Traumatic injuries to the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE.
The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.
Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.
A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.
The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.
Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical DIPLOPIA that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and INFRATENTORIAL NEOPLASMS.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.

Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine. (1/35)

Injury to the hypoglossal nerve is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. branchial cyst or carotid body tumour excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with tuberculosis of C2-3. She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and tuberculosis was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of hypoglossal lesion after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that hypoglossal nerve palsy following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified.  (+info)

Prevention of the death of the rat axotomized hypoglossal nerve and promotion of its regeneration by bovine brain gangliosides. (2/35)

We have examined the time course of the neuronal death and regeneration of rat axotomized hypoglossal nerve with various conditions of the nerve resection, and established a useful system to measure neurotrophic activities of bioactive substances. In this system, neuronal death can be evaluated by counting surviving neurons in the nucleus of hypoglossal neuron at the brain stem, and the degree of the regeneration can be measured by counting horseradish peroxidase-positive cells at the same region after injection of horseradish peroxidase into tongue. Using this system, the effects of brain gangliosides on rat hypoglossal nerve regeneration following 5 mm transection were examined. The addition of a ganglioside mixture from bovine brain as well as the autograft strongly prevented the death of neurons and promoted the regeneration of the lesioned nerve at 10 weeks after the operation. Further analyses on the dose effects and injection sites of gangliosides were performed. Although the mechanisms of the neurotrophic effects of the gangliosides are unknown, the therapeutic application of gangliosides for neuronal degeneration is a promising approach.  (+info)

Akt/protein kinase B prevents injury-induced motoneuron death and accelerates axonal regeneration. (3/35)

Motoneurons require neurotrophic factors for their survival and axonal projection during development, as well as nerve regeneration. By using the axotomy-induced neuronal death paradigm and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, we attempted to gain insight into the functional significances of major growth factor receptor downstream cascades, Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras-ERK) pathway and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) pathway. After neonatal hypoglossal nerve transection, the constitutively active Akt-overexpressing neurons could survive as well as those overexpressing Bcl-2, whereas the constitutively active ERK kinase (MEK)-overexpressing ones failed to survive. A dominant negative Akt experiment demonstrated that inhibition of Akt pathway hastened axotomy-induced neuronal death in the neonate. In addition, the dominant active Akt-overexpressing adult hypoglossal neurons showed accelerated axonal regeneration after axotomy. These results suggest that Akt plays dual roles in motoneuronal survival and nerve regeneration in vivo and that PI3K-Akt pathway is probably more vital in neuronal survival after injury than Ras-ERK pathway.  (+info)

Neuronal MCP-1 expression in response to remote nerve injury. (4/35)

Direct injury of the brain is followed by inflammatory responses regulated by cytokines and chemoattractants secreted from resident glia and invading cells of the peripheral immune system. In contrast, after remote lesion of the central nervous system, exemplified here by peripheral transection or crush of the facial and hypoglossal nerve, the locally observed inflammatory activation is most likely triggered by the damaged cells themselves, that is, the injured neurons. The authors investigated the expression of the chemoattractants monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1, regulation on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and interferon-gamma inducible protein IP10 after peripheral nerve lesion of the facial and hypoglossal nuclei. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed an induction of neuronal MCP-1 expression within 6 hours postoperation, reaching a peak at 3 days and remaining up-regulated for up to 6 weeks. MCP-1 expression was almost exclusively confined to neurons but was also present on a few scattered glial cells. The authors found no alterations in the level of expression and cellular distribution of RANTES or IP10, which were both confined to neurons. Protein expression of the MCP-1 receptor CCR2 did not change. MCP-1, expressed by astrocytes and activated microglia, has been shown to be crucial for monocytic, or T-cell chemoattraction, or both. Accordingly, expression of MCP-1 by neurons and its corresponding receptor in microglia suggests that this chemokine is involved in neuron and microglia interaction.  (+info)

Linear regression of eye velocity on eye position and head velocity suggests a common oculomotor neural integrator. (5/35)

The oculomotor system produces eye-position signals during fixations and head movements by integrating velocity-coded saccadic and vestibular inputs. A previous analysis of nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (nph) lesions in monkeys found that the integration time constant for maintaining fixations decreased, while that for the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) did not. On this basis, it was concluded that saccadic inputs are integrated by the nph, but that the vestibular inputs are integrated elsewhere. We re-analyze the data from which this conclusion was drawn by performing a linear regression of eye velocity on eye position and head velocity to derive the time constant and velocity bias of an imperfect oculomotor neural integrator. The velocity-position regression procedure reveals that the integration time constants for both VOR and saccades decrease in tandem with consecutive nph lesions, consistent with the hypothesis of a single common integrator. The previous evaluation of the integrator time constant relied upon fitting methods that are prone to error in the presence of velocity bias and saccades. The algorithm used to evaluate imperfect fixations in the dark did not account for the nonzero null position of the eyes associated with velocity bias. The phase-shift analysis used in evaluating the response to sinusoidal vestibular input neglects the effect of saccadic resets of eye position on intersaccadic eye velocity, resulting in gross underestimates of the imperfections in integration during VOR. The linear regression method presented here is valid for both fixation and low head velocity VOR data and is easy to implement.  (+info)

Perceptual and instrumental evaluation of voice and tongue function after carotid endarterectomy. (6/35)

OBJECTIVE: Laryngeal and tongue function was assessed in 28 patients to evaluate the presence, nature, and resolution of superior recurrent laryngeal and hypoglossal nerve damage resulting from standard open primary carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: The laryngeal and tongue function in 28 patients who underwent CEA were examined prospectively with various physiologic (Aerophone II, laryngograph, tongue transducer), acoustic (Multi-Dimensional Voice Program), and perceptual speech assessments. Measures were obtained from all participants preoperatively, and at 2 weeks and at 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The perceptual speech assessment indicated that the vocal quality of "roughness" was significantly more apparent at the 2-week postoperative assessment than preoperatively. However, by the 3-month postoperative assessment these values had returned to near preoperative levels, with no significant difference detected between preoperative and 3-month postoperative levels or between 2-week and 3-month postoperative levels. Both the instrumental assessments of laryngeal function and the acoustic assessment of vocal quality failed to identify any significant difference on any measure across the three assessment periods. Similarly, no significant impairment in tongue strength, endurance, or rate of repetitive tongue movements was detected at instrumental assessment of tongue function. CONCLUSIONS: No permanent changes to vocal or tongue function occurred in this group of participants after primary CEA. The lack of any significant long-term laryngeal or tongue dysfunction in this group suggests that the standard open CEA procedure is not associated with high rates of superior recurrent and hypoglossal nerve dysfunction, as previously believed.  (+info)

Nerve injury reduces responses of hypoglossal motoneurones to baseline and chemoreceptor-modulated inspiratory drive in the adult rat. (7/35)

