Hyperprolactinemia
Prolactinoma
Prolactin
Galactorrhea
Bromocriptine
Pituitary Neoplasms
Sulpiride
Tuber Cinereum
Pituitary Gland
Domperidone
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin
Receptors, Prolactin
Central Nervous System Cysts
Risperidone
Pituitary Diseases
Acromegaly
Gonadotropins, Pituitary
Tic Disorders
Antipsychotic Agents
Hypothalamic Diseases
The lipoprotein profile of women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. (1/216)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipoprotein profile in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and to establish whether effective dopamine agonist therapy might have a beneficial effect. Blood samples were collected from women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea and from controls matched for age, body mass index and smoking. Follow-up blood samples were collected from women on dopamine agonist therapy as treatment for their hyperprolactinaemia. Plasma cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum oestradiol and prolactin were measured. No statistically significant differences were found in the lipoprotein profile of the patient (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. During treatment with the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine (n = 9), significant reduction in total cholesterol [4.87 (3.98-5.87) versus 5.60 (4.55-6.61) mmol/l, P = 0.024] and LDL cholesterol [3.22 (2.01-4.23) versus 3.72 (2.59-4.93) mmol/l, P = 0.033] was noted. We conclude that beneficial alterations in the lipoprotein profile may occur in response to effective dopamine agonist therapy, presumably as a consequence of return of ovarian function and alleviation of oestrogen deficiency. Women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea should be encouraged to take effective therapy to improve their lipoprotein profile and potentially reduce their cardiovascular risk. (+info)Secondary infertility as early symptom in a man with multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. (2/216)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome characterized by parathyroid hyperplasia, pancreatic endocrine tumours and pituitary adenomas. Here, we report a patient with a history of insulinoma who developed secondary infertility as a further symptom of the disease. When he was first examined at the age of 36 years, he complained of weakness, reduced libido and impotence. Laboratory evaluation revealed non-obstructive azoospermia and hyperprolactinaemia. In contrast to sexual activity and serum prolactin, semen quality did not significantly respond to bromocriptine therapy. During follow-up, a growing pituitary adenoma caused acromegaly with elevated serum concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and prolactin. After microsurgery of the tumour at the age of 44 years, sperm concentration persistently increased up to 5.6 x 10(6)/ml. In accordance with the clinical diagnosis of MEN1, DNA sequencing revealed a mutation in exon 2 of the menin gene which results in a truncated, inactive protein product. In conclusion, MEN1 with pituitary lesions may cause severe hypogonadism and infertility. Both hyperprolactinaemia and overproduction of growth hormone and IGF-1 seem to be involved in testicular dysfunction in the present case. The possible role of menin in the testis, however, remains to be elucidated. (+info)Unilateral gestational macromastia--an unusual presentation of a rare disorder. (3/216)
Macromastia (mammary gigantism) is an uncommon clinical entity. Macromastia occurring during pregnancy (gestational macromastia) is rare. A case of unilateral gestational macromastia is reported which required reduction mammoplasty. We documented hyperprolactinaemia in the patient. This case report is particularly interesting because, to our knowledge, no such case has previously been reported. (+info)Chronic effect of antidopaminergic drugs or estrogen on male wistar rat lactotrophs and somatotrophs. (4/216)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of antidopaminergic agents on the somatotrophs in the presence of hyperprolactinemia. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: a control group and five groups chronically treated (60 days) with haloperidol, fluphenazine, sulpiride, metoclopramide or estrogen. Somatotrophs and lactotrophs were identified by immunohistochemistry and the data are reported as percent of total anterior pituitary cells counted. The drugs significantly increased the percentage of lactotrophs: control (mean +/- SD) 21.3 +/- 4.4, haloperidol 27.8 +/- 2.2, fluphenazine 34.5 +/- 3.6, sulpiride 32.7 +/- 3.5, metoclopramide 33.4 +/- 5.5 and estrogen 42.4 +/- 2.8. A significant reduction in somatotrophs was observed in animals treated with haloperidol (23.1 +/- 3.0), fluphenazine (22.1 +/- 1.1) and metoclopramide (24.2 +/- 3.0) compared to control (27.3 +/- 3.8), whereas no difference was observed in the groups treated with sulpiride (25.0 +/- 2.2) and estrogen (27.1 +/- 2.8). In the groups in which a reduction occurred, this may have simply been due to dilution, secondary to lactotroph hyperplasia. In view of the duplication of the percentage of prolactin-secreting cells, when estrogen was applied, the absence of a reduction in the percent of somatotrophs suggests a replication effect on this cell population. These data provide additional information about the direct or indirect effect of drugs which, in addition to interfering with the dopaminergic system, may act on other pituitary cells as well as on the lactotrophs. (+info)Three cases of macroprolactinaemia. (5/216)
A woman with hirsutism but otherwise symptom-free was found to have a raised serum prolactin and a pituitary microadenoma. The hyperprolactinaemia persisted despite bromocriptine therapy and subsequent pituitary surgery, which yielded a non-functioning adenoma. After a further 15 years with persistent hyperprolactinaemia but no symptoms, macroprolactinaemia was diagnosed. Such cases might account for part of the failure rate of pituitary microsurgery for prolactinoma. Testing for macroprolactinaemia is advisable in a woman with hyperprolactinaemia, especially if her ovulatory cycle is normal. Two other cases are reported in which macroprolactinaemia was associated with menstrual disturbances and other hormonal effects: in these, treatment with dopamine agonists suppressed the hyperprolactinaemia and restored normal menstrual cycles. (+info)Rat strain-specific actions of 17beta-estradiol in the mammary gland: correlation between estrogen-induced lobuloalveolar hyperplasia and susceptibility to estrogen-induced mammary cancers. (6/216)
