Hyperthyroidism
Antithyroid Agents
Graves Disease
Methimazole
Hypothyroidism
Receptors, Thyrotropin
Thyroxine
Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating
Triiodothyronine
Thyrotoxicosis
Carbimazole
Propylthiouracil
Thyrotropin
Thyroid Hormones
Goiter, Nodular
Thyroid Gland
Goiter
Iodine Radioisotopes
Thyroiditis
Postpartum Thyroiditis
Iodine
Graves Ophthalmopathy
Struma Ovarii
Iodide Peroxidase
Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes
Hashimoto Disease
Thyroid Crisis
Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m
Myxedema
Autoantibodies
Triiodothyronine, Reverse
Thyroiditis, Subacute
Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
Trilogy of Fallot
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
Thyroid Nodule
Thyroxine-Binding Proteins
Potassium Iodide
Yeast, Dried
Thymus Hyperplasia
Expression of uncoupling protein-3 and mitochondrial activity in the transition from hypothyroid to hyperthyroid state in rat skeletal muscle. (1/1303)
We sought a correlation between rat skeletal muscle triiodothyronine (T3)-mediated regulation of uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) expression and mitochondrial activity. UCP3 mRNA expression increased strongly during the hypothyroid-hyperthyroid transition. The rank order of mitochondrial State 3 and State 4 respiration rates was hypothyroid < euthyroid < hyperthyroid. The State 4 increase may have been due to the increased UCP3 expression, as the proton leak kinetic was stimulated in the hypothyroid-hyperthyroid transition and a good correlation exists between the State 4 and UCP3 mRNA level. As a significant proportion of an organism's resting oxygen consumption is dedicated to opposing the proton leak, skeletal muscle mitochondrial UCP3 may mediate part of T3's effect on energy metabolism. (+info)Na,K-ATPase mRNA beta 1 expression in rat myocardium--effect of thyroid status. (2/1303)
The abundance of Na,K-ATPase and its alpha and beta subunit mRNAs is upregulated in cardiac and other target tissue by thyroid hormone (T3). Multiple Na,K-ATPase mRNA beta 1 species encoding an identical beta 1 polypeptide are expressed in the heart. The different mRNA beta 1 species result from utilization of two transcription start-sites in the first exon and multiple (five) poly(A) signals in the terminal exon of the beta 1 gene. In the present study we identify the mRNA beta 1 species that are expressed in rat ventricular myocardium under basal conditions, and determine whether they are differentially regulated by T3. mRNA beta 1 species were identified by 3'-RACE followed by DNA sequencing, and by Northern blotting using probes derived from different regions of rat cDNA beta 1. Five mRNA beta 1 species are expressed in rat heart: mRNA beta 1 species that are initiated at the first transcription start-site and end at the first, second and fifth poly(A) sites (resulting in mRNAs of 1630, 1810, and 2780 nucleotides), and mRNA beta 1 species initiated at the second transcription start-site and ending at the second and fifth poly(A) sites (resulting in mRNAs of 1500 and 2490 nucleotides); in order of increasing length, the five mRNAs constitute 0.04, 0.15, 0.38, 0.11 and 0.32 of total mRNA beta 1 content. In hypothyroid rats (induced by addition of propyl-thiouracil to the drinking water for 3 weeks), total mRNA beta 1 content decreased to 0.18 euthyroid levels, which was associated with a disproportionate 7.5-fold decrease in the abundance of the longest transcript (P < 0.05); transcripts initiating at the first transcription start-site and ending at the second poly(A) signal in hypothyroid hearts were 0.26 euthyroid levels (P < 0.05). Hyperthyroidism induced by injection of normal rats with three doses of 100 micrograms T3/100 g body weight every 48 h resulted in an overall approximately 2-fold increase in mRNA beta 1 content with no change in the fractional contribution of any of the mRNA beta 1 species. The results indicate a complex heterogeneity in the expression of mRNA beta 1 in myocardium. (+info)Overexpression of c-Ras in hyperplasia and adenomas of the feline thyroid gland: an immunohistochemical analysis of 34 cases. (3/1303)
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid glands from 18 cats diagnosed with hyperthyroidism were evaluated immunohistochemically for overexpression of the products of oncogenes c-ras and bcl2 and the tumor suppressor gene p53. Fourteen thyroid glands from euthyroid cats without histologically detectable thyroid lesions were examined similarly as controls. Results from these investigations showed that all cases of nodular follicular hyperplasia/adenomas stained positively for overexpression of c-Ras protein using a mouse monoclonal anti-human pan-Ras antibody. The most intensely positively staining regions were in luminal cells surrounding abortive follicles. Subjacent thyroid and parathyroid glands from euthyroid cats did not stain immunohistochemically for pan-Ras. There was no detectable staining for either Bc12 or p53 in any of the cats. These results indicated that overexpression of c-ras was highly associated with areas of nodular follicular hyperplasia/adenomas of feline thyroid glands, and mutations in this oncogene may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of hyperthyroidism in cats. (+info)Assessment of thyroid hormone assays. (4/1303)
Four techniques for estimating serum T4 and three for estimating serum T3 have been investigated and found to be satisfactory in routine use. Normal ranges for each techniques have been established. Estimation of serum T3 by the commerical kits tested appears to have a high discriminant value in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, although the diagnostic definition used inevitably enhances the apparent sensitivity of these techniques. Estimation of serum T4 will identify the majority of patients with symptomatic hypothyroidism. The low sensitivity of T3 in the diagnosis of thyroid failure is confirmed. (+info)Thyroid hormones modulate zinc transport activity of rat intestinal and renal brush-border membrane. (5/1303)
Thyroid hormone status influences the Zn2+ and metallothionein levels in intestine, liver, and kidney. To evaluate the impact of thyroid hormones on Zn2+ metabolism, Zn2+ uptake studies were carried out in intestinal and renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Steady-state Zn2+ transport in intestinal and renal cortical BBMV was increased in hyperthyroid (Hyper-T) rats and decreased in the hypothyroid (Hypo-T) rats relative to euthyroid (Eu-T) rats. In both the intestinal and renal BBMV, Hyper-T rats showed a significant increase in maximal velocity compared with Eu-T and Hypo-T rats. Apparent Michaelis constant was unaltered in intestinal and renal BBMV prepared from the three groups. Fluorescence anisotropy of diphenyl hexatriene was decreased significantly in intestinal and renal brush-border membrane (BBM) isolated from Hyper-T rats compared with Hypo-T and Eu-T rats. A significant reduction in the microviscosity and transition temperature for Zn2+ uptake in intestinal and renal BBM from Hyper-T rats is in accordance with the increased fluidity of these BBMs. These findings suggest that the increased rate of Zn2+ transport in response to thyroid hormone status could be associated with either an increase in the number of Zn2+ transporters or an increase in the active transporters due to alteration in the membrane fluidity. Thus the thyroid hormone-mediated change in membrane fluidity might play an important role in modulating Zn2+ transport activity of intestinal and renal BBM. (+info)In vivo regulation of beta-MHC gene in rodent heart: role of T3 and evidence for an upstream enhancer. (6/1303)
Cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) gene expression is mainly regulated through transcriptional processes. Although these results are based primarily on in vitro cell culture models, relatively little information is available concerning the interaction of key regulatory factors thought to modulate MHC expression in the intact rodent heart. Using a direct gene transfer approach, we studied the in vivo transcriptional activity of different-length beta-MHC promoter fragments in normal control and in altered thyroid states. The test beta-MHC promoter was fused to a firefly luciferase reporter gene, whereas the control alpha-MHC promoter was fused to the Renilla luciferase reporter gene and was used to account for variations in transfection efficiency. Absolute reporter gene activities showed that beta- and alpha-MHC genes were individually and reciprocally regulated by thyroid hormone. The beta-to-alpha ratios of reporter gene expression demonstrated an almost threefold larger beta-MHC gene expression in the longest than in the shorter promoter fragments in normal control animals, implying the existence of an upstream enhancer. A mutation in the putative thyroid response element of the -408-bp beta-MHC promoter construct caused transcriptional activity to drop to null. When studied in the -3, 500-bp beta-MHC promoter, construct activity was reduced ( approximately 100-fold) while thyroid hormone responsiveness was retained. These findings suggest that, even though the bulk of the thyroid hormone responsiveness of the gene is contained within the first 215 bp of the beta-MHC promoter sequence, the exact mechanism of triiodothyronine (T3) action remains to be elucidated. (+info)Thyroid vascularity and blood flow are not dependent on serum thyroid hormone levels: studies in vivo by color flow doppler sonography. (7/1303)