The effects of peripheral nerve lesions on the membrane and synaptic properties of motoneurones have been extensively studied. However, minimal information exists about how these alterations finally influence discharge activity and motor output under physiological afferent drive. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of hypoglossal (XIIth) nerve crushing on hypoglossal motoneurone (HMN) discharge in response to the basal inspiratory afferent drive and its chemosensory modulation by CO(2). The evolution of the lesion was assessed by recording the compound muscle action potential evoked by XIIth nerve stimulation, which was lost on crushing and then recovered gradually to control values from the second to fourth weeks post-lesion. Basal inspiratory activities recorded 7 days post-injury in the nerve proximal to the lesion site, and in the nucleus, were reduced by 51.6% and 35.8%, respectively. Single unit antidromic latencies were lengthened by lesion, and unusually high stimulation intensities were frequently required to elicit antidromic spikes. Likewise, inspiratory modulation of unitary discharge under conditions in which chemoreceptor drive was varied by altering end-tidal CO(2) was reduced by more than 60%. Although the general recruitment scheme was preserved after XIIth nerve lesion, we noticed an increased proportion of low-threshold units and a reduced recruitment gain across the physiological range. Immunohistochemical staining of synaptophysin in the hypoglossal nuclei revealed significant reductions of this synaptic marker after nerve injury. Morphological and functional alterations recovered with muscle re-innervation. Thus, we report here that nerve lesion induced changes in the basal activity and discharge modulation of HMNs, concurrent with the loss of afferent inputs. Nevertheless, we suggest that an increase in membrane excitability, reported by others, and in the proportion of low-threshold units, could serve to preserve minimal electrical activity, prevent degeneration and favour axonal regeneration.  (+info)

Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 after central and peripheral nerve lesions. (8/35)

BACKGROUND: Interruption of mature axons activates a cascade of events in neuronal cell bodies which leads to various outcomes from functional regeneration in the PNS to the failure of any significant regeneration in the CNS. One factor which seems to play an important role in the molecular programs after axotomy is the stearoyl Coenzyme A-desaturase-1 (SCD-1). This enzyme is needed for the conversion of stearate into oleate. Beside its role in membrane synthesis, oleate could act as a neurotrophic factor, involved in signal transduction pathways via activation of protein kinases C. RESULTS: In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a strong up-regulation of SCD at mRNA and protein level in regenerating neurons of the rat facial nucleus whereas non-regenerating Clarke's and Red nucleus neurons did not show an induction of this gene. CONCLUSION: This differential expression points to a functionally significant role for the SCD-1 in the process of regeneration.  (+info)

Hypoglossal nerve injuries refer to damages or impairments to the twelfth cranial nerve, also known as the hypoglossal nerve. This nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue.

An injury to this nerve can result in various symptoms, depending on the severity and location of the damage. These may include:

1. Deviation of the tongue to one side when protruded (usually away from the side of the lesion)
2. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles
3. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and articulation
4. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue (in some cases)

Hypoglossal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, surgical complications, tumors, or neurological disorders like stroke or multiple sclerosis. Treatment for hypoglossal nerve injuries typically focuses on managing symptoms and may involve speech and language therapy, exercises to strengthen the tongue muscles, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for innervating the muscles of the tongue, allowing for its movement and function. These muscles include the intrinsic muscles that alter the shape of the tongue and the extrinsic muscles that position it in the oral cavity. The hypoglossal nerve also has some minor contributions to the innervation of two muscles in the neck: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. These functions are related to head turning and maintaining head position. Any damage to this nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the tongue, causing difficulty with speech, swallowing, and tongue movements.

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.

Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.

Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:

1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.

In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, including sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Peripheral nerve injuries can result in various symptoms, depending on the type and severity of the injury, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or paralysis in the affected area.

Peripheral nerve injuries are classified into three main categories based on the degree of damage:

1. Neuropraxia: This is the mildest form of nerve injury, where the nerve remains intact but its function is disrupted due to a local conduction block. The nerve fiber is damaged, but the supporting structures remain intact. Recovery usually occurs within 6-12 weeks without any residual deficits.
2. Axonotmesis: In this type of injury, there is damage to both the axons and the supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium). The nerve fibers are disrupted, but the connective tissue sheaths remain intact. Recovery can take several months or even up to a year, and it may be incomplete, with some residual deficits possible.
3. Neurotmesis: This is the most severe form of nerve injury, where there is complete disruption of the nerve fibers and supporting structures (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium). Recovery is unlikely without surgical intervention, which may involve nerve grafting or repair.

Peripheral nerve injuries can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, stretching, lacerations, or chemical exposure. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the injury and may include conservative management, such as physical therapy and pain management, or surgical intervention for more severe cases.

Cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and skull, rather than the spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information (such as sight, smell, hearing, and taste) to the brain, as well as controlling various muscles in the head and neck (including those involved in chewing, swallowing, and eye movement). Each cranial nerve has a specific function and is named accordingly. For example, the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain, while the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) controls parasympathetic functions in the body such as heart rate and digestion.

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is a nerve that originates in the midbrain and innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This muscle helps with the downward and outward movement of the eye, playing a crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining binocular vision. The trochlear nerve's main function is to provide motor (efferent) innervation to the superior oblique muscle, enabling fine-tuning of eye movements during activities such as reading, writing, or driving. Damage to this nerve can result in vertical diplopia (double vision), strabismus (eye misalignment), and other visual impairments.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve (I), is a specialized sensory nerve that is responsible for the sense of smell. It consists of thin, delicate fibers called olfactory neurons that are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. These neurons have hair-like structures called cilia that detect and transmit information about odors to the brain.

The olfactory nerve has two main parts: the peripheral process and the central process. The peripheral process extends from the olfactory neuron to the nasal cavity, where it picks up odor molecules. These molecules bind to receptors on the cilia, which triggers an electrical signal that travels along the nerve fiber to the brain.

The central process of the olfactory nerve extends from the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain, to several areas in the brain involved in smell and memory, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. Damage to the olfactory nerve can result in a loss of smell (anosmia) or distorted smells (parosmia).

The trochlear nerve, also known as the fourth cranial nerve (CN IV), is responsible for controlling the movement of the eye. It innervates the superior oblique muscle, which helps in depressing and rotating the eye downwards and outwards. Trochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and impair its function, leading to symptoms such as double vision (diplopia), vertical misalignment of the eyes, and difficulty with depth perception.

Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, compression, inflammation, infection, or tumors. Some common conditions that affect the trochlear nerve include:

1. Trochlear nerve palsy: This is a weakness or paralysis of the trochlear nerve, which can cause vertical and torsional diplopia, especially when looking downwards or to the side. It can be congenital or acquired due to trauma, compression, or other causes.
2. Aneurysm: Aneurysms in the vicinity of the trochlear nerve can compress or damage it, leading to palsy and diplopia.
3. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) due to infection or other causes can affect the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.
4. Multiple sclerosis (MS): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the cranial nerves. MS can cause demyelination of the trochlear nerve, leading to palsy and diplopia.
5. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic neuropathy, which can affect any peripheral nerve, including the trochlear nerve.
6. Tumors: Space-occupying lesions in the brain or skull base, such as meningiomas, schwannomas, or pituitary adenomas, can compress the trochlear nerve and cause palsy.

The diagnosis of trochlear nerve diseases involves a thorough neurological examination, including assessment of eye movements and alignment. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to identify any structural lesions causing compression or damage to the nerve. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgical intervention, medication, or observation.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

"A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery". Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve ... The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ... glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII). Cranial nerves are ... vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the olfactory bulb, and ...
He assigned a numerical order to the cranial nerves from the optic to the hypoglossal nerves. He classified the spinal nerves ... into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 3 sacral, and 3 coccygeal nerves. He used this to link clinical signs of injury to the ... In the nervous system, Rhazes stated that nerves had motor or sensory functions, describing 7 cranial and 31 spinal cord nerves ...
... by severing their glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves. He then observed the distal nerves from the site of injury, which ... axonal injury Digestion chambers Nerve injury Neuroregeneration Peripheral nerve injury Primary and secondary brain injury ... In healthy nerves, nerve growth factor (NGF) is produced in very small amounts. However, upon injury, NGF mRNA expression ... Within 4 days of the injury, the distal end of the portion of the nerve fiber proximal to the lesion sends out sprouts towards ...
"A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery". Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve ... The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that ... The hypoglossal nerve may be connected (anastomosed) to the facial nerve to attempt to restore function when the facial nerve ... Attempts at repair by either wholly or partially connecting nerve fibres from the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve may be ...
... when undertaking wisdom tooth surgery will also avoid unnecessary lingual nerve injury Lingual branches of hypoglossal nerve ... Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves. Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and ... Warning patients of nerve injury prior to administration of deep dental injections has a risk of injury in approximately 1: ... Lingual nerve Lingual nerve Mandibular nerve and bone. Deep dissection. Anterior view. Infratemporal fossa. Lingual and ...
This works through providing nerve signaling distal to the site of injury, helping the regenerating nerve to find the correct ... These grafts are taken from the masseter muscle, which controls mouth movement, or the hypoglossal nerve which controls the ... of injuries). Mechanical ventilation (65% of injuries), blood transfusion (28% of injuries) and tracheostomy (22% of injuries) ... Injury to the skull included fractures of frontal bone (20.15% of injuries), sphenoid bone (11.63% of injuries), orbital roof ( ...
Some more popular types include fixing the actual nerve damage, specifically any damage to the hypoglossal nerve; facial grafts ... autism and persons with traumatic brain injuries. One study has shown that people with schizophrenia that experience flat ... or if the damage is more muscular versus actual nerves, muscle may be transferred into the patient's face. Emotions can be ... where nerves taken from a donor's leg are transplanted into the patient's face; ...
... nerve glossopharyngeal neuralgia glomus jugulare tumor vagus nerve injury spinal accessory nerve palsy hypoglossal nerve injury ... neuropathy posterior femoral cutaneous neuropathy obturator neuropathy neuropathy of gluteal nerves trigeminal nerve trigeminal ... spastic paraplegia Spinocerebellar ataxia Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy A neuronopathy affects the cell body of a nerve ... distress type 1 Atypical motor neuron diseases Dorsal root ganglion disorders A neuropathy affects the peripheral nerves. ...
... cranial nerve deficits are the most characteristic due to the proximity of the injury to the jugular foramen and hypoglossal ... Orbay T, Aykol S, Seçkin Z, Ergün R (May 1989). "Late hypoglossal nerve palsy following fracture of the occipital condyle". ... This injury tends to be unstable and may co-occur with atlanto-occipital subluxation or dislocation. Neurological injury may ... At the base of either condyle the bone is tunnelled by a short canal, the hypoglossal canal. Fracture of an occipital condyle ...
... the facial nerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII). Dysarthria does ... Dysarthria is a speech sound disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motor-speech system and ... Cranial nerves that control the muscles relevant to dysarthria include the trigeminal nerve's motor branch (V), ... They include toxic, metabolic, degenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, or thrombotic or embolic stroke.[citation needed ...
... the hypoglossal nerve, and recurrent branches of the vagus nerve. The falx cerebri is situated in the longitudinal fissure, in ... Subfalcine herniation of the cingulate gyrus may occur following traumatic brain injury. Falx cerebri in relation to the skull ... The falx cerebri contains blood vessels, and nerves. Calcification of the falx cerebri is more prevalent in older patients, ... The falx cerebri receives innervaton from all three branches of the trigeminal nerve. It receives symphatetic innervation ...
They each have an anterolateral sulcus along their lateral borders, where the hypoglossal nerve emerges from. Also at the side ... These pyramid injuries are usually a result of a dislocation at the occiput or spinal level C1. Injuries to the pyramids of the ... Whiplash as a result of a car accident can lead to brainstem injuries that affect the pyramids at the medulla oblongata. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramid (medulla oblongata). Diagram at csus.edu Whiplash Injuries: The Cervical ...
Richards, Alan T. (2015). "14 - Surgical Exposures for the Nerves of the Neck". Nerves and Nerve Injuries. Vol. 2: Pain, ... The hypoglossal canal transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the ... It transmits the hypoglossal nerve. The hypoglossal canal lies in the epiphyseal junction between the basiocciput and the ... Katsuta, T.; Matsushima, T.; Wen, H.T.; Rhoton, A.L. (2000). "Trajectory of the hypoglossal nerve in the hypoglossal canal: ...
"Bilateral and unilateral internal carotid artery dissection causing isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy: a case report and review ... The probable mechanism of injury for most internal carotid injuries is rapid deceleration, with resultant hyperextension and ... After such an injury, the patient may remain asymptomatic, have a hemispheric transient ischemic event, or have a stroke. ... Fabian, T. C.; Patton, Joe; Croce, Martin; Minard, Gayle; Kudsk, Kenneth; Pritchard, F. (1996). "Blunt Carotid Injury". Annals ...