The genetically related ACI and Copenhagen (COP) rat strains display diametrically opposed susceptibilities to mammary cancer development when treated chronically with 17beta-estradiol (E2). Here, we compare the actions of E2 on cell proliferation and lobuloalveolar development in the mammary glands of female ACI and COP rats. After 12 wk of E2 treatment, the mammary glands of ACI rats exhibited a significantly greater proliferative response to E2, compared with COP rats, as evidenced by quantification of S phase fraction and development of lobuloalveolar hyperplasia. Focal regions of atypical epithelial hyperplasia were observed in ACI, but not COP, rats. These strain differences were not because of differences in circulating E2, progesterone or, prolactin. Two-thirds of the induced mammary cancers in ACI rats exhibited aneuploidy. The E2-induced mammary cancers regressed when hormone treatment was discontinued, indicating that they were estrogen-dependent. Progesterone receptor was expressed by the great majority of epithelial cells within the E2-induced atypical hyperplastic foci and the mammary carcinomas, suggesting a link between these lesions. These data demonstrate a correlation between E2 action in the induction of mammary cell proliferation and atypical epithelial hyperplasia and genetically conferred susceptibility to E2-induced mammary cancers. (+info)Hyperprolactinemia in optico-spinal multiple sclerosis. (7/216)
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical features of MS patients with hyperprolactinemia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The serum prolactin level was measured in 67 Japanese patients (19 men and 48 women) with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 16 patients (4 men and 12 women) with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) using a two-site immunoradiometric assay. RESULTS: In the MS patients, 32 were classified as having Asian type MS showing a selective involvement of the optic nerves and spinal cord, while the other 35 were classified as having Western type MS which displayed disseminated central nervous system involvement. In women, the serum prolactin level was found to be significantly higher only in Asian type MS (mean=23.1 ng/ml, n=25) than in HAM/TSP (mean=6.9 ng/ml, n=12) (p=0.0297), while it did not differ significantly in men among the three groups. Hyperprolactinemia was significantly associated with acute relapse involving the optic nerves. All MS patients with hyperprolactinemia (7 women with Asian type MS and 2 women with Western type MS) showed recurrent opticomyelitis either throughout or in the early course of the disease, and also had a higher age of onset, a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score, a greater visual impairment, and higher cell counts and protein contents in the cerebrospinal fluid than did the normoprolactinemic patients. CONCLUSION: Hyperprolactinemia may be one of the characteristic features of Asian patients with MS who preferentially show the optic nerve involvement. (+info)Prolactin serum level in patients with breast cancer. (8/216)
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that prolactin may serve as an indicator of disease progression in breast cancer. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of PRL as a serum tumor marker in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: PRL serum level was determined in 99 breast cancer patients and compared with CA 15-3 serum level. RESULTS: Elevated serum level of PRL (> 20 ng/ml) was found in 8 of 99 patients (8.1%). A stratified analysis of prolactin levels according to therapy revealed that PRL levels was increased in 8 of 55 untreated patients (14.5%), but not in patients who received hormonal or chemotherapy in the 3 months preceding the test (0/42 patients, P = 0.009). However, mean PRL level was similar in patients with no evidence of disease activity and in patients with active disease (10.2 vs. 8.2 ng/ml, NS). In comparison, CA 15-3 mean level was significantly lower in patients with no evidence of disease as compared to patients with active disease (18.2 vs. 144.7 units/ml, P < 0.001). PRL level was increased in 6 of 60 patients (10%) with no evidence of disease and in 2 of 39 (5.2%) with active disease (NS). In comparison, CA 15-3 level was increased in 3 of 60 patients (5%) with no evidence of disease and in 24 of 39 (61.5%) with active disease (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PRL levels are decreased following hormonal or chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer and there is no correlation between PRL serum level and the state of disease. Further studies are needed to clarify a possible clinical significance of hyperprolactinemia in a subset of patients with breast cancer. (+info)Hyperprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, this can lead to menstrual irregularities, milk production outside of pregnancy (galactorrhea), and infertility. In men, it can cause decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, breast enlargement (gynecomastia), and infertility. The condition can be caused by various factors, including pituitary tumors, certain medications, and hypothyroidism. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include medication to lower prolactin levels.
A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor that produces an excess amount of the hormone prolactin, leading to various symptoms. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is responsible for producing and releasing several hormones that regulate different bodily functions. Prolactin is one such hormone, primarily known for its role in stimulating milk production in women during lactation (breastfeeding).
Prolactinoma tumors can be classified into two types: microprolactinomas and macroprolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are smaller tumors, typically less than 10 millimeters in size, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors, generally greater than 10 millimeters in size.