OBJECTIVE: Thyroid blood flow is greatly enhanced in untreated Graves' disease, but it is not known whether it is due to thyroid hormone excess or to thyroid hyperstimulation by TSH-receptor antibody. To address this issue in vivo patients with different thyroid disorders were submitted to color flow doppler sonography (CFDS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We investigated 24 normal subjects, and 78 patients with untreated hyperthyroidism (49 with Graves' hyperthyroidism, 24 with toxic adenoma, and 5 patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma)), 19 patients with thyrotoxicosis (7 with thyrotoxicosis factitia, and 12 with subacute thyroiditis), 37 euthyroid patients with goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 21 untreated hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. RESULTS: Normal subjects had CFDS pattern 0 (absent or minimal intraparenchimal spots) and mean intraparenchimal peak systolic velocity (PSV) of 4.8+/-1.2cm/s. Patients with spontaneous hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease, TSHoma, and toxic adenoma had significantly increased PSV (P<0.0001, P=0.0004, P<0.0001 respectively vs controls) and CFDS pattern. Patients with Graves' disease had CFDS pattern II (mild increase of color flow doppler signal) in 10 (20%) and pattern III (marked increase) in 39 cases (80%). Mean PSV was 15+/-3cm/s. Patients with toxic adenoma had CFDS pattern I (presence of parenchymal blood flow with patchy uneven distribution) in 2 (8%), pattern II in 16 (70%) and pattern III in 5 (22%). Mean PSV was 11+/-2.4cm/s. Patients with TSHoma showed CFDS pattern I in one case (20%) and pattern II in 4 (80%). Mean PSV was 14.8+/-4.2cm/s. Patients with thyrotoxicosis had normal PSV (4.2+/-1. 1cm/s in subacute thyroiditis, 4+/-0.8cm/s in thyrotoxicosis factitia, P=not significant vs controls) and CFDS pattern 0. Untreated euthyroid patients with goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis had CFDS pattern 0, and mean PSV (4.3+/-0.9cm/s; P=not significant vs controls). Untreated hypothyroid patients with goitrous Hashimoto's thyroiditis had CFDS pattern I in 14 cases (67%), pattern II in 4 (19%) and pattern 0 in 3 (14%) and mean PSV (5.6+/-1. 4cm/s) was higher than that of controls (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: An increase in both intrathyroidal vascularity and blood velocity was observed in patients with spontaneous hyperthyroidism but not in thyrotoxicosis due to either ingestion of thyroid hormones or to a thyroidal destructive process. The slightly increased vascularity and blood velocity observed in patients with hypothyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis suggests that thyroid stimulation by either TSH-receptor antibody or TSH is responsible for the increased thyroid blood flow. (+info)Clinical study on early changes in thyroid function of hyperthyroidism treated with propylthiouracil and a relatively small dose of iodide. (8/1303)
In order to compare the acute effects of three kinds of antithyroid agents of iodide (I-), propylthiouracil (PTU) and PTU combined with iodide (PTU+I-) on thyroid function in hyperthyroid patients with diffuse goiter, serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), T3-resin sponge uptake (T3-RU) and free thyroxine index (FT4I) were employed as thyroid function parameters. In the group given iodine (1 mg/day) as iodinated-lecithine, the initial values of T4, T3, T3-RU and FT4I were 20.9 +/- 1.6 microng/100 ml (T4), greater than 740 ng/100 ml (T3), 49.5 +/- 2.3% (T3-RU) and 14.7 +/- 1.8 (FT4I). At the end of one week of therapy, they decreased clearly to 15.6 +/- 2.2 microng/100 ml, 457 +/- 87 ng/100 ml, 42.2 +/- 4.0% and 9.7 +/- 2.4. The so-called "escape phenomenon" from iodide inhibition was observed in serum T4, T3-RU and FT4I values at the end of two weeks of iodide therapy, while serum T3 continued to decrease but the value of T3 was far outside of the normal range. In the PTU group (300 mg/day), thyroid function parameters were 22.5 +/- 0.8 microng/100 ml (T4), greater than 592 ng/100 ml (T3), 54.9 +/- 1.0% (T3-RU) and 18.7 +/- 1.0 (FT4I) before treatment. They decreased continually week by week. At the end of four-week treatment with PTU, the value of each thyroid function parameter was 11.1 +/- 1.9 microng/100 ml, 229 +/- 56 ng/100 ml, 36.6 +/- 4.4% and 5.7 +/- 1.7. In the group of hyperthyroidism simultaneously given both PTU and iodide (300 mg/PTU and 1 mg/iodine), these thyroid function parameters decreased as well as in the group treated with PTU alone for more than two weeks. More rapid or significant decrease of T4, T3, T3-RU and ft4i in PTU+I- group than in PTU group was observed in the present study. These results suggested strongly that iodide alone was not an adequate therapy for hyperthyroidism as well known and they were also compatible with the idea that the concomitant administration of PTU and iodide was more effective in the early phase of therapy of hyperthyroidism than PTU alone. (+info)Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.
In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.
Antithyroid agents are a class of medications that are used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. These medications work by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. There are several types of antithyroid agents available, including:
1. Propylthiouracil (PTU): This medication works by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. It also reduces the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), another thyroid hormone, in peripheral tissues.
2. Methimazole: This medication works similarly to propylthiouracil by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. However, it does not affect the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.
3. Carbimazole: This medication is converted to methimazole in the body and works similarly to block the production of thyroid hormones.
Antithyroid agents are usually taken orally, and their effects on thyroid hormone production begin within a few hours after ingestion. However, it may take several weeks for patients to notice an improvement in their symptoms. These medications can have side effects, including rash, hives, and joint pain. In rare cases, they can cause liver damage or agranulocytosis, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells.
It is important to note that antithyroid agents do not cure hyperthyroidism; they only treat the symptoms by reducing thyroid hormone production. Therefore, patients may need to take these medications for several months or even years, depending on their individual circumstances. In some cases, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy may be recommended as alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism.
Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.
Methimazole is an anti-thyroid medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. It works by inhibiting the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. By blocking this enzyme, methimazole reduces the amount of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland, helping to restore normal thyroid function.
Methimazole is available in oral tablet form and is typically taken two to three times a day. Common side effects of methimazole include nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and joint pain. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as liver damage or agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count).
It is important to note that methimazole should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as regular monitoring of thyroid function and potential side effects is necessary. Additionally, it may take several weeks or months of treatment with methimazole before thyroid function returns to normal.
Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This results in a slowing down of the body's metabolic processes, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.
The two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hypothyroidism, the production of these hormones is insufficient, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.
Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune disorders (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy for neck cancer, certain medications, and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4. Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms.
Thyrotropin receptors (TSHRs) are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of cells in the thyroid gland. They bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced and released by the pituitary gland. When TSH binds to the TSHR, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones are important for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. Mutations in the TSHR gene can lead to various thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
Thyroxine (T4) is a type of hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. It is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, with the other being triiodothyronine (T3).
Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the body, including growth, development, and energy expenditure. Specifically, T4 helps to control the rate at which your body burns calories for energy, regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and influences the body's sensitivity to other hormones.
T4 is produced by combining iodine and tyrosine, an amino acid found in many foods. Once produced, T4 circulates in the bloodstream and gets converted into its active form, T3, in various tissues throughout the body. Thyroxine has a longer half-life than T3, which means it remains active in the body for a more extended period.
Abnormal levels of thyroxine can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, mood changes, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating (TSI), are autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) on the surface of thyroid cells. These antibodies mimic the action of TSH and stimulate the growth and function of the thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones. This results in a condition known as Graves' disease, which is characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter, and sometimes ophthalmopathy (eye problems). The presence and titer of TSIs are used in the diagnosis of Graves' disease.
Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone, specifically the active form of thyroid hormone, that plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. It is produced by the thyroid gland through the iodination and coupling of the amino acid tyrosine with three atoms of iodine. T3 is more potent than its precursor, thyroxine (T4), which has four iodine atoms, as T3 binds more strongly to thyroid hormone receptors and accelerates metabolic processes at the cellular level.
In circulation, about 80% of T3 is bound to plasma proteins, while the remaining 20% is unbound or free, allowing it to enter cells and exert its biological effects. The primary functions of T3 include increasing the rate of metabolic reactions, promoting protein synthesis, enhancing sensitivity to catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline), and supporting normal brain development during fetal growth and early infancy. Imbalances in T3 levels can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, which may require clinical intervention and management.
Thyrotoxicosis is a medical condition that results from an excess of thyroid hormones in the body, leading to an overactive metabolic state. It can be caused by various factors such as Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease, or excessive intake of thyroid hormone medication. Symptoms may include rapid heart rate, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and increased sweating, among others. Thyrotoxicosis is not a diagnosis itself but a manifestation of various underlying thyroid disorders. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life.
Carbimazole is an antithyroid medication that is primarily used to manage hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. The drug works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for producing these hormones, thereby reducing their levels in the body and alleviating symptoms associated with the disorder.
Hyperthyroidism can manifest as various signs and symptoms, including rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, and thyroiditis.
Carbimazole is a prodrug that gets converted to its active metabolite, methimazole, in the liver. Methimazole inhibits the activity of thyroperoxidase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). By blocking this enzyme, carbimazole reduces the production of T3 and T4, ultimately helping to control hyperthyroidism.
The medication is typically administered orally in tablet form, with dosages varying depending on individual patient needs and response to treatment. Common side effects of carbimazole include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Rare but severe adverse reactions may include agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cells), aplastic anemia (a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient numbers of blood cells), and hepatotoxicity (liver damage).
Patients taking carbimazole should be closely monitored for signs of adverse reactions, and regular blood tests are necessary to assess thyroid hormone levels and potential side effects. Pregnant women should avoid using carbimazole due to the risk of birth defects in the developing fetus. In such cases, alternative antithyroid medications like propylthiouracil may be prescribed instead.
In summary, carbimazole is an antithyroid medication used primarily for managing hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroperoxidase and reducing the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. While effective, it carries potential risks and side effects that necessitate close monitoring during treatment.
Propylthiouracil is a medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces too much thyroid hormone. The medication works by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the body. It belongs to a class of drugs called antithyroid agents or thionamides.
In medical terms, propylthiouracil is defined as an antithyroid medication used to manage hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease or toxic adenoma. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), in the thyroid gland. Propylthiouracil also reduces the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. The medication is available as a tablet for oral administration and is typically prescribed at a starting dose of 100-150 mg three times daily, with adjustments made based on the patient's response and thyroid function tests.
It's important to note that propylthiouracil should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use. Regular monitoring of thyroid function tests is necessary during treatment, and patients should promptly report any signs or symptoms of adverse reactions to their healthcare provider.
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of blood tests that assess the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.
TFTs typically include the following tests:
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This test measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High levels of TSH may indicate an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), while low levels may indicate an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
2. Thyroxine (T4) test: This test measures the level of T4, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine (T3) test: This test measures the level of T3, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T3 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
4. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) test: This test measures the level of TPOAb, an antibody that attacks the thyroid gland and can cause hypothyroidism.
5. Thyroglobulin (Tg) test: This test measures the level of Tg, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. It is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer.
These tests help diagnose and manage various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.
Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to regulate the production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin binds to receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the uptake of iodide and the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. The secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyrotropin, while T3 and T4 inhibit its release through a negative feedback mechanism.
Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.
Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.
Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.
Other common thyroid diseases include:
1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.
Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.
A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. Goiters can be either diffuse (uniformly enlarged) or nodular (lumpy with distinct nodules). Nodular goiter refers to a thyroid gland that has developed one or more discrete lumps or nodules while the remaining tissue is normal or may also be diffusely enlarged.
Nodular goiters can be classified into two types: multinodular goiter and solitary thyroid nodule. Multinodular goiter consists of multiple nodules in the thyroid gland, while a solitary thyroid nodule is an isolated nodule within an otherwise normal or diffusely enlarged thyroid gland.
The majority of nodular goiters are benign and do not cause symptoms. However, some patients may experience signs and symptoms related to compression of nearby structures (such as difficulty swallowing or breathing), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The evaluation of a nodular goiter typically includes a physical examination, imaging studies like ultrasound, and sometimes fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine the nature of the nodules and assess the risk of malignancy. Treatment options depend on various factors, including the size and number of nodules, the presence of compressive symptoms, and the patient's thyroid function.
The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.
Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.
Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.
For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.
It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.
Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by various factors such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or medications. Depending on the cause and severity, thyroiditis may lead to overproduction (hyperthyroidism) or underproduction (hypothyroidism) of thyroid hormones, or it can result in a temporary or permanent loss of thyroid function.
There are several types of thyroiditis, including:
1. Hashimoto's thyroiditis - an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks and damages the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
2. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis) - often follows a viral infection and results in painful inflammation of the thyroid gland, causing hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
3. Silent thyroiditis - an autoimmune disorder similar to Hashimoto's thyroiditis but without symptoms like pain or tenderness; it can cause temporary hyperthyroidism and later hypothyroidism.
4. Postpartum thyroiditis - occurs in women after childbirth, causing inflammation of the thyroid gland leading to hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
5. Acute suppurative thyroiditis - a rare bacterial infection that causes painful swelling and redness of the thyroid gland, usually requiring antibiotics for treatment.
Symptoms of thyroiditis depend on whether it leads to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism symptoms include rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, and tremors. Hypothyroidism symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Treatment varies depending on the type of thyroiditis and its severity.
Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
There are different types of thyroidectomy procedures, including:
1. Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland.
2. Partial (or subtotal) thyroidectomy: Removal of a portion of the thyroid gland.
3. Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat benign solitary nodules or differentiated thyroid cancer.
Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, such as treating thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid cancer. Potential risks and complications of the procedure include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism due to removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands or thyroid gland, respectively. Close postoperative monitoring and management are essential to minimize these risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Postpartum thyroiditis is a condition that affects the thyroid gland in women after childbirth. It is characterized by inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can lead to dysfunction of the gland and abnormal levels of thyroid hormones in the body. Postpartum thyroiditis typically occurs in two phases:
1. Hyperthyroid phase: In this phase, which can last for up to 3 months after childbirth, the inflamed thyroid gland releases excess thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, leading to hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include anxiety, irritability, rapid heart rate, tremors, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
2. Hypothyroid phase: After the hyperthyroid phase, some women may develop hypothyroidism as the thyroid gland becomes damaged and is no longer able to produce sufficient amounts of thyroid hormones. This phase can last for several months and may be followed by a return to normal thyroid function or chronic hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression.
