Hypoglossal Nerve Diseases
Hypoglossal Nerve
Tongue
Optic Nerve Diseases
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Olfactory Nerve Diseases
Vagus Nerve Diseases
Pharyngeal Muscles
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
Lingual Nerve
Tongue Diseases
Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases
Laryngeal Nerves
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases
Dysarthria
Onchocerciasis, Ocular
Facial Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve Diseases
Accessory Nerve Diseases
Implantable Neurostimulators
Paralysis
Phrenic Nerve
Facial Nerve Diseases
Wrestling
Abducens Nerve Diseases
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Fasciculation
Trochlear Nerve Diseases
Brain Stem
Medulla Oblongata
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Oculomotor Nerve Diseases
Deglutition
Optic Neuritis
Sciatic Nerve
Tuberculosis, Spinal
Hypoglossal neurinoma--two case reports. (1/24)
Two patients presented with hypoglossal neurinoma extending both intra- and extracranially. A 63-year-old male presented with right trigeminal neuralgia and hypoglossal nerve paresis. The intracranial part of the tumor was removed totally via a suboccipital craniectomy. Over-coagulation of the venous collaterals, particularly the emissary veins, resulted in dural venous sinus thrombosis and cerebellar infarction. Unfortunately this patient died. A 48-year-old male presented with pareses of the VII, IX, X, XI, and XII cranial nerves and cerebellar sign. The tumor extended both extra- and intracranially, and was completely removed by opening the hypoglossal canal and the jugular foramen without over-coagulation of the venous collaterals. Preservation of the venous collaterals is very important for the prevention of postoperative venous complications. (+info)Dysarthria as the isolated clinical symptom of borreliosis--a case report. (2/24)
This report presents a case of dysarthria due to hypoglossal nerve mono-neuropathy as the only consequence of neuroborreliosis. The 65-year-old man with a seven-months history of articulation disturbances was examined. The speech of the patient was slow and laboured. A slight weakness of the muscles of the tongue (left-side) was observed. The patient suffered from meningitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection in 1999 and initially underwent a successful antibiotic treatment. Detailed radiological investigation and psychological tests were performed and co-existing neurological diseases were excluded. To describe profile of speech abnormalities the dysarthria scale was designed based on S. J. Robertson Dysarthria Profile. There were a few disturbances found in self-assessment of speech, intelligibility, articulation, and prosody but especially in the morphology of the articulation muscles, diadochokinesis, the reflexes (in the mouth, larynx and pharynx). Needle EMG examination confirmed the diagnosis of mono-neuropathy of left hypoglossal nerve. The study confirms the fact that neuroborreliosis may evoke chronic consequences. (+info)Solitary fibrous tumor of the hypoglossal nerve. (3/24)
SUMMARY: We report a case of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) causing isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy. The neuroimaging appearance of the tumor was indistinguishable from that of schwannoma or meningioma. Immunohistochemical tests demonstrated strong reactivity for CD34 but an absence of staining for S100 and epithelial membrane antigen; this profile is indicative of an SFT. SFTs are mesenchymal tumors that can affect the dura-covered segments of cranial nerves. They may be considered in the differential diagnosis of an isolated cranial nerve palsy. (+info)Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy in a child. (4/24)
We report an 11-year-old boy who had isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy one week after symptoms and signs of urticarial lesions. Neuroradiological examinations and other investigations for etiology of hypoglossal nerve palsy and urticaria were normal. We suggest that all patients with hypoglossal palsy must be carefully evaluated for atypical findings and etiologies. (+info)Critical role for DP5/Harakiri, a Bcl-2 homology domain 3-only Bcl-2 family member, in axotomy-induced neuronal cell death. (5/24)
The survival of neurons is maintained primarily by neurotrophic factors that suppress the apoptotic program. Axotomy or removal of peripheral targets causes neuronal cell death, but the mechanisms involved in the induction of this type of cell death remain poorly understood. Here, we show that DP5/Harakiri, a Bcl-2 homology domain 3-only member of the Bcl-2 family, is induced in motoneurons after transection of the hypoglossal nerve in mice and in sympathetic neurons after nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal. To assess the role of DP5 in neuronal cell death, mutant mice deficient in DP5 were generated by gene targeting. DP5-/- mice were viable and exhibited normal postnatal development. Notably, motoneurons from DP5-/- mice were highly protected from cell death induced by resection of the hypoglossal nerve compared with motoneurons from DP5+/+ littermate mice. In addition, deficiency of DP5 in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurons resulted in delayed neuronal cell death triggered by NGF withdrawal. Analysis of SCG neurons from DP5-/- mice revealed increased preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced activation of caspase-3 compared with neurons from wild-type mice. These results indicate that DP5 plays an important role in neuronal cell death induced by axotomy and NGF deprivation through the regulation of mitochondrial function and caspase-3 activation. (+info)A case of Collet-Sicard syndrome associated with traumatic atlas fractures and congenital basilar invagination. (6/24)
An 18 year old man with congenital basilar invagination developed multiple lower cranial nerve (CN) palsies including CN IX to XII after a traffic accident. Computed tomography of his skull base revealed a two part atlas Jefferson fracture. Normally, lower cranial nerves (CN IX-XII) pass through a space between the styloid process and the atlas transverse process. Atlas burst fractures rarely cause neurological deficits because of a greater transverse and sagittal diameter of the spinal canal at the atlas, and a tendency of the lateral masses to slide away from the cord after injury. However, when associated with a rare condition-congenital basilar invagination-atlas fractures can compromise the space and make CN IX-XII more vulnerable to compression injury. This report discusses the correlation between the anatomical lesions and clinical features of this patient. (+info)Hypoglossal schwannoma presenting as hemi-atrophy of the tongue. (7/24)
Schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve is extremely rare. We report the clinical manifestations of a patient with Schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve with hemi-atrophy of the tongue and numbness in the lip. Magnetic resonance image study of the brain showed a lobulated mass at the right posterior fossa with an extension to the right upper neck. Surgical intervention was performed with right occipital craniotomy and a partial resection of C1 and occipital condyle. Pathological studies confirmed a Schwannoma with hemorrhages and necrosis. (+info)Unilateral laryngeal and hypoglossal paralysis (Tapia's syndrome) following rhinoplasty in general anaesthesia: case report and review of the literature. (8/24)
Extracranial involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the hypoglossal nerve is known as Tapia's syndrome. Ipsilateral paralysis of the vocal cord and tongue is present. Lesion of these nerves may be a rare complication of airway management. Herein, a case of Tapia's Syndrome complicating transoral intubation during general anaesthesia in a rhinoplasty operation, together with a review of pertinent literature to evaluate the incidence and the possible pathogenic mechanism of the lesion. There are recent reports in the literature on mono or bilateral paralysis of the XII or laryngeal recurrent nerve after use of laryngeal mask with a pathogenic mechanism of compression. Furthermore, there are reports, following oro-tracheal intubation, of recurrent laryngeal paralysis, likely legacies to the compression of the anterior branch of inferior laryngeal nerve by the cuff of the oro-tracheal tube against the postero-medial part of the thyroid cartilage. Hypoglossal nerve damage could be caused by a stretching of the nerve against the greater horn of the hyoid bone by a laryngeal mask or oro-tracheal tube or compression of the posterior part of the laryngoscope or oro-tracheal tube. In our case, the lesion probably occurred as the result of a two-fold compressive mechanism: on one hand, compression by the cuff of the endo-tracheal tube due to excessive throat pack in the oro-pharynx; on the other hand a prolonged stretching mechanism of these nerves may have occurred due to excessive anterior and lateral flexion of the head. From the data reported in the literature, as in our case, complete recovery of function is generally achieved within the first six months. This progressive recovery of function suggests nerve damage of a neuro-praxic type, which is typical of compression injury. In conclusion, the response of this rare complication confirms the importance not only of the position of the head and patient on the operating table but also the meticulous and correct performance of the routine manoeuvres of airway management. (+info)The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.
Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:
1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.
Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:
1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for innervating the muscles of the tongue, allowing for its movement and function. These muscles include the intrinsic muscles that alter the shape of the tongue and the extrinsic muscles that position it in the oral cavity. The hypoglossal nerve also has some minor contributions to the innervation of two muscles in the neck: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. These functions are related to head turning and maintaining head position. Any damage to this nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the tongue, causing difficulty with speech, swallowing, and tongue movements.
Hypoglossal nerve injuries refer to damages or impairments to the twelfth cranial nerve, also known as the hypoglossal nerve. This nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue.
An injury to this nerve can result in various symptoms, depending on the severity and location of the damage. These may include:
1. Deviation of the tongue to one side when protruded (usually away from the side of the lesion)
2. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles
3. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and articulation
4. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue (in some cases)
Hypoglossal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, surgical complications, tumors, or neurological disorders like stroke or multiple sclerosis. Treatment for hypoglossal nerve injuries typically focuses on managing symptoms and may involve speech and language therapy, exercises to strengthen the tongue muscles, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.
In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.
Optic nerve diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color vision, and visual field defects. Examples of optic nerve diseases include optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), glaucoma (damage to the optic nerve due to high eye pressure), optic nerve damage from trauma or injury, ischemic optic neuropathy (lack of blood flow to the optic nerve), and optic nerve tumors. Treatment for optic nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.
Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.
For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.
Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.
Olfactory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the olfactory nerve, which is the first cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell. These diseases can result in impaired or loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), as well as distorted perception of smells (parosmia). The causes of olfactory nerve diseases can include trauma, infection, inflammation, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain chemicals. Some examples of specific olfactory nerve diseases include sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, head injuries, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Vagus nerve diseases, also known as vagus nerve disorders, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve and extends from the brainstem to the abdomen, playing a crucial role in regulating various automatic functions of the body such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and sweating.
Diseases of the vagus nerve can result from various causes, including inflammation, infection, trauma, compression, or degeneration. Some common vagus nerve disorders include:
1. Vagus nerve dysfunction: This is a general term used to describe any abnormality in the functioning of the vagus nerve. Symptoms may vary depending on the specific functions affected but can include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, voice changes, and abnormal heart rate or blood pressure.
2. Vagus nerve neuropathy: This is a condition that results from damage to the vagus nerve fibers. It can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and abnormal digestive function.
3. Gastroparesis: This is a condition in which the stomach muscles fail to contract properly, leading to delayed gastric emptying. Vagus nerve dysfunction is a common cause of gastroparesis.
4. Orthostatic hypotension: This is a condition characterized by a drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying down position. Vagus nerve dysfunction can contribute to this condition by causing an abnormal response in the heart rate and blood vessels.
5. Inflammatory disorders: Certain inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and sarcoidosis can affect the vagus nerve and cause various symptoms.
Treatment for vagus nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
The pharyngeal muscles, also known as the musculature of the pharynx, are a group of skeletal muscles that make up the walls of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat located just above the esophagus and behind the nasal and oral cavities. These muscles play a crucial role in several vital functions, including:
1. Swallowing (deglutition): The pharyngeal muscles contract in a coordinated sequence to propel food or liquids from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus during swallowing.
2. Speech: The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help shape the sounds produced by the vocal cords, contributing to the production of speech.
3. Respiration: The pharyngeal muscles assist in maintaining an open airway during breathing, especially during sleep and when the upper airways are obstructed.
The pharyngeal muscles consist of three layers: the outer circular muscle layer, the middle longitudinal muscle layer, and the inner inferior constrictor muscle layer. The specific muscles that make up these layers include:
1. Superior constrictor muscle (outer circular layer)
2. Middle constrictor muscle (middle longitudinal layer)
3. Inferior constrictor muscle (inner inferior constrictor layer)
4. Stylopharyngeus muscle
5. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
6. Palatopharyngeus muscle
7. Buccinator muscle (partially contributes to the middle longitudinal layer)
These muscles work together to perform their various functions, and any dysfunction in these muscles can lead to problems like swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), speech impairments, or respiratory issues.
Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.
Cranial nerve neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within or near the cranial nerves. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, each with a specific function and location in the skull.
Cranial nerve neoplasms can be benign or malignant and may arise from the nerve itself (schwannoma, neurofibroma) or from surrounding tissues that invade the nerve (meningioma, epidermoid cyst). The growth of these tumors can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include:
* Facial weakness or numbness
* Double vision or other visual disturbances
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Loss of smell or taste
* Uncontrollable eye movements or drooping eyelids
Treatment for cranial nerve neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications.
The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). It provides general sensory innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, including taste sensation from the same region. It also supplies sensory innervation to the floor of the mouth and the lingual gingiva (gum tissue). The lingual nerve is closely associated with the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and their ducts.
Tongue diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or appearance of the tongue. These conditions can be categorized into several types, including:
1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause tongue inflammation (glossitis), pain, and ulcers. Common causes include streptococcus, herpes simplex, and candida albicans.
2. Traumatic injuries: These can result from accidental bites, burns, or irritation caused by sharp teeth, dental appliances, or habitual habits like tongue thrusting or chewing.