The overproduction of prolactin caused by these tumors can lead to several clinical manifestations, including:
1. Galactorrhea: Unusual and often spontaneous milk production or leakage from the nipples, which can occur in both men and women who do not have a recent history of pregnancy or breastfeeding.
2. Menstrual irregularities: In women, high prolactin levels can interfere with the normal functioning of other hormones, leading to menstrual irregularities such as infrequent periods (oligomenorrhea) or absent periods (amenorrhea), and sometimes infertility.
3. Sexual dysfunction: In both men and women, high prolactin levels can cause decreased libido and sexual desire. Men may also experience erectile dysfunction and reduced sperm production.
4. Bone loss: Over time, high prolactin levels can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis due to the disruption of other hormones that regulate bone health.
5. Headaches and visual disturbances: As the tumor grows, it may put pressure on surrounding structures in the brain, leading to headaches and potential vision problems such as blurred vision or decreased peripheral vision.
Diagnosis typically involves measuring prolactin levels in the blood and performing imaging tests like an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to assess the size of the tumor. Treatment usually consists of medication to lower prolactin levels, such as dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine or cabergoline), which can also help shrink the tumor. In some cases, surgery may be necessary if medication is ineffective or if the tumor is large and causing severe symptoms.
Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Its primary function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth, a process known as lactation. However, prolactin also plays other roles in the body, including regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. In men, prolactin helps maintain the sexual glands and contributes to paternal behaviors.
Prolactin levels are usually low in both men and non-pregnant women but increase significantly during pregnancy and after childbirth. Various factors can affect prolactin levels, including stress, sleep, exercise, and certain medications. High prolactin levels can lead to medical conditions such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production not related to childbirth), infertility, and reduced sexual desire in both men and women.
Galactorrhea is an uncommon condition where someone (typically a woman, but it can also occur in men and children) experiences abnormal or spontaneous production and secretion of milk from their breasts, not associated with childbirth or nursing. This condition can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, medications, tumors affecting the pituitary gland, or other underlying medical conditions. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you experience galactorrhea to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.
Ergolines are a group of ergot alkaloids that have been widely used in the development of various pharmaceutical drugs. These compounds are known for their ability to bind to and stimulate specific receptors in the brain, particularly dopamine receptors. As a result, they have been explored for their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, migraine, and depression.
However, ergolines can also have significant side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, and changes in blood pressure. In addition, some ergot alkaloids have been associated with a rare but serious condition called ergotism, which is characterized by symptoms such as muscle spasms, vomiting, and gangrene. Therefore, the use of ergolines must be carefully monitored and managed to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
Some specific examples of drugs that contain ergolines include:
* Dihydroergotamine (DHE): used for the treatment of migraine headaches
* Pergolide: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
* Cabergoline: used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and certain types of hormonal disorders
It is important to note that while ergolines have shown promise in some therapeutic areas, they are not without their risks. As with any medication, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before using any drug containing ergolines to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for an individual's specific needs.
Bromocriptine is a dopamine receptor agonist drug, which means it works by binding to and activating dopamine receptors in the brain. It has several therapeutic uses, including:
* Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Bromocriptine can be used alone or in combination with levodopa to help manage the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control.
* Suppression of lactation: Bromocriptine can be used to suppress milk production in women who are not breastfeeding or who have stopped breastfeeding but still have high levels of prolactin, a hormone that stimulates milk production.
* Treatment of pituitary tumors: Bromocriptine can be used to shrink certain types of pituitary tumors, such as prolactinomas, which are tumors that secrete excessive amounts of prolactin.
* Management of acromegaly: Bromocriptine can be used to manage the symptoms of acromegaly, a rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal growth and enlargement of body tissues, by reducing the production of growth hormone.
Bromocriptine is available in immediate-release and long-acting formulations, and it is usually taken orally. Common side effects of bromocriptine include nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness, and drowsiness. Serious side effects are rare but can include hallucinations, confusion, and priapism (prolonged erection).
Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.
Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.
The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.
Sulpiride is an antipsychotic drug that belongs to the chemical class of benzamides. It primarily acts as a selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. Sulpiride is used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, psychosis, anxiety, and depression. In addition, it has been found to be effective in managing gastrointestinal disorders like gastroparesis due to its prokinetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract.
The medical definition of Sulpiride is as follows:
Sulpiride (INN, BAN), also known as Sultopride (USAN) or SP, is a selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, psychosis, anxiety, and depression. It has been found to be effective in managing gastrointestinal disorders like gastroparesis due to its prokinetic effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Sulpiride is available under various brand names worldwide, including Dogmatil, Sulpitac, and Espirid."
Please note that this definition includes information about the drug's therapeutic uses, which are essential aspects of understanding a medication in its entirety.
Metoclopramide is a medication that is primarily used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. It is classified as a dopamine antagonist and a prokinetic agent, which means it works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can slow down stomach and intestine function.
The medical definition of Metoclopramide is:
A synthetic congener of procainamide, used as an antiemetic and to increase gastrointestinal motility. It has a antidopaminergic action, binding to D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and stomach, and it may also block 5HT3 receptors at intrapyloric and central levels. Its actions on the gut smooth muscle are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary)
Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and gastroparesis, which is a condition that affects the normal movement of food through the digestive tract. It can also be used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Like any medication, Metoclopramide can have side effects, including drowsiness, restlessness, and muscle spasms. In some cases, it may cause more serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs. It is important to use Metoclopramide only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.