Regional Nerve Blocks of the Head and Neck", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 147-151, doi:10.1016/ ... There is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It is located in the neck, deep to the ... Thyrohyoid branch of ansa cervicalis - fibres from C1 that run with the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) and do not ... Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 441-449, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00032-9, ISBN 978-0-12-410390 ...
... the intermediate tendon of the musculus digastricus and the hypoglossal nerve. According to a study conducted in 2015, ... He lived in Heidelberg and at one point treated Giuseppe Garibaldi's injury sustained at Aspromonte on 28 August. In 1866 upon ...
Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 441-449, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00032-9, ISBN 978-0-12-410390 ... which is innervated by fibers only from the first cervical spinal nerve travelling with the hypoglossal nerve. The infrahyoid ... The Spinal Nerves", The Spinal Cord, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 37-56, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374247-6.50008-0, ISBN 978-0- ...
Optional motor donor nerves are: the masseteric nerve, accessory nerve or hypoglossal nerve. In rare cases when these nerves ... "Long-term subjective and objective outcome after primary repair of traumatic facial nerve injuries". Ann Plast Surg. 61 (2): ... For example, the hypoglossal nerve or masseteric nerve on the affected side can be used as donor nerves. This donor nerve is ... In the "babysitter" procedure, the hypoglossal nerve or masseteric nerve on the affected side is identified. This donor nerve ...
Stoica, Bogdan; Faden, Alan (2010). "Programmed Neuronal Cell Death Mechanisms in CNS Injury". Acute Neuronal Injury. 4: 169- ... Nuclei of cranial nerves, arcuate nuclei, and posterior horn cells were also affected. Studies examining patients with ... A quantitative study on the hypoglossal nucleus of the rate". J. Anat. 110 (Pt 3): 463-475. PMC 1271057. PMID 5147307. ... At the cellular level, IBNC is marked by the degeneration of neurons and axons within the brainstem and cranial nerves. The ...
Standring's work has led to the discovery of nerve variants including that of the hypoglossal nerve, anatomical variants of ... Hall, Susan (2005). "Mechanisms of Repair after Traumatic Injury". In Dyck, Peter J.; Thomas, P. K. (eds.). Peripheral ... "Sternocleidomastoid innervation from an aberrant nerve arising from the hypoglossal nerve: A prospective study of 160 neck ... Standring has also contributed to work on nerve regeneration and nerve repair, specifically in the book Peripheral Neuropathy ( ...
... "hypoglossal nerve technique" which, according to USA Today, "involves jamming fingers into a nerve below the jaw to cause pain ... Three officers were also treated at the hospital for injuries. No official account of injuries to protesters was offered. On ...
... some of which contain the cell bodies of neurons belonging to the cranial nerves. Not all cranial nerve nuclei contain α-MNs; ... Injury to α-MNs is the most common type of lower motor neuron lesion. Damage may be caused by trauma, ischemia, and infection, ... By contrast, the hypoglossal nucleus, which contains α-MNs that innervate the tongue, is found in the medulla, the most caudal ... These α-MNs provide the motor component of the spinal nerves that innervate muscles of the body. As in the brainstem, higher ...
This is an important route for the spread of infection as cranial nerve VI and the internal carotid pass through the cavernous ... Rupture of an emissary vein can result in a subgaleal hemorrhage, a rare but serious injury most often seen as a complication ... There are also emissary veins passing through the foramen ovale, jugular foramen, foramen lacerum, and hypoglossal canal. ... with resultant damage to the cranial nerves contained within, as well as further spread of the infection leading to meningitis ...
An implanted hypoglossal nerve stimulation system received European CE Mark (Conformité Européenne) approval in March 2012. ... Snoring may produce traumatic vibrations that may give rise to nerve injuries in the upper airway muscles, further contributing ... "Electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 14 (5): ... Brain injury (temporary or permanent), although this does not account for the 99% of OSA patients who have normal brains and ...
... facial nerve; cnIX-XI, glossopharyngeal and vagoaccessory nerves; cnXII, hypoglossal nerve; en, epiphyseal nerve; fb, forebrain ... and then follow as the prey tried to escape before succumbing to its injury, whereupon the gorgonopsian would deliver a killing ... Evolution of mammals Therocephalia ce, cerebellum; cnI, olfactory nerve; cnV +vcm-trigeminal nerve and vena capitis medialis; ... a large epyphysial nerve (found in creatures with a parietal eye on the top of the head), an enlarged pituitary gland, and an ...
... leaving what is left to be called the spinal accessory nerve. Hypoglossal nerve (Cranial nerve 12) leads to muscles of the ... see: Acquired brain injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI), Stroke, Brain damage, Frontal lobe injury and also the Federal ... Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve 1) Smell. See also: olfactory receptor neurons Optic nerve (cranial nerve 2) Sight. See also: ... See cranial nerve section Olfactory nerve (#1) smell. See cranial nerve section Trigeminal nerve (#5) facial sensation biting ...
Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep dissection. Posterior view. Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep ... Brain Injury. 24 (7-8): 988-94. doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.490512. PMID 20545453. S2CID 9553904. Sakka, Laurent (2020), "Anatomy ... from the ascending pharyngeal artery through hypoglossal canal) C. meningeal arteries (from occipital artery through jugular or ... The innervation for the infratentorial dura mater are via upper cervical nerves and the meningeal branch of the vagus nerve. ...
The rhythmicity of these nerves is classically viewed as originating from a single rhythm generator. In this model, phasing is ... Indeed, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in forty-five volunteers with chronic AIS A/B injuries (between 3 ... CPG neurons involved in swallowing are located in the brain stem, specifically the hypoglossal nucleus within the medulla. ... The phases of the respiratory CPG are characterized by the rhythmic activity of: (1) the phrenic nerve during inspiration; (2) ...
To the sides of the foramen sitting at the junction between the lateral and base of the occipital bone are the hypoglossal ... Through the foramen passes the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the accessory nerves, the vertebral arteries, the anterior ... used in the diagnosis of dissociation injuries. Genetic disorders can cause a prominent occiput as found in Edwards syndrome, ...
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) Hypoglossal nerve stimulation, an option for some patients who have obstructive sleep apnea ... Brain Injury. 19 (5): 359-64. doi:10.1080/02699050400003999. PMID 16094783. S2CID 26677114. Francisco GE, Saulino MF, Yablon SA ... and may be considered to include occipital or sacral nerve stimulation) Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) Sacral nerve ... Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS, which refers to simulation of nerves beyond the spine or brain, ...
"A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery". Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve ... The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ... glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII). Cranial nerves are ... vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the olfactory bulb, and ...
Cranial nerve injuries occur in 2-7% of patients. Recurrent laryngeal and hypoglossal nerve dysfunctions are the most common. ... In addition, the odds of periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) or cranial nerve injury (CNI) were higher among the CEA ... Incidence, outcomes, and effect on quality of life of cranial nerve injury in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy ...
Superficial ulcer formation, hypoglossal nerve injury, and abscess are less common complications. Taste may also be altered ... Complications from septoplasty include nasal bleeding, septal hematoma, injury to the skull base that results in an altered ... Maxillary-mandibular advancement procedures may result in injury to the lingular neurovascular bundle. Most sensory impairments ... Warthin duct injury, dental trauma, neck hematoma, pharyngocutaneous fistula, and wound infection. ...