3. Neoplasms: Both benign and malignant growths can occur on the tongue, such as papillomas, fibromas, and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Congenital disorders: Some individuals may be born with abnormalities of the tongue, like ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) or macroglossia (enlarged tongue).
5. Neurological conditions: Certain neurological disorders can affect tongue movement and sensation, such as Bell's palsy, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.
6. Systemic diseases: Various systemic conditions can have symptoms that manifest on the tongue, like diabetes mellitus (which can cause dryness and furring), iron deficiency anemia (which may lead to atrophic glossitis), or Sjögren's syndrome (which can result in xerostomia).
7. Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause of tongue symptoms remains unknown, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic glossitis or burning mouth syndrome.
Proper diagnosis and treatment of tongue diseases require a thorough examination by a healthcare professional, often involving a dental or medical specialist such as an oral pathologist, otolaryngologist, or dermatologist.
The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance problems.
These diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infection, trauma, tumors, or degeneration. Some examples of vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include:
1. Vestibular neuritis: an inner ear infection that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and balance problems.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that affects both the vestibular and cochlear nerves, causing vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
3. Acoustic neuroma: a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
4. Meniere's disease: a inner ear disorder that causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
5. Ototoxicity: damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals that can result in hearing loss and balance problems.
6. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that is associated with vertigo, dizziness, and balance problems.
Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
The laryngeal nerves are a pair of nerves that originate from the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and provide motor and sensory innervation to the larynx. There are two branches of the laryngeal nerves: the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
The superior laryngeal nerve has two branches: the external branch, which provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle and sensation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule; and the internal branch, which provides sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, and sensation to the mucous membrane below the vocal folds. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one, as it hooks around the subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx.
Damage to the laryngeal nerves can result in voice changes, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is primarily responsible for providing motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and sensory innervation to parts of the pharynx, middle ear, and posterior tongue. It also plays a role in the reflexive control of heart rate via the baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus.
Glossopharyngeal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to various symptoms. These diseases can be classified into two main categories: peripheral and central. Peripheral disorders are caused by damage or injury to the nerve itself, while central disorders result from problems in the brainstem where the glossopharyngeal nerve originates.
Some examples of glossopharyngeal nerve diseases include:
1. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A rare condition characterized by severe, stabbing pain in the throat, ear, or tongue, often triggered by swallowing or talking. This disorder may be caused by compression of the nerve by blood vessels or other structures.
2. Infections: Bacterial and viral infections can cause inflammation and damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve, leading to dysfunction. Examples include Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), and meningitis.
3. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in the head and neck region can compress and injure the glossopharyngeal nerve, resulting in symptoms related to its dysfunction.
4. Trauma: Direct trauma to the neck or skull base can damage the glossopharyngeal nerve, causing various deficits depending on the severity of the injury.
5. Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis and stroke can affect the central connections of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the brainstem, leading to dysfunction.
6. Genetic conditions: Rare genetic disorders like Moersch-Woltman syndrome (also known as stiff person syndrome) can involve the glossopharyngeal nerve and cause symptoms related to its dysfunction.
Symptoms of glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, loss of taste on the back of the tongue, decreased sensation in the throat or ear, and pain in the neck, throat, or ear. Treatment for these conditions depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the specific problem.
Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that results from damage to the nervous system, particularly the brainstem or cerebellum. It affects the muscles used for speaking, causing slurred, slow, or difficult speech. The specific symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause and the extent of nerve damage. Treatment typically involves speech therapy to improve communication abilities.
The occipital bone is the single, posterior cranial bone that forms the base of the skull and encloses the brain. It articulates with the parietal bones anteriorly and the temporal bones laterally. The occipital bone also contains several important structures such as the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain, and the external and internal occipital protuberances, which serve as attachment points for neck muscles.
Onchocerciasis, Ocular is a medical condition that specifically refers to the eye manifestations caused by the parasitic infection, Onchocerca volvulus. Also known as "river blindness," this disease is spread through the bite of infected blackflies.
Ocular onchocerciasis affects various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and retina. The infection can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, and redness of the eyes. Over time, it may lead to more serious complications like punctate keratitis (small, scattered opacities on the cornea), cataracts, glaucoma, and ultimately, blindness.
The infection is diagnosed through a skin snip or blood test, which can detect the presence of microfilariae (the larval stage of the parasite) or antibodies against the parasite. Treatment typically involves administering oral medications such as ivermectin, which kills the microfilariae and reduces the risk of eye damage. However, it does not kill the adult worms, so multiple doses are often required to control the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove advanced ocular lesions.
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.
The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:
1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.
Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.
Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in controlling voluntary muscle movements. They transmit electrical signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling us to perform actions such as walking, talking, and swallowing. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain's motor cortex and travel down to the brainstem and spinal cord; and lower motor neurons, which extend from the brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles. Damage or degeneration of these motor neurons can lead to various neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
Trigeminal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the trigeminal nerve, which is one of the cranial nerves responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The trigeminal nerve has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular, which innervate different parts of the face and head.
Trigeminal nerve diseases can cause various symptoms, including facial pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness. Some common trigeminal nerve diseases include:
1. Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, causing intense, stabbing, or electric shock-like pain in the face.
2. Hemifacial spasm: A neuromuscular disorder that causes involuntary muscle spasms on one side of the face, often affecting the muscles around the eye and mouth.
3. Trigeminal neuropathy: Damage or injury to the trigeminal nerve, which can result in numbness, tingling, or weakness in the face.
4. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): A viral infection that affects the facial nerve and geniculate ganglion of the trigeminal nerve, causing facial paralysis, ear pain, and a rash around the ear.
5. Microvascular compression: Compression of the trigeminal nerve by a blood vessel, which can cause symptoms similar to trigeminal neuralgia.
Treatment for trigeminal nerve diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.
The accessory nerve, also known as the 11th cranial nerve (CN XI), has both a cranial and spinal root and innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle. Accessory nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the function of this nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
Some examples of accessory nerve diseases include:
1. Traumatic injury: Direct trauma to the neck or posterior scalene region can damage the spinal root of the accessory nerve. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the trapezius muscle, leading to difficulty with shoulder movement and pain.
2. Neuralgia: Accessory nerve neuralgia is a condition characterized by painful spasms or shooting pains along the course of the accessory nerve. It can be caused by nerve compression, inflammation, or injury.
3. Tumors: Tumors in the neck region, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or invade the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
4. Infections: Viral infections, such as poliovirus or West Nile virus, can cause inflammation and damage to the accessory nerve, resulting in weakness or paralysis.