The tuber cinereum is not a medical condition, but rather a region in the brain. It is a part of the hypothalamus, which is located at the base of the brain and plays a crucial role in regulating many bodily functions, including hormone release, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.
The tuber cinereum is a small, rounded area located just above the pituitary gland and below the optic chiasm (the point where the optic nerves cross). It contains several groups of nerve cells that are involved in regulating various physiological processes, such as releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
While the tuber cinereum is not typically associated with any specific medical conditions, it can be affected by certain disorders, such as hypothalamic hamartomas, which are benign tumors that arise from abnormal development of nerve cells in the region. These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, including seizures, hormonal imbalances, and behavioral changes.
The pituitary gland is a small, endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is often called the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger many body functions. The pituitary gland measures about 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in width, and it weighs approximately 0.5 grams.
The pituitary gland is divided into two main parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe is further divided into three zones: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Each part of the pituitary gland has distinct functions and produces different hormones.
The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones, including:
* Growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and development in children and helps maintain muscle mass and bone strength in adults.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and lactating women.
The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus:
* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production.
* Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.
Overall, the pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function.
Lactotrophs, also known as mammotrophs or prolactin cells, are a type of hormone-producing cell found in the anterior pituitary gland. They are responsible for producing and secreting the hormone prolactin, which plays a crucial role in lactation (milk production) in females after childbirth. Prolactin also has other functions in the body, such as regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. Lactotrophs can be stimulated by factors like estrogen, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and stress, leading to increased prolactin secretion.
Domperidone is a medication that belongs to the class of dopamine antagonists. It works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can cause nausea and vomiting. Domperidone is primarily used to treat symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastric motility disorders, including bloating, fullness, and regurgitation. It works by increasing the contractions of the stomach muscles, which helps to move food and digestive juices through the stomach more quickly.
Domperidone is available in various forms, such as tablets, suspension, and injection. The medication is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as dry mouth, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. In rare cases, domperidone may cause more serious side effects, including irregular heart rhythms, tremors, or muscle stiffness.
It is important to note that domperidone has a risk of causing cardiac arrhythmias, particularly at higher doses and in patients with pre-existing heart conditions. Therefore, it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Amenorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the absence or cessation of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age. It can be categorized as primary amenorrhea, when a woman who has not yet had her first period at the expected age (usually around 16 years old), or secondary amenorrhea, when a woman who has previously had regular periods stops getting them for six months or more.
There are various causes of amenorrhea, including hormonal imbalances, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause, extreme weight loss or gain, eating disorders, intense exercise, stress, chronic illness, tumors, and certain medications or medical treatments. In some cases, amenorrhea may indicate an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.
Amenorrhea can have significant impacts on a woman's health and quality of life, including infertility, bone loss, and emotional distress. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience amenorrhea or missed periods to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Prolactin receptors are proteins found on the surface of various cells throughout the body that bind to the hormone prolactin. Once prolactin binds to its receptor, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate diverse physiological functions, including lactation, growth and development, metabolism, immune function, and behavior.
Prolactin receptors belong to the class I cytokine receptor family and are expressed in many tissues, including the mammary gland, pituitary gland, liver, kidney, adipose tissue, brain, and immune cells. In the mammary gland, prolactin signaling through its receptor is essential for milk production and breast development during pregnancy and lactation.
Abnormalities in prolactin receptor function have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, infertility, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, understanding the structure, regulation, and function of prolactin receptors is crucial for developing new therapies to treat these conditions.
Central nervous system (CNS) cysts are abnormal fluid-filled sacs that develop in the brain or spinal cord. These cysts can be congenital, meaning they are present at birth and develop as a result of abnormal embryonic development, or they can be acquired later in life due to injury, infection, or disease.
CNS cysts can vary in size and may cause symptoms depending on their location and the amount of pressure they place on surrounding brain or spinal cord tissue. Symptoms may include headaches, seizures, weakness, numbness, or difficulty with coordination and balance. In some cases, CNS cysts may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons.
There are several types of CNS cysts, including:
1. Arachnoid cysts: These are the most common type of CNS cyst and occur between the layers of the arachnoid membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.
2. Colloid cysts: These cysts typically develop at the junction of the third and fourth ventricles in the brain and can obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), leading to increased intracranial pressure.
3. Ependymal cysts: These cysts arise from the ependymal cells that line the ventricular system of the brain and can cause symptoms by compressing surrounding brain tissue.
4. Neuroglial cysts: These cysts are composed of glial cells, which support and protect nerve cells in the CNS.
5. Pineal cysts: These cysts develop in the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located near the center of the brain.
Treatment for CNS cysts depends on their size, location, and symptoms. In some cases, observation and monitoring may be all that is necessary. However, if the cyst is causing significant symptoms or is at risk of rupturing or obstructing CSF flow, surgical intervention may be required to remove or reduce the size of the cyst.
Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder). It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. Risperidone belongs to a class of drugs called benzisoxazole derivatives.