But hypoglossal nerve palsy was found most frequently, followed by vagus nerve palsy and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy [5, 14 ... The rate of other cranial nerve injuries was below 5%.. 3.3. Patterns of Recurrence and Distant Metastasis. Recurrence in local ... The incidence of cranial nerve injury in our series (35.3%) appears much higher than that in newly diagnosed patients (11.7% to ... So the high incidence of cranial nerve injury in our series may be due to the extensive invasion of the recurrent disease, ...
... of damage not only to recurrent laryngeal nerve but also to other adjacent nerves namely the hypoglossal and lingual nerve3. ... In another case, laryngeal nerve injury caused by LMA has been reported 2. However, a literature review of complication ... This then joins the sublingual vein and passes with the hypoglossal nerve between hypoglossus and mylohyoid muscles to drain ... 3. Nagai K, Sakuramoto C, Goto F. Unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis following the use of the laryngeal mask airway. ...
... incidence of injury and a 0.57% rate of permanent injury; the hypoglossal nerve is the next most commonly injured CN. [23] ... Management: Cranial Nerve Injuries. Addressing the problem. Injury to the facial nerve (CN VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN ... IX), the vagus nerve (CN X), the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), or the great auricular nerve ... Problem: Cranial Nerve Injuries. Although CN injuries are rarely considered in discussions of postoperative complications after ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Disorders - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer ... Hypoglossal nerve disorders may be caused by tumors, strokes, infections, injuries, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ... See also Overview of the Cranial Nerves Overview of the Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly ... Disorders of the 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal nerve) cause weakness or wasting (atrophy) of the tongue on the affected side ...
... observations on the progress of nerve degeneration and regeneration at the suture site following vagal-hypoglossal nerve ... observations on the progress of nerve degeneration and regeneration at the suture site following vagal-hypoglossal nerve ...
Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine. (8/2270). Injury to the hypoglossal ... Nerves1. *There are spinal nerves on both sides of these vertebrae, and these nerves supply feeling to the scalp. (healthline. ... She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to ... Nerve roots1. *Other symptoms can develop if your vertebrae press on the spinal cord and nerve roots. (healthline.com) ...
Facial nerve injury is a common clinical trauma involving long-term functional deficits with facial asymmetry leading to ... The proximal hypoglossal nerve was inserted into the long arm and sutured to its wall. The distal zygomatic and buccal facial ... We have recently shown that repair by hypoglossal-facial or facial-facial nerve surgical end-to-end anastomosis and suture [ ... We conclude that application of MS after hypoglossal-facial nerve repair using an isogenic Y-tube is contraindicated: it does ...
RFA was complicated by a hypoglossal nerve injury. Otherwise, he had complete resolution of all symptoms and has returned to ... RFA was complicated by a hypoglossal nerve injury. Otherwise, he had complete resolution of all symptoms and has returned to ... A degloving injury represents an injury to the rectus femoris in which the inner bipennate portion of the indirect myotendinous ... A degloving injury represents an injury to the rectus femoris in which the inner bipennate portion of the indirect myotendinous ...
... ventral and dorsal rami of the cervical nerves, branches of the vagus, and hypoglossal nerves. The innervations for the various ... Sources of postcraniotomy pain include tissue injury (scalp, cranial muscles soft tissue, and dura mater) and nerve disruption ... The greater occipital nerve innervates the posterior scalp and the lesser occipital nerve innervates the skin behind the ear. ... 79. McNicholas E, Bilotta F, Titi L, Chandler J, Rosa G, Koht A. Transient facial nerve palsy after auriculotemporal nerve ...
D. Phrenic nerve Explanation. The patients presentation of dyspnea suggests that the injury is affecting the phrenic nerve. ... The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the upper limb. Injuries to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus ... The thumb is primarily innervated by the median nerve, which is a branch of the brachial plexus. Therefore, an injury to the ... The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. It supplies motor and ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy After Cervical Spine Surgery.. Global Spine J. 7(1 Suppl):37S-39S. ... A Multicenter Review of Superior Laryngeal Nerve Injury Following Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.. Global Spine J. 7(1 Suppl): ... Carotid Artery Injury in Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: Multicenter Cohort Study and Literature Review.. Global Spine J. 7(1 ... Iatrogenic Spinal Cord Injury Resulting From Cervical Spine Surgery.. Global Spine J. 7(1 Suppl):84S-90S. ...
In very high exposures, care is taken to prevent injury to the hypoglossal nerve deep to the digastric muscle. In very low ... Vascular injury (eg, vertebral or carotid artery injury in the cervical spine, iliac vessel injury in the lumbar spine) ... The main concern during pedicle screw insertion is to avoid breach of the pedicle wall and injury to the exiting nerve root. If ... The ligamentum flavum above C2 is removed to expose the C2 nerve root (greater occipital nerve), which runs posterior to the ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy After Cervical Spine Surgery.. Global Spine J. 7(1 Suppl):37S-39S. ... A Multicenter Review of Superior Laryngeal Nerve Injury Following Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.. Global Spine J. 7(1 Suppl): ... Carotid Artery Injury in Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: Multicenter Cohort Study and Literature Review.. Global Spine J. 7(1 ... Iatrogenic Spinal Cord Injury Resulting From Cervical Spine Surgery.. Global Spine J. 7(1 Suppl):84S-90S. ...
This procedure requires dissection of the nerve responsible for tongue movement: the hypoglossal nerve. The hypoglossal nerve ... There are a number of precautions taken to avoid injury to this nerve. If nerve damage or facial weakness does occur, usually ... Damage to the hypoglossal nerve can recover over the course of days or weeks, but the damage can take months to recover or be ... Damage to the hypoglossal nerve can cause changes in voice. If a change in voice occurs, they will typically resolve soon after ...
Injury to the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) results in deviation of the tongue toward the paralyzed side during ... Nerve supply. Motor innervation for all of the muscles of the tongue comes from the hypoglossal nerve--with the exception of ... The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) crosses over it laterally before it enters the tongue deep to the hyoglossus muscle. ... cranial nerve VII) is stimulated. The lingual-tonsillar branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) relays taste ...
... that was anastomosed with the hypoglossal and facial nerves at each of its extremities. The hypoglossal nerve was cut ... to improve axonal regrowth in the reconstructed nerve pathway. Reconstruction was performed after facial nerve injury, either ... OBJECT: Facial nerve injury results in facial palsy that has great impact on the psychosocial conditions of affected patients. ... Combination of hypoglossal-facial nerve surgical reconstruction and neurotrophin-3 gene therapy for facial palsy. ...
A horse with damage to the hypoglossal nerve may display partial or total paralysis of the tongue and those that have had ... The most frequent injury is that of the tongue being bitten during play or eating; this is usually a minor injury that will ... More severe injuries can be caused by abrasion on the canine teeth or during accidents involving head trauma, such as floating ... Many severe tongue injuries can be dealt with and repaired relatively easily by an equine veterinarian, due to the good blood ...