Postpartum thyroiditis is thought to affect up to 10% of women after childbirth, and it is more common in women with a history of thyroid disease or other autoimmune disorders. It is important for women who experience symptoms of postpartum thyroiditis to seek medical attention, as proper diagnosis and treatment can help manage the condition and prevent complications.
Iodine is an essential trace element that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine can be found in various foods such as seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. In a medical context, iodine is also used as an antiseptic to disinfect surfaces, wounds, and skin infections due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as Graves' eye disease or thyroid eye disease, is an autoimmune condition that affects the eyes. It often occurs in individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland). However, it can also occur in people without Graves' disease.
In Graves' ophthalmopathy, the immune system attacks the tissue behind the eyes, causing inflammation and enlargement of the muscles, fatty tissue, and connective tissue within the orbit (eye socket). This leads to symptoms such as:
1. Protrusion or bulging of the eyes (exophthalmos)
2. Redness and swelling of the eyelids
3. Double vision (diplopia) due to restricted eye movement
4. Pain and discomfort, especially when looking up, down, or sideways
5. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
6. Tearing and dryness in the eyes
7. Vision loss in severe cases
The treatment for Graves' ophthalmopathy depends on the severity of the symptoms and may include medications to manage inflammation, eye drops or ointments for dryness, prisms to correct double vision, or surgery for severe cases.
Struma ovarii is a rare type of ovarian tumor, which is composed predominantly of thyroid tissue and accounts for less than 1% of all ovarian neoplasms. It is classified as a specialized form of monodermal teratoma (a type of germ cell tumor). Despite being composed mainly of thyroid tissue, struma ovarii may produce and release thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism in some cases.
Struma ovarii can be asymptomatic or present with various symptoms such as abdominal pain, distension, or menstrual irregularities. In rare instances, it might undergo malignant transformation into a thyroid-like carcinoma known as strumal carcinoid or thyroid carcinoma of the ovary. The definitive diagnosis is usually established through histopathological examination following surgical resection.
Iodide peroxidase, also known as iodide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, is an enzyme that belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Specifically, it is a peroxidase that uses iodide as its physiological reducing substrate. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of iodide by hydrogen peroxide to produce iodine, which plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
The systematic name for this enzyme is iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (iodinating). It is most commonly found in the thyroid gland, where it helps to produce and regulate thyroid hormones by facilitating the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland.
Iodide peroxidase requires a heme cofactor for its enzymatic activity, which is responsible for the oxidation-reduction reactions it catalyzes. The enzyme's ability to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin is essential for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), two critical hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in mammals.
Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes refer to a group of hormonal and related disorders that occur as remote effects of cancer. They are caused by substances (like hormones, peptides, or antibodies) produced by the tumor, which may be benign or malignant, and can affect various organs and systems in the body. These syndromes can occur before the cancer is diagnosed, making them an important consideration for early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy.
Examples of paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes include:
1. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH): This occurs when a tumor, often small cell lung cancer, produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive water retention and low sodium levels in the blood.
2. Cushing's Syndrome: Excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a tumor, often a small cell lung cancer or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, can lead to increased cortisol levels and symptoms such as weight gain, muscle weakness, and mood changes.
3. Ectopic Production of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHrP): This occurs when a tumor, often a squamous cell carcinoma, produces PTHrP, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
4. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: Excessive production of calcitriol (active vitamin D) by a tumor, often a lymphoma or myeloma, can lead to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
5. Carcinoid Syndrome: This occurs when a neuroendocrine tumor, often in the gastrointestinal tract, produces serotonin and other substances, leading to symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and heart problems.
It is important to note that these syndromes can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, so a thorough evaluation is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis.
Hashimoto's disease, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the thyroid gland. The resulting inflammation often leads to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). It primarily affects middle-aged women but can also occur in men and women of any age and in children.
The exact cause of Hashimoto's disease is unclear, but it appears to involve interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The disorder tends to run in families, and having a family member with Hashimoto's disease or another autoimmune disorder increases the risk.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, joint and muscle pain, dry skin, thinning hair, irregular menstrual periods, and depression. However, some people with Hashimoto's disease may have no symptoms for many years.
Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which can help manage symptoms and prevent complications of hypothyroidism. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is necessary to adjust the dosage of medication as needed.
A thyroid crisis, also known as thyrotoxic crisis or storm, is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by an exaggerated response to the excess production of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis). This condition can lead to severe hypermetabolic state, multi-organ dysfunction, and cardiovascular collapse if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
Thyroid crisis is often triggered by a stressful event, infection, or surgery in individuals with uncontrolled or poorly managed hyperthyroidism, particularly those with Graves' disease. The symptoms of thyroid crisis include high fever, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), agitation, confusion, delirium, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes coma.
The diagnosis of thyroid crisis is based on the clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves hospitalization in an intensive care unit, administration of medications to block the production and release of thyroid hormones, control heart rate and rhythm, correct electrolyte imbalances, and provide supportive care until the patient's condition stabilizes.
A long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) is a type of antibody that can stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormones over an extended period. These antibodies are typically present in individuals with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter, and sometimes eye changes (Graves' ophthalmopathy).
LATS binds to the TSH receptor on thyroid cells, mimicking the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and leading to increased production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), resulting in hyperthyroidism. The "long-acting" nature of these antibodies distinguishes them from other TSH receptor antibodies, which may have a more transient effect on thyroid function.
Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is a radioactive pharmaceutical preparation used in medical diagnostic imaging. It is a technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical, where technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, which emits gamma rays and has a half-life of 6 hours. Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is used as a contrast agent in various diagnostic procedures, such as imaging of the thyroid, salivary glands, or the brain, to evaluate conditions like inflammation, tumors, or abnormalities in blood flow. It is typically administered intravenously, and its short half-life ensures that the radiation exposure is limited.
Myxedema is not a term used in modern medicine to describe a specific medical condition. However, historically, it was used to refer to the severe form of hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. In hypothyroidism, various body functions slow down, which can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and dry skin.
Myxedema specifically refers to the physical signs of severe hypothyroidism, including swelling (edema) and thickening of the skin, particularly around the face, hands, and feet, as well as a puffy appearance of the face. The term myxedema coma was used to describe a rare but life-threatening complication of long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism, characterized by altered mental status, hypothermia, and other systemic manifestations.
Nowadays, healthcare professionals use more precise medical terminology to describe these conditions, such as hypothyroidism or myxedematous edema, rather than the outdated term myxedema.
Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.
Reverse Triiodothyronine (rT3) is a thyroid hormone that is chemically identical to triiodothyronine (T3), but has a reverse configuration at one end of the molecule. It is produced in smaller quantities compared to T3 and its function is not well understood. In some cases, increased levels of rT3 have been associated with decreased thyroid hormone action, such as in non-thyroidal illnesses or during calorie restriction. However, the clinical significance of rT3 levels remains a topic of ongoing research and debate.
Subacute thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain's thyroiditis or granulomatous thyroiditis, is a inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by the presence of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells, within the thyroid tissue. The condition often follows an upper respiratory infection and is more common in women than men.
Subacute thyroiditis typically presents with pain and tenderness in the front of the neck, along with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and low-grade fever. The disorder can cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) initially, followed by hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) as the gland becomes damaged and inflamed. In some cases, the thyroid function may return to normal on its own after several months. Treatment typically involves anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and inflammation, and beta blockers to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's disease, is a chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune response. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The thyroid gland may become enlarged (goiter), and symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Autoimmune thyroiditis is more common in women than men and tends to run in families. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease, and type 1 diabetes. The diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage the symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect that consists of four cardiac abnormalities: ventricular septal defect (a hole between the right and left ventricles), pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve and outflow tract), overriding aorta (the aorta is positioned over both ventricles instead of just the left one), and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the right ventricular muscle). This condition results in insufficient oxygenation of the blood, causing cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes) and other symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth. Treatment typically involves surgical repair, usually done during infancy or early childhood.
