's symptoms and history, as well as a physical exam. (yalemedicine.org)
  • If you have any of the the above symptoms and concern about hyperprolactinaemia, talk to a doctor and get your hormone level test today. (kliniktemasya.com)
  • Conclusions Adjunctive aripiprazole appears to be associated with reduced AP-induced hyperprolactinaemia and improved prolactin-related symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia. (bmj.com)
  • In 2022, she was referred to Gastroenterology with weight loss, vomiting and dyspepsia and found to have severe hyperprolactinaemia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia ranges from 0.4% in an unselected normal adult population (10,000 normal Japanese adults working at a single factory) to as high as 9 to 17% in women with reproductive disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lee D-Y, Oh Y-K, Yoon B-K, Choi D. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in adolescents and young women with menstruation-related problems. (medscape.com)
  • Prevalence and risk factors of hyperprolactinemia among patients with various psychiatric diagnoses and medications. (sciendo.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is when the amount of prolactin in the blood is above the upper limit. (healthypilipinas.ph)
  • Prolactin New Natural treatment Hyperprolactinemia is an herbal tea that naturally normalizes the level of prolactin in the blood. (afriquesantebio.com)
  • Section 3: Results and treatment: Given the normalised prolactin and no clinical evidence of hyperprolactinaemia, the patient was reassured and discharged from the Endocrinology Clinic. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Clinical Review#: Potential cardiac valve effects of dopamine agonists in hyperprolactinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Bushe CJ, Bradley A, Pendlebury J. A review of hyperprolactinaemia and severe mental illness: Are there implications for clinical biochemistry? (sciendo.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is a hormonal disorder characterized by elevated blood levels of prolactin that can be managed with medication. (healthypilipinas.ph)
  • Hyperprolactinaemia is a hormonal disorder cause by excessive level of prolactin hormone in the body. (kliniktemasya.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by physiological, pathological, or drug-related problems. (healthypilipinas.ph)
  • Pathological hyperprolactinemia is most often the result of pituitary adenomas and less commonly due to primary hypothyroidism and/or dopamine antagonists (e.g., metoclopramide , haloperidol ). (amboss.com)
  • Pituitary adenomas are the most common cause ( ∼ 50% ) of pathological hyperprolactinemia. (amboss.com)
  • and the need for long-term therapy makes antipsychotic adverse effects, such as hyperprolactinemia, a major problem. (scialert.net)
  • Background Hyperprolactinaemia is a common antipsychotic (AP)-induced adverse effect, particularly in female patients. (bmj.com)
  • Amisulpride in antipsychotic doses can induce hyperprolactinemia. (nel.edu)
  • Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores are elevated in antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is a disorder in which the pituitary gland produces excessive amounts of the hormone prolactin, which stimulates milk production. (shadygrovefertility.com)
  • With hyperprolactinemia , hyper- means above, - prolactin refers to the hormone produced by the pituitary gland , and -emia refers to the blood, so hyperprolactinemia means higher than normal prolactin levels in the blood. (osmosis.org)
  • Hyperprolactinemia (HPrl) is considered as a rare endocrinopathy in childhood. (nih.gov)
  • The medical records of 100 patients with hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) were retrospectively examined. (scielo.br)
  • If the goal is to treat hypogonadism only, patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or microadenoma can be treated with estrogen replacement therapy and prolactin levels can be monitored. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most people with hyperprolactinemia have prolactinoma, which is a benign tumor that makes prolactin. (healthypilipinas.ph)
  • The single known risk factor for prolactinoma, the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia, is MEN type 1. (healthypilipinas.ph)
  • This report emphasizes the need to exclude other causes of hyperprolactinemia including prolactinoma, in patients who are compliant with optimized L-Dopa treatment and their prolactin levels remain significantly high. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia predominately affects women, but it can cause infertility, decreased sex drive, and bone loss in both sexes. (yalemedicine.org)
  • Hyperprolactinemia and infertility. (otago.ac.nz)
  • In this paper, we report a case of hyperprolactinemia as a potential cause of pulmonary embolism (PE) and review the literature to elucidate the connection between high prolactin levels and increased thrombotic risk. (journalmc.org)