5. Neuropathy: Accessory nerve neuropathy is a condition characterized by degeneration of the accessory nerve fibers due to various causes such as diabetes, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. This can result in weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
6. Congenital defects: Some individuals may be born with congenital defects that affect the development and function of the accessory nerve, leading to weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles.
Treatment for accessory nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
An implantable neurostimulator is a type of medical device that is surgically placed inside the body to deliver electrical stimulation to specific nerves or areas of the brain. This can be used to treat a variety of neurological conditions, such as chronic pain, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and essential tremor.
The device typically consists of one or more electrodes that are implanted near the target nerve or brain region, connected to a pulse generator that is implanted under the skin, usually in the chest or abdomen. The patient or healthcare provider can program the pulse generator to deliver electrical stimulation at specific times and intensities, which can help to modulate the activity of the targeted nerves and alleviate symptoms.
Implantable neurostimulators are typically considered when other treatments have failed or are not well-tolerated. While they are generally safe and effective, there are some risks associated with surgery and long-term use, such as infection, device malfunction, and discomfort at the implantation site. Therefore, careful consideration and discussion with a healthcare provider is necessary before deciding to proceed with this type of treatment.
Paralysis is a loss of muscle function in part or all of your body. It can be localized, affecting only one specific area, or generalized, impacting multiple areas or even the entire body. Paralysis often occurs when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. In most cases, paralysis is caused by damage to the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other causes include stroke, trauma, infections, and various neurological disorders.
It's important to note that paralysis doesn't always mean a total loss of movement or feeling. Sometimes, it may just cause weakness or numbness in the affected area. The severity and extent of paralysis depend on the underlying cause and the location of the damage in the nervous system.
The phrenic nerve is a motor nerve that originates from the cervical spine (C3-C5) and descends through the neck to reach the diaphragm, which is the primary muscle used for breathing. The main function of the phrenic nerve is to innervate the diaphragm and control its contraction and relaxation, thereby enabling respiration.
Damage or injury to the phrenic nerve can result in paralysis of the diaphragm, leading to difficulty breathing and potentially causing respiratory failure. Certain medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injuries, and tumors, can affect the phrenic nerve and impair its function.
Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.
Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:
* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles
Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia
Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "wrestling" is not a medical term. It is an athletic activity or sport that involves two individuals trying to physically manipulate each other into a dominant position or force their opponent to the ground. If you have any medical questions or concerns, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
The abducens nerve, also known as the sixth cranial nerve, is responsible for controlling the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which enables the eye to move outward. Abducens nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in various symptoms, primarily affecting eye movement.
Here are some medical definitions related to abducens nerve diseases:
1. Abducens Nerve Palsy: A condition characterized by weakness or paralysis of the abducens nerve, causing difficulty in moving the affected eye outward. This results in double vision (diplopia), especially when gazing towards the side of the weakened nerve. Abducens nerve palsy can be congenital, acquired, or caused by various factors such as trauma, tumors, aneurysms, infections, or diseases like diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
2. Sixth Nerve Palsy: Another term for abducens nerve palsy, referring to the weakness or paralysis of the sixth cranial nerve.
3. Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO): A neurological condition affecting eye movement, often caused by a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the abducens nucleus with the oculomotor nucleus. INO results in impaired adduction (inward movement) of the eye on the side of the lesion and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) of the abducting eye on the opposite side when attempting to look towards the side of the lesion.
4. One-and-a-Half Syndrome: A rare neurological condition characterized by a combination of INO and internuclear ophthalmoplegia with horizontal gaze palsy on the same side, caused by damage to both the abducens nerve and the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). This results in limited or no ability to move the eyes towards the side of the lesion and impaired adduction of the eye on the opposite side.
5. Brainstem Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brainstem, which can affect the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves, leading to various neurological symptoms such as diplopia (double vision), ataxia (loss of balance and coordination), and facial weakness. Brainstem encephalitis can be caused by infectious agents, autoimmune disorders, or paraneoplastic syndromes.
6. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system, including the brainstem and optic nerves. MS can cause various neurological symptoms, such as diplopia, nystagmus, and INO, due to damage to the abducens nerve and other cranial nerves.
7. Wernicke's Encephalopathy: A neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, often seen in alcoholics or individuals with malnutrition. Wernicke's encephalopathy can affect the brainstem and cause various symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, confusion, and oculomotor abnormalities.
8. Pontine Glioma: A rare type of brain tumor that arises from the glial cells in the pons (a part of the brainstem). Pontine gliomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, facial weakness, and difficulty swallowing due to their location in the brainstem.
9. Brainstem Cavernous Malformation: A benign vascular lesion that arises from the small blood vessels in the brainstem. Brainstem cavernous malformations can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, ataxia, and facial weakness due to their location in the brainstem.
10. Pituitary Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises from the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. Large pituitary adenomas can compress the optic nerves and cause various visual symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, and decreased vision.
11. Craniopharyngioma: A benign tumor that arises from the remnants of the Rathke's pouch, a structure that gives rise to the anterior pituitary gland. Craniopharyngiomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the optic nerves and pituitary gland.
12. Meningioma: A benign tumor that arises from the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, and seizures depending on their location in the brain or spinal cord.
13. Chordoma: A rare type of malignant tumor that arises from the remnants of the notochord, a structure that gives rise to the spine during embryonic development. Chordomas can cause various neurological and endocrine symptoms such as diplopia, visual field defects, headaches, and hormonal imbalances due to their location near the brainstem and spinal cord.
14. Metastatic Brain Tumors: Malignant tumors that spread from other parts of the body to the brain. Metastatic brain tumors can cause various neurological symptoms such as diplopia, headaches, seizures, and cognitive impairment depending on their location in the brain.
15. Other Rare Brain Tumors: There are many other rare types of brain tumors that can cause diplopia or other neurological symptoms, including gliomas, ependymomas, pineal region tumors, and others. These tumors require specialized diagnosis and treatment by neuro-oncologists and neurosurgeons with expertise in these rare conditions.
In summary, diplopia can be caused by various brain tumors, including pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, chordomas, metastatic brain tumors, and other rare types of tumors. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience diplopia or other neurological symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.
The foramen magnum is the largest opening in the human skull, located at the base of the skull, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain. It is a crucial structure for the transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body. The foramen magnum also provides passage for blood vessels that supply the brainstem and upper spinal cord.
Cranial nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma to one or more of the twelve cranial nerves (CN I through CN XII). These nerves originate from the brainstem and are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance) and controlling various motor functions (like eye movement, facial expressions, swallowing, and speaking).