This medication can decrease aggression and schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusional thinking, and hostility. It may also help to improve your mood, thoughts, and behavior. Some forms of risperidone are also used for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior).
It's important to note that this is a general medical definition, and the use of risperidone should always be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have potential side effects and risks.
Dopamine agonists are a class of medications that mimic the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that regulates movement, emotion, motivation, and reinforcement of rewarding behaviors. These medications bind to dopamine receptors in the brain and activate them, leading to an increase in dopaminergic activity.
Dopamine agonists are used primarily to treat Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. By increasing dopaminergic activity in the brain, dopamine agonists can help alleviate some of these symptoms.
Examples of dopamine agonists include:
1. Pramipexole (Mirapex)
2. Ropinirole (Requip)
3. Rotigotine (Neupro)
4. Apomorphine (Apokyn)
Dopamine agonists may also be used off-label to treat other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome or certain types of dopamine-responsive dystonia. However, these medications can have significant side effects, including nausea, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, compulsive behaviors (such as gambling, shopping, or sexual addiction), and hallucinations. Therefore, they should be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.
Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.
Pituitary diseases can be classified into two main categories:
1. Pituitary tumors: These are abnormal growths in or around the pituitary gland that can affect its function. Pituitary tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size. Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, while others may not produce any hormones but can still cause problems by compressing nearby structures in the brain.
2. Pituitary gland dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the normal function of the pituitary gland without the presence of a tumor. Examples include hypopituitarism, which is a condition characterized by decreased production of one or more pituitary hormones, and Sheehan's syndrome, which occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to severe blood loss during childbirth.
Symptoms of pituitary diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the hormones that are affected. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.
Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that typically occurs in middle-aged adults. It results from the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone (GH) during adulthood. The excessive production of GH leads to abnormal growth of body tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.
The term "acromegaly" is derived from two Greek words: "akros," meaning extremities, and "megaly," meaning enlargement. In most cases, acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland, which results in overproduction of GH.
Common symptoms include enlarged hands and feet, coarse facial features, deepened voice, joint pain, and sweating. If left untreated, acromegaly can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and arthritis. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, or medication to control GH production.
Gonadotropins are hormones produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating reproduction and sexual development. There are two main types of gonadotropins:
1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): FSH is essential for the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries (in females) or sperm production in the testes (in males). In females, FSH stimulates the maturation of eggs within the follicles.
2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): LH triggers ovulation in females, causing the release of a mature egg from the dominant follicle. In males, LH stimulates the production and secretion of testosterone in the testes.
Together, FSH and LH work synergistically to regulate various aspects of reproductive function and sexual development. Their secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus, which releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the production and release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.
Abnormal levels of gonadotropins can lead to various reproductive disorders, such as infertility or menstrual irregularities in females and issues related to sexual development or function in both sexes. In some cases, synthetic forms of gonadotropins may be used clinically to treat these conditions or for assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.
There are several different types of tic disorders, including:
1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.
Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.
Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).
First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.
Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.
Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
Hypothalamic diseases refer to conditions that affect the hypothalamus, a small but crucial region of the brain responsible for regulating many vital functions in the body. The hypothalamus helps control:
1. Body temperature
2. Hunger and thirst
3. Sleep cycles
4. Emotions and behavior
5. Release of hormones from the pituitary gland
Hypothalamic diseases can be caused by genetic factors, infections, tumors, trauma, or other conditions that damage the hypothalamus. Some examples of hypothalamic diseases include:
1. Hypothalamic dysfunction syndrome: A condition characterized by various symptoms such as obesity, sleep disturbances, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic damage.
2. Kallmann syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the development of the hypothalamus and results in a lack of sexual maturation and a decreased sense of smell.
3. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder that causes obesity, developmental delays, and hormonal imbalances due to hypothalamic dysfunction.
4. Craniopharyngiomas: Tumors that develop near the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, often causing visual impairment, hormonal imbalances, and growth problems.
5. Infiltrative diseases: Conditions such as sarcoidosis or histiocytosis can infiltrate the hypothalamus, leading to various symptoms related to hormonal imbalances and neurological dysfunction.
6. Traumatic brain injury: Damage to the hypothalamus due to head trauma can result in various hormonal and neurological issues.
7. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections that affect the hypothalamus, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause damage and lead to hypothalamic dysfunction.
Treatment for hypothalamic diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, hormone replacement therapy, or other interventions to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Neoplastic pregnancy complications refer to the abnormal growth of cells (neoplasia) that can occur during pregnancy. These growths can be benign or malignant and can arise from any type of tissue in the body. However, when they occur in pregnant women, they can pose unique challenges due to the potential effects on the developing fetus and the changes in the mother's body.
Some common neoplastic pregnancy complications include:
1. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD): This is a group of rare tumors that occur in the uterus during pregnancy. GTD can range from benign conditions like hydatidiform mole to malignant forms like choriocarcinoma.
2. Breast cancer: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is a type of breast cancer that occurs during pregnancy or within one year after delivery. It can be aggressive and challenging to diagnose due to the changes in the breast tissue during pregnancy.
3. Cervical cancer: Cervical cancer can occur during pregnancy, and its management depends on the stage of the disease and the gestational age. In some cases, treatment may need to be delayed until after delivery.