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis (HPP) is a group of rare inherited disorders characterized by episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis, often associated with low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia). During an attack, muscles may become weak or fully paralyzed, typically affecting the legs and arms. The episodes can last from several hours to days. HPP is caused by genetic mutations that affect ion channels in muscle cells, leading to an imbalance of electrolytes and impaired muscle function. There are two main types: primary (or classic) HPP and secondary HPP. Primary HPP is further divided into thyrotoxic HPP and normokalemic HPP. Secondary HPP can be caused by various factors, such as medications or underlying medical conditions that cause hypokalemia.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide hormone that is produced and released by the hypothalamus in the brain. Its main function is to regulate the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. TRH acts on the pituitary gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of TSH, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)) into the bloodstream.
TRH is a tripeptide amino acid sequence with the structure of pGlu-His-Pro-NH2, and it is synthesized as a larger precursor molecule called preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone (preproTRH) in the hypothalamus. PreproTRH undergoes post-translational processing to produce TRH, which is then stored in secretory vesicles and released into the hypophyseal portal system, where it travels to the anterior pituitary gland and binds to TRH receptors on thyrotroph cells.
In addition to its role in regulating TSH release, TRH has been shown to have other physiological functions, including modulation of feeding behavior, body temperature, and neurotransmitter release. Dysregulation of the TRH-TSH axis can lead to various thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
A thyroid nodule is a growth or lump that forms within the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. Thyroid nodules can be solid or fluid-filled (cystic) and vary in size. Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) and do not cause symptoms. However, some thyroid nodules may be cancerous or overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always known, but factors such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, and family history can increase the risk of developing them. A healthcare professional typically diagnoses a thyroid nodule through physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine if further treatment is necessary.
Thyroxine-binding proteins (TBPs) are specialized transport proteins in the blood that bind and carry thyroid hormones, primarily Thyroxine (T4), but also Triiodothyronine (T3) to a lesser extent. The majority of T4 and T3 in the blood are bound to these proteins, while only a small fraction (0.03% of T4 and 0.3% of T3) remains unbound or free, which is the biologically active form that can enter cells and tissues to exert its physiological effects.
There are three main types of thyroxine-binding proteins:
1. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG): This is the major thyroid hormone transport protein, synthesized in the liver and accounting for approximately 70-80% of T4 and T3 binding. TBG has a high affinity but low capacity for thyroid hormones.
2. Transthyretin (TTR), also known as prealbumin: This protein accounts for around 10-20% of T4 and T3 binding. It has a lower affinity but higher capacity for thyroid hormones compared to TBG.
3. Albumin: This is the most abundant protein in the blood and binds approximately 15-20% of T4 and a smaller fraction of T3. Although albumin has a low affinity for thyroid hormones, its high concentration allows it to contribute significantly to their transport.
The binding of thyroid hormones to these proteins helps maintain stable levels in the blood and ensures a steady supply to tissues. Additionally, TBPs protect thyroid hormones from degradation and rapid clearance by the kidneys, thereby extending their half-life in the circulation.
Iopanoic acid is a contrast medium, specifically a radiocontrast agent, that is used during imaging examinations such as X-rays and CT scans to help improve the visibility of internal body structures. It works by blocking the absorption of X-rays in the digestive tract, making it possible to visualize the gastrointestinal tract more clearly on imaging studies. Iopanoic acid is typically given orally before the examination.
It's important to note that the use of iopanoic acid and other radiocontrast agents should be carefully weighed against the potential risks, as they can cause allergic reactions, kidney damage, and other complications in some individuals. Therefore, it is usually reserved for situations where the benefits of improved imaging outweigh these potential risks.
Potassium iodide is an inorganic, non-radioactive salt of iodine. Medically, it is used as a thyroid blocking agent to prevent the absorption of radioactive iodine in the event of a nuclear accident or radiation exposure. It works by saturating the thyroid gland with stable iodide, which then prevents the uptake of radioactive iodine. This can help reduce the risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid related issues that may arise from exposure to radioactive materials. Potassium iodide is also used in the treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.
Dried yeast, in a medical context, typically refers to the inactive form of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type of yeast that has been dried and used as a dietary supplement. It contains proteins, B vitamins, and minerals. When rehydrated and consumed, it can help with digestion by providing live yeast cells to the gut flora. However, it is not a source of viable probiotics, as the drying process typically kills the yeast cells. It's important to note that overconsumption may lead to bloating, gas, and other digestive discomforts in some individuals.
Thymus hyperplasia is a condition where the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system located in the upper chest beneath the breastbone, becomes enlarged due to an increase in the number of cells. This is different from a tumor, where there is an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign or cancerous.
Thymus hyperplasia can be classified into two types: true hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia. True hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of thymic epithelial cells, while lymphoid hyperplasia is an increase in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) within the thymus gland.
Thymus hyperplasia can occur as a result of various factors, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain medications. In some cases, it may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during imaging studies or other medical tests. However, in other cases, it may cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and swallowing.
Treatment for thymus hyperplasia depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in others, medications or surgery may be required.
Hyperthyroidism
Antithyroid autoantibodies
Polydipsia in birds
Thyroid disease
Hyperreflexia
Failure to thrive
Theca lutein cyst
Weight loss
Emotional lability
List of OMIM disorder codes
Racing thoughts
British Shorthair
Thyroid disease in pregnancy
Differential diagnoses of anorexia nervosa
Thyrotoxic myopathy
Russell Morse Wilder
Benign tumor
Eating disorder
Toxic multinodular goitre
Palpitations
Tachycardia
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Thermophobia
S. P. Beebe
Pseudoathletic appearance
Postpartum thyroiditis
Norbrook Group
Triiodothyronine
Kocher-Debre-Semelaigne syndrome
Energy homeostasis
Hyperthyroidism - Wikipedia
Thyroid Problems | Hypothyroidism | Hyperthyroidism | MedlinePlus
Latest Evidence on Hyperthyroidism Symptoms, Treatment
Pediatric Hyperthyroidism: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Hyperthyroidism in teens: Symptoms, treatment, causes, more
Hyperthyroidism | University Hospitals
Hyperthyroidism and fatigue: The link and how to cope
Post-partum thyroiditis with hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism Archives | American Thyroid Association
Thyroid Cancer / Nodules & Hyperthyroidism Help - Forums and Discussions - MedHelp
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) in cats | Blue Cross
Hyperthyroidism: Graves' Ophthalmopathy
What is Hyperthyroidism? | American Association of Clinical Endocrinology
Hyperthyroidism
Do you lose weight with hyperthyroidism? - Dane101
Hyperthyroidism Summary Report | CureHunter
Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism - WSAVA2013 - VIN
Hyperthyroidism and Iodine (I131)
Criteria of cure and follow-up of central hyperthyroidism due to thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas
Hyperthyroidism.pptx
Research news - VetCompass article on feline hyperthyroidism - News - VetCompass - Royal Veterinary College, RVC
Plasma neuropeptides in hyperthyroidism | Lund University Publications
Hyperthyroidism - Endocrinology | Conditions, Treatments & Specialty | Geisinger
MKSAP Quiz: Follow-up evaluation for hyperthyroidism | ACP Internist
How do I monitor my hyperthyroidism treatment?