Cranial nerve injuries can result from various causes, including head trauma, tumors, infections, or neurological conditions. The severity of the injury may range from mild dysfunction to complete loss of function, depending on the extent of damage to the nerve. Treatment options vary based on the type and location of the injury but often involve a combination of medical management, physical therapy, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation.
A fasciculation is an involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation that occurs randomly and spontaneously, causing a visible twitching of the muscle. Fasciculations can occur in any skeletal muscle of the body and are often described as feeling like a "mini-charley horse." They are generally harmless and can occur in people without any underlying neurological conditions. However, they can also be a symptom of certain neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or motor neuron disease. In these cases, fasciculations are often accompanied by other symptoms, such as muscle weakness, atrophy, and cramping. If you are experiencing persistent or frequent fasciculations, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and diagnosis.
Nerve regeneration is the process of regrowth and restoration of functional nerve connections following damage or injury to the nervous system. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular events, such as the activation of support cells called glia, the sprouting of surviving nerve fibers (axons), and the reformation of neural circuits. The goal of nerve regeneration is to enable the restoration of normal sensory, motor, and autonomic functions impaired due to nerve damage or injury.
The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.
Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:
1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.
The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls many vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the body. Additionally, several cranial nerves originate from the brainstem, including those that control eye movements, facial movements, and hearing.
The medulla oblongata is a part of the brainstem that is located in the posterior portion of the brainstem and continues with the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in controlling several critical bodily functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The medulla oblongata also contains nerve pathways that transmit sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the muscles. Additionally, it is responsible for reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.
Laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and/or the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which are the primary nerves that supply the larynx, or voice box. These nerves play crucial roles in controlling the vocal cord movements and protecting the airway during swallowing.
The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor function to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. The RLN also carries sensory fibers from a small area of the mucous membrane below the vocal folds.
Injuries to these nerves can result in voice changes, breathing difficulties, and swallowing problems. Depending on the severity and location of the injury, patients may experience hoarseness, weak voice, breathy voice, coughing while swallowing, or even complete airway obstruction in severe cases. Laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (e.g., thyroid, esophageal, and cardiovascular surgeries), neck trauma, tumors, infections, or iatrogenic causes.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:
1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.
Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.
The oculomotor nerve, also known as the third cranial nerve (CN III), is responsible for controlling several important eye movements and functions. Oculomotor nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can lead to various symptoms related to eye movement and function. Here's a medical definition of oculomotor nerve diseases:
Oculomotor nerve diseases are a group of medical disorders characterized by the dysfunction or damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), resulting in impaired eye movements, abnormalities in pupillary response, and potential effects on eyelid position. These conditions can be congenital, acquired, or traumatic in nature and may lead to partial or complete paralysis of the nerve. Common oculomotor nerve diseases include oculomotor nerve palsy, third nerve ganglionopathies, and compressive oculomotor neuropathies caused by various pathologies such as aneurysms, tumors, or infections.
Deglutition is the medical term for swallowing. It refers to the process by which food or liquid is transferred from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements and neural responses. The deglutition process involves several stages, including oral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases, each of which plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.
Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty with swallowing, which can result from various underlying conditions such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or muscular weakness. Proper evaluation and management of deglutition disorders are essential to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.
Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.
Inhalation is the act or process of breathing in where air or other gases are drawn into the lungs. It's also known as inspiration. This process involves several muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles between the ribs, working together to expand the chest cavity and decrease the pressure within the thorax, which then causes air to flow into the lungs.
In a medical context, inhalation can also refer to the administration of medications or therapeutic gases through the respiratory tract, typically using an inhaler or nebulizer. This route of administration allows for direct delivery of the medication to the lungs, where it can be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and exert its effects.
The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.
Tuberculosis (TB) of the spine, also known as Pott's disease, is a specific form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves the vertebral column. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, including the spine.
In Pott's disease, the infection leads to the destruction of the spongy bone (vertebral body) and the intervertebral disc space, resulting in vertebral collapse, kyphosis (hunchback deformity), and potential neurological complications due to spinal cord compression. Common symptoms include back pain, stiffness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Early diagnosis and treatment with a multidrug antibiotic regimen are crucial to prevent long-term disability and further spread of the infection.
Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:
1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).
Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.
Hypoglossal nerve
Hypersalivation
Progressive bulbar palsy
Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1
Obstructive sleep apnea
Tongue disease
Hypoglossal canal
Medulla oblongata
Fazio-Londe disease
Cranial nerves
Jugular foramen syndrome
Brainstem
Babinski-Nageotte syndrome
Dysarthria
List of ICD-9 codes 320-389: diseases of the nervous system and sense organs
Hindbrain
Neuromodulation (medicine)
List of neuromuscular disorders
Affect display
Parapharyngeal space
Chromatolysis
Carotid sheath
Bulbar palsy
Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome
Otorhinolaryngology
Carotid artery dissection
Anatomy
Wallerian degeneration
Guttural pouch
Taste
Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Implant for Sleep Apnea | Johns Hopkins Medicine
Hypoglossal nerve - Wikipedia
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Median Neuropathy; Median Nerve Diseases
Nobuaki Imanishi - Research output - Keio University
Malignant Otitis Externa: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Hypoglossal nerve
Figure 4 - Increased Attack Rates and Decreased Incubation Periods in Raccoons with Chronic Wasting Disease Passaged through...
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Facial Nerve Diseases (medical concept explorer)
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Hypoglossal nerve palsy (Concept Id: C0585265) - MedGen - NCBI
Management of the Neck With Carotid Artery Involvement Treatment & Management: Surgical Therapy, Complications, Outcome and...