4. Lung cancer: Pregnancy does not increase the risk of lung cancer, but it can make diagnosis and treatment more challenging.
5. Melanoma: Melanoma is the most common malignant skin cancer during pregnancy. It can spread quickly and requires prompt treatment.
The management of neoplastic pregnancy complications depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, gestational age, and the patient's wishes. In some cases, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy may be necessary. However, these treatments can have potential risks to the developing fetus, so a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers is often involved in the care of pregnant women with neoplastic complications.
Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinaemia
Side effects of cyproterone acetate
Ergoloid
Lactational amenorrhea
Galactorrhea
Dopamine agonist
Prolactinoma
Prolactin
Mammoplasia
Biological psychiatry
Prolactin modulator
List of long term side effects of antipsychotics
Mesulergine
Metergoline
Reserpine
Nonpuerperal mastitis
Olanzapine
Anovulation
Side effects of radiotherapy on fertility
Granulomatous mastitis
Domperidone
List of adverse effects of olanzapine
Amenorrhea
Hypoprolactinemia
Antigonadotropin
Oxetorone
Hospital de ClÃnicas "José de San MartÃn"
Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis
Gary Wand
Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia - Wikipedia
Hyperprolactinemia: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Natural Remedies for Hyperprolactinemia: Facts, Tips & Symptoms
Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline
Clinical manifestations, evaluation and management of hyperprolactinemia in adolescent and young girls: a brief review
Transsphenoidal (Large Craniopharyngeal) Canal Associated with a Normally Functioning Pituitary Gland and Nasopharyngeal...
SciELO - Brazil - Thyroid autoimmunity in patients with hyperprolactinemia: an observational study Thyroid autoimmunity in...
Hyperprolactinaemia is uncommon in patients with Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - SINAPSE
A Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Herbal Medicines in the Management of Human Drug-induced Hyperprolactinemia; Potential...
Basal and TRH stimulated serum levels of TSH in patients with hyperprolactinaemia and in subjects on oestrogen treatment | Lund...
Severe hyperprolactinaemia associated with domperidone with normal MRI pituitary | SFEEU2023 | Society for Endocrinology...
Hyperprolactinemia Differential Diagnoses
Healthy Pilipinas:Hyperprolactinemia
Hyperprolactinemia
HYPERPROLACTINEMIA | SelfDecode | Genome Analysis
hyperprolactinemia Archives - Marc Sklar
Geodon (Ziprasidone): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
Amenorrhea Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Common Causes, Diet and Activity
Hyperprolactinemia | Fact Sheets | Yale Medicine
Hyperprolactinemia: Video, Anatomy & Definition | Osmosis
Hyperprolactinaemia - Klinik Temasya
Differential diagnosis of pathological causes of hyperprolactinemia
DailyMed - RISPERIDONE solution
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use RISPERIDONE TABLETS safely and effectively. See full...
Hyperprolactinemia in early psychosis - not only due to antipsychotics - edoc
Anovulation, PCO,LPD, Hirsutsim & Hyperprolactinemia - Obstetrics & Gynecology Department Kasr AlAiny
Impact of hyperprolactinemia in a patient with polyautoimmunity<...
Adjunctive aripiprazole for antipsychotic-related hyperprolactinaemia in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a meta...
Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of hyperprolactinemia with associated sexual disorders
Prolactinoma as a Cause of Persistent Hyperprolactinemia in 6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase Deficiency
Galactorrhea8
- Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is increased blood prolactin levels associated with galactorrhea (abnormal milk secretion). (wikipedia.org)
- Galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. (wikipedia.org)
- The following are some of the possible medical causes of galactorrhea hyperprolactinemia that are listed by the Diseases Database: pregnancy, breastfeeding, sexual intercourse, shingles, prolactin secreting pituitary tumor, along with many others. (wikipedia.org)
- Generally, hyperprolactinemia is discovered in the course of evaluating a patient's presenting complaint, for instance amenorrhea, galactorrhea, or erectile dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- Hyperprolactinemia causes problems with reproduction and a condition called galactorrhea. (healthypilipinas.ph)
- Women with pathological hyperprolactinemia present with galactorrhea , loss of libido, infertility , menstrual dysfunction, and/or osteoporosis . (amboss.com)
- Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea also may be caused by ingestion of certain medications, including phenothiazines and some other antipsychotics, certain antihypertensives (especially alpha- methyldopa and verapamil ), and opioids. (msdmanuals.com)
- can cause hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea because increased levels of thyroid-releasing hormone increase secretion of prolactin as well as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (msdmanuals.com)
Drug-induced hyperprolactinemia7
- These include evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of hyperprolactinemia, treating drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, and managing prolactinomas in nonpregnant and pregnant subjects. (nih.gov)
- PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Cochrane library database were searched for any relevant studies that investigated the effect of herbal medicines on drug induced hyperprolactinemia up to May 2010. (scialert.net)
- The inclusion criteria were clinical trials studied efficacy of herbal medicines in drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. (scialert.net)