Other authors reported a rare case of isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury following ipsilateral acupuncture for ... Rhabdomyolysis is a rare condition that can be caused by muscle injury and presents with muscle weakness and pain. It is ... Finally, Greek authors published a case of severe rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury after acupuncture sessions. ... can result in serious injury. I will therefore carry on reporting new evidence about the harm caused by acupuncture. Here is a ...
... receptors mediate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells to the impaired site in the brain after hypoglossal nerve injury.[J]. ...
... accessory part of vagus nerve 12.Hypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue ... of brain by 97% 2.Prevents head injury 3.Supplies brain with nutrition 4.Transports hormones along ventricular channels ... Medulla Oblongata • Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left) • ... Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Facial ...
Glossopharyngeal nervea-actionsb-what does injury affect4) hypoglossal nervea-actionsb-findings in hypoglossal nerve injury5) ... find mandibular branch of facial nerve, lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve* branches of facial nerve course bw superficial and ... neck anatomy1) what does the vagus nerve run between2) where does the phrenic nerve run3) where does the long thoracic nerve ... 1) after parotidectomy if injury of (2)auriculotemporal nerve-, cross-innervates with sympathetic fibers to sweat glands of ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.406 Hyptis B1.650.940.800.575.100.575.297 B1.650.940.800.575.100.583.520.297 Ice D1.455. ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.406 Hyptis B1.650.940.800.575.100.575.297 B1.650.940.800.575.100.583.520.297 Ice D1.455. ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.406 Hyptis B1.650.940.800.575.100.575.297 B1.650.940.800.575.100.583.520.297 Ice D1.455. ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.406 Hyptis B1.650.940.800.575.100.575.297 B1.650.940.800.575.100.583.520.297 Ice D1.455. ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.406 Hyptis B1.650.940.800.575.100.575.297 B1.650.940.800.575.100.583.520.297 Ice D1.455. ... Optic Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.650 Optic Nerve Neoplasms C10.551.775.250.500 Oral Hygiene Index E5.318.308.250.300.675 E5.318 ... Facial Nerve Diseases C10.292.300 C7.465.299 C10.292.319 Facial Nerve Injuries C10.292.300.500 C7.465.299.500 C26.260.237.325 ... Vagus Nerve Injuries C26.260.237.912 Vagus Nerve Stimulation E2.342.900 E2.331.900 E2.779.468.900 Vancomycin Resistance G7.690. ...
The mask recall was announced after 14 serious injuries were reported, including pacemaker failure, arrhythmia, seizures, and ... such as hypoglossal nerve stimulators) or magnetic metallic implants, electrodes, and valves placed in upper limbs, torso, neck ... Phillips and the FDA said the masks have magnets that can potentially cause injury or death if people who use them, or people ... The recall was announced on Tuesday by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration after 14 serious injuries were reported, including ...
  • Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck, including the special senses of vision, taste, smell, and hearing. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cranial nerves emerge from the central nervous system above the level of the first vertebra of the vertebral column. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are conventionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which are described with Roman numerals I-XII. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some considered there to be thirteen pairs of cranial nerves, including cranial nerve zero. (wikipedia.org)
  • The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain and brainstem, from front to back. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although on a structural level the olfactory (I), optic (II), and trigeminal (V) nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system (CNS). (wikipedia.org)
  • The cranial nerves are in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most typically, humans are considered to have twelve pairs of cranial nerves (I-XII), with the terminal nerve (0) more recently canonized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial nerves are generally named according to their structure or function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial nerves are numbered based on their position from front to back (rostral-caudal) of their position on the brain, as, when viewing the forebrain and brainstem from below, they are often visible in their numeric order. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cranial nerves have paths within and outside the skull. (wikipedia.org)
  • All cranial nerves are paired, which means they occur on both the right and left sides of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Grossly, all cranial nerves have a Nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), the cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overview of the Cranial Nerves Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some of the cranial nerves are involved in the special senses (such as seeing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Five cranial nerves contribute to the complex innervation of this multifunctional organ. (medscape.com)
  • Moving Beyond the Dura for Assessing Acute and Chronic cranial nerves boundless anatomy and physiology. (spagades.com)
  • Examination of the cranial nerves allows one to "view" the brainstem all the way from its rostral to caudal extent. (spagades.com)
  • Cranial nerves are the 12 nerves of the peripheral nervous system that emerge from the foramina and fissures of the cranium.Their numerical order (1-12) is determined by their skull exit location (rostral to caudal). (spagades.com)
  • The Cranial Nerves Techniques An Introduction To Biodynamic Craniosacral Therapy webinar with Jo Coole recorded on June 17th 2020 Low Back Pain FULL Physical Therapy Evaluation How to Manipulate the Cervical Spine using a HVT / Page 12/46. (spagades.com)
  • View Notes - CRANIAL NERVES from ANAT 215 at Indiana University, Bloomington. (spagades.com)
  • The optic nerve contains only afferent (sensory) fibers, and like all cranial nerves is paired. (spagades.com)
  • Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves combines anatomical knowledge, pathology, clinical examination, and explanation of clinical findings, drawing together material typically scattered throughout anatomical textbooks. (spagades.com)
  • A sudden, stabbing painassociated with this disease is known as tic douloureux Oct 24, 2015 - Explore Lory W's board "Trigeminal Neuralgia", followed by 212 people on Pinterest trigeminal neuralgia: Definition Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve) that causes episodes of sharp, An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves. (spagades.com)
  • Dr. Kelli Sullivan discusses the basics of the cranial nerves in relation to the lectures for the ANAT 403 course at the University of Michigan. (spagades.com)
  • Some of the cranial nerves are involved in the special senses (such as They're the secret to your success! (spagades.com)
  • Wilhelm His Sr. (18311904) combined, in an unprecedented way, (taste bud afferents of cranial nerves VII, IX, X to the solitary tract) and dorsolateral otic placode-derived afferents provide the sole sensory input to the special somatic column consisting of the vestibular/auditory nuclei. (spagades.com)
  • Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain. (spagades.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve (V) is named in accordance with its three components (Latin: trigeminus meaning triplets), and the vagus nerve (X) is named for its wandering course (Latin: vagus). (wikipedia.org)
  • and the medulla has the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve , and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue , except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve . (iiab.me)
  • It then travels close to the vagus nerve and spinal division of the accessory nerve , [2] spirals downwards behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath . (iiab.me)
  • After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the vagus nerve and then passes behind the deep belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • For example, the trigeminal nerve (V), which has a sensory and a motor role, has at least four nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1) takes omohyoid, submandibular gland, sensory nerves C2-C5, cervical branch of facial nerve, and ipsilateral thyroid2) same as above + accessory nerve (CN XII), SCM, and internal jugular resection. (brainscape.com)
  • Sensory adaptation to electrical stimulation of the somatosensory nerves. (fescenter.org)
  • It is commonly stated there are 12 to 13 cranial nerve pairs, Name the major brain regions, vesicles, and ventricles, and describe containing both sensory and motor fibers. (spagades.com)
  • Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve): Sensory for hearing, motor for balance Vestibular branch (balance): Ask patient to march in place (Mittlemeyer Marching) with eyes closed. (spagades.com)
  • Amongst the functions are the six senses: sight, smell, proprioception, touch, taste and hearing covered last month where the brain receives nerve impulses via neurons from the sensory organs. (hafsaabbas.com)
  • The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. (proprofs.com)
  • Short description: Brachial plexus injury. (icd9data.com)
  • Purpose: Recent work indicates that transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) can survive, migrate to the injury site, and facilitate recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). (iospress.com)
  • Coagulopathy as prognostic marker in acute traumatic brain injury. (drdeepakaiims.com)
  • Decompressive craniectomy in term pregnancy with combined cesarean section for traumatic brain injury. (drdeepakaiims.com)
  • For example, the olfactory nerve (I) supplies smell, and the facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of the face. (wikipedia.org)
  • Facial nerve injury is a common clinical trauma involving long-term functional deficits with facial asymmetry leading to associated psychological issues and social hardship. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We have recently shown that repair by hypoglossal-facial or facial-facial nerve surgical end-to-end anastomosis and suture [hypoglossal-facial anastomosis (HFA) or facial-facial anastomosis (FFA)] results in collateral axonal branching, polyinnervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and poor function. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The distal zygomatic and buccal facial nerve branches were inserted into the two short arms and likewise sutured to their walls. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We conclude that application of MS after hypoglossal-facial nerve repair using an isogenic Y-tube is contraindicated: it does not lead to functional recovery but, rather, worsens it. (uni-koeln.de)
  • In the anterior two thirds of the tongue, the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is stimulated. (medscape.com)
  • This nerve enters the temporal bone from the infratemporal fossa, where it joins the facial nerve and travels to the geniculate ganglion, where its pseudounipolar cell bodies are located. (medscape.com)
  • We tested whether entubulation of the hypoglossal nerve into a Y-tube conduit connecting it with the zygomatic and buccal facial nerve branches would improve axonal pathfinding at the lesion site, quality of muscle reinnervation and recovery of vibrissal whisking. (iospress.com)
  • If it is determined to be Bell's palsy, the most common course of action is to take a high dose of steroid and anti-viral medication, as Bell's palsy is thought to be caused by the sudden activation of a virus that affects the facial nerve. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Treating the condition immediately can help prevent it from progressing and causing long-term damage to the facial nerve. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Some patients may benefit from facial nerve decompression surgery, in which the doctor releases some of the pressure that may be affecting the nerve and worsening symptoms. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • We offer a wide range of services to help restore your facial nerve function and improve your quality of life, from facial paralysis reanimation surgery to acoustic neuroma treatment, etc. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • Purpose: The outcome of severe peripheral nerve injuries requiring surgical repair (transection and suture) is usually poor. (iospress.com)
  • Recent work suggests that direct suture of nerves increases collagen production and provides unfavourable conditions for a proper axonal regrowth. (iospress.com)
  • Tongue deviation from unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury (CN XII). (wikem.org)
  • Other authors reported a rare case of isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury following ipsilateral acupuncture for migraines in a 53-year-old lady. (edzardernst.com)
  • These include sore throat, laryngeal nerve palsy, lingual nerve palsy, alteration of taste/swallowing/ speech, rarely tongue cyanosis or tongue cyanosis with swelling. (ispub.com)
  • This then joins the sublingual vein and passes with the hypoglossal nerve between hypoglossus and mylohyoid muscles to drain into the internal jugular, facial, or lingual vein. (ispub.com)
  • However, a literature review of complication following the use of LMA's found reports of damage not only to recurrent laryngeal nerve but also to other adjacent nerves namely the hypoglossal and lingual nerve 3 . (ispub.com)
  • The lingual-tonsillar branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) relays taste information from the posterior one third of the tongue. (medscape.com)
  • Taste fibers from the anterior two thirds of the tongue first travel with the lingual nerve and then are relayed to the chorda tympani nerve. (medscape.com)
  • [4] The hypoglossal nerve moves forward lateral to the hyoglossus and medial to the stylohyoid muscles and lingual nerve . (iiab.me)
  • [6] Signals from muscle spindles on the tongue travel through the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus . (iiab.me)
  • Head anatomy1) Trigeminal nervea-branchesb-actions2) Facial nervea-branchesb-actions3) Glossopharyngeal nervea-actionsb-what does injury affect4) hypoglossal nervea-actionsb-findings in hypoglossal nerve injury5) recurrent laryngeal nerve- innervates all of larynx except what muscle? (brainscape.com)
  • The terminal nerves (0), olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) emerge from the cerebrum, and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, the olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) arise from the base of the forebrain, and the other nerves, III to XII, arise from the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), all the nuclei are present in the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the olfactory bulb, and depending slightly on division the optic nerve (II) is considered to emerge from the lateral geniculate nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • The olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II) emerge separately. (wikipedia.org)
  • The olfactory nerves emerge from the olfactory bulbs on either side of the crista galli, a bony projection below the frontal lobe, and the optic nerves (II) emerge from the lateral colliculus, swellings on either side of the temporal lobes of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order reach their targets they must ultimately exit/enter the Cranial Nerve: Major Functions: I Olfactory. (spagades.com)
  • In the first, we discuss the olfactory nerve, detailing its function and describing the anatomy of this The median plane, which divides the body into left and right. (spagades.com)
  • 2017. Iatrogenic Spinal Cord Injury Resulting From Cervical Spine Surgery. . (cornell.edu)
  • Carotid Artery Injury in Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: Multicenter Cohort Study and Literature Review. (cornell.edu)
  • The ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop formed by the superior root of the cervical plexus. (proprofs.com)
  • Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla , the bottom part of the brainstem , [1] [2] in the anterolateral sulcus which separates the olive and the pyramid . (iiab.me)
  • The hypoglossal nerve emerges as several rootlets (labelled here as number 12) from the olives of the medulla (labelled 13), part of the brainstem . (iiab.me)
  • The resection included the spinal accessory nerve, the IJV, the SCM muscle, and the submandibular gland. (medscape.com)
  • The proximal hypoglossal nerve was inserted into the long arm and sutured to its wall. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Methods: For hypoglossal-facial anastomosis (HFA) over a Y-tube (HFA-Y-tube) the proximal stump of the hypoglossal nerve was entubulated and sutured into the long arm … of a Y-tube (isogeneic abdominal aorta with its bifurcation). (iospress.com)
  • People with hypoglossal nerve disorder have difficulty speaking, chewing, and swallowing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The muscle, skin, or additional function supplied by a nerve, on the same side of the body as the side it originates from, is an ipsilateral function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main goal of this procedure was to remove, en bloc, all ipsilateral lymphatic structures from the mandible superiorly to the clavicle inferiorly and from the strap muscles to the anterior border of the trapezius. (medscape.com)
  • Methods: In Experiment 1 (timing), NSCs (E14.5 mouse) were injected into the host striatum, ipsilateral to the injury, at 2, 7, or 14 days. (iospress.com)
  • In Experiment 2 (location), NSCs or vehicle were injected into the mouse striatum (7 days post-CCI) either ipsilateral or contralateral to the injury and cognitive and motor abilities … were assessed from weeks 1-8 post-transplant. (iospress.com)
  • Disorders of the 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal nerve) cause weakness or wasting (atrophy) of the tongue on the affected side. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This nerve moves the tongue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The tongue itself is a large, muscular organ containing blood vessels, nerves and three distinct muscles: the genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus. (hoofbeats.com.au)
  • Because of its location and size, not to mention a horse's often clumsy and curious nature, injury to the tongue is not uncommon. (hoofbeats.com.au)
  • Due to the extensive blood supply within the tongue any injury is likely to bleed heavily, and although the amount of blood loss can seem severe, it is generally unlikely to cause serious health issues for the horse. (hoofbeats.com.au)
  • Horses can cope with the loss of large portions of their tongue, as can happen when a section must be amputated due to severe injury that has compromised the blood supply. (hoofbeats.com.au)
  • A horse with damage to the hypoglossal nerve may display partial or total paralysis of the tongue and those that have had extensive reduction of lower canine teeth may no longer be able to keep their tongue in the mouth, as they have relied on the lower canines to prevent this happening in the past. (hoofbeats.com.au)
  • The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, passes through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. (iiab.me)
  • The nerve is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing, including sticking out the tongue and moving it from side to side. (iiab.me)
  • Damage to the nerve or the neural pathways which control it can affect the ability of the tongue to move and its appearance, with the most common sources of damage being injury from trauma or surgery, and motor neuron disease . (iiab.me)
  • [8] [9] The nerve is first visible as a series of roots in the fourth week of development, which have formed a single nerve and link to the tongue by the fifth week. (iiab.me)
  • While the implant is turned on and working, a hypoglossal nerve stimulation works to keep your tongue moving forward, creating an open airway while you sleep. (cityviewmag.com)
  • The oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) emerge from the midbrain, the trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) from the pons, and the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII) emerge from the medulla. (wikipedia.org)
  • Afferent Connexions The Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve Medulla Myelinated and Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibres Research: Learning, Memory and Motor Control Some students gleefully tell their peers how many resources they are using or will disdainfully remark that the book you're reading isn't that great, doesn't contain enough detail, etc. (devaris.com)
  • The left globe had a hyperechogenic triangular mass extending from the posterior margin of the lens to the optic nerve. (abstractarchives.com)
  • At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible , the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle . (iiab.me)
  • [ 9 , 4 ] In addition to perioperative stroke, serious complications that may develop after CEA include myocardial ischemia and infarction , hemodynamic instability, cranial nerve (CN) injuries, and bleeding resulting in neck hematomas and airway compromise. (medscape.com)
  • Your 30-year-old patient has a lower neck injury. (proprofs.com)
  • Injuries to the omoclavicular triangle can potentially damage the ansa cervicalis, leading to weakness or paralysis of these muscles. (proprofs.com)
  • Regional Anatomy Applied Anatomy Research The Vestibular Nerve Contents Visual Pathway Research: Position Emission Tomography The Third Ventricle Neuroglia The Trigeminal (V) Nerve More than 450 illustrations enhance the text. (devaris.com)
  • ICD-9-CM codes are used in medical billing and coding to describe diseases, injuries, symptoms and conditions. (icd9data.com)
  • In another case, laryngeal nerve injury caused by LMA has been reported 2 . (ispub.com)
  • 1. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves, as well as the ganglia. (spagades.com)
  • [7] The musculature it supplies develop as the hypoglossal cord from the myotomes of the first four pairs of occipital somites. (iiab.me)
  • One such modification is the preservation of 1 or more nonlymphatic structures (eg, spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein [IJV], sternocleidomastoid [SCM] muscle). (medscape.com)
  • In the 1960s, Suarez and Bocca independently described a more conservative operation that involved removing all the LNs while sparing the spinal accessory nerve, the SCM muscle, and the IJV. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, Greek authors published a case of severe rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury after acupuncture sessions. (edzardernst.com)
  • It is characterized by myoglobinuria which, in turn, may cause acute kidney injury. (edzardernst.com)
  • Facial paralysis is a loss of movement in the face due to nerve damage typically caused by trauma, tumors or infection. (uchealth.com)
  • Many facial paralysis patients cannot fully close their eyes, which leaves the eyes exposed and at greater risk for injury. (facialparalysisinstitute.com)
  • [3] The nerve passes through the subarachnoid space and pierces the dura mater near the hypoglossal canal , an opening in the occipital bone of the skull. (iiab.me)
  • The purpose of this case is to demonstrate the features of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic brain injury caused by nonaccidental trauma during pregnancy and the evolution after birth. (abstractarchives.com)
  • More severe injuries can be caused by abrasion on the canine teeth or during accidents involving head trauma, such as floating accidents etc. (hoofbeats.com.au)
  • Outcome of patients with traumatic head injury in infants: An institutional experience at level 1 trauma center. (drdeepakaiims.com)
  • Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. (uchicago.edu)
  • Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. (uchicago.edu)
  • There are many holes in the skull called "foramina" by which the nerves can exit the skull. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal , which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum . (iiab.me)
  • They pass through skull foramina, fissures, or canals to exit 5th Cranial nerve. (spagades.com)
  • Because each nerve may have several functions, the nerve fibres that make up the nerve may collect in more than one nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve arise from the hypoglossal nucleus near the bottom of the brain stem . (iiab.me)
  • This interdisciplinary journal publishes papers relating the plasticity and response of the nervous system to accidental or experimental injuries and their interventions, transplantation, neurodegenerative disorders and experimental strategies to improve regeneration or functional recovery and rehabilitation. (iospress.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a series of rootlets, from the caudal brain stem, here seen from below. (iiab.me)
  • If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve, this is known as a contralateral function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve then travels deep to the hyoglossus muscle , which it supplies. (iiab.me)