Revisiting Otology in Covid Times: Our Experience | Research Square
New Discoveries from Sleep Apnea Research
Hypoglossal Nerve | Profiles RNS
Vagus7
- The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- It then travels close to the vagus nerve and spinal division of the accessory nerve, spirals downwards behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath. (wikipedia.org)
- After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the vagus nerve and then passes behind the deep belly of the digastric muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- A) Raccoon 2 shows no spongiform change in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNV) (above dashed line) or hypoglossal nucleus (below dashed line). (cdc.gov)
- The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). (umassmed.edu)
- However, the vagus nerve has branches to most of the internal organs and is the part of the autonomic nervous system. (byjus.com)
- Sited between dorsal nucleus of the vagus and median plane of the 4th ventricle - i.e. hypoglossal triangle in the floor of the 4th ventricle. (rahulgladwin.com)
Pass through the hypoglossal canal2
- The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, pass through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
- By two bundles from the groove between the olive and pyramid (10 - 15 rootlets), pass through the hypoglossal canal. (rahulgladwin.com)
Airway9
- The device detects each breath and sends an electrical impulse to stimulate the nerves that move the tongue and open the airway while the person sleeps. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea that uses an implant to stimulate a nerve under the tongue to prevent the tongue from blocking the airway. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Hypoglossal nerve stimulation aims to improve breathing, treat upper airway obstruction and reduce snoring, gasping and choking so the person can have a more restful sleep. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Hypoglossal nerve palsy after airway management for general anesthesia: an analysis of 69 patients. (nih.gov)
- This respiratory plasticity involves alterations via sensory (i.e., central and peripheral chemoreceptors and airway mechanoreceptors) and modulatory projections (i.e., serotonergic neurons), as well as many other conscious and unconscious processes that affect breathing (i.e., cortical inputs, cardiovascular disease, etc. (veteriankey.com)
- However, accessory inspiratory muscles also play a role in breathing, especially during respiratory stress or disease (i.e., upper airway muscles innervated by the hypoglossal nerve) [6] . (veteriankey.com)
- OSA is a highly prevalent sleep disorder that is characterized as repeated reduction or cessation of airflow because of upper airway resistance and pharyngeal collapsibility during sleep, and without prompt treatment, it will trigger a series of severe diseases, like hypertension, cardiovascular disease. (westlake.edu.cn)
- Through electrical precise stimulating hypoglossal nerve, the upper airway of patient will be wider which helps patients to breath normally. (westlake.edu.cn)
- It is also known as a hypoglossal nerve stimulator or an upper airway stimulation device. (transitsblog.com)
Candidate for hypoglossal nerve2
- If you and your doctor think you may be a candidate for hypoglossal nerve stimulation, the next step is a drug-induced sleep endoscopy. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Patient was subsequently deemed an appropriate candidate for hypoglossal nerve stimulator implantation and elected to proceed with the procedure. (csurgeries.com)
Stimulator8
- A hypoglossal nerve stimulator is an implantable device used to treat obstructive sleep apnea. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- As of 2023, the only hypoglossal nerve stimulator that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration is the Inspire device. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- The hypoglossal nerve stimulator implant is controlled by a hand-held remote that turns the device on and off. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- A delay feature allows you to set the nerve stimulator to start after you fall asleep. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Who might benefit from a hypoglossal nerve stimulator? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Most insurance plans, including Medicare, will cover at least some of the costs of obtaining and using a hypoglossal nerve stimulator. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Overall, hypoglossal nerve stimulator implantation is an effective, tolerable long-term alternative treatment option for those with OSA. (csurgeries.com)
- The following video demonstrates her hypoglossal nerve stimulator implantation via the 2-incision technique detailing the procedure's anatomic landmarks and corresponding steps. (csurgeries.com)
12th cranial nerve2
- The 12th cranial nerve. (umassmed.edu)
- Disorders of the 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal nerve) cause weakness or wasting (atrophy) of the tongue on the affected side. (msdmanuals.com)
Trigeminal2
- Signals from muscle spindles on the tongue travel through the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
- There remain to be described the disorders of the facial (VII) nerve and of the lower cranial nerves (IX to XII), as well as certain diseases that affect the trigeminal (V) nerve. (mhmedical.com)
Amyotrophic lateral s3
- The tongue plays a crucial role in the swallowing process, and impairment can lead to dysphagia, particularly in motor neuron diseases (MNDs) resulting in hypoglossal-tongue axis degeneration (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and progressive bulbar palsy). (bvsalud.org)
- Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Inspect silent aim paladins tongue inside the mouthlook for fasciculations, which may be warzone wallhack undetected free with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other noclip script overwatch 2 neuron diseases. (divitiaebytj.com)
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ), also known as motor neurone disease ( MND ) or Lou Gehrig's disease , is a rare and terminal neurodegenerative disease that results in the progressive loss of motor neurons that control voluntary muscles . (wikipedia.org)
Except the palatoglossus1
- All the intrinsic and extrinsic mucles, except the palatoglossus, are supplied by HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE. (medicoapps.org)
Palsy12
- Radiation-induced hypoglossal nerve palsy after definitive radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Clinical predictors and dose-toxicity relationship. (nih.gov)
- Hypoglossal nerve palsy: 245 cases. (nih.gov)
- Bulbar paralysis may lead to difficulty in speech and swallowing Facial Palsy is the pressure on the facial nerve causing paralysis Chapter 7 Facial Palsy. (netlify.app)
- Motor System Disease*, primar lateral sclerosis, bulbar palsy progressive, maten tuggas med svårighet medan bulbar muskelmedverkan leder. (netlify.app)
- but the additional finding of a hypoglossal nerve palsy with atrophy of Namn. (netlify.app)
- Out of the 12 cranial nerves that are present 5 cranial nerves which control movement get affected in Bulbar Palsy. (netlify.app)
- Bulbar Palsy Definition Bulbar palsy or the progressive bulbar palsy is a condition wherein the motor neurons or the nerve cells responsible for movement are affected. (netlify.app)
- This is in contrast to bulbar palsy, which is a lower motor neuron syndrome involving the lowermost Bulbar palsy refers to a range of different signs and symptoms linked to impairment of function of the cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII, which occurs due to a lower Abstract. (netlify.app)
- Fazio-Londe disease is a label sometimes applied to a degenerative disease of the motor neurons characterized by progressive bulbar paralysis in 16 Feb 2020 It commonly presents with unilateral or bilateral seventh nerve palsy. (netlify.app)