Senior Cats at Risk for Hyperthyroidism - Veterinary Medicine at Illinois
Frontiers | Case report: Impact of hyperthyroidism on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia comorbid with Graves' disease
Hyperthyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism and Ventral Cervical Nodules - WSAVA2009 - VIN
REQUIRED TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM BEFORE SURGERY
Elder cat with hyperthyroidism - Blogs & Forums
Symptoms26
- Hyperthyroidism may be asymptomatic or present with significant symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, those with hyperthyroidism may present with a variety of physical symptoms such as palpitations and abnormal heart rhythms (the notable ones being atrial fibrillation), shortness of breath (dyspnea), loss of libido, amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gynecomastia and feminization. (wikipedia.org)
- Cite this: Latest Evidence on Hyperthyroidism Symptoms, Treatment - Medscape - Oct 30, 2023. (medscape.com)
- In children and adolescents, the symptoms of Graves disease, such as hyperthyroidism, may appear insidiously over months. (medscape.com)
- Hyperthyroidism can lead to potentially life threatening or life changing symptoms in teens, including a rapid heart rate and early puberty . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- It also outlines the other symptoms of hyperthyroidism and how doctors treat the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Hyperthyroidism can also cause symptoms that can cause someone to feel fatigued. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People may find that they become less tired once their hyperthyroidism and its symptoms are under control. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People can experience nervousness, anxiety, and irritability as symptoms of hyperthyroidism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The symptoms of hyperthyroidism vary between people. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Beta-blockers can help reduce the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, while antithyroid medications cause the thyroid to make less thyroid hormone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (bluecross.org.uk)
- Your vet will suspect hyperthyroidism based on your cat's symptoms and a physical examination. (bluecross.org.uk)
- In its mildest form, hyperthyroidism may not cause recognizable symptoms. (aace.com)
- Patients with well-developed hyperthyroidism exhibit a characteristic group of signs and symptoms (sometimes referred to as Thyrotoxicosis). (slideshare.net)
- Medical Management Treatment of hyperthyroidism is directed toward reducing thyroid hyperactivity to relieve symptoms and remove the cause of important complications. (slideshare.net)
- Your doctor may recommend prescription medications to help manage your symptoms and treat your hyperthyroidism. (geisinger.org)
- Here, we present a case report of a patient with schizophrenia comorbid with Graves' disease whose psychotic symptoms were impacted by hyperthyroidism. (frontiersin.org)
- Graves' disease, which is more prevalent in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy individuals ( 3 ), often presents with hyperthyroidism and psychiatric symptoms such as depression, hypomania, and psychosis ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
- It is clinically diagnosed based on severe symptoms of hyperthyroidism. (frontiersin.org)
- These medications reduce symptoms related to hyperthyroidism by preventing your thyroid from producing excess amounts of hormones. (endocrinology-centers.com)
- Thyroid hormones have wide-reaching effects throughout the body, so signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism can impact the whole body including weight loss, fast or irregular heart rhythms, fatigue, heat sensitivity, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and changes in bowel functions and menstruation. (rupahealth.com)
- A functional medicine approach to hyperthyroidism uncovers and addresses contributing causes while working to balance thyroid function to control symptoms. (rupahealth.com)
- Additional signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism can impact the whole body since thyroid hormones have wide-reaching effects. (rupahealth.com)
- Because it causes so many symptoms and side-effects, hyperthyroidism is often misdiagnosed. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
- In addition to these symptoms, the tell-tale sign of hyperthyroidism is a visible goiter . (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
Graves15
- Graves' disease is the cause of about 50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
- Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by Graves disease . (medscape.com)
- A new review summarizes the most recent evidence regarding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of hyperthyroidism, clinical and subclinical Graves disease, and toxic nodular disease. (medscape.com)
- Evidence shows that RAI treatment cures hyperthyroidism for more than 90% of patients with Graves disease or autonomous thyroid nodules. (medscape.com)
- Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in teenagers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Graves' disease (named after Irish physician Robert Graves) is an autoimmune disorder that results in thyroid enlargement and hyperthyroidism. (aace.com)
- Graves' disease, the most common type of hyperthyroidism, results from an excessive output of thyroid hormones caused by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by circulating immunoglobulins. (slideshare.net)
- Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. (slideshare.net)
- Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). (adam.com)
- Graves' disease, the most common type of hyperthyroidism in man, is an autoimmune disorder in which circulating antibodies cause diffuse thyroid hyperplasia and stimulate excessive thyroid secretion. (avmi.net)
- Graves' disease causes most cases of hyperthyroidism. (endocrinology-centers.com)
- The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is the autoimmune condition Graves' disease followed by toxic multinodular goiter. (rupahealth.com)
- Graves' disease is the leading cause of hyperthyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions like the United States, causing four out of five cases. (rupahealth.com)
- Graves' disease , which causes your body's immune system to target the thyroid gland, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
- The most common forms of hyperthyroidism include diffuse toxic goiter (Graves disease), toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer disease), and toxic adenoma. (medscape.com)
Hypothyroidism8
- Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the two most common thyroid disorders in women between the age of 20 and 50, who are also five times more likely than men to develop thyroid disorder s. (nni.com.sg)
- 76 patients had persistent disease--66 unremitting/relapsing hyperthyroidism, 10 stable hypothyroidism--36 or more months after onset of disease. (curehunter.com)
- What is the Best Treatment for Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism? (checkbiotech.org)
- Either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism must be worked up. (checkbiotech.org)
- Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are commonly encountered in clinical practice. (racgp.org.au)
- Long-term management of patients with hyperthyroidism requires careful consideration of the likely outcomes of treatment including the risk of hypothyroidism. (racgp.org.au)
- Functional disorders are usually related to the gland producing too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) or too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). (cdc.gov)
- Hypothyroidism vs. hyperthyroidism: What's the difference? (medlineplus.gov)
Thyrotoxicosis4
- Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes hyperthyroidism. (wikipedia.org)
- The studies focused on hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis . (medscape.com)
- Hyperthyroidism is the most prevalent cause of thyrotoxicosis but a relatively rare condition in children. (medscape.com)
- Hyperthyroidism is a set of disorders that involve excess synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, which leads to the hypermetabolic condition of thyrotoxicosis. (medscape.com)
Nodules2
- Multiple nodules in the thyroid can produce excessive thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. (aace.com)
- Various sources of high iodine concentrations, such as kelp tablets, some cough medicines, amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone - medications used to treat certain problems with heart rhythms) and x-ray dyes may occasionally cause hyperthyroidism in patients with thyroid nodules. (aace.com)
Diagnosis8
- It includes information on pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment options for various etiologies of hyperthyroidism, as well as discussion of special cases such as subclinical hyperthyroidism, hyperthyroidism in pregnancy and thyroid storm ," she said. (medscape.com)
- This impacts the efficacy of the diagnostic tests used to confirm or refute the diagnosis, because the abnormalities encountered become less obvious and the possibility of occult hyperthyroidism is greater. (vin.com)
- Performing such routine tests helps support a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, but probably is most useful in depicting any concurrent disorders that may potentially influence the accuracy of the thyroid function tests. (vin.com)
- To date, measurement of basal concentrations of total and free T4 and total T3 has been routinely used in the diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism. (vin.com)
- Early diagnosis of TSH-secreting adenomas permits a high rate of remission of hyperthyroidism after surgery. (nih.gov)