- Among different compounds, four herbal supplements including Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (TJ-68), Peony-Glycyrrhiza Decoction (PGD), Zhuangyang capsule, Tongdatang serial recipe (TDT) were found clinically effective and safe in management of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. (scialert.net)
- In patients taking neuroleptic medications, drug-induced hyperprolactinemia should be confirmed with temporary drug withdrawal or pituitary Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (scialert.net)
- To best of present knowledge, there is no review on the use of herbal medicines in the management of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. (scialert.net)
- Thus, in the present study, we systematically reviewed all existing data on the efficacy of herbal medicines in the management of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia in human. (scialert.net)
Endocrine1
- Hyperprolactinemia or other endocrine diseases. (who.int)
Cases of hyperprolactinemia2
- However, all cases of hyperprolactinemia are not necessarily because of a tumor of the pituitary gland. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Most cases of hyperprolactinemia are caused by increased prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland, which also produces many other hormones that travel throughout the body. (yalemedicine.org)
Common endocrinological disorder1
- Hyperprolactinemia is a common endocrinological disorder that is caused by many physiological or pathological conditions ( Torre and Falorni, 2007 ). (scialert.net)
Diagnosis2
- Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia is possible though a diagnosis of exclusion. (medscape.com)
- The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia. (nih.gov)
Symptoms8
- Patients with hyperprolactinemia and no symptoms (idiopathic or microprolactinoma) can be monitored without treatment. (wikipedia.org)
- When symptoms are present, medical therapy for hyperprolactinemia is the treatment of choice. (medscape.com)
- Symptoms And Natural Treatment For Hyperprolactinemia: I got my first period recently and now there is something that looks like milk coming out of my breasts - very little. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- She had no new signs or symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia or hormone excess. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- What are the symptoms of hyperprolactinemia? (yalemedicine.org)
- Hyperprolactinemia is usually diagnosed based on the patient's symptoms and history, as well as a physical exam. (yalemedicine.org)
- If you have any of the the above symptoms and concern about hyperprolactinaemia, talk to a doctor and get your hormone level test today. (kliniktemasya.com)
- Conclusions Adjunctive aripiprazole appears to be associated with reduced AP-induced hyperprolactinaemia and improved prolactin-related symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia. (bmj.com)
20221
- In 2022, she was referred to Gastroenterology with weight loss, vomiting and dyspepsia and found to have severe hyperprolactinaemia. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Prevalence3
- The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia ranges from 0.4% in an unselected normal adult population (10,000 normal Japanese adults working at a single factory) to as high as 9 to 17% in women with reproductive disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- Lee D-Y, Oh Y-K, Yoon B-K, Choi D. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in adolescents and young women with menstruation-related problems. (medscape.com)
- Prevalence and risk factors of hyperprolactinemia among patients with various psychiatric diagnoses and medications. (sciendo.com)
PROLACTIN in the B2
- Hyperprolactinemia is when the amount of prolactin in the blood is above the upper limit. (healthypilipinas.ph)
- Prolactin New Natural treatment Hyperprolactinemia is an herbal tea that naturally normalizes the level of prolactin in the blood. (afriquesantebio.com)
Clinical3
- Section 3: Results and treatment: Given the normalised prolactin and no clinical evidence of hyperprolactinaemia, the patient was reassured and discharged from the Endocrinology Clinic. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Clinical Review#: Potential cardiac valve effects of dopamine agonists in hyperprolactinemia. (medscape.com)
- Bushe CJ, Bradley A, Pendlebury J. A review of hyperprolactinaemia and severe mental illness: Are there implications for clinical biochemistry? (sciendo.com)
Hormonal disorder2
- Hyperprolactinemia is a hormonal disorder characterized by elevated blood levels of prolactin that can be managed with medication. (healthypilipinas.ph)
- Hyperprolactinaemia is a hormonal disorder cause by excessive level of prolactin hormone in the body. (kliniktemasya.com)
Pathological3
- Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by physiological, pathological, or drug-related problems. (healthypilipinas.ph)
- Pathological hyperprolactinemia is most often the result of pituitary adenomas and less commonly due to primary hypothyroidism and/or dopamine antagonists (e.g., metoclopramide , haloperidol ). (amboss.com)
- Pituitary adenomas are the most common cause ( ∼ 50% ) of pathological hyperprolactinemia. (amboss.com)
Antipsychotic4
- and the need for long-term therapy makes antipsychotic adverse effects, such as hyperprolactinemia, a major problem. (scialert.net)
- Background Hyperprolactinaemia is a common antipsychotic (AP)-induced adverse effect, particularly in female patients. (bmj.com)
- Amisulpride in antipsychotic doses can induce hyperprolactinemia. (nel.edu)
- Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores are elevated in antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia. (bvsalud.org)
Disorder1
- Hyperprolactinemia is a disorder in which the pituitary gland produces excessive amounts of the hormone prolactin, which stimulates milk production. (shadygrovefertility.com)
Hormone1
- With hyperprolactinemia , hyper- means above, - prolactin refers to the hormone produced by the pituitary gland , and -emia refers to the blood, so hyperprolactinemia means higher than normal prolactin levels in the blood. (osmosis.org)
HPrl2
Idiopathic1
- If the goal is to treat hypogonadism only, patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or microadenoma can be treated with estrogen replacement therapy and prolactin levels can be monitored. (wikipedia.org)
Prolactinoma3
- Most people with hyperprolactinemia have prolactinoma, which is a benign tumor that makes prolactin. (healthypilipinas.ph)
- The single known risk factor for prolactinoma, the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia, is MEN type 1. (healthypilipinas.ph)
- This report emphasizes the need to exclude other causes of hyperprolactinemia including prolactinoma, in patients who are compliant with optimized L-Dopa treatment and their prolactin levels remain significantly high. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
Infertility2
- Hyperprolactinemia predominately affects women, but it can cause infertility, decreased sex drive, and bone loss in both sexes. (yalemedicine.org)
- Hyperprolactinemia and infertility. (otago.ac.nz)
High prolactin2
- In this paper, we report a case of hyperprolactinemia as a potential cause of pulmonary embolism (PE) and review the literature to elucidate the connection between high prolactin levels and increased thrombotic risk. (journalmc.org)
- High prolactin levels, or hyperprolactinemia, are more common and can have many causes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hypothalamic-pituitary1
- [ 2 ] However, hyperprolactinemia can also be from a pharmacologic cause or some other pathologic problem of the hypothalamic-pituitary dopaminergic pathways. (medscape.com)
Women7
- Hyperprolactinemia occurs more commonly in women. (wikipedia.org)
- Hyperprolactinemia is a condition that sometimes affects women because of imbalanced hormones. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
- Hyperprolactinemia is mostly seen in women, but also observed in men and even in adolescence and childhood ( Patel and Bamigboye, 2007 ). (scialert.net)
- Bolanowski M, Zadrozna-Sliwka B, Jawiarczyk A, Syrycka J. The influence of other than prolactin hormones on bone mineral density in women with hyperprolactinaemia of various origins. (medscape.com)
- Hyperprolactinemia is usually defined as fasting levels of above 20 ng/ml in men and above 25 ng/ml in women at least 2 hours after waking up. (kliniktemasya.com)
- Menstrual pattern and ovarian function in women with hyperprolactinemia. (sciendo.com)
- Frequency of increased thyrotropin in women with hyperprolactinemia]. (bvsalud.org)
Autoimmune2
- To establish whether there is a relationship between hyperprolactinemia and primary thyroid disorders, focusing on patients with autoimmune features. (scielo.br)
- Hyperprolactinemia has been proposed as a triggering factor for autoimmune diseases. (urosario.edu.co)
Patients10
- Cancer risk in hyperprolactinemia patients: a population-based cohort study. (medscape.com)
- A: the TRH test in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. (amboss.com)
- Hyperprolactinaemia in patients with pituitary adenomas. (amboss.com)
- Hyperprolactinaemia is often found in patients with schizophrenia and usually considered a consequence of antipsychotics. (unibas.ch)
- Hyperprolactinaemia may be pre-existing in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. (unibas.ch)
- Aims This meta-analysis examined the efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in preventing AP-related hyperprolactinaemia in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. (bmj.com)
- Hyperprolactinaemia caused by antipsychotics (APs) is a serious and unwanted adverse effect in patients with schizophrenia. (bmj.com)
- Since dopamine is the physiological inhibitor of pituitary prolactin secretion, hyperprolactinemia is common in patients with PTPS deficiency. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
- We report three adult patients with PTPS deficiency who had persistent hyperprolactinemia unresponsive to high dose L-Dopa therapy, and pituitary imaging confirmed microadenoma. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
- Dopamine is the major physiological inhibitor of pituitary prolactin secretion and its deficiency results in mild to moderate hyperprolactinemia in patients with PTPS deficiency. (rarediseasesjournal.com)
Adrenal1
- Exclude other disorders such as adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid dysfunction, and hyperprolactinemia . (medscape.com)
Treatment4
- Previous work by Bouwers et al demonstrated that a single dose of domperidone might increase prolactin to 157-2638 mU/L with sustained but lower levels of hyperprolactinaemia following two weeks of treatment. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Hyperprolactinemia treatment is condition-specific and depends on the underlying reason. (healthypilipinas.ph)
- Topics Related To Hyperprolactinemia Natural Treatment. (afriquesantebio.com)
- Discover here the new Hyperprolactinemia natural treatment that eliminates excess prolactin. (afriquesantebio.com)
Pregnancy1
- Hyperprolactinemia, which refers to the increased production of prolactin by the anterior pituitary , occurs physiologically during pregnancy , lactation, and periods of stress. (amboss.com)
Pituitary stalk1
- Because the pituitary gland did not have features suggestive of adenoma on MR imaging, we assumed that the hyperprolactinemia was caused by the traction of the pituitary stalk. (ajronline.org)
Severe1
- 500 mU/L, with drug induced hyperprolactinaemia usually associated with only modest hyperprolactinaemia, although severe hyperprolactinaemia is well-recognised as a side effect of metoclopramide, risperidone and phenothiazines. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
Persistent1
- The persistent hypogonadism associated with hyperprolactinemia can lead to osteoporosis. (wikipedia.org)
Lactotroph1
- Nonpuerperal hyperprolactinemia is a state in which pituitary lactotroph adenomas produce prolactin. (medscape.com)
Serum1
- Hyperprolactinemia is a condition of elevated serum prolactin. (medscape.com)
Laboratory1
- [ 1 ] Hyperprolactinemia can be assessed through laboratory and imaging studies. (medscape.com)