- Rarely it can present as dangerous progressive bulbar palsy and is a 3 Oct 2017 Introduction · bulbar palsy is lower motor neuron weakness of the muscles innervated by the cranial nerves IX, X and XII, while pseudobulbar Pseudobulbar Palsy, Bulbar Palsy. (netlify.app)
- There are multiple etiologies of facial nerve palsy, and Bell's palsy (idiopathic, Bulbar palsy refers to a range of different signs and symptoms linked to av H Bergqvist - Cerebral palsy [MeSH]. (netlify.app)
- Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy After Cervical Spine Surgery. (cornell.edu)
Nucleus6
- The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve arise from the hypoglossal nucleus near the bottom of the brain stem. (wikipedia.org)
- Neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus are derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypoglossal nucleus interacts with the reticular formation, involved in the control of several reflexive or automatic motions, and several corticonuclear originating fibers supply innervation aiding in unconscious movements relating to speech and articulation. (wikipedia.org)
- C) Raccoon 2 shows very mild PrP Sc immunoreactivity in the DMNV and no immunoreactivity in neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus. (cdc.gov)
- D) Raccoon 9 shows moderate PrP Sc immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the DMNV and marked intraneuronal immunoreactivity in the hypoglossal nucleus. (cdc.gov)
- This model was created by injecting cholera toxin B conjugated to saporin (CTB-SAP) into the genioglossus muscle of the tongue base for retrograde transport to the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus via the hypoglossal nerve, which provides the sole motor control of the tongue. (bvsalud.org)
Electrode5
- The cuff electrode fits around a branch of nerve under the tongue, like a tiny cuff. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- The electrode stimulates the nerves, which makes the tongue stick out. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- 1] F. Xia and M. Sawan, "Electrode - Nerve Interface Properties to Treat the Obstructive Sleep Apnea through Electrical Stimulation," in the IEEE Sixth International Conference on Advances in Biomedical Engineering (ICABME), Beirut, Lebanon, 2021. (westlake.edu.cn)
- This procedure involves attaching an electrode to the main nerve that controls your tongue, called the hypoglossal nerve. (healthline.com)
- The other end of the wire functions like a stimulation electrode that joins a bunch of the hypoglossal nerves of the tongue. (transitsblog.com)
Twelve cranial nerves2
Disorders7
- Disorders affecting the function of the hypoglossal nerve lead to imbalanced action of the genioglossus muscles, causing tongue deviation toward the weak side. (medicoapps.org)
- Treatment of hypoglossal nerve disorders depends on the cause. (msdmanuals.com)
- With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate. (sdsu.edu)
- Nerve Root Injury and Plexus Disorders (incl. (sharecare.com)
- For a group of muscle-wasting disorders, see Motor neuron diseases . (wikipedia.org)
- ALS is a motor neuron disease , which is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons , the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body. (wikipedia.org)
- This interplay explains why there are a number of disorders that are characterised by both neurological and gastrointestinal signs and symptoms (for example, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, some encephalopathies (infections affecting the brain), herpes infections , some autistic disorders, some forms of motor neuron disease). (maxfacts.uk)
Disorder3
- People with hypoglossal nerve disorder have difficulty speaking, chewing, and swallowing. (msdmanuals.com)
- Objectives: This study aimed to investigate and compare sleep quality between patients with chronic temporomandibular disorder and healthy controls, and to analyze the association of sleep quality with disease characteristics, obstructive sleep apnea risk factors, and excessive daytime sleepiness. (preprints.org)
- Given its systemic associations with comorbid diseases, it ultimately increases lifetime risk of mortality and thus, should not be a disorder taken lightly. (csurgeries.com)
Paralysis2
- Supranuclear disease affecting the nerve results in paralysis of the tongue contralateral to the side of the lesion. (medicoapps.org)
- Partial or complete paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve. (nih.gov)
Lesion2
- Lesion of left or right hypoglossal nerve causes ipsilateral deviation of the tongue to the affected side - "licking your wounds. (rahulgladwin.com)
- lesion of cranial nerve IX. (myassignmentwriters.com)
Trochlear2
- Damage to the Trochlear nerve might cause inability to move eyeball downwards and damage to abducens nerve might result in diplopia. (byjus.com)
- Cranial nerve IV (trochlear nerve). (spagades.com)
Motor neuron diseases1
- [3] ALS is the most common form of the motor neuron diseases . (wikipedia.org)
Apnea6
- Hypoglossal nerve stimulation with an implanted device can help some people manage obstructive sleep apnea without a continuous positive airwave pressure (CPAP) machine. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- While the connection between sleep apnea, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia has been established, new research shows that treating sleep apnea with a CPAP machine may delay or prevent the early onset of the symptoms of dementia. (advancedhomecareonline.com)
- Similar evidence also finds that treating sleep apnea may decrease the risk of developing heart disease. (advancedhomecareonline.com)
- La historia de la apnea obstructiva del sueño es larga y complicada desde sus primeras descripciones en el siglo XIX con el relato de Pickwick en la primera novela de Charles Dickens. (unal.edu.co)
- Obstructive sleep apnea can harm a person's quality of life and is linked to primary medical conditions like heart disease, stroke, and behavioral difficulties. (transitsblog.com)
- Hypoglossal nerve stimulation implantation surgery is a unique treatment for sleep apnea in Houston when other treatment options are unsuccessful. (transitsblog.com)
Cervical4
- Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. (iiab.me)
- From 1st and 2nd cervical nerves (loop). (rahulgladwin.com)
- Descending down over carotid sheath, forms the ansa cervicalis with a branch from C2 + 3 (inferior root of ansa or descending cervical nerve). (rahulgladwin.com)
- 2017. The Health Impact of Adult Cervical Deformity in Patients Presenting for Surgical Treatment: Comparison to United States Population Norms and Chronic Disease States Based on the EuroQuol-5 Dimensions Questionnaire. . (cornell.edu)
Muscles6
- The hypoglossal nerve moves forward lateral to the hyoglossus and medial to the stylohyoid muscles and lingual nerve. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypoglossal nerve provides motor control of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
- This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles. (umassmed.edu)
- Most of the cranial nerves originate in the brain stem and pass through the muscles and sense organs of the head and neck. (byjus.com)
- The main goal of this procedure was to remove, en bloc, all ipsilateral lymphatic structures from the mandible superiorly to the clavicle inferiorly and from the strap muscles to the anterior border of the trapezius. (medscape.com)
- Once the electrical impulses stimulate the hypoglossal nerve, the tongue muscles open up the upper part of the airways. (transitsblog.com)
Rootlets3
- The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla, the bottom part of the brainstem, in the anterolateral sulcus which separates the olive and the pyramid. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypoglossal nerve emerges as several rootlets (labelled here as number 12) from the olives of the medulla (labelled 13), part of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypoglossal nerve arises as a series of rootlets, from the caudal brain stem, here seen from below. (iiab.me)
Unilateral1
- Unilateral injury to the nerve marked by a red arrow in the picture below leads to all, EXCEPT? (medicoapps.org)