- Dr. Brummet recommends the diet in combination with the oral medication upon diagnosis to help get the patient's hyperthyroidism under control. (illinois.edu)
- The presence of a palpable thyroid nodule is one of the cornerstones in securing a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, but a functional hyperthyroid state must be confirmed on the basis of other characteristic physical findings, specifically tachycardia, an enlarged cardiac impulse, a systolic heart murmur or gallop rhythm, and documented weight loss (in the face of a good appetite). (vin.com)
- This paper overviews the incidence, aetiology, clinical signs and complications of hyperthyroidism in cats as well as the contribution of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis and management of this veterinary disease. (avmi.net)
Cases of hyperthyroidism3
- However, today, severe cases of hyperthyroidism are less commonly seen, as cats tend to be diagnosed earlier in the course of their disease. (vin.com)
- In addition, the confounding effects of non-thyroidal factors are likely to have a greater impact in early or mild cases of hyperthyroidism. (vin.com)
- Most cases of hyperthyroidism are caught in the early stage because the owners notice the changes in their cat and seek the help of their veterinarian right away," Dr. Brummet says. (illinois.edu)
Goiter3
- Toxic nodular goiter may also cause hyperthyroidism in teens. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- When hyperthyroidism develops, a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid) is often present. (aace.com)
- Toxic adenoma and multinodular goiter are the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism overall and are most frequently seen in older adults. (acpinternist.org)
Develop hyperthyroidism3
- Teens can develop hyperthyroidism for a variety of reasons. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Patients who receive excessive thyroxine replacement treatment can develop hyperthyroidism. (aace.com)
- Women are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism. (geisinger.org)
Overactive thyroid gland1
- An overactive thyroid gland causes the condition known as hyperthyroidism . (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
Subclinical8
- Treatment for subclinical hyperthyroidism is recommended for patients who are at highest risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, including those older than 65 years or with persistent serum thyrotropin level less than 0.1 mIU/L. (medscape.com)
- In this study, we aimed to investigate AASI and short-term BP variability in both overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism and their relationship with thyroid hormones. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Materials and methods: We enrolled 36 patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism, 23 patients with overt hyperthyroidism, and 25 healthy euthyroid controls. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Variability of diastolic BP was significantly higher in patients with overt hyperthyroidism than in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (14.8 ± 2.6 vs. 12.8 ± 2.5%, P = 0.023). (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Conclusion: Although AASI did not differ between overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism, there was a positive relationship between AASI and free thyroid hormone levels. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Furthermore, short-term BP variability was higher in overt hyperthyroidism than in subclinical hyperthyroidism. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Logistic regression models were used to test a possible association between subclinical hyperthyroidism and dementia. (biomedcentral.com)
- The results suggest a consistent association among people with subclinical hyperthyroidism and dementia. (biomedcentral.com)
Greater risk for developing hype2
- If you have a family member who has been diagnosed with Hashimoto's, Grave's disease or another thyroid condition, you have a greater risk for developing hyperthyroidism. (geisinger.org)
- Senior cats are at a greater risk for developing hyperthyroidism than any other age group of cats. (illinois.edu)
Associated with feline hyperthyroidism1
- There are many clinical signs associated with feline hyperthyroidism. (vin.com)
Radioactive iodine therapy3
- The MSU Veterinary Medical Center now offers I-131 (radioactive iodine) therapy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. (msu.edu)
- Treatment modalities for hyperthyroidism include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy and thyroidectomy. (racgp.org.au)
- Radioactive Iodine Therapy is now considered the treatment of choice for feline hyperthyroidism. (vcahospitals.com)
Risk of developing hype2
- Teenagers who have pernicious anemia also have an increased risk of developing hyperthyroidism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The risk of developing hyperthyroidism increases with age, most frequently affecting those age 60 and older. (geisinger.org)
Available for treating hypert1
- PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY Two forms of pharmacotherapy are available for treating hyperthyroidism and controlling excessive thyroid activity: (1) use of irradiation (exposure to radiation) by administration of the radioisotope 123I or 131I for destructive effects on the thyroid gland and (2) Antithyroid medications that interfere with the synthesis of thyroid hormones and other agents that control manifestations of hyperthyroidism. (slideshare.net)
Iodine5
- Radioactive iodine ablation (RAI) and surgery may be considered once hyperthyroidism is controlled. (medscape.com)
- In the United States, around 70% of adults with hyperthyroidism take radioactive iodine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Hyperthyroidism: Should I Use Antithyroid Medicine or Radioactive Iodine? (healthwise.net)
- If you have hyperthyroidism, you must be careful to avoid consuming too much iodine, a mineral your thyroid uses to produce thyroid hormones. (healthfully.com)
- Treatment of hyperthyroidism includes symptom relief, as well as therapy with antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine-131 ( 131 I), or thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
Increases6
- The ATA explains that since hyperthyroidism increases metabolism, people will initially experience a surge in energy levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- However, mild to marked increases in liver enzyme activities (ALT, ALP, AST, LDH) are the most striking biochemical abnormalities associated with hyperthyroidism, occurring in approximately 90 % of cases. (vin.com)
- Osteoblast cultures of neonates exposed to maternal hyperthyroidism also showed a larger total area of mineralized matrix and greater expression of gene transcripts for Oc and Op. Maternal hyperthyroidism increases the activity of matrix synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity, and expression of gene transcripts for osteocalcin and osteopontin in the osteoblasts, extracted from the calvaria of the offspring, which may be one of the mechanisms of premature fusion of cranial sutures. (techscience.com)
- Although there are multiple changes that fit hyperthyroidism, mild increases in liver enzymes are most commonly observed indicating mild (usually clinically insignificant) damage to the liver and/or bones. (vin.com)
- The prevalence of hyperthyroidism increases with age and is more frequent in women. (rupahealth.com)
- Hyperthyroidism increases the risk of ozone -induced lung toxicity in rats. (cdc.gov)
Treatment13
- This may be revealed when hyperthyroidism is reversed by treatment but often can't be seen on tests prior to treatment. (bluecross.org.uk)
- Antithyroid drugs (methimazole) are not first line for managing hyperthyroidism because spontaneous remission does not occur and treatment would have to be continued indefinitely. (acpinternist.org)
- How do I monitor my hyperthyroidism treatment? (ndtv.com)
- Home » Frequently asked Questions on Health » How do I monitor my hyperthyroidism treatment? (ndtv.com)
- TSH may take months before it becomes normal during treatment of hyperthyroidism but you need to continue medications at least for a 12-18 months. (ndtv.com)
- There are four types of treatment available for hyperthyroidism. (illinois.edu)
- A newer treatment option for hyperthyroidism in cats is a prescription diet called Hill's Y/D," says Dr. Brummet. (illinois.edu)
- Once treatment is instituted for hyperthyroidism, the kidney disease is unmasked or made worse when the kidney blood flow returns to normal. (vin.com)
- Without treatment, hyperthyroidism will become much worse and might lead to fatality. (fveap.org)
- however, the ECG abnormalities and associated cardiovascular signs of hyperthyroidism generally resolve after successful treatment of the hyperthyroid state. (avmi.net)
- Hyperthyroidism treatment is based around balancing your hormones . (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
- With reference to the representation of the internment, we found that, among the patients with Hyperthyroidism, internment and surgical treatment is to be expected, as no real way of dealing with the chronic nature of this illness is to be found in these instruments. (bvsalud.org)
- It has been concluded, therefore, that Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition that brings important consequences in terms of quality of life and the psycheological state of the patient, such that psychological intervention is of great importance to the multidisciplinary treatment of the Endocrinology Sector. (bvsalud.org)
Type of hyperthyroidism1
- The thyroid typically heals from this type of hyperthyroidism after a few months. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cause of hyperthyroidism2