  • High prolactin levels, or hyperprolactinemia, are more common and can have many causes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • [ 2 ] However, hyperprolactinemia can also be from a pharmacologic cause or some other pathologic problem of the hypothalamic-pituitary dopaminergic pathways. (medscape.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia occurs more commonly in women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is a condition that sometimes affects women because of imbalanced hormones. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is mostly seen in women, but also observed in men and even in adolescence and childhood ( Patel and Bamigboye, 2007 ). (scialert.net)
  • Bolanowski M, Zadrozna-Sliwka B, Jawiarczyk A, Syrycka J. The influence of other than prolactin hormones on bone mineral density in women with hyperprolactinaemia of various origins. (medscape.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is usually defined as fasting levels of above 20 ng/ml in men and above 25 ng/ml in women at least 2 hours after waking up. (kliniktemasya.com)
  • Menstrual pattern and ovarian function in women with hyperprolactinemia. (sciendo.com)
  • Frequency of increased thyrotropin in women with hyperprolactinemia]. (bvsalud.org)
  • To establish whether there is a relationship between hyperprolactinemia and primary thyroid disorders, focusing on patients with autoimmune features. (scielo.br)
  • Hyperprolactinemia has been proposed as a triggering factor for autoimmune diseases. (urosario.edu.co)
  • Cancer risk in hyperprolactinemia patients: a population-based cohort study. (medscape.com)
  • A: the TRH test in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. (amboss.com)
  • Hyperprolactinaemia in patients with pituitary adenomas. (amboss.com)
  • Hyperprolactinaemia is often found in patients with schizophrenia and usually considered a consequence of antipsychotics. (unibas.ch)
  • Hyperprolactinaemia may be pre-existing in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. (unibas.ch)
  • Aims This meta-analysis examined the efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in preventing AP-related hyperprolactinaemia in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. (bmj.com)
  • Hyperprolactinaemia caused by antipsychotics (APs) is a serious and unwanted adverse effect in patients with schizophrenia. (bmj.com)
  • Since dopamine is the physiological inhibitor of pituitary prolactin secretion, hyperprolactinemia is common in patients with PTPS deficiency. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
  • We report three adult patients with PTPS deficiency who had persistent hyperprolactinemia unresponsive to high dose L-Dopa therapy, and pituitary imaging confirmed microadenoma. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
  • Dopamine is the major physiological inhibitor of pituitary prolactin secretion and its deficiency results in mild to moderate hyperprolactinemia in patients with PTPS deficiency. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
  • Exclude other disorders such as adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid dysfunction, and hyperprolactinemia . (medscape.com)
  • Previous work by Bouwers et al demonstrated that a single dose of domperidone might increase prolactin to 157-2638 mU/L with sustained but lower levels of hyperprolactinaemia following two weeks of treatment. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Hyperprolactinemia treatment is condition-specific and depends on the underlying reason. (healthypilipinas.ph)
  • Topics Related To Hyperprolactinemia Natural Treatment. (afriquesantebio.com)
  • Discover here the new Hyperprolactinemia natural treatment that eliminates excess prolactin. (afriquesantebio.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia, which refers to the increased production of prolactin by the anterior pituitary , occurs physiologically during pregnancy , lactation, and periods of stress. (amboss.com)
  • Because the pituitary gland did not have features suggestive of adenoma on MR imaging, we assumed that the hyperprolactinemia was caused by the traction of the pituitary stalk. (ajronline.org)
  • 500 mU/L, with drug induced hyperprolactinaemia usually associated with only modest hyperprolactinaemia, although severe hyperprolactinaemia is well-recognised as a side effect of metoclopramide, risperidone and phenothiazines. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The persistent hypogonadism associated with hyperprolactinemia can lead to osteoporosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia is a state in which pituitary lactotroph adenomas produce prolactin. (medscape.com)
  • Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated serum prolactin. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Hyperprolactinemia can be assessed through laboratory and imaging studies. (medscape.com)