Olfactory Nerve2
- Olfactory nerve - CN I. Sensory cranial nerves help a person see, smell, and hear. (spagades.com)
- The 12 cranial nerves are: I Olfactory Nerve. (spagades.com)
Symptoms4
- When disease affects the hypoglossal nerve at the nuclear or infranuclear level, the clinical signs and symptoms are ipsilateral. (medicoapps.org)
- They include the nerves that transmit smell, those responsible for vision and the movement of the eyes, those that control facial movements, those responsible for hearing and balance, and those responsible for chewing, swallowing, vocalizing, and movement of the Other times a person's neurologic symptoms bring them to the doctors office. (spagades.com)
- Many patients present at an older age with advanced disease because of the occult nature of associated symptoms. (medscape.com)
- [3] The goal of treatment is to slow the disease progression, and improve symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
Carotid6
- What is carotid artery disease? (brainscape.com)
- Is carotid artery disease always symptomatic? (brainscape.com)
- What % of ischaemic strokes are due to carotid artery disease? (brainscape.com)
- How can carotid artery disease cause ischaemic strokes? (brainscape.com)
- What is carotid artery disease usually classified based on? (brainscape.com)
- What is considered to be mild carotid artery disease? (brainscape.com)
Posterior2
- At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible, the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. (wikipedia.org)
- The disease process and treatment often affect adjacent structures, such as the posterior floor of the mouth, larynx, and esophagus. (medscape.com)
Sensory8
- 1. Anterior 2/3- Lingual nerve branch of mandibular division sensory- for general sensation (V3). (medicoapps.org)
- Some of the cranial nerves are responsible for sensory and motor functions as they contain only sensory fibres and motor fibres. (byjus.com)
- Others are mixed nerves because they include both sensory and motor fibres. (byjus.com)
- Only cranial nerves I and II are purely sensory and are responsible for the sense of smell and vision (optic nerve II). (byjus.com)
- Which of the cranial nerves are sensory only? (spagades.com)
- The fifth nerve ( Fig. 44-1 ) is a mixed sensory and motor nerve. (mhmedical.com)
- The cell bodies of the sensory part of the nerve lie in the gasserian , or semilunar, ganglion . (mhmedical.com)
- The central axons of the ganglion cells form the sensory root of the nerve. (mhmedical.com)
Diagnosis1
- For a more acute involvement is much less likely to occur in 2060% of cases)diagnosis conrmation of disease. (surgicalimpex.com)
Stimulation device1
- A hypoglossal nerve stimulation device sends a gentle electric pulse to a branch of the hypoglossal nerve. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Trauma1
- Damage to the nerve or the neural pathways which control it can affect the ability of the tongue to move and its appearance, with the most common sources of damage being injury from trauma or surgery, and motor neuron disease. (wikipedia.org)
20171
- FACIAL NERVE RESEARCH JAPAN 37 16-18, 2017. (medicalonline.jp)
Somatic efferent1
- The hypoglossal nerve is of a general somatic efferent (GSE) type. (wikipedia.org)
Involved in contro1
- The nerve is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing, including sticking out the tongue and moving it from side to side. (wikipedia.org)
Efferent1
- The rest of the cranial nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibres and are therefore referred to as the mixed cranial nerves. (byjus.com)
Macroglossia1
- Mechanical therapy may be useful in macroglossia with hypotonicity due to hypoglossal nerve deficit. (medscape.com)
Stimulates1
- This procedure doesn't cure the disease but monitors breathing and stimulates the hypoglossal nerve to stiffen the tongue and allow easier breathing when a breathing pause is detected. (advancedhomecareonline.com)
Oculomotor1
- Oculomotor nerve helps in the movement of the eye. (byjus.com)
Spinal Cord1
- The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal, which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum. (wikipedia.org)
Meningeal1
- After emerging from the hypoglossal canal, the hypoglossal nerve gives off a meningeal branch and picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1. (wikipedia.org)
Brainstem1
- The cranial nerves occupy a special place in neurology because examination of their function and dysfunction can provide critical information localizing lesions to the brainstem or skull base. (mhmedical.com)
Brain stem2
Optic2
Retrograde1
- Retrograde gene delivery to hypoglossal motoneurons using adeno-associated virus serotype 9. (umassmed.edu)
Implant1
- A hypoglossal nerve stimulation implant is an alternative for patients who cannot tolerate CPAP treatment. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Surgical1
- Dogs and cats with respiratory disease may require sedation or anesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures that are either related or unrelated to the primary problem. (veteriankey.com)
Neck6
- Overview of the Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (msdmanuals.com)
- Cranial nerves carry information from the brain to other parts of the body, primarily to the head and neck. (byjus.com)
- Cranial nerves are concerned with the head, neck, and other facial regions of the body. (byjus.com)
- The anatomic location of the hypoglossal nerve within the base of the tongue puts it at risk from invasion or compression from malignant neoplasms at the primary site or metastatic disease in the neck. (medscape.com)
- Metastatic neck disease is the most important factor in the spread of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from primary sites. (medscape.com)
- Radical neck dissection is an operation that was created in 1906 to solve the problem of metastatic neck disease. (medscape.com)
Mandibular1
- This nerve comprises of three parts namely ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. (byjus.com)
Metastatic disease1
- This ability to predict the location of metastatic disease was found valid and reliable in further studies. (medscape.com)
Lingual nerve1
- Accompany lingual nerve. (medicoapps.org)
Sympathetic1
- Sympathetic nerves, which cause reflex motions. (spagades.com)
Skull5
- The nerve passes through the subarachnoid space and pierces the dura mater near the hypoglossal canal, an opening in the occipital bone of the skull. (wikipedia.org)
- Cranial nerves can be affected by inflammation along the skull base or by a neurotoxin produced by Pseudomonas species. (medscape.com)
- Dr. Batra has given more than 200 invited presentations nationally and abroad on sinonasal and skull base disease. (rushentcourse.com)
- An interest in lateral skull base disease management led him to Gruppo Otologico in central Italy, where he worked closely with Mario Sanna, MD, a leader in the field of lateral skull base surgery. (rushentcourse.com)
- Cranial nerves (CN) IX through XI all leave the skull together through the jugular foramen. (spagades.com)
Occipital2
- The musculature they supply develops as the hypoglossal cord from the myotomes of the first four pairs of occipital somites. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypoglossal nerve is derived from the first pair of occipital somites , collections of mesoderm that form next to the main axis of an embryo during development . (iiab.me)
Accessory nerve4
- The palatoglossus is supplied by the cranial root of the ACCESSORY NERVE through the pharyngeal plexus. (medicoapps.org)
- One such modification is the preservation of 1 or more nonlymphatic structures (eg, spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein [IJV], sternocleidomastoid [SCM] muscle). (medscape.com)
- The resection included the spinal accessory nerve, the IJV, the SCM muscle, and the submandibular gland. (medscape.com)
- In the 1960s, Suarez and Bocca independently described a more conservative operation that involved removing all the LNs while sparing the spinal accessory nerve, the SCM muscle, and the IJV. (medscape.com)