- Perhaps the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease is defined as an "autoimmune" or "self-attacking" disease where proteins (antibodies) produced by our own white blood cells overstimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormone which accelerates the body's metabolism. (nni.com.sg)
- The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disease called Grave's disease. (geisinger.org)
Individuals with hyperthyroidism2
- The Office of Women's Health says that most individuals with hyperthyroidism first notice that they are losing weight. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In fact, studies have shown that individuals with hyperthyroidism burn approximately 1.5 times more calories than someone without the condition! (dane101.com)
Occur5
- One difficulty is that changes in the body which occur because of hyperthyroidism (particularly high blood pressure) can mask early kidney disease. (bluecross.org.uk)
- This can occur before, after, or along with other signs of hyperthyroidism . (healthwise.net)
- Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations that are characteristic of hyperthyroidism must be distinguished from physiological changes in thyroid hormone economy that occur in pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- Thyroid storm (accelerated hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxic crisis) is a rare but serious complication that may occur with hyperthyroidism. (rupahealth.com)
- Ophthalmopathy may also occur before the onset of hyperthyroidism or as late as 20 years afterward and frequently worsens or abates independently of the clinical course of hyperthyroidism. (msdmanuals.com)
Thyroxine2
- Hyperthyroidism is diagnosed with blood tests that measure Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). (nni.com.sg)
- Hyperthyroidism is a multisystemic disorder resulting from excessive circulating concentrations of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). (avmi.net)
Treat hyperthyroidism2
- To diagnose and treat hyperthyroidism, a primary care physician will likely work with an endocrinologist, a specially trained doctor who is qualified to diagnose and treat hormone-related conditions, including diseases related to the thyroid gland. (aace.com)
- Occasionally, some may need more the one dose to completely treat hyperthyroidism. (nni.com.sg)
Diagnose hyperthyroidism2
- Levels of thyroid hormone can then be measured by a blood test to diagnose hyperthyroidism. (bluecross.org.uk)
- Often a single T4 determination is sufficient to diagnose hyperthyroidism. (vin.com)
Overproduction of thyroid hormone1
- Hyperthyroidism is a disease in which there is an overproduction of thyroid hormone in the body. (illinois.edu)
Cats19
- Hyperthyroidism is considered to be the most common endocrine disorder of cats and a disease frequently encountered in small animal practice. (vin.com)
- Nevertheless, hyperthyroidism is the most common cause of raised liver enzyme activities in older cats. (vin.com)
- Typical signs of hyperthyroidism in cats include rapid weight loss, rapid heart rate, and increased hunger," Dr. Brummet says. (illinois.edu)
- It is typical for older cats to lose weight as they age, making it hard to distinguish hyperthyroidism from normal aging. (illinois.edu)
- Prognosis for cats with hyperthyroidism is usually pretty good, provided that the disease was diagnosed and treated early on. (illinois.edu)
- Owners of cats with hyperthyroidism should stay in close communication with their veterinarian and should make sure their pet is getting prescribed medication or treatments and is being rechecked by the veterinarian regularly. (illinois.edu)
- If you have any questions about hyperthyroidism in cats, contact your local veterinarian. (illinois.edu)
- Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy of domestic cats. (vin.com)
- Many cats with hyperthyroidism have increased activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase. (vin.com)
- Hyperthyroidism in cats has become more common due to increased age of animals' lifespans and chemicals in canned food. (qvc.com)
- It's sad news that your cat's got hyperthyroidism, a common disease among middle-aged and older cats. (fveap.org)
- After being diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, cats will be put into a series of special treatments. (fveap.org)
- Can Hyperthyroidism in Cats Be Treated? (fveap.org)
- The good news is that cats with hyperthyroidism can be cured and you might receive a successful result. (fveap.org)
- Feline hyperthyroidism occurs in the middle- to old-aged cats. (avmi.net)
- Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities were recorded in 36 (80%) of 45 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas (adenomatous hyperplasia). (avmi.net)
- Thyroid Support Gold Natural Hyperthyroidism Support Supplement for Cats, 2 fl. (bizrate.com)
- Hyperthyroidism is the most common hormone imbalance in cats. (vin.com)
- Hyperthyroidism is generally a disease of older cats. (vin.com)
Medications4
- Medications For Hyperthyroidism Can Affect Your Weight Loss Goals Too! (dane101.com)
- Below are pet medications that may be prescribed for Hyperthyroidism. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- These Hyperthyroidism medications can come in different dosage forms. (wedgewoodpharmacy.com)
- Because hyperthyroidism involves an overactive gland, anti-thyroid medications and possibly even thyroid removal surgery (thyroidectomy) are recommended. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
Osteoporosis3
- Long term untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to osteoporosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Osteoporosis and fracture are also associated with hyperthyroidism. (slideshare.net)
- Hyperthyroidism may result in thinning of the bones, so it's important to discuss with your doctor how much calcium you need to prevent osteoporosis. (endocrinology-centers.com)
Makes too much thyroid hormone3
- In a person with hyperthyroidism, the gland makes too much thyroid hormone and releases it into the bloodstream. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Hyperthyroidism occurs when the body makes too much thyroid hormone. (aace.com)
- Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. (adam.com)
Common4
- Psychosis and paranoia, common during thyroid storm, are rare with milder hyperthyroidism. (wikipedia.org)
- Hyperthyroidism is a common disease that may be managed medically, but requires daily administration of medication. (msu.edu)
- The most common medication prescribed to treat feline hyperthyroidism is called methimazole (trade name Tapazole or Felimazole). (vin.com)
- Functional thyroid adenoma (adenomatous hyperplasia) involving one or both thyroid lobes is the most common cause of feline hyperthyroidism. (avmi.net)
Methimazole1
- in 11 of the patients the GHRH test was repeated following methimazole-induced remission of hyperthyroidism. (curehunter.com)
Excessive3
- Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
- Hyperthyroidism refers to overactivity of the thyroid gland, which leads to excessive release of thyroid hormones and consequently accelerated metabolism in the peripheral tissues. (medscape.com)
- Excessive triiodothyronine levels have been known to lead directly to lower protein synthesis [1] which consequently leads directly towards muscle breakdown (hence why many who suffer from hyperthyroidism feel so weak and shaky). (dane101.com)
Endocrine1
- Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is the second most prevalent endocrine disorder, after diabetes mellitus. (slideshare.net)
Cat's2
- Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid glands produce an excess of a hormone that controls your cat's metabolic rate, accelerating wear and tear on his or her internal organs. (vcahospitals.com)
- Another factor to consider before euthanizing a cat with hyperthyroidism is your cat's disease stage. (fveap.org)
Pathophysiology1
- Understanding the normal physiology of the thyroid gland is necessary to understand the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism. (medscape.com)
Left untreated1
- If left untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to heart problems, brittle bones, eye problems, and a condition called thyroid storm in which the heart rate is increased to dangerously high levels. (endocrinology-centers.com)
Caused by autoimmune1
- The hyperthyroidism caused by autoimmune antibodies that your body makes to increase your thyroid function is known as Grave's disease. (checkbiotech.org)
Signs1
- Readings that show high T4 levels and low TSH are signs of hyperthyroidism. (nni.com.sg)
Occurs1
- Hyperthyroidism occurs when your thyroid produces more hormone than your body needs. (healthfully.com)
Grave's1
- Alternative therapy for Grave's hyperthyroidism? (medhelp.org)
Thyroiditis3
- Thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid gland, can cause hyperthyroidism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Transient (temporary) hyperthyroidism can be caused by silent thyroiditis, a condition which appears to be the same as postpartum thyroiditis but is not related to pregnancy. (aace.com)
- Hyperthyroidism can also be caused by an inflamed thyroid gland, known as thyroiditis. (anti-aging-bhrt.com)
Thyroid gland makes1
- In teens who have hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland makes and releases too much thyroid hormone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Patients2
- The goal of the present study has been to investigate the representation of the illness and the internment of interned patients diagnosed with Hyperthyroidism. (bvsalud.org)
- RÉSUMÉ La présente étude vise à examiner la qualité de vie de patients atteints de thalassémie majeure en fonction de l'âge, du sexe, des résultats scolaires, et de la gravité et des complications de la maladie. (